Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Margie Mendell Author-Workplace-Name: Concordia University Author-Name: Victor Pestoff Author-Workplace-Name: Ersta Sköndal University College Author-Name: Antonella Noya Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Emma Clarence Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Improving Social Inclusion at the Local Level Through the Social Economy: Report for Poland Abstract: This report has been prepared as part of the Improving Social Inclusion at the Local Level through the Social Economy (CFE/LEED (2008) 9/REV1) project in the framework of the Forum on Social Innovations. A team of OECD experts visited Poland in June 2009 for a five-day study visit, to examine the role, both real and potential, of the social economy, and the support which could be given to the social economy to allow it to fulfil its potential. Meetings were held with representatives from the voivodeships of Malopolskie, Mazowieckie and Swietokrzyskie. This report is based significantly on the available statistics and on material gathered from the study visit, as well as research conducted both prior to, and after, the study visit. Creation-Date: 2009-12-01 Number: 2009/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2009/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Cristina Martinez-Fernandez Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Marcus Powell Author-Workplace-Name: ILO Jakarta Title: Employment and Skills Strategies in Southeast Asia: Setting the Scene Abstract: The Southeast Asian region has experienced some of the highest growth rates in the world, with investments in skills playing a significant role in helping national economies to adjust to changes in working practices, advances in technology, and challenges associated with globalisation. In some countries this process has been more successfully managed and significant advances have been achieved in growth rates and employment levels, but in others it has resulted in stagnation of economic sectors, underemployment, rising unemployment levels and social exclusion for large sections of society. Creation-Date: 2010-07-01 Number: 2010/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2010/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Cristina Martinez-Fernandez Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Carlos Hinojosa Author-Workplace-Name: Technopolis Author-Name: Gabriela Miranda Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Greening Jobs and Skills: Labour Market Implications of Addressing Climate Change Abstract: The impacts of climate change - and especially the subsequent mitigation and adaptation policies - on labour markets are still largely unknown despite the recent demand for knowledge production and diffusion on this topic and the increasing avalanche of reports and studies from public, private and not-for-profit organisations. The search for alternative models of growth in the midst of the financial crisis has increased interest in the "green growth paradigm" and what it means for a rich-jobs recovery. This paper discusses some of the impacts of climate change including labour market regulation, the dynamics of green growth at the level of jobs and skills development, and the local implications for mitigation and enabling green growth. Although the paper does not provide all the answers to the green enigma (green jobs will come but how?), it argues that much benefit will come from focusing efforts on skills transformation, tools and initiatives. This paper benefits from the financial support of the European Commission. Creation-Date: 2010-07-01 Number: 2010/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2010/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Dalziel Title: Leveraging Training: Skills Development in SMEs - An Analysis of Canterbury Region, New Zealand Abstract: Access to training and the effective utilisation of skills in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) has long been an area of interest to public policy makers and economic development practitioners. SMEs often lack capabilities and infrastructure to make the most of their human capabilities – and as a consequence tend to have lower levels of training and skills development. It is against this back drop that the Department of Labour initiated this study with the OECD in conjunction with the Ministry of Economic Development, Tertiary Education Commission, Industry Training Federation and Business New Zealand. These organisations have a strong desire to see the results of the study feed into responses to help lift the performance of SMEs. Creation-Date: 2010-08-01 Number: 2010/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2010/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: John Buchanan Author-Workplace-Name: University of Sydney Author-Name: Linda Scott Author-Workplace-Name: University of Sydney Author-Name: Serena Yu Author-Workplace-Name: University of Sydney Author-Name: Hanna Schutz Author-Workplace-Name: University of Sydney Author-Name: Michelle Jakubauskas Author-Workplace-Name: University of Sydney Title: Skills Demand and Utilisation: An International Review of Approaches to Measurement and Policy Development Abstract: In recent times the ambit of skills policy has broadened. The recent preoccupation with supply side issues (e.g. increasing the number of citizens with higher level qualifications), in particular, is being questioned. Demand side matters (e.g. how employers develop and use skills) are now increasingly recognised as being of equal significance. This paper addresses two questions: 1) How can skills demand and skills utilisation be best measured at the local level? 2) What efforts to improve skills utilisation at the local and regional level have been undertaken in OECD countries in recent times? Creation-Date: 2010-05-01 Number: 2010/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2010/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Potter Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Marco Marchese Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: A Review of Local Economic and Employment Development Policy Approaches in OECD Countries: Executive Summary and Synthesis of Findings Abstract: This Review of Local Economic and Employment Development Policy Approaches in OECD Countries has been carried out by the OECD LEED Programme in collaboration with the Welsh Assembly Government (WAG). The aim of the review is to identify successful and/or innovative policy initiatives that could be relevant to Wales and regional economic development models that could inspire Wales's future strategy-making. Given the large volume of material already available on Welsh economic challenges and policies, the focus was not on "looking in" but on "looking out" at initiatives that could inspire Wales from other OECD regions, based on existing understanding of the challenges. The two main objectives of the review have therefore been: a) identify and analyse innovative and/or successful single policy tools that could potentially be applied in Wales; b) identify and analyse some broader regional economic strategies and their delivery arrangements that could inspire the overall economic development approach of Wales. Creation-Date: 2010-09-01 Number: 2010/5 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2010/5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Potter Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Marco Marchese Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: A Review of Local Economic and Employment Development Policy Approaches in OECD Countries: Policy Audits Abstract: This section introduces the first of the three 'learning tools' (i.e. policy audits, transferability papers, regional case studies) envisaged by the 'OECD-WAG Review of Local Economic and Employment Development Approaches in OECD Countries' and covers four areas: the nature of the policy audits; the selection process; an overview of the lessons learned; some general conclusions. Creation-Date: 2010-09-01 Number: 2010/6 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2010/6-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Potter Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Marco Marchese Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: A Review of Local Economic and Employment Development Policy Approaches in OECD Countries: Policy Transferability to Wales Abstract: This paper is written in the context of a coalition government in the Welsh Assembly which is committed to full employment (defined as an employment rate of 80%) based on quality jobs. At the outset it should be noted that not all activities relevant to the subject matter of this report have been devolved to the Welsh Assembly. Though the Assembly has powers relating to education and training it does not have responsibility for employment issues. It should also be emphasised that the Welsh Assembly has introduced many new policies and strategies and has recently integrated bodies such as Education and Learning Wales (ELWa) and the Welsh Development Agency into Government Departments. This report considers the transferability of ten policy audits focusing on specific policy interventions in different OECD countries in the fields of labour market participation, skills development and economic and physical regeneration. First, it considers the main policy challenges for Wales in relation to the labour market. It then examines evidence of policy gaps in the current approach of the Welsh Assembly Government. This leads on to an assessment of the policy options that might be considered in relation to the challenges facing Wales. The next section attempts to consider the potential role of the reviewed initiatives in filling these gaps. A final section draws conclusions and makes some policy recommendations. Creation-Date: 2010-09-01 Number: 2010/7 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2010/7-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Potter Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Marco Marchese Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: A Review of Local Economic and Employment Development Policy Approaches in OECD Countries: Case Studies of Regional Economic Development Approaches Abstract: This report collects five case studies of regional economic development models that have been considered of interest to Wales and similar regions. For each of the five strategies the aim has been to analyse rationale and conceptual framework, policy pillars, delivery mechanisms and potential transferability to Wales. The case studies have been prepared following a qualitative approach that has consisted of desk reviews of existing policy documents and interviews with regional policymakers and other relevant local development stakeholders. Creation-Date: 2010-09-01 Number: 2010/8 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2010/8-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea-Rosalinde Hofer Author-Workplace-Name: OECD LEED Trento Centre Author-Name: Jonathan Potter Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Alain Fayolle Author-Workplace-Name: EM Lyon Business School Author-Name: Magnus Gulbrandsen Author-Workplace-Name: Norwegian Institute for Studies in Innovation Author-Name: Paul Hannon Author-Workplace-Name: National Council for Graduate Entrepreneurship Author-Name: Rebecca Harding Author-Workplace-Name: Delta Economics Ltd. Author-Name: Åsa Lindholm Dahlstrand Author-Workplace-Name: Halmstad University and Chalmers University Author-Name: Phillip H. Phan Author-Workplace-Name: Johns Hopkins University Title: From Strategy to Practice in University Entrepreneurship Support: Strengthening Entrepreneurship and Local Economic Development in Eastern Germany: Youth, Entrepreneurship and Innovation Abstract: This report brings together findings from the case studies in Berlin and Rostock on how entrepreneurship support is organised, the activities in entrepreneurship education and start-up support, and the strategy behind. In addition, the report provides in its “fishing ideas from international good practice” section 13 short descriptions of how places and universities collaborate elsewhere in mobilising their talents for entrepreneurial action. These short case studies are intended to provide inspiration for both policy and local action on the key issues in making places conducive to entrepreneurship and innovation, in entrepreneurship education, and in making university entrepreneurship support systems work. Creation-Date: 2010-09-01 Number: 2010/9 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2010/9-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea-Rosalinde Hofer Author-Workplace-Name: OECD LEED Trento Centre Author-Name: Jonathan Potter Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Universities, Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Criteria and Examples of Good Practice Abstract: Eastern Germany is well on its way to becoming a modern economy and developing its high growth potential. Start-ups and young businesses have become key contributors to the region’s growth due to their dynamism and their capacity to renew the local knowledge base. In the context of a global economic crisis, we need to reflect upon the role of start-ups and their capacity to contribute to local economic development. Over the last years, the entrepreneurship activity gap between western and eastern Germany has been significantly reduced, leading to almost equal levels in both parts of the country. The total business start-up rate in Germany, amongst the age group 18 to 64 years, was 1.7 percent in 2007. The entrepreneurial potential however, especially amongst the highly qualified, is far from being exhausted. Creation-Date: 2010-09-01 Number: 2010/10 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2010/10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea-Rosalinde Hofer Author-Workplace-Name: OECD LEED Trento Centre Author-Name: Austin Delaney Author-Workplace-Name: OECD LEED Trento Centre Title: Shooting for the Moon: Good Practices in Local Youth Entrepreneurship Support Abstract: Entrepreneurship is considered a key driver of economic growth and job creation all over OECD countries. Within this framework, promoting youth entrepreneurship is an area of growing policy interest for OECD national and local governments. Public policy can play an important role in stimulating motivations and entrepreneurial attitudes in young people and to provide the right set of skills to start-up and run a business. For framework conditions conducive to fostering the development of talents and youth entrepreneurship, taking appropriate action at the local level is of crucial importance… Creation-Date: 2010-09-01 Number: 2010/11 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2010/11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Potter Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Alessandra Proto Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Marco Marchese Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local Development in the Marche Region, Italy Abstract: The Marche region is one of the most industrialised regions in Italy and is considered a region of excellence, not only for its economic performance, but also for its cultural, natural and social richness. Marche belongs to what has come to be called the “Third Italy”: a model of development based on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) located in industrial districts. Its economy is driven by the performance of a myriad of SMEs, which have been characterised by a high level of creativity and innovation in the past… Creation-Date: 2010-11-01 Number: 2010/12 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2010/12-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Francesca Froy Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Sylvain Giguère Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Putting in Place Jobs that Last: A Guide to Rebuilding Quality Employment at Local Level Abstract: Addressed to both local practitioners and national policy makers, this guide reviews responses to the recent economic downturn and the steep rise in unemployment in OECD and non-OECD countries, before identifying key principles for returning our communities to more sustainable growth for the future. Creation-Date: 2010-09-01 Number: 2010/13 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2010/13-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Margie Mendell Author-Workplace-Name: Concordia University Author-Name: Bernard Enjolras Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Social Research Author-Name: Antonella Noya Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: L'économie sociale au service de l'inclusion au niveau local : Rapport sur deux régions de France : Alsace et Provence – Alpes – Côte d'Azur Abstract: Ce rapport sur «L’économie sociale au service de l’inclusion au niveau local» a été préparé dans le cadre du projet «L’économie sociale au service de l’inclusion au niveau local» (CFE/LEED (2008)9/REV1). Il est le résultat d’une méthode de travail prévoyant une visite d’étude par région (en Alsace et Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, les visites s’étant déroulées au mois de juin 2009) et de l’analyse de documents de recherche consultés par les experts après les visites.. Les visites ont démontré la grande capacité des acteurs de l’économie sociale à mettre en place des projets dynamiques et innovants. Ce rapport a pour objectif d’évaluer par quels moyens la capacité de l’économie sociale de contribuer à l’inclusion sociale peut être améliorée. Dans cette optique, le rapport identifie les obstacles qui empêchent l’économie sociale de jouer son rôle de manière optimale. Il attire l’attention sur les opportunités susceptibles de permettre à l’économie sociale de mieux réaliser cet objectif.

L'économie sociale su service de l'inclusion au niveau local : Rapport sur deux régions de France : Alsace et Provence – Alpes – Côte d'Azur
Ce rapport sur «L’économie sociale au service de l’inclusion au niveau local» a été préparé dans le cadre du projet «L’économie sociale au service de l’inclusion au niveau local» (CFE/LEED (2008)9/REV1). Il est le résultat d’une méthode de travail prévoyant une visite d’étude par région (en Alsace et Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, les visites s’étant déroulées au mois de juin 2009) et de l’analyse de documents de recherche consultés par les experts après les visites.. Les visites ont démontré la grande capacité des acteurs de l’économie sociale à mettre en place des projets dynamiques et innovants. Ce rapport a pour objectif d’évaluer par quels moyens la capacité de l’économie sociale de contribuer à l’inclusion sociale peut être améliorée. Dans cette optique, le rapport identifie les obstacles qui empêchent l’économie sociale de jouer son rôle de manière optimale. Il attire l’attention sur les opportunités susceptibles de permettre à l’économie sociale de mieux réaliser cet objectif. Creation-Date: 2010-05-01 Number: 2010/14 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2010/14-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Margie Mendell Author-Workplace-Name: Concordia University Author-Name: Roger Spear Author-Workplace-Name: Open University Author-Name: Antonella Noya Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Emma Clarence Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Improving Social Inclusion at the Local Level Through the Social Economy: Report for Korea Abstract: This report has been prepared as part of the Improving Social Inclusion at the Local Level through the Social Economy (CFE/LEED (2008)9/REV1) project. A team of OECD experts visited Korea in May 2009 for a five-day study visit, to examine the role, both real and potential, of the social economy, and the support which could be given to the social economy to allow it to fulfil its potential. This report is based significantly on the available statistics and on material gathered from the study visit, as well as research conducted both prior to, and after, the study visit. Creation-Date: 2010-06-01 Number: 2010/15 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2010/15-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Roger Spear Author-Workplace-Name: Open University Author-Name: Giulia Galera Author-Workplace-Name: European Research Institute on Cooperative and Social Enterprises Author-Name: Antonella Noya Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Emma Clarence Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Improving Social Inclusion at the Local Level Through the Social Economy: Report for Slovenia Abstract: This report has been prepared as part of the Improving Social Inclusion at the Local Level through the Social Economy (CFE/LEED (2008) 9/REV1) project in the framework of the Forum on Social Innovations. A team comprising members of the OECD LEED Secretariat and external experts visited Slovenia in January 2010 and in April 2010 for two study visits, to examine the role, both real and potential, of the social economy, and the support which could be given to the social economy to allow it to fulfill that potential. This report is based significantly on the available statistics and on material gathered from the study visit, as well as research conducted both prior to, and after, the study visit. The report provides an outline of the social economy in Slovenia, before going on to make broad and specific proposals to improve policy effectiveness for Slovenian social economy organisations and social enterprises. The project has been undertaken in the framework of the OECD LEED Forum on Social Innovations. Creation-Date: 2010-12-01 Number: 2010/16 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2010/16-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Donna E. Wood Title: Building Flexibility and Accountability into Local Employment Services: Country Report for Canada Abstract: Human resources and skills are becoming increasingly important to economic development. In the context of the economic downturn, challenges such as high youth unemployment call for a collaborative approach between local employment officials, educational institutions and wider social and economic partners. But do local labour market offices have sufficient flexibility in the implementation of their policies and programmes to contribute effectively to local strategies? If local labour market offices are to be given more flexibility, how can this be reconciled with the need for accountability and the achievement of national policy goals?The Canada case study for the Building Flexibility and Accountability into Local Employment Services project explores the level of local accountability and flexibility within labour market policy in Canada, focusing in particular on the provinces of Alberta and New Brunswick. This report is one of four country reports, with the other participating countries being Belgium, Denmark and the Netherlands. Creation-Date: 2010-12-01 Number: 2010/17 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2010/17-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Local Development Benefits from Staging Global Events: Achieving the Local Development Legacy from 2012 - A Peer Review of the Olympic and Paralympic Legacy for East London Abstract: London 2012 is set to be one the most ambitious Olympic Games ever to have taken place. Already a successful global city London has set itself a unique challenge – not simply to deliver a successful Olympic Games but to regenerate its most socio-economically challenged area of the city. The boroughs which will host 2012 are amongst the most deprived areas in the United Kingdom. The aim from the preparation of the bid was to address this long term challenge. Everyone involved in the delivery of 2012 and the economic development of London is under no illusion that simply by hosting the Olympics a century of deprivation will be eradicated. But accelerating 30-50 years of regeneration and infrastructure investment can create new economic opportunity. Creation-Date: 2011-01-01 Number: 2011/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2011/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Neil MacCallum Author-Workplace-Name: Neil MacCallum Associates Author-Name: Thierry Baert Author-Workplace-Name: Lille Metropolitan Agency Author-Name: Pierfelice Rosato Author-Workplace-Name: University of Salento Author-Name: Stefano Barbieri Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Sustainable Tourism and Local Development in Apulia Region Abstract: This document intends to provide a discussion of issues related to tourism and local development in Apulia region (Italy), an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of current practices in related policy implementation, and recommendations and guidance on how the Apulia Government can establish and implement a successful sustainable tourism and local development strategy in the Region. Creation-Date: 2011-02-01 Number: 2011/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2011/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Marco Marchese Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Jonathan Potter Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local Development in Andalusia, Spain Abstract: Andalusia has experienced remarkable growth over the last decades, only halted by the recent economic crisis. The challenge today is to renew with the "prodigious decade" (mid 1990s-mid 2000s) of Andalusia’s development, which will require endogenous development through entrepreneurship and SME growth. This report analyses Andalusia’s capacity to support entrepreneurship and SME development and how such capacity is affected by local policies. It also identifies the challenges faced by new and small firms in growing; analyses the set of local policies for entrepreneurship and SMEs; detects policy gaps; and provides recommendations to fill such gaps and improve current policies. Best practices from other OECD countries corroborate the recommendations and complement the report. Creation-Date: 2011-04-01 Number: 2011/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2011/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Gabriela Miranda Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Hyoung-Woo Chung Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: David Gibbs Author-Workplace-Name: University of Hull Author-Name: Richard Howard Author-Workplace-Name: DTZ Consulting Author-Name: Lisa Rustico Author-Workplace-Name: University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Title: Climate Change, Employment and Local Development in Extremadura, Spain Abstract: Extremadura is the fifth largest region in Spain, with certainly one of the most diverse eco-systems and abundant natural resources. Extremadura launched a series of initiatives to facilitate the transition to a green economy which means a model that takes into consideration economic, social and environmental aspects with one core objective: create jobs. How can Extremadura exploit its capacities to broaden the employment basis while moving to a green economy? What actions and priorities should the regional government take into account to move an economic development and employment agenda forward in this new context? How can Extremadura pursue its efforts to remain one of the least polluting regions in Spain while supporting job creation? Which are the economic sectors with potential for job creation in Extremadura? This study sought to provide guidance and policy recommendation to Extremadura on these and other issues related to the transition of the labour market to the green economy. The study on "Climate Change, Employment and Local Development in Extremadura", was undertaken by the Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Programme of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in collaboration with the Regional Ministry of Equality and Employment of Extremadura Creation-Date: 2011-04-01 Number: 2011/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2011/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Gabriela Miranda Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Mads Greaker Author-Workplace-Name: Research Department in Statistics Author-Name: Kris Krasnowski Author-Workplace-Name: London Development Agency Author-Name: Bettina Schaefer Author-Workplace-Name: Ecoinstitut Barcelona Author-Name: Andy Westwood Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Climate Change, Employment and Local Development in London, UK Abstract: London and the UK are far from immune from the impacts of climate change. The UK is already experiencing the effects of climate change in the form of increased sea-surface temperature and rising sea levels. If global GHG emissions continue unabated, London in particular, will be vulnerable to floods, droughts and heat waves. To achieve ambitious emission-cutting targets, the Mayor of London has developed a range of programmes that will stimulate demand for the low-carbon economy in London. However, some challenges still need to be addressed in order to ensure that enough jobs will be created and that those jobs created in the low-carbon economy will be accessible for Londoners. This report examines the impacts of climate change (including through its effect on policy and regulations) on the London labour markets, with a focus on the creation of jobs and the development of a skilled workforce to meet the needs of the greener economy. The report also contains a set of policy recommendations for London to meet its ambitious low-carbon agenda while creating jobs. Creation-Date: 2011-04-01 Number: 2011/5 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2011/5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Michal Kubisz Title: Leveraging Training Skills Development in SMEs: An Analysis of Zaglebie Sub-Region, Poland Abstract: This report, one of five country reports from the LEED study on Leveraging Training and Skills Development in SMEs, examines the development needs and the barriers to accessing training and other forms of skills development facing SMEs in Poland. Insights from this study on the processes and learning models from Polish SMEs, together with the international comparisons with other OECD countries, are a valuable addition to the knowledge base on SMEs development. The other countries participating in the study are Belgium, Canada, the United Kingdom and New Zealand. Creation-Date: 2011-05-01 Number: 2011/6 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2011/6-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Garforth Author-Workplace-Name: Northern Virginia Regional Commission & Garforth International Author-Name: Dale Medearis Author-Workplace-Name: Northern Virginia Regional Commission & Garforth International Title: Green Jobs Strategy and the Transition to the Low-Carbon Economy in Northern Virginia Abstract: This paper looks at Arlington County Virginia’s efforts to become more economically competitive, energy efficient, sustainable and emit fewer greenhouse gases. It reviews the county’s experiences in the creation of green jobs to accelerate deployment of energy efficient and low-carbon technologies, practices and policies. The paper also looks at the impacts on the overall attractiveness of the community as a place to live and work, including ways in which innovative energy systems create attractive investment opportunities for business. A major focus will be to review the importance of initiatives scaled to the community-level and the degree to which the examples are demonstrating the value of “scale” in implementation. This working paper feeds into the wider OECD project on Climate Change, Employment and Local Development being developed by the LEED Programme. Creation-Date: 2011-04-01 Number: 2011/7 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2011/7-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Randall W. Eberts Author-Workplace-Name: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research Title: Framework and Tools for Assessing and Understanding the Green Economy at the Local Level Abstract: The transition to a green economy will imply many changes in the labour market locally and the local development systems. The impacts are still difficult to measure as definitions vary and policy uncertainties persist. The OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Programme is making an important contribution to these debates with its project on Climate Change, Employment and Local Development which is looking at the obstacles hindering green growth at the local level and the policy frameworks needed to ensure skills availability, economic activity and market opportunities in the green economy. This report was prepared by Prof. Randall W. Eberts from the W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research Kalamazoo in the United States. It makes a valuable contribution to the OECD LEED work on the transition to a green economy and its implications at the local level. Creation-Date: 2011-05-01 Number: 2011/8 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2011/8-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Francesca Froy Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Lucy Pyne Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Ensuring Labour Market Success for Ethnic Minority and Immigrant Youth Abstract: The labour market integration of young people from ethnic minority and immigrant backgrounds is one of those issues which government finds it a challenge to address, particularly in the current climate of growing youth unemployment. Supporting access to the labour market for all young people is typically a multifaceted issue, with both social and economic dimensions. In the case of immigrants and minority groups, it is no easier as it involves working with different cultures, traditions and customs, and in some cases, tackling intergenerational problems of exclusion. Unsurprisingly, more than one government department or agency is involved in this policy area. In fact, the stakeholders involved are many, drawn from the public service, the private sector and civil society. Creation-Date: 2011-06-01 Number: 2011/9 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2011/9-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Francesca Froy Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Sylvain Giguère Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Lucy Pyne Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Donna E. Wood Author-Workplace-Name: University of Victoria Title: Building Flexibility and Accountability Into Local Employment Services: Synthesis of OECD Studies in Belgium, Canada, Denmark and the Netherlands Abstract: Human resources and skills are becoming increasingly important to economic development. In the context of the economic downturn, challenges such as high youth unemployment call for a collaborative approach between local employment officials, educational institutions and wider social and economic partners. But do local labour market offices have sufficient flexibility in the implementation of their policies and programmes to contribute effectively to local strategies? If local labour market offices are to be given more flexibility, how can this be reconciled with the need for accountability and the achievement of national policy goals?Building Flexibility and Accountability into Local Employment Services examines how four different countries have responded to the challenge of rewarding local employment offices more flexibility while retaining accountability: Belgium, Canada, Denmark and the Netherlands. It provides policy recommendations for policy makers at all levels, which were discussed at a high level international OECD conference in Aarhus, Denmark in April 2011. See also the following working papers and country reports from the project (2011/11, 2011/12, 2011/13). Creation-Date: 2011-10-01 Number: 2011/10 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2011/10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kristel Bogaerts Author-Workplace-Name: University of Antwerp Author-Name: Hans Echelpoels Author-Workplace-Name: University of Antwerp Author-Name: Wouter Van Dooren Author-Workplace-Name: University of Antwerp Author-Name: Ive Marx Author-Workplace-Name: University of Antwerp Author-Name: Francesca Froy Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Building Flexibility and Accountability Into Local Employment Services: Country Report for Belgium Abstract: Human resources and skills are becoming increasingly important to economic development. In the context of the economic downturn, challenges such as high youth unemployment call for a collaborative approach between local employment officials, educational institutions and wider social and economic partners. But do local labour market offices have sufficient flexibility in the implementation of their policies and programmes to contribute effectively to local strategies? If local labour market offices are to be given more flexibility, how can this be reconciled with the need for accountability and the achievement of national policy goals?The Belgium case study for the Building Flexibility and Accountability into Local Employment Services project explores the level of local accountability and flexibility within labour market policy in Flanders, focusing in particular on the Flemish Public Employment Service (VDAB), municipalities and the regional tripartite consultation platforms SERRs and RESOCs. This report is one of four country reports, with the other participating countries being Canada, Denmark and the Netherlands. A synthesis report is also available (see Working Paper 2011/10). Creation-Date: 2011-10-01 Number: 2011/11 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2011/11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Mploy Title: Building Flexibility and Accountability Into Local Employment Services: Country Report for Denmark Abstract: Human resources and skills are becoming increasingly important to economic development. In the context of the economic downturn, challenges such as high youth unemployment call for a collaborative approach between local employment officials, educational institutions and wider social and economic partners. But do local labour market offices have sufficient flexibility in the implementation of their policies and programmes to contribute effectively to local strategies? If local labour market offices are to be given more flexibility, how can this be reconciled with the need for accountability and the achievement of national policy goals?The Danish case study for the Building Flexibility and Accountability into Local Employment Services project explores the level of local accountability and flexibility within labour market policy in Denmark, in the context of the new role which has been given for labour market policy by the municipalities. This report is one of four country reports, with the other participating countries being Belgium, Canada, and the Netherlands. A synthesis report is also available (see Working Paper 2011/10). Creation-Date: 2011-10-01 Number: 2011/12 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2011/12-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ruud Dorenbos Author-Workplace-Name: Nicis Institute Author-Name: Francesca Froy Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Building Flexibility and Accountability Into Local Employment Services: Country Report for the Netherlands Abstract: Human resources and skills are becoming increasingly important to economic development. In the context of the economic downturn, challenges such as high youth unemployment call for a collaborative approach between local employment officials, educational institutions and wider social and economic partners. But do local labour market offices have sufficient flexibility in the implementation of their policies and programmes to contribute effectively to local strategies? If local labour market offices are to be given more flexibility, how can this be reconciled with the need for accountability and the achievement of national policy goals? The Netherlands case study for the Building Flexibility and Accountability into Local Employment Services project explores the level of local accountability and flexibility within labour market policy in the Netherlands, focusing on the UWV (public employment service) and the municipalities, and collaboration around ‘working squares’. This report is one of four country reports, with the other participating countries being Belgium, Canada, and Denmark. A synthesis report is also available (see Working Paper 2011/10). Creation-Date: 2011-10-01 Number: 2011/13 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2011/13-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Gabriela Miranda Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Paul Dalziel Author-Workplace-Name: Lincoln University Author-Name: Cecilia Estolano Author-Workplace-Name: Green For All Author-Name: Kris Krasnowski Author-Workplace-Name: Greater London Authority Author-Name: Graham Larcombe Author-Workplace-Name: Strategic Economics Title: Climate Change, Employment and Local Development, Sydney, Australia Abstract: This report presents the analysis and key findings of the project on Climate Change, Employment and Local Development in Sydney, Australia, carried out by the OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Programme. Sydney and its main organisations are undergoing an important transformation in terms of the approach to human capital development, growth and job creation, and integrating the sustainability component into the greater metropolitan Sydney strategy and actions. Sydney is leading a wave of transformation in the country and has some state-of-the-art initiatives that are examples to other OECD regions. However, a challenge remains with respect to the governance of the system and the adjustment of programmes to the new needs of a low-carbon economy. This report analyses the challenges and opportunities of Sydney in this context, and provides some policy recommendations on how the public authorities and other key agencies could best support the emergence of a green economy - making the best use of the skills available while creating wealth and growth. Creation-Date: 2011-11-29 Number: 2011/14 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2011/14-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Anne E. Green Author-Workplace-Name: University of Warwick Author-Name: Laura Martinez-Solano Author-Workplace-Name: University of Warwick Title: Leveraging Training Skills Development in SMEs: An Analysis of the West Midlands, England, UK Abstract: This policy review of vocational education and training in the West Midlands, United Kingdom was prepared within the framework of the OECD LEED project, "Leveraging Training and Skills Development in SMEs". The report identifies ways of overcoming some of the barriers to workforce development in SMEs. Creation-Date: 2011-12-01 Number: 2011/15 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2011/15-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sirin Elci Author-Workplace-Name: Technopolis Group Title: Leveraging Training Skills Development in SMEs: An Analysis of OSTIM Organised Industrial Zone, Turkey Abstract: This policy review of vocational education and training in the Ostim Organised Industrial Zone, Turkey was prepared within the framework of the OECD LEED project, "Leveraging Training and Skills Development in SMEs". The findings and recommendations of the report brings new perspectives to SME-training related policies in Turkey. Creation-Date: 2011-12-01 Number: 2011/16 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2011/16-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ans De Vos Author-Workplace-Name: Organisation of Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School Author-Name: Ine Williams Author-Workplace-Name: Organisation of Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School Title: Leveraging Training Skills Development in SMEs: An Analysis of East Flanders, Belgium Abstract: This policy review of vocational education and training in East Flanders, Belgium was prepared within the framework of the OECD LEED project, "Leveraging Training and Skills Development in SMEs". The report has contributed to a better understanding of the dynamics in and between SMEs concerning training and skills development. Creation-Date: 2011-12-01 Number: 2011/17 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2011/17-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Gabriela Miranda Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Randall W. Eberts Author-Workplace-Name: Upjohn Institute for Employment Research Author-Name: Elvira González Author-Workplace-Name: Tomillo Centre for Economic Studies Author-Name: Vanessa Foo Author-Workplace-Name: Economist Intelligence Unit Author-Name: Przemyslaw Kulawczuk Author-Workplace-Name: University of Gdansk Title: Climate Change, Employment and Local Development in Poland Abstract: This report presents analysis on the cases of Podlaskie and Pomorskie in Poland in the context of a transition to the green economy. This study seeks to examine the current situation in these two regions in terms of labour market, economic development, and skills provision, with a specific focus on the green economy. The report analyses the impacts of climate change (including its effects on policy and regulations) on the local labour markets in Podlaskie and Pomorskie and provides policy recommendations on how make the best use of the assets in place to boost green economic activities while creating greener jobs. The report examines the role that the public sector and other key labour market institutions play in facilitating the transition to a green economy. Although it is certain that the impact of this transition on jobs, on the workforce and on businesses will vary from region to region, it is also certain that those regions investing in the right skills and removing barriers to green entrepreneurship and growth will gain from this new context. Creation-Date: 2011-12-01 Number: 2011/22 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2011/22-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Cristina Martinez-Fernandez Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Pawel Chorazy Author-Workplace-Name: Ministry of Regional Development, Poland Author-Name: Tamara Weyman Author-Name: Monika Gawron Author-Workplace-Name: Ministry of Regional Development, Poland Title: The Territorial Dimension of the European Social Fund: A Local Approach for Local Jobs? Abstract: The European Union Treaty of Lisbon brought a new dimension to cohesion – the territorial dimension, which has become one of the most frequently discussed aspects for achieving cohesion and, at the same time, one of the challenges for EU policies. The ‘territorial dimension’ determines many socio-economic problems and presents challenges for the European Social Fund (ESF), which has to enhance its flexibility and highlight the capacity and needs of specific territories at national, regional and local levels at the programming and implementation stages. While our understanding of the national and regional levels has advanced, the dynamics with the local level need further consideration, chiefly in the context of Europe 2020 strategy, and regarding the territorial dimension of the European Social Fund and mechanisms of territorialisation. This paper discusses the conceptualisation of territoriality and the different levels of applicability in regional development approaches. The paper draws on OECD and other organisations research and analysis; particularly the work of the OECD Local Economic and Employment Development Programme (LEED). The paper argues that the local level is emerging as the key spatial dimension where EU development instruments apply and therefore a systemic local approach may be needed when designing national and regional cohesion policies and instruments. The paper is divided into 5 sections discussing: 1) The importance of an integrated spatial approach to development; 2) The success of the local approach to development: complexity, integration and the policy mix; 3) Integrating territorial mechanisms for job creation, employability and inclusive growth; 4) Fostering education policies for qualification and skills rich ecosystems; and 5) The way forward. Creation-Date: 2011-12-15 Number: 2011/23 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2011/23-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Gabriela Miranda Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Graham Larcombe Author-Workplace-Name: Strategic Economics Title: Enabling Local Green Growth: Addressing Climate Change Effects on Employment and Local Development Abstract: The transition to a green economy will not necessarily mean job losses, but there are some barriers that need to be overcome in order to ensure a successful transition. The need to align local and national strategies towards green growth, build strong partnerships, identify transferable skills, better target up-skilling programmes, support green entrepreneurship, and leverage the role of public authorities in supporting green growth activities are some of the recommendations emanating from a report just released by the LEED Programme, on Enabling Local Green Growth: Addressing Climate Change Effects on Employment and Local Development. The recommendations are illustrated by good practice models identified from across the globe. Creation-Date: 2012-01-11 Number: 2012/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2012/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Alessandra Proto Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Simone Tani Author-Workplace-Name: Municipality of Florence Author-Name: Joerg Bühnemann Author-Workplace-Name: Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg Author-Name: Olaf Gaus Author-Workplace-Name: Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg Author-Name: Mathias Raith Author-Workplace-Name: Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg Title: Knowledge Networks and Their Impact on New and Small Firms in Local Economies: The Case Studies of the Autonomous Province of Trento and Magdeburg Abstract: New and small firms can be important engines of job creation and local development when they identify and exploit entrepreneurial opportunities. We live in an economy more and more characterised by open innovation methods, where new companies and SMEs are benefitting from innovations, technological and non technological available on the market or from other companies and organisations part of their networks. Knowledge networks, understood as a three-component construction of (i) knowledge generation, (ii) knowledge transfer, and (iii) knowledge application, can play a crucial role in boosting companies performance. As many OECD researches shows, there is often a major networking gap, however, between knowledge sources in universities and research organisations and industry exploitation in new spin-off enterprises and SMEs. The analysis of the actors of the knowledge networks and the way they behave and interact with other component inside and outside the networks is a fundamental support to local policy making in entrepreneurship and innovation. The OECD LEED Programme in cooperation with the University of Trento has prepared this paper to analyse in deep the behaviour of knowledge networks in two specific local contexts: the Autonomous Province of Trento in Italy and the Magdeburg Province in Germany. The aim of this research project is to analyse the relevance of knowledge networks to entrepreneurship and the growth of young and small firms, the role of the different components and their interplay for network effectiveness, impeding and favouring factors, and the role of public policy. Creation-Date: 2012-01-31 Number: 2012/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2012/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Anil Verma Author-Workplace-Name: University of Toronto Title: Skills for Competitiveness: Country Report for Canada Abstract: To be successful in today’s knowledge economy, communities need to boost not only the skills of local people but also the utilisation and deployment of these skills by employers. By ensuring that skills are utilised effectively, local economies can become more competitive and host better quality and better paid jobs, while simultaneously improving living standards and stimulating innovation. The OECD LEED Skills for Competitiveness project has reviewed the tools and governance mechanisms which policy makers are putting in place to tackle this policy area in three LEED member countries, Canada, the United Kingdom and Italy, with information on a wider set of policies and measurement tools being collected through an international literature review. This country report for Canada sets out data findings on the supply and demand for skills at the level of Employment Insurance (EI) regions before exploring local policy responses in the Niagara and Kitchener-Waterloo-Cambridge-Guelph regions in Ontario. The report concludes with policy considerations for federal, provincial, and local levels of government in Canada. Creation-Date: 2012-05-17 Number: 2012/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2012/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sergio Destefanis Author-Workplace-Name: University of Salerno Title: Skills for Competitiveness: Country Report for Italy Abstract: To be successful in today’s knowledge economy, communities need to boost not only the skills of local people but also the utilisation and deployment of these skills by employers. By ensuring that skills are utilised effectively, local economies can become more competitive and host better quality and better paid jobs, while simultaneously improving living standards and stimulating innovation. The OECD LEED Skills for Competitiveness project has reviewed the tools and governance mechanisms which policy makers are putting in place to tackle this policy area in three LEED member countries, Canada, the United Kingdom and Italy, with information on a wider set of policies and measurement tools being collected through an international literature review. This country report for Italy sets out data findings on the supply and demand for skills at sub-regional level (OECD territorial level 3) before exploring policy responses in Campania and Veneto, and local case studies from the Riviera del Brenta industrial district and Treviso in Veneto. The report concludes with potential policy levers for further driving sectoral and local skills development in the future. Creation-Date: 2012-05-17 Number: 2012/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2012/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Anne E. Green Author-Workplace-Name: University of Warwick Title: Skills for Competitiveness: Country Report for United Kingdom Abstract: To be successful in today’s knowledge economy, communities need to boost not only the skills of local people but also the utilisation and deployment of these skills by employers. By ensuring that skills are utilised effectively, local economies can become more competitive and host better quality and better paid jobs, while simultaneously improving living standards and stimulating innovation. The OECD LEED Skills for Competitiveness project has reviewed the tools and governance mechanisms which policy makers are putting in place to tackle this policy area in three LEED member countries, Canada, the United Kingdom and Italy, with information on a wider set of policies and measurement tools being collected through an international literature review. This country report for the United Kingdom sets out data findings on the supply and demand for skills at sub-regional level (OECD territorial level 3) before exploring local policy responses in Blackpool, Manchester and Rhyl. The report concludes with potential policy levers for further driving sectoral and local skills development in the future. Creation-Date: 2012-05-17 Number: 2012/5 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2012/5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Noela Eddington Author-Workplace-Name: Queensland Government Author-Name: Phillip Toner Author-Workplace-Name: University of Sydney Title: Skills Formation Strategies in Queensland: A Skills Shortage? Abstract: The Australian state government of Queensland developed a set of Skills Formation Strategies as a new way to respond to skill shortages and mismatches. First piloted in 2002, the model was critical of traditional supply-side approaches to meeting industry needs for skilled labour, and stakeholders agreed that increasing skills supply without paying attention to good workforce management practices, skill utilisation and employee engagement would not resolve skill mismatches or shortages. Over 60 strategies have since been established as sector or area-based approaches, and have looked at issues as diverse as job re-design, linking into supply chains, and evaluation methods. This new form of industry engagement has been characterised by strong industry-led involvement, multi-stakeholder coordination, and flexible provision. The strategies’ successful outcomes have dispelled the myth that increasing training supply alone can resolve skills shortages, and as a result Queensland’s training organisations and local government have become better positioned to respond to industry needs. Creation-Date: 2012-11-14 Number: 2012/7 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2012/7-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen Evans Author-Workplace-Name: London Development Agency Author-Name: Gerhard Bosch Author-Workplace-Name: University of Duisburg-Essen Title: Apprenticeships in London: Boosting Skills in a City Economy - With Comment on Lessons from Germany Abstract: The London Apprenticeship Campaign was launched in 2010 to boost the number of apprentices in London. It was developed as part of an ongoing policy focus to tackle long-standing skill shortfalls in the city, shortages which have been constraining employment, social opportunity and productivity. A critical element was to establish more apprenticeship frameworks outside traditional sectors and in growth sectors dominating the local economy. A remarkable innovation in the campaign has been supplementing the supply-side approach with a demand-side policy by working to engage more private sector employers, while also ensuring a strong public sector commitment. Germany has one of the most successful apprenticeship models internationally and can provide good learning lessons for London on putting in place effective apprenticeship approaches at national, regional and local level. Creation-Date: 2012-12-20 Number: 2012/8 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2012/8-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Francesca Froy Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Sylvain Giguère Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Michela Meghnagi Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Skills for Competitiveness: A Synthesis Report Abstract: To be successful in today’s knowledge economy, communities need to boost not only the skills of local people but also the utilisation and deployment of these skills by employers. By ensuring that skills are utilised effectively, local economies can become more competitive and host better quality and better paid jobs, while simultaneously improving living standards and stimulating innovation. The OECD LEED Skills for Competitiveness project has reviewed the tools and governance mechanisms which policy makers are putting in place to tackle this policy area in three LEED member countries, Canada, the United Kingdom and Italy, with information on a wider set of policies and measurement tools being collected through an international literature review. Data has also been analysed on the supply and demand for skills at the sub-regional level (OECD territorial level 3) in each country. Creation-Date: 2012-05-14 Number: 2012/9 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2012/9-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Hugh Mosley Title: Accountability in Decentralised Employment Service Regimes Abstract: The Accountability in Decentralised Employment Service Regimes report, prepared by independent expert Hugh Mosely, compares and contrasts four OECD countries with decentralised delivery systems for managing active labour market policy (Canada, Belgium, the Netherlands and Denmark). This report contextualises the findings of the OECD LEED "Managing Accountability and Flexibility" study in current academic discussions relating to new performance management and accountability. Creation-Date: 2012-05-25 Number: 2012/10 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2012/10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Potter Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Gabriela Miranda Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Philip Cooke Author-Name: Karen Chapple Author-Name: Dieter Rehfeld Author-Name: Gregory Theyel Author-Name: Dan Kaufmann Author-Name: Miki Malul Author-Name: Mosi Rosenboim Title: Clean-Tech Clustering as an Engine for Local Development: The Negev Region, Israel Abstract: This report summarises the findings of a case study project on growing clean-tech cluster activity in the Negev region of Israel as part of a series of reviews on Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local Development carried out by the Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Committee of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The review examines entrepreneurship, SMEs and local development in the Negev in the south of Israel, where there is strong potential for the growth of significant clean-tech industry cluster activity, involving a critical mass of firms, human capital, research organisations, support infrastructure and associated formal and informal linkages. This report looks at the ways in which such capacity can be strengthened by public policies, including investment in centres of research excellence and specialised testing facilities, creation of spaces for innovation exchange, and the introduction of a green strategy and eco-city approach. The analysis provides guidance and policy recommendations on how best to support the emergence and expansion of clean-tech cluster activity that will enhance economic development capacity in the region while contributing to national green growth objectives. Creation-Date: 2012-05-01 Number: 2012/11 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2012/11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Cristina Martinez-Fernandez Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Kyungsoo Choi Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Skills Development Pathways in Asia Abstract: Skills and educational development for inclusive and sustainable growth are becoming significant drivers in OECD countries. Asian countries are not lagging behind on the challenge; on the contrary, they are taking diverse pathways in skills training and education to achieve the end. This report focuses on current efforts in 15 countries in the Asian region: Australia, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam. Together, these countries represent one of the most dynamic regions in the world, with steady growth, even during the recent financial crisis. Creation-Date: 2012-07-01 Number: 2012/12 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2012/12-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Yama Temouri Author-Workplace-Name: Aston University Title: The Cluster Scoreboard: Measuring the Performance of Local Business Clusters in the Knowledge Economy Abstract: This paper shows the performance of eighty leading innovative local clusters on six measures of enterprise performance: share of new and young firms and growth of employment, turnover, profitability, liquidity ratio and solvency ratio. The data show the performance of clusters before and during the global economic crisis and suggest that clusters doing well in the phase of economic expansion had different characteristics from those that were able to grow in a time of economic slowdown. The data permit comparison of performance among the clusters. In the pre-recession period the two top performing clusters were the Madison Research District and Silicon Valley in the United States, while during the recession the two leading clusters were the Coimbra Biotech cluster in Portugal and Daedoek Science Town in Korea. Creation-Date: 2012-08-01 Number: 2012/13 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2012/13-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Virginia Hamilton Title: Career Pathway and Cluster Skill Development: Promising Models from the United States Abstract: In the United States, local and regional government agencies have increasingly adopted industry cluster approaches to economic development and a similar move is surfacing in the employment and workforce development field. Career cluster/pathway approaches are important in a complex and fragmented labour market where employees no longer move in a straight line within one company, but rather move vertically and horizontally around a set of jobs. This paper provides examples of models that have been implemented at the local and state level. Then, some key lessons are drawn for policy makers regarding their use in skills development approaches. Creation-Date: 2012-08-01 Number: 2012/14 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2012/14-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Debra Mountford Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Andrew Boraine Author-Name: Greg Clark Author-Name: Nicola Cobbold Author-Name: Mateu Hernández Author-Name: Joe Huxley Title: Delivering Local Development in Derry~Londonderry, Northern Ireland: Inclusive Growth Through One Plan Abstract: Derry~Londonderry in Northern Ireland became a member of the LEED Partners Club in 2008 and has collaborated with the LEED Programme as it embarked upon One Plan. Our work with the city encapsulates the essence of LEED and the delivery of sustainable local development in practice. Throughout the project, our team worked with engaged, open and committed stakeholders and our Directing Committee was both humbled and inspired by the city.Derry-Londonderry has a challenging period ahead as it seeks to create 12 000 much needed jobs in the city over the next 10 years. It is now an outward-looking and learning city, seeking to learn from international best practice and in turn contribute to new thinking and understanding. Through One Plan – the Regeneration Plan for Derry Londonderry 2020 – the city can determine a different future: a stronger economy and equal society. Delivering Local Development in Derry~Londonderry, Northern Ireland: Inclusive Growth Through One Plan helps the city set out a path to reshape its future to ensure that the economy is able to generate sufficient, productive and sustainable employment, with opportunities for progression and accessibility for all. Creation-Date: 2012-08-01 Number: 2012/15 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2012/15-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Debra Mountford Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Greg Clark Author-Name: Peter Dupej Author-Name: Mateu Hernández Author-Name: Joe Huxley Title: Delivering Local Development Review to Assess the Efficiency of the Regional Development Agencies Integrated Network of the Slovak Republic Abstract: This project aims to support the Slovak Republic as it seeks to create a clear rationale for the Regional Development Agencies Integrated Network which currently comprises 38 agencies. The project considers the efficiency of the network and evaluates the appropriateness of the agencies’ functions, competencies and remit for delivery of effective local economic development. The project is part of series of reforms which have been taking place in the Slovak Republic to realise the aims and objectives of The Act No. 539/2008 coll. on regional development (539 Act) on the Support of Regional Development which provides the a general framework for regional development policy and delivery in accordance with the 2004 Ministerial Guidelines on PHSR – Economic and Social Development Programme of Higher Territorial Unit. Creation-Date: 2012-09-20 Number: 2012/16 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2012/16-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Barr Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Emma Clarence Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Francesca Froy Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Sergio Destefanis Author-Workplace-Name: University of Salerno Author-Name: Chris Warhurst Author-Workplace-Name: University of Sydney Title: Local Job Creation: How Employment and Training Agencies Can Help - The Labour Agency of the Autonomous Province of Trento, Italy Abstract: How to stimulate growth and support job creation are two critical challenges that countries and localities confront and limited resources require lateral thinking about how actions in one area, such as employment and training, can have simultaneous benefits in others, such as creating new jobs and better supporting labour market inclusion. To achieve a more co-ordinated and joined up approach, local stakeholders need to pool resources and reduce transaction costs by building effective partnerships on the ground. The OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) programme has developed the international Local Job Creation project to assess the contribution of labour market policy to boosting quality employment and enhancing productivity by better matching skills supply to demand, improving training provision and addressing skills gaps, as well as improving skills utilisation by firms. This working paper, reports on the review carried out for the Labour Agency (Agenzia del Lavoro) of the Autonomous Province of Trento, Italy, and highlights both the strengths and weaknesses of policy approaches and actions taken by the Labour Agency. The working paper concludes with an outline of the key issues for consideration for the Labour Agency that could inform the development of an action plan in order to ensure the right conditions exist for sustainable job creation at the local level. Creation-Date: 2012-10-16 Number: 2012/17 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2012/17-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Promouvoir l'entrepreneuriat dans les universités tunisiennes Abstract: Ce rapport présente les principales conclusions et recommandations d’un examen sur l’enseignement de l'entrepreneuriat et le soutien à la création d'entreprises par les universités et des universités des sciences appliquées tunisiennes. Il s’insère dans le cadre des revues portant sur les qualifications et les compétences à l'entrepreneuriat menées par le Programme de développement économique et de création d’emplois au niveau local (LEED) de l'Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE). L'examen porte sur les stratégies, structures et pratiques en matière de promotion de l'entrepreneuriat dans les universités tunisiennes mettant en évidence l’enseignement des motivations entrepreneuriales pour favoriser la création d'entreprises par les diplômés. L'un des atouts essentiels du système tunisien est qu'il permet à un grand nombre d'étudiants d’accéder à un enseignement de base en entrepreneuriat. Le rapport expose les possibilités d'améliorer cet enseignement à l'aide de modèles internationaux de bonnes pratiques et en complément, par une importante aide au démarrage pour les étudiants prêts à aller plus en avant. A cette fin, le présent rapport recommande la création d'une stratégie nationale de promotion de l'entrepreneuriat aux objectifs, indicateurs et mesures incitatives clairement définis, des méthodes d’apprentissage par des critères de référence et une base de données pour le matériel pédagogique. En outre, il recommande la création d'une plateforme d'échange pour les universités sur les pratiques de soutien à l'entrepreneuriat proposant une interface à travers des « champions de l’entrepreneuriat » dans les universités, une association académique et une meilleure formation des formateurs. L'enseignement de base à l'entrepreneuriat existant devrait être amélioré par de nouvelles activités et approches et le soutien à la création et à la croissance des entreprises renforcé par un niveau supplémentaire d’encadrement qui comprendra l'incubation, le coaching, l'orientation et le soutien poststart-up. Creation-Date: 2012-10-29 Number: 2012/18 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2012/18-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Promoting Graduate Entrepreneurship in Tunisian Universities Abstract: This report provides the main findings and recommendations of a case study review of entrepreneurship education and business start-up support in Tunisian universities and universities of applied sciences as part of a series of reviews on Skills and Competences for Entrepreneurship carried out by the Local Economic and Employment Development (OECD) Programme of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The review examines current strategies, structures and practices for entrepreneurship promotion in Tunisian universities highlighting activities to instil entrepreneurial intentions and to favour business creation among graduates. One of the core strengths of the Tunisian system is that it reaches a large proportion of students with basic entrepreneurship teaching. The report sets out the opportunities to improve this teaching using international best practice models and to complement it with more intense start-up support for those students ready to go further. To this end, the report recommends the creation of a national graduate entrepreneurship strategy with clear objectives, indicators and incentives, methods for benchmarked learning and a resource bank of teaching materials together with an exchange platform for universities on entrepreneurship support practices, with an interface through university enterprise champions, an academic association, and improved training of trainers. The existing basic teaching in entrepreneurship should be improved with new activities and approaches and a new level of deeper business creation and growth support introduced including incubation, coaching and referral and post start-up support. Creation-Date: 2012-10-29 Number: 2012/18 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2012/18-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Bélanger Author-Workplace-Name: University of Quebec (UQAM) Author-Name: Sylvie-Ann Hart Author-Workplace-Name: University of Quebec (UQAM) Title: Leveraging Training and Skills Development in SMEs: An Analysis of Two Canadian Urban Regions - Montreal and Winnipeg Abstract: This paper looks at a study carried out among 80 small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in two Canadian cities, Montréal and Winnipeg, based on a survey and case studies, which show the importance of innovation among Canadian SMEs. These innovations in turn create new demands for skill development, both through formal training and in informal activities. The outcomes of the study show two significant trends. First, an uneven development of learning activities among SMEs is related not only to the size of firms, but also to their orientation towards innovation and shared productivity measures. Second, because they do not have enough internal resources and flexibility to drive productivity growth through learning and training by themselves, SMEs need some form of group based mechanisms to solve this structural problem. However, it is noted that participation of unskilled employees in both formal and informal learning remains an important challenge for the great majority of SMEs. Creation-Date: 2012-12-20 Number: 2012/19 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2012/19-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Alessandra Proto Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Lucia Cusmano Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Neil MacCallum Author-Workplace-Name: Neil MacCallum Associates Author-Name: Ricardo Pinto Author-Workplace-Name: Pinto Consulting GmbH Author-Name: Paolo Rosso Author-Workplace-Name: Sign s.r.l. Title: Boosting Local Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Creation in Lombardy Region Abstract: Entrepreneurship and the development of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) are key drivers of economic growth and job creation. The OECD review series on Boosting Local Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Creation, of which this study is a part, examines the capacity of local economies to support successful new enterprise creation and the growth of small enterprises and make recommendations on how this capacity can be enhanced through local policies. The reviews entail an assessment of entrepreneurship and SME performance at the local level, the local framework conditions affecting this performance and the policies in place to back entrepreneurship and SME development. The reviews involve a comprehensive examination of conditions and policies including the key domains of skills, financing, business support infrastructure and innovation. In the case of Lombardy, the economically most powerful region of Italy, the review includes a specific assessment of local entrepreneurship policies against the framework of the European Union’s Small Business Act (SBA). The SBA prioritises the role of business-friendly regulations for the creation of new start-ups and the development of existing small enterprises. SMEs and their clusters constitute the backbone of Lombardy economical structure. In such a context and given the impact of the persisting current financial and economic downturn, supporting the development of innovative SME and their networks is a priority for addressing the recovery challenge. Creation-Date: 2012-12-20 Number: 2012/20 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2012/20-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Cristina Martinez-Fernandez Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Samantha Sharpe Author-Workplace-Name: University Technology Sydney Author-Name: Maj Munch Andersen Author-Workplace-Name: Technical University of Denmark Author-Name: Rodin Genoff Author-Workplace-Name: Rodin Genoff and Associates Author-Name: Klaus Rovsing Kristiansen Author-Workplace-Name: Copenhagen Capacity Title: Measuring the Potential of Local Green Growth: An Analysis of Greater Copenhagen Abstract: As the need to address the impacts of climate change becomes more urgent and the subsequent green momentum continues to gather pace, individual governments and companies are transitioning to a low-carbon economy. This transition to a low-carbon economic and industrial future is taking place in a highly uncertain and competitive marketplace. With many countries and cities seeking to give their own domestic companies a head start as closer attention is paid to this low carbon transition, indicators are becoming increasingly important as a mechanism to inform the development of programmes designed to generate green economic growth. This paper presents, for the first time a local ‘green growth’ indicator framework. This indicator framework was developed from the OECD ‘green growth’ strategy at the national level, but modified to highlight issues of transition that are most relevant for local areas. This working paper is the first trialling of this approach, along with an indicator visualisation tool – or dashboard. The dashboard allows easy assessment of the progress of a particular local area in a number of indicator variables. The paper discussed results for the analysis of Copenhagen and its cleantech cluster. Creation-Date: 2013-01-16 Number: 2013/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2013/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea-Rosalinde Hofer Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Jonathan Potter Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Dana Redford Author-Workplace-Name: Universidade Católica Portuguesa Author-Name: Jakob Stolt Author-Workplace-Name: Aalborg University Title: Promoting Successful Graduate Entrepreneurship at the University of Applied Sciences Schmalkalden, Germany Abstract: This report presents the findings of a review of current strategies and practices in entrepreneurship support provision at the University of Applied Sciences Schmalkalden. The report also presents a selection of international learning models with the aim of providing inspiration for new approaches at the University of Applied Sciences Schmalkalden. The following questions have been investigated: What are current strategies and practices in university entrepreneurship support? How accessible is entrepreneurship support for students and graduates? How well is the university entrepreneurship support integrated into the wider local entrepreneurship support system? The report presents achievements and challenges in light of the above questions and advances recommendations for future action. Creation-Date: 2013-04-03 Number: 2013/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2013/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea-Rosalinde Hofer Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Jonathan Potter Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Dana Redford Author-Workplace-Name: Universidade Católica Portuguesa Author-Name: Jakob Stolt Author-Workplace-Name: Aalborg University Title: Promoting Successful Graduate Entrepreneurship at the Technical University Ilmenau, Germany Abstract: This report presents the findings of a review of current strategies and practices in entrepreneurship support provision at the Technical University Ilmenau. The report also presents a selection of international learning models with the aim of providing inspiration for new approaches at the Technical University Ilmenau. Creation-Date: 2013-04-03 Number: 2013/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2013/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea-Rosalinde Hofer Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Jonathan Potter Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Dana Redford Author-Workplace-Name: Universidade Católica Portuguesa Author-Name: Jakob Stolt Author-Workplace-Name: Aalborg University Title: Promoting Successful Graduate Entrepreneurship at Fachhochschule Brandenburg, Germany Abstract: The FH Brandenburg is a relatively young university for applied sciences and plays a role in supporting regional development. While it has three departments: Engineering, Informatics and Media, and Business and Management, the FH Brandenburg specialises in Informatics and Business Informatics and has special study programmes in Security management, Medical informatics and Energy efficiency. Creation-Date: 2013-04-03 Number: 2013/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2013/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Piotr Szukalski Author-Workplace-Name: Lódz University Author-Name: Cristina Martinez-Fernandez Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Tamara Weyman Title: Lódzkie Region: Demographic Challenges Within an Ideal Location Abstract: This paper outlines the findings of the Poland case study of the Lódzkie region for the international project, Local scenarios of demographic change. The Lódzkie region is located in the central part of Poland, at the intersection of several major arterial roads; Berlin-Moscow and Gdansk-Vienna. Despite the excellent location, the region is affected by several demographic challenges, partly related to the region’s proximity to Warsaw, the Polish capital city. The official strategic documents for regional development have been focused on “hard” infrastructure development, with limited attention being paid to current or future demographic and social challenges, such as the declining and ageing population, which pose significant obstacles to future regional development. Profound public interest in demographic change, however, has resulted in the creation of a plan for 2013-2014 to forestall this predicted depopulation, and also, in the preparation of a demographic development strategy for the following years. Creation-Date: 2013-04-18 Number: 2013/5 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2013/5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jolanta Perek-Białas Author-Workplace-Name: Krakow University Author-Name: Cristina Martinez-Fernandez Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Tamara Weyman Title: Malopolska Region Demographic Transition: Working for the Future Abstract: This paper outlines the findings of the Poland case study of the Malopolska region for the international project, Local scenarios of demographic change. The Malopolska region is located in the southern part of Poland, boarding Slovakia, and was created in 1999 from voivodship amalgamations of Krakow, Nowy Sacz, and parts of Bielsko-Biala, Kielce, Katowice, Krosno and Tarnów. Although the population size will not change dramatically over the next few years, the consequences of population ageing are and will be challenging. The region has much potential in various sectors that can be exploited in preparation for the demographic transition. The paper presents various examples of initiatives and projects related to demographic issues (older workers, older persons, and families), however, awareness of demographic challenges and the need for better policy implementation are key priorities at the regional/local level. Creation-Date: 2013-04-18 Number: 2013/6 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2013/6-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Iwona Sagan Author-Workplace-Name: Gdansk University Author-Name: Cristina Martinez-Fernandez Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Tamara Weyman Title: Pomorskie Region: Responding to Demographic Transitions Towards 2035 Abstract: This paper outlines the findings of the Poland case study of the Pomorskie region for the international project, Local scenarios of demographic change. The Pomorskie region is located in the northern part of Poland on the coast of the Baltic Sea, regional boarders were established during the 1999 administrative reforms. Despite the region experiencing population growth, there is a growing share of elderly people in the social structure and the number of people in the pre-working age is decreasing. Although the authorities are aware of the demographic challenges, local and regional policy must be applied to manage the demographic transition, with emphasis being placed on infrastructure and services for the ageing population, developing the silver economy, encouraging life-long learning and examining the opportunities provided by being within the Baltic Sea region. Creation-Date: 2013-04-18 Number: 2013/7 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2013/7-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Cristina Martinez-Fernandez Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Tamara Weyman Author-Name: Jolanta Perek-Białas Author-Workplace-Name: Krakow University Author-Name: Iwona Sagan Author-Workplace-Name: Gdansk University Author-Name: Piotr Szukalski Author-Workplace-Name: Lódz University Author-Name: Piotr Stronkowski Author-Workplace-Name: Coffe International Title: Demographic Transition and an Ageing Society: Implications for Local Labour Markets in Poland Abstract: This report outlines the findings of the Poland case study for the combined study regions of Lódzkie, Malopolska and Pomorskie for the international project, Local scenarios of demographic change. The demographic situation is changing significantly within Poland with two major trends occurring, population decline and population ageing, as a result of decreasing fertility rates and increased life expectancy. However, the Polish case study revealed the complexity of demographic challenges with each region experiencing different issues associated with socio-economic context such as: population ageing experienced in all three study regions; and population shrinkage in Lódzkie. These differences in demographic situations require a territorial, local and regional strategy co-ordinated policy response with national policy efforts. Policy themes and recommendations focus on sustainable economic development, family policy, ageing workforce, silver economy, and skills and education. Creation-Date: 2013-04-18 Number: 2013/8 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2013/8-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Cristina Martinez-Fernandez Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Samantha Sharpe Author-Workplace-Name: University Technology Sydney Author-Name: Hans Bruyninckx Author-Workplace-Name: University of Leuven Author-Name: Ariane König Author-Workplace-Name: University of Luxembourg Title: Green Growth in the Benelux: Indicators of Local Transition to a Low-Carbon Economy in Cross-Border Regions Abstract: This paper discusses the results of a study of measuring green growth in the Benelux countries (Belgium, The Netherlands and Luxembourg). The study paid particular attention to the challenges of measuring the transition to a low-carbon economy in cross-border areas as they have additional levels of complexity when it comes to measuring and monitoring their low-carbon transition. In cross- regions data collection hardly ever coincide with any single data gathering ‘institution’. Moreover, Belgium (Flanders, Brussels, Wallonia), the Netherlands, and Luxembourg have different indicator systems at the national level, and even more so at the more decentralised level which creates problems of data availability, data (in)consistency, and hence comparability. Progress is already noticeable in the two crossborder areas analysed in the study. In Ghent-Terneuzen the bio-base economy is contributing to the value of turnover and growth in employment in the environmental goods and services (EGS) sectors. In Alzette-Belval the construction industry is engaging in resource-efficient building design and certification. In other aspects there is evidence of progress, but this evidence is anecdotal, or patchy in its collection, and not able to be included in the dashboard metrics developed during the study and discussed in the paper. Creation-Date: 2013-05-23 Number: 2013/9 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2013/9-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Local Job Creation: How Employment and Training Agencies Can Help, United States Abstract: How to stimulate growth and support job creation are two critical challenges that countries and localities confront and limited resources require lateral thinking about how actions in one area, such as employment and training, can have simultaneous benefits in others, such as creating new jobs and better supporting labour market inclusion. The OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Programme has developed an international cross-comparative study, which examines the contribution of local labour market policy to boosting quality employment. Each country review examines the capacity of employment services and training providers to contribute to a long-term strategy which strengthens the resiliency of the local economy, increases skills levels and job quality. In the United States, the study has looked at the range of institutions and bodies involved in workforce and skills development in two states – California and Michigan. In-depth fieldwork focused on two local Workforce Investment Boards in each state: the Sacramento Employment and Training Agency (SETA); the Northern Rural and Training and Employment Consortium (NoRTEC); the Southeast Michigan Community Alliance (SEMCA); and the Great Lakes Bay Michigan Works. The working paper concludes with a number of recommendations and actions to promote job creation at the federal/state and local levels. Creation-Date: 2013-08-06 Number: 2013/10 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2013/10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Dean Author-Workplace-Name: Marchmont Observatory, University of Exeter Title: Tackling Long-Term Unemployment Amongst Vulnerable Groups Abstract: This working paper reports on the work undertaken as part of the Tackling Long-term Unemployment Amongst Vulnerable Groups project. It includes the findings of a survey undertaken jointly by the OECD LEED Programme and the World Association of Public Employment Services in 2012, and also case studies and learning models from around the world on innovative practices to support the long-term unemployed into work. The report emphasises the important role a diverse range of actors can play in helping the long-term unemployed address the complex issues which may hinder their move into the labour market. Creation-Date: 2013-06-21 Number: 2013/11 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2013/11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Roger Spear Author-Workplace-Name: Open University Author-Name: Mike Aiken Author-Workplace-Name: Open University Author-Name: Antonella Noya Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Emma Clarence Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Boosting Social Entrepreneurship and Social Enterprise Creation in the Republic of Serbia Abstract: This report has been prepared as part of the OECD LEED Programme “Boosting Social Entrepreneurship and Social Enterprise Creation”. A team comprising members of the OECD LEED Secretariat and an external expert visited Serbia in February/March 2012 for a study visit to examine the role, both actual and potential, of social entrepreneurship, and the support which could be given to social enterprise to boost its potential performance. This report is based significantly on the preliminary report prepared by the local experts, the available statistics and on material gathered from the study visit, as well as research conducted both prior to, and after, the study visit. Creation-Date: 2013-10-11 Number: 2013/12 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2013/12-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Cristina Martinez-Fernandez Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Tamara Weyman Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Frank Cörvers Author-Workplace-Name: University of Maastricht Author-Name: Jouke van Dijk Author-Workplace-Name: University of Groningen Author-Name: Arjen Edzes Author-Workplace-Name: University of Groningen Author-Name: Andries de Grip Author-Workplace-Name: University of Maastricht Author-Name: Marije Hamersma Author-Workplace-Name: University of Groningen Author-Name: Philip Taylor Author-Workplace-Name: Monash University Author-Name: Jesper van Thor Author-Workplace-Name: University of Maastricht Author-Name: Femke Verwest Author-Workplace-Name: Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency Author-Name: Leo van Wissen Author-Workplace-Name: Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute Title: Demographic Change in the Netherlands: Strategies for Resilient Labour Markets Abstract: Although the Netherlands population is increasing, the population growth rate, even if fluctuating considerably, has been declining since the 1960s. The Netherland’s age structure since the 1960s has also experienced change such as declining youth, significant increase in 40 to 65 age group, and gradual increases in the 65 to 80+ cohorts. As a result of the changing demography the workforce will be older and this will impact upon the labour market, increasing the number of older workers and reducing the number of new entrants into the labour market. The Netherlands case study revealed the complexity of the demographic challenges occurring within the regions, with each region (Groningen/Drenthe, Limburg and Zeeland) experiencing different issues associated with their socio-economic situations, localised population shrinkage, population ageing, migration, and labour force shortages and skill gaps. The analysis indicate that the Netherlands’ response to demographic change is well advanced, but additional actions can be undertaken, particularly regarding the shrinking and ageing society, and especially within the context of regional and local labour markets. Creation-Date: 2013-10-30 Number: 2013/13 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2013/13-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Potter Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Marco Marchese Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Maryann Feldman Author-Workplace-Name: University of North Carolina Author-Name: Tom Kemeny Author-Workplace-Name: University of North Carolina Author-Name: Helen Lawton-Smith Author-Workplace-Name: University of London Author-Name: Andy Pike Author-Workplace-Name: University of Newcastle Title: The Local Dimension of SME and Entrepreneurship Issues and Policies in Mexico Abstract: This report presents the results of the local component of the OECD Review of SME and Entrepreneurship Issues and Policies at National and Local Levels in Mexico. It draws on case studies conducted in the two states of Morelos and Queretaro and examines regional disparities in entrepreneurship activity in Mexico; the governance of entrepreneurship and SME policies, focusing on coordination between national and local policies and how national programmes are tailored to the different state development needs; and policies at state level to support workforce and entrepreneurship skills, business innovation and industry-university knowledge flows, access to finance, and improvements in business regulations. Creation-Date: 2013-10-31 Number: 2013/14 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2013/14-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Green Growth in Brandenburg: An Analysis of the Regional Growth Core Schönefelder Kreuz Abstract: The transition towards a green economy is a key factor for growth and prosperity in the German federal state of Brandenburg. Future living conditions will be determined by the course set now. We have to decide today how we want to live tomorrow, not only in economic terms, but also with regard to environmental stewardship. I am convinced that there is no alternative to a green transition when it comes to shaping the world to be a place worth living in. There are issues we have to deal with, but first and foremost there are great opportunities to seize. The relevant players in Brandenburg are aware of complex challenges resulting from the present transitional process. They are redoubling their efforts to promote further economic development towards sustainability. This study presents the green growth path of the regional growth core (RGC) Schönefelder Kreuz. Creation-Date: 2013-11-13 Number: 2013/15 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2013/15-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Author-Name: European Commission Title: Policy brief on social entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial activities in Europe Abstract: This paper considers the impact of social entrepreneurship in European communities, finding that working with such enterprises and helping them develop can result in widespread gains for public budgets. Starting and running such a business can pose a number of problems though, as it must not only overcome entrepreneurial challenges, but also those that arise from the social dimension. The report concludes that promoting policies that create a favourable environment for such entrepreneurs, is crucial for them to fulfil their potential. Keywords: development, finance, innovation, policy frameworks, social economy, social enterprise, social entrepreneurship, social innovation Creation-Date: 2013-12-05 Number: 2013/16 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2013/16-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Local strategies for youth employment: Learning from practice Abstract: The global economic crisis has had a hard blow on youth (aged 15/16 to 24) employment. In early 2013 in the OECD as a whole the youth unemployment rate was stuck at 16.5%, up from 12.1% just prior to the crisis, and two-and-a-half times the unemployment rate for those aged 25 and over and, worryingly, with a marked and continued increase in youth long-term unemployment. Moreover, the alarming figures do not account for those not in employment, education or training (NEET) many of whom do not appear in the official unemployment statistics. Youth unemployment rates are predicted stay high or rise still further in most of the countries as the haltering recovery remains too weak to provide sufficient job opportunities to the many young jobseekers. Keywords: Employment, local, Youth Creation-Date: 2013-06-01 Number: 2013/17 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2013/17-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Francis Green Title: Youth entrepreneurship Abstract: Amidst soaring youth unemployment rates, exploring avenues to integrate young people into the labor market is imperative. This paper delves into the potential of youth entrepreneurship as a solution, analyzing its societal, economic, and individual benefits. With a comprehensive examination of the European landscape, it highlights the underutilized potential of young entrepreneurs and the societal gains from their ventures. Through a critical evaluation of existing programs and interventions, the paper uncovers the challenges and opportunities in fostering youth entrepreneurship. By scrutinizing policy impacts and evaluating intervention effectiveness, it offers insights to policymakers striving to tackle youth unemployment and harness the entrepreneurial aspirations of the next generation. Creation-Date: 2013-03-20 Number: 2013/18 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2013/18-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Teemu Kautonen Title: Senior Entrepreneurship Abstract: This paper delves into the burgeoning field of senior entrepreneurship, driven by demographic shifts and economic imperatives in developed economies. Exploring the pull and push factors influencing older individuals towards self-employment, it examines how entrepreneurship serves as a late-career alternative, offering flexibility, financial security, and a pathway back into the workforce amidst age discrimination. Moreover, it scrutinizes the policy landscape, advocating for measures to enhance the social inclusion of older individuals, prolong their working lives, and leverage their human capital for innovative start-ups. By dissecting barriers, advantages, and policy interventions, this paper sheds light on the multifaceted dynamics of senior entrepreneurship. Creation-Date: 2013-03-20 Number: 2013/19 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2013/19-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Marieke Huysentruyt Author-Workplace-Name: SELUSI Project Title: Women's Social Entrepreneurship and Innovation Abstract: After having explained the smaller gender gap in social entrepreneurship compared to commercial entrepreneurship, this paper provides information on female management style and on the innovation capacity of social enteprises led by women. This Report is based on SELUSI data and presents three specific case studies from Hungary, Russia and Chile. Creation-Date: 2014-08-12 Number: 2014/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2014/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Improving social inclusion at the local level through the social economy: Designing an enabling policy framework Abstract: This report provides policy recommendations that flow from the findings and recommendations of four country studies on ‘Improving social inclusion at the local level through the social economy’, conducted by members of an OECD LEED review team in 2009 and 2010. The countries participating in this study were Korea, three voivodeships in Poland (of Małopolskie, Mazowieckie and Świętokrzyskie), two regions in France, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA) and Alsace, and Slovenia. Extensive background material was provided by each country, including documentation by ministries responsible for poverty reduction and social inclusion through the development and promotion of social enterprise and the social economy. Keywords: framework, local, social economy, social inclusion Creation-Date: 2014-06-01 Number: 2014/02 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2014/02-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: John Kitching Title: Entrepreneurship and self-employment by people with disabilities Abstract: The prevalence of disability is increasing globally, impacting socio-economic outcomes like labor market participation. In the EU, 25% of adults report impairments, leading to lower employment rates and economic disadvantages. One potential solution is promoting entrepreneurship among disabled individuals. This paper explores whether self-employment can mitigate labor market disadvantages for disabled people, addressing questions such as the frequency and types of businesses they start, barriers faced, and the effectiveness of current policies. By examining data and existing literature, the paper aims to provide insights into how entrepreneurship can serve as a tool for economic and social inclusion for disabled individuals. Creation-Date: 2014-09-16 Number: 2014/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2014/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Author-Name: European Commission Title: Policy brief on entrepreneurship among people with disabilities: Entrepreneurial activities in Europe Abstract: This paper delves into the critical intersection of disability, entrepreneurship, and policy intervention within the European Union. Acknowledging that roughly 16% of the EU's working-age population is affected by disability—a figure set to rise with an aging populace—it underscores the vital role entrepreneurship can play in fostering the social and economic inclusion of people with disabilities. The document articulates a multifaceted strategy for enhancing entrepreneurial opportunities, focusing on making business startup support more accessible, bolstering the development and adoption of assistive technologies, tailoring training and support to the unique needs of entrepreneurs with disabilities, and ensuring the accessibility of public digital resources. By advocating for these targeted policy actions, the paper presents a blueprint for governments to not only uplift individuals with disabilities but also enrich the broader economy through their full participation and contributions. Creation-Date: 2014-08-18 Number: 2014/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2014/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Effective local strategies to boost quality job creation, employment, and participation: Report prepared for the G20 Labour and Employment Ministerial Meeting Melbourne, Australia, 10-11 September 2014 Abstract: This paper delves into the imperative of crafting effective local strategies to foster quality job creation, employment, and participation, particularly in the context of the G20's agenda. Amidst a global economy marked by moderate recovery and persistent challenges, including high unemployment and precarious work conditions, the need for integrated policies to restore public confidence and spur growth remains paramount. By emphasizing the importance of structural policies that promote innovation, skills development, and business support, this paper underscores the role of local actors in driving economic potential, expanding employment opportunities, and mitigating social inequalities. Through flexible and collaborative approaches, communities can pave the way for inclusive growth and social cohesion. Creation-Date: 2014-09-09 Number: 2014/5 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2014/5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: D. Vaziri Author-Name: D. Schreiber Author-Name: R. Wieching Author-Name: V. Wulf Title: Disabled entrepreneurship and self-employment: The role of technology and policy building Abstract: Highlighting the disproportionate risk of poverty faced by disabled individuals in the EU, this paper delves into the employment challenges they encounter. With employment rates for disabled individuals trailing significantly behind those for non-disabled individuals, their workforce potential remains underutilized across Europe. Recognizing self-employment and entrepreneurship as viable pathways to labor market integration, the paper explores current data showcasing higher self-employment rates among disabled individuals. However, high self-employment rates do not necessarily mitigate poverty risk. The paper examines barriers to entrepreneurship for disabled individuals and proposes leveraging technology to enhance accessibility and inclusion, offering policy recommendations to foster sustainable self-employment opportunities. Creation-Date: 2014-06-10 Number: 2014/6 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2014/6-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Monitoring and Evaluation of foreigh direct Investment in Kazakhstan Abstract: Delve into the intricacies of monitoring and evaluating foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kazakhstan with this insightful report. Highlighting the necessity of a comprehensive and unified approach, the study emphasizes the importance of effective monitoring and evaluation at both national and regional levels. By proposing a model divided into four phases and seven stages, the report offers a structured framework to guide investment promotion efforts. It identifies key areas for development, including the establishment of clear roles and responsibilities, adoption of best practices, and alignment with strategic objectives. Recommendations for establishing a formal monitoring and evaluation framework pave the way for enhanced coordination and resource allocation. Creation-Date: 2014-09-22 Number: 2014/7 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2014/7-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Simonas Gausas Author-Name: Lina Vosyliūtė Title: Local economic strategies for ageing labour markets: Marijampolė's Third Age University in Lithuania Abstract: This paper analyses local employment strategies for shrinking and ageing labour markets through the case study of two local initiatives in Marijampolé, Lithuania. Drawing from desk research, quantitative analysis and primary interviews, the paper determines the effectiveness of Marijampolé’s Third Age University and the Petras Kriaučiūnas Public Library in re-training older workers to improve professionalism, entrepreneurialism and skills development, particularly in information and communication technologies. The analysis also draws synergies between national, regional and local strategies to reskill the Lithuanian labour market to outline appropriate strategy and implementation recommendations for policy makers. Creation-Date: 2015-12-23 Number: 2015/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2015/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Chris Ball Title: Local economic strategies for ageing labour markets: The Life Skills project in Neath Port Talbot and Swansea, West Wales, UK Abstract: This working paper examines the local initiatives in Neath, Port Talbot and Swansea in South West Wales to re-integrate elderly economically inactive workers into the local labour market. The core initiative analysed is the Life Skills for Older People Project, which works with local and regional governments to provide customised education and training for job seekers and the long-term unemployed aged 50 or above. The analysis of the economic impact and the achievements of the project found that custom support and personal development were effective in empowering older workers to re-enter work in the private and voluntary sector. The role of South West Wales’ industrial past in shaping the education and skills profile of older workers is also examined. Creation-Date: 2015-12-23 Number: 2015/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2015/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Hicks Title: Local economic strategies for ageing labour markets: The Canadian Targeted Initiative for Older Workers in Fort St. James, British Columbia Abstract: This working paper examines the impacts of the Canadian employment strategy, the Targeted Initiative for Older Workers, in the Fort St. James community in north-central British Columbia. The paper notes that older workers are generally well employed at the aggregate level in Canada, but may face specific challenges in local and vulnerable communities. An examination of the design of this project highlights the need for clear objectives, eligibility criteria, local sponsors and group-based support. In the context of the Fort St. James Community, participants and administrators highlighted the efficacy of custom and individual support in creating better outcomes for older workers. Creation-Date: 2015-12-23 Number: 2015/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2015/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Nathalie Cliquot Author-Workplace-Name: OCDE Title: Stratégies locales pour les marchés du travail vieillissant : L'emploi des séniors dans la Zone Territoriale Emploi Formation de Bresse, Dombes, Val de Saône, France Abstract: Ce document de travail examine l’impact du vieillissement sur le marché du travail au niveau de la zone territoriale Emploi Formation de Bresse, Dombes, Val de Saône en France. Le taux d’emploi des séniors est relativement faible en France et dans la ZTEF Bresse-Dombes- Val de Saône. Par ailleurs, le nombre de demandeurs d’emploi de la catégorie 50 ans et plus connaît un très fort accroissement annuel. Le document de travail présente également les résultats d’une enquête OCDE LEED auprès des employeurs sur les pratiques managériales pour les travailleurs de 50 ans et plus. Peu d’entreprises ont intégré la notion de l’âge dans les pratiques managériales et encouragent leurs séniors à rester le plus longtemps possible en activité. L’enquête identifie des besoins de renforcement spécifiques pour les travailleurs séniors et décrit également certaines initiatives locales récentes spécialement dédiées aux demandeurs d’emploi sénior. Creation-Date: 2015-12-23 Number: 2015/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2015/4-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Local implementation of youth guarantees: Emerging lessons from European experiences Abstract: Since 2012, European policy-makers have called for urgent action to respond to rising levels of youth unemployment and to help young people not in education employment or training to make the transition into work. They have called for the adoption of a Youth Guarantee, a scheme which seeks to ensure that all young people aged under 25 receive a good-quality offer of employment, continued education, apprenticeship or traineeship within four months of becoming unemployed or leaving formal education. Many Member States of the European Union have taken steps to turn the European call into reality both at the national and local level, especially since EU funding is targeted on regions where youth unemployment exceeds 25 per cent. Keywords: local, youth Creation-Date: 2015-06-01 Number: 2015/05 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2015/05-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Lackéus Title: Entrepreneurship in Education: What, Why, When, How Abstract: The idea of infusing entrepreneurship into education has spurred much enthusiasm in the last few decades. A myriad of effects has been stated to result from this, such as economic growth, job creation and increased societal resilience, but also individual growth, increased school engagement and improved equality. Putting this idea into practice has however posed significant challenges alongside the stated positive effects. Lack of time and resources, teachers’ fear of commercialism, impeding educational structures, assessment difficulties and lack of definitional clarity are some of the challenges practitioners have encountered when trying to infuse entrepreneurship into education Creation-Date: 2015-10-03 Number: 2015/6 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2015/6-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Monitoring Green Transition: A strategic approach to local development Abstract: This paper navigates the intersection of environmental sustainability and economic growth, emphasizing the imperative of green growth strategies at the local level. With climate change concerns looming large, the pursuit of green growth presents both ambition and challenge for regions worldwide. By promoting economic development while mitigating environmental harm, green growth initiatives aim to foster job creation, innovation, and energy security. Through a comprehensive analysis of key indicators, this OECD LEED project sheds light on the transition to a low-carbon economy at the regional level, offering valuable insights and policy recommendations to propel sustainable development agendas forward. Creation-Date: 2015-12-02 Number: 2015/7 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2015/7-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Supporting Youth in Entrepreneurship: Summary report of a policy development seminar organised by the OECD and the European Commission, Brussels, 22nd-23rd September 2014 Abstract: This paper encapsulates the insights gleaned from a seminal seminar jointly organized by the OECD and the European Commission, centered on bolstering public policy support for youth entrepreneurship. Held in Brussels in September 2014, the seminar targeted senior policymakers engaged with the European Social Fund. Delving into the critical facets of youth entrepreneurship policies, funding avenues, and strategies to overcome obstacles, the seminar underscored the urgency of addressing high youth unemployment rates through tailored interventions. Emphasizing the need for entrepreneurial mindsets, diverse training approaches, segmented financial support, and robust networks, the seminar charted a roadmap for crafting effective youth entrepreneurship programs poised to spur economic growth and social empowerment. Creation-Date: 2015-05-02 Number: 2015/8 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2015/8-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Fostering Resilient Economies: Demographic Transition in Local Labour Markets Abstract: As demographic shifts reshape OECD countries, this report delves into the complex interplay between population ageing, decline, and labour market dynamics. Authored by the OECD LEED Programme, it offers a comprehensive analysis supported by insights from international experts. Focused on local scenarios, the report examines the repercussions of dwindling working populations on regional economies and outlines strategies to bolster resilience. With contributions from country delegates and a diverse array of experts, including case studies and policy recommendations, this publication serves as a vital resource for policymakers and stakeholders navigating the multifaceted challenges posed by demographic change. Creation-Date: 2015-12-02 Number: 2015/9 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2015/9-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Lynne Author-Workplace-Name: Pluss Consultants Author-Name: Jonathan Barr Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Michela Meghnagi Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Boosting Job Creation in Skive, Denmark Abstract: Unemployment and quality job creation remain pressing concerns for many localities and regions across the OECD. Municipalities, districts, provinces and regions have it within their power to speed up change and seize new economic opportunities. With the right strategies and implementation plans, the fortunes of local businesses, jobs and people can be significantly changed for the better. This report examines workforce and skills development issues Skive Municipality, Denmark. It highlights the unique employment challenges faced by the community and policy actions that have been taken to attract investment and human capital into the region. The report outlines a set of recommendations to improve policies and programmes that support job creation, employment, and productivity. Creation-Date: 2016-02-18 Number: 2016/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2016/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Lars Niklasson Author-Workplace-Name: University of Linköping Author-Name: Jonathan Barr Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Michela Meghnagi Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Boosting Job Creation in Kalmar, Sweden Abstract: Unemployment and quality job creation remain pressing concerns for many localities and regions across the OECD. Municipalities, districts, provinces and regions have it within their power to speed up change and seize new economic opportunities. With the right strategies and implementation plans, the fortunes of local businesses, jobs and people can be significantly changed for the better. This report examines workforce and skills development issues Kalmar county, Sweden. It highlights the unique employment challenges faced by the community and policy actions that have been taken to attract investment and human capital into the region. The report outlines a set of recommendations to improve policies and programmes that support job creation, employment, and productivity. Creation-Date: 2016-05-12 Number: 2016/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2016/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: David Bailey Author-Workplace-Name: Aston Business School Author-Name: Lisa De Propris Author-Workplace-Name: Birmingham Business School Title: Manufacturing Challenges and Opportunities in Europe: Emerging Models and Policy Interventions for Local and National Growth Abstract: This paper piece sets out some of the main challenges and opportunities facing European manufacturing and the emerging models and public policy interventions which are being used to reshape local economies and to contribute to national growth. The paper sets out principles which the Italian region of Friuli could follow to revive its economy and makes recommendations applicable to the regional government and Chambers of Commerce of Udine and Pordenone. Creation-Date: 2016-07-14 Number: 2016/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2016/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Author-Name: European Commission Title: Policy brief on scaling the impact of social enterprises: Policies for social entrepreneurship Abstract: This policy brief on strategies and policies to scale the social impact of social enterprises was produced within a multiannual co-operation between the LEED programme of the OECD and the Directorate General Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion of the European Commission. It begins by explaining what a social enterprise is and what scaling means in the context of social enterprises. It then compares the scaling patterns of social enterprises and conventional enterprises, looking at social impact vs. profit maximisation, the types of goods and services involved, and stakeholder relations. It goes on to examine specific strategies for scaling impact and also highlights the challenges and policy responses connected with this. Keywords: environment, finance, markets, policy, procurement, skills, social business, social economy, social enterprise, social entrepreneurship, social impact, value-creation chain Creation-Date: 2016-10-06 Number: 2016/04 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2016/04-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Social impact bonds: State of play & lessons learnt Abstract: Social Impact Bonds (SIBs) have spread around the globe in the past five years. At a time of pressure on public budgets following the economic crisis, a financing mechanism for social policies that promises to mitigate the public sector risk, increase effectiveness and pay for services now while requiring public contributions later, is likely to attract attention. Few policy tools have been disseminated so far and so fast. Since the first one, which was launched in 2010, 43 SIBs have been set up in 11 countries representing an investment of over 200 million EUR. Creation-Date: 2016-06-01 Number: 2016/05 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2016/05-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Understanding social impacts bonds Abstract: Social Impact Bonds (SIBs) are spreading around the world and have been gathering increasingly the attention of governments and public authorities, investors, social services providers, researchers, and evaluators among others over the last years. At the same time, they have triggered debates -often controversial- around issues such as the delivery of social services and the quest for efficiency in doing so, the risk transfer from the public to private sector and what this entails for social services providers, the capacity to monitor and evaluate better outcomes, and the increasingly prevalent need to invest in preventative interventions with high returns in the long run. SIBs tend to have strong proponents or strong opponents. Common ground among all, however, was the need for more evidence in order to assess their potential in an informed way. Creation-Date: 2016-06-01 Number: 2016/06 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2016/06-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Neil Martin Title: Building resilience through greater adaptability to long-term challenges Abstract: In an era of heightened global interdependence and economic volatility, local policymakers face mounting pressure to fortify community resilience. As systemic shocks reverberate through local economies with increasing asymmetry, disparities in growth and labor markets deepen, exacerbating existing challenges like climate change and aging populations. Amidst decentralization trends and fiscal constraints, the lens of complexity science offers insights into resilience, illuminating the intricate dynamics of adaptive systems. Through multi-dimensional frameworks and strategic governance, policymakers navigate trade-offs and foster collaboration across sectors and government levels. Drawing from diverse models, this paper navigates the complexity of local resilience, offering pathways for coordinated action and sustainable development. Creation-Date: 2016-12-15 Number: 2016/6 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2016/6-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Entrepreneuship, smes and local development in Abu Dhabi: Boosting the entrepreneurial ecosystem Abstract: As the wealthiest emirate in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Abu Dhabi plays a pivotal role in driving the country's economic prosperity. Despite its oil-dependent economy, efforts to diversify through entrepreneurship and SMEs are underway. However, while entrepreneurial attitudes are strong, actual business ownership remains low. This paper, commissioned for the UAE's G20 Presidency Culture Working Group, analyzes the landscape of entrepreneurship in Abu Dhabi. It identifies barriers such as limited STEM graduates, access to credit, and underdeveloped innovation ecosystems. Offering recommendations, including targeted support for women and youth, it outlines pathways to unlock Abu Dhabi's entrepreneurial potential and drive sustainable economic growth. Creation-Date: 2016-10-02 Number: 2016/7 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2016/7-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Boosting social entrepreneurship and social enterprise creation in the Czech Republic Abstract: This report offers an in depth analysis of the policy measures and programmes needed to enhance the development of social enterprise and social entrepreneurship in the Czech Republic. It is the result of in depth research into social enterprise undertaken by an OECD team comprising members of the OECD LEED Secretariat and external experts, drawing on policy expertise, international and national case studies, legislation and economic data. During a study visit to the Czech Republic in June 2015 the OECD team met with a wide range of important stakeholders to gather detailed information and to discuss key elements of the current and desired future social enterprise ecosystem in the Czech Republic. The report is intended to be an encapsulating study, briefly outlining the Czech Republic’s socio economic context, providing an analysis of the current social enterprise landscape and issues, and making policy recommendations for the future. Creation-Date: 2016-12-05 Number: 2016/08 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2016/08-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Boosting social entrepreneurship and social enterprise creation in Croatia Abstract: This report offers an in-depth analysis of the policy measures and programmes to enhance social enterprise and social entrepreneurship development in the Republic of Croatia. It is the result of in-depth research by an Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) team into social enterprise at local, national and international levels, drawing on policy expertise, international and national case studies, legislation and economic data. During a study visit to Croatia in October 2014 the OECD team met a number of important stakeholders to obtain detailed information and to discuss the most important elements of Croatia’s current and desired future social enterprise environment. The report is intended to be an encapsulating study, briefly outlining Croatia’s social enterprise history, providing an analysis of the current social economy landscape and issues, and making policy recommendations for the future. Creation-Date: 2016-12-05 Number: 2016/09 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2016/09-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The role of technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in fostering inclusive growth at the local level in Southeast Asia Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential of technical and vocational education and training (TVET) for fostering inclusive growth at the local level in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN ) region. The first section provides a brief overview of the main developmental challenges in the ASEAN region that have resulted in growing inequalities in wealth distribution. The second and third sections review evidence from developed as well as developing countries regarding TVET’s impact on employment and wages (Section 2), as well as on poverty, inequality and social exclusion (Section 3). Section 4 summarises the key findings and highlights lessons learned for the ASEAN region. Good practice examples from the region are presented to illustrate how countries have used TVET to improve economic and social outcomes at the local level. Classification-JEL: I25; J24; J46 Keywords: local, skills, training Creation-Date: 2018-11-21 Number: 2018/01 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2018/01-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Giulia Galera Author-Workplace-Name: European Research Institute on Cooperative and Social Enterprises Author-Name: Leila Giannetto Author-Workplace-Name: European Research Institute on Cooperative and Social Enterprises Author-Name: Antonella Noya Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: The Role of Non-state Actors in the Integration of Refugees and Asylum Seekers Abstract: Significant variation across and within OECD countries reflects the diverse roles that non-state actors can play in the reception and integration of asylum seekers. This variation can be explained by the differences in the organisation of welfare service delivery, the various national schemes supporting employment and the specific legal frameworks allowing for the labour market access of asylum seekers, along with the inclination of local inhabitants to self-organise to face new challenges. Within the wide spectrum of non-state actors that provide assistance to refugees and asylum seekers, this paper focuses specifically on third sector organisations. Through a survey, it assesses the contribution of these organisations during the refugee crisis in Europe, from 2014 to 2016, in delivering reception and integration policies for refugees, protection holders and asylum seekers and in experimenting with innovative approaches. The paper concludes with a number of policy recommendations on the ways governments leverage the innovative capacity of third sector organisations in providing meaningful and effective initiatives to integrate refugees in the society, labour market and economy of host communities. Classification-JEL: J61; L31; L33; L38 Keywords: asylum seekers, integration, non-profit organisations, non-state actors, refugees, social enterprises Creation-Date: 2018-12-19 Number: 2018/02 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2018/02-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Giulia Galera Author-Workplace-Name: European Research Institute on Cooperative and Social Enterprises Author-Name: Leila Giannetto Author-Workplace-Name: European Research Institute on Cooperative and Social Enterprises Author-Name: Andrea Membretti Author-Name: Antonella Noya Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Integration of Migrants, Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Remote Areas with Declining Populations Abstract: This paper examines whether immigration can operate as a counter-process of depopulation and economic recession. Based on the comparative analysis of four case studies in Belluno (Italy), Klagenfurt-Villach (Austria), Dalarna (Sweden), and Haßberge (Germany), it analyses the key socio-economic factors explaining the successful integration of migrants, refugees, status holders and asylum seekers and examines under which conditions the arrival of newcomers can turn into a local development opportunity for these territories. The case studies feature four remote territories with the following common characteristics: they have undergone significant socio-economic transformations over the past decade, they face a population decline with an alarming outmigration of youth combined with an increasing ageing population, and central governments have channelled recent immigration and asylum seekers to peripheral areas to counterbalance negative demographic trends. Results show that integration paths undertaken by recipients differ significantly across the four territories. However, all case studies suggest that stable jobs and accommodations render remote and mountain localities attractive for refugees and status holders, who are usually more inclined to move to urban centres. Lastly, results from the case studies highlight the importance of designing individualised integration paths backed by social inclusion initiatives that can incite spontaneous collaborations and work relations with local inhabitants. Classification-JEL: H75; J08; J61; J68; L31; O35 Keywords: ageing, asylum-seekers, immigration, integration, migrants, refugees, social innovation Creation-Date: 2018-12-19 Number: 2018/03 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2018/03-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Local development challenges and the role of “wide areas” in strategic planning: The Case of Inter-Municipal Territorial Unions of Friuli Venezia Giulia (Italy) Abstract: In collaboration with the OECD, Friuli Venezia Giulia Region in Italy is spearheading a project aimed at bolstering the capacity of local governments in strategic planning and wide area development. Recognizing the efficacy of tailored, integrated approaches, the project underscores the importance of locally-driven policies in fostering growth and addressing exclusion. With the reorganization of local government systems, Inter-Municipal Territorial Unions (UTIs) are assuming pivotal roles in socio-economic development. This working paper delves into the challenges and opportunities faced by UTIs, offering a comprehensive discussion on inter-municipal associative processes for effective local development strategies. It serves as a valuable resource for policymakers navigating complex regional dynamics. Creation-Date: 2018-01-30 Number: 2018/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2018/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Territorial wide area cooperation in the Adriatic-Ionian region: Lessons from the Implementation of the EU ADRION Transnational Cooperation Programme Abstract: This paper, a collaborative effort between the OECD LEED Trento Centre, the Emilia Romagna Region, and ERVET, aims to identify policy needs and priorities in the Adriatic-Ionian macro-region. Emphasizing locally-tailored approaches over top-down programs, it explores how integrated policies can stimulate growth and address exclusion. Focused on EU Cohesion Policy and the EUSAIR, it evaluates the alignment between the ADRION Programme and the macro-regional strategy. Through gap analyses and comparative studies, the paper offers recommendations to enhance ADRION's performance and strengthen coordination with the EUSAIR, providing valuable insights for policymakers navigating the complexities of regional development in the Adriatic-Ionian region. Creation-Date: 2018-01-22 Number: 2018/5 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2018/5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Culture and local development: Background document Abstract: This background report for the Conference on Unleashing the Transformative Power of Culture and Creativity for Local Development in Venice, 6-7 December 2018, was prepared by the OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Cities and Regions. Creation-Date: 2018-02-12 Number: 2018/6 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2018/6-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Lou Aisenberg Author-Name: Stina Heikkilä Author-Name: Antonella Noya Author-Name: Filipe Santos Title: Boosting social entrepreneurship and social enterprise development in the Netherlands: In-depth policy review Abstract: This report provides an in-depth analysis of the Dutch policy ecosystem in place for socialentrepreneurship and social enterprises. It identifies the country’s key strengths andchallenges and provides policy recommendations to support the development of a strongerpolicy ecosystem for social entrepreneurship and social enterprises in the country. Keypolicy issues analysed include: clarifying the conceptual framework (Chapter 2); formallyrecognising social enterprises and boosting social entrepreneurship (Chapter 3);promoting social impact measurement and reporting (Chapter 4); developing socialentrepreneurial capacity and skills (Chapter 5); improving access to markets and finance(Chapters 6 and 7); and ensuring sustainable institutional support for socialentrepreneurship and social innovation (Chapter 8). Classification-JEL: L31; L33 Keywords: local development, policy ecosystem, social economy, social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, social impact, social innovation Creation-Date: 2019-01-29 Number: 2019/01 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2019/01-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Boosting social entrepreneurship and social enterprise development in Lithuania: In-depth policy review Abstract: This review provides an in-depth analysis of the Lithuanian policy ecosystem in place for social entrepreneurship and social enterprises. It identifies the country’s key strengths and challenges and provides policy recommendations to support the development of a stronger policy ecosystem for social entrepreneurship and social enterprises. Key policy issues analysed include: raising awareness and clarifying the conceptual framework (Chapter 2); coordinating policy and legal frameworks (Chapter 3); enhancing the role of social enterprises in public procurement (Chapter 4); promoting social impact measurement and reporting (Chapter 5); and improving their access to finance (Chapter 6). Classification-JEL: L31; L33 Keywords: local development, policy ecosystem, social economy, social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, social impact, social innovation Creation-Date: 2019-04-18 Number: 2019/02 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2019/02-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Local entrepreneurship ecosystems and emerging industries: Case study of Malopolskie, Poland Abstract: This report examines the local entrepreneurship ecosystem of the Malopolskie region in Poland and its capacity to promote productivity upgrading and industrial renewal. It forms part of the OECD’s work stream on local entrepreneurship ecosystems and emerging industries. Creation-Date: 2019-05-03 Number: 2019/03 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2019/03-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Local entrepreneurship ecosystems and emerging industries: Case study of Coventry and Warwickshire, United Kingdom Abstract: This report examines the local entrepreneurship ecosystem of the Coventry and Warwickshire region in the United Kingdom and its capacity to promote productivity upgrading and industrial renewal. It forms part of the OECD’s work stream on local entrepreneurship ecosystems and emerging industries. This work examines how policy at the local level can promote innovative start-ups, innovative scale-ups and innovation in existing enterprises for entrepreneurship and industrial diversification. Creation-Date: 2019-05-03 Number: 2019/04 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2019/04-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Local entrepreneurship ecosystems and emerging industries: Case study of Pomorskie, Poland Abstract: This case study examines the Pomorskie local entrepreneurship ecosystem and regional smart specialisation approach. It identifies bottlenecks and enablers in the local entrepreneurship ecosystem and makes policy recommendations on how to further strengthen local entrepreneurship and industrial renewal. The case study offers a number of policy suggestions and models for Pomorskie and for other regions interested in promoting entrepreneurship and emerging industries. Creation-Date: 2019-07-24 Number: 2019/05 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2019/05-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Local entrepreneurship ecosystems and emerging industries: Case Study of Mazowieckie, Poland Abstract: This report examines the local entrepreneurship ecosystem of the Mazowieckie region in Poland and its capacity to promote productivity upgrading and industrial renewal. It forms part of the OECD’s work stream on local entrepreneurship ecosystems and emerging industries. Creation-Date: 2019-08-06 Number: 2019/06 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2019/06-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Author-Name: ICOM Title: Culture et développement local : améliorer l’impact : Guide pour les gouvernements locaux, les communautés et les musées Abstract: Ce guide fournit une feuille de route aux gouvernements locaux, aux communautés et aux musées sur la manière de définir ensemble un programme de développement local. Il prend en compte cinq dimensions : Exploiter le pouvoir des musées en faveur du développement économique local ; 2. S’appuyer sur le rôle des musées pour la réhabilitation urbaine et le développement de la communauté ; 3. Créer des sociétés ouvertes à la culture et créatives ; 4. Faire des musées des espaces d’inclusion, de santé et de bien-être ; 5. Placer les musées au cœur du développement local. Creation-Date: 2024-02-28 Number: 2019/07 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2019/07-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Author-Name: ICOM Title: Culture and local development: maximising the impact: A guide for local governments, communities and museums Abstract: This Guide provides a roadmap for local governments, communities and museums on how to define together a local development agenda. It considers five dimensions: 1. Leverage the power of museums for local economic development, 2. Build on the role of museums for urban regeneration and community development, 3. Catalyse culturally aware and creative societies, 4. Promote museums as spaces for inclusion, health and well-being, 5. Mainstream the role of museums in local development. Creation-Date: 2019-09-05 Number: 2019/07 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2019/07-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Museums and local development in the Autonomous Province of Trento, Italy Abstract: This report considers the role of the MUSE network of museums for local development in the Autonomous Province of Trento, Italy. It considers the five dimensions of local development featured in the OECD-ICOM Guide for Local Governments, Communities and Museums: Economic development; Urban regeneration; Education and creativity; Inclusion, health and well-being; and Mainstreaming the role of museums in local development. Creation-Date: 2019-09-06 Number: 2019/08 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2019/08-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Barr Author-Name: Elena Magrini Author-Name: Michela Meghnagi Title: Trends in economic inactivity across the OECD: The importance of the local dimension and a spotlight on the United Kingdom Abstract: As unemployment rates have reached historical lows across many OECD countries, it is important to focus on the economically inactive – that is people who are neither in a job nor seeking work. This paper reviews recent trends in economic inactivity across the OECD, focusing on places and people. The paper demonstrates the importance of moving beyond national averages to understand which regions and cities have higher levels of economic inactivity. It then looks at regional economic inactivity trends across cities in the United Kingdom (UK). Classification-JEL: J24; J21; J62; I26 Keywords: disadvantaged groups, labour market participation, regional disparities Creation-Date: 2019-10-17 Number: 2019/09 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2019/09-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Territorial wide area cooperation in the Adriatic-Ionian region: Outlook on future Transnational Cooperation in the Region: Outlook on future Transnational Cooperation in the Region Abstract: The OECD Trento Centre for Local Development, in collaboration with the Region Emilia Romagna and ERVET, embarks on a review to enhance policy efficacy and foster knowledge exchange in the Adriatic and Ionian Region. Recognizing the limitations of top-down approaches, the OECD advocates for integrated, locally-tailored policies to stimulate growth and address exclusion. The European Union's cohesion policy, facilitated by the European Structural and Investment Funds, underscores the importance of regional cooperation. Within this framework, the Interreg V-B Adriatic-Ionian Cooperation Programme (ADRION) emerges as a driver of policy innovation, promoting economic, social, and territorial cohesion. This paper navigates the complexities of regional cooperation, offering insights and recommendations for the future development of the A-I Region. Creation-Date: 2019-04-30 Number: 2019/10 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2019/10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Better using skills in the workplace in the Leeds City Region, United Kingdom Abstract: This paper reviews the different definitions and measures of skills use and shows why it matters for local development policies. Based on findings from the Annual Population Survey and the UK Employer Skills Survey, it provides unique local analysis on how the Leeds City Region compares on skills use relative to other Local Enterprise Partnerships. It then outlines opportunities for new actions that could be implemented in the Leeds City Region to work closer with firms to promote skills use in the workplace. Classification-JEL: J24; J21; J62; I26 Creation-Date: 2020-03-03 Number: 2020/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2020/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Boosting social entrepreneurship and social enterprise development in Estonia: In-depth policy review Abstract: This report provides an in-depth analysis of the Estonian policy ecosystem in place for social innovation, social entrepreneurship and social enterprises. It identifies the country’s key strengths and challenges and provides policy recommendations to support the development of a stronger policy ecosystem for social entrepreneurship and social enterprises in the country. Key policy issues analysed include: building a culture of social innovation and social entrepreneurship (Section 2); supporting social entrepreneurship through institutional and legal frameworks (Section 3); improving access to finance and to markets to boost social entrepreneurship (Section 4 and 5); and supporting the development of social entrepreneurial skills and capacity (Section 6). Classification-JEL: L31; L33 Keywords: local development, policy ecosystem, social economy, social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, social impact, social innovation Creation-Date: 2020-03-06 Number: 2020/02 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2020/02-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Regional Strategies for the Social Economy: Examples from France, Spain, Sweden and Poland Abstract: This paper explores the linkages between regional strategies for the social economy and regional development in four EU countries: France, Spain, Sweden and Poland. It provides a comparative perspective of regional strategies for the social economy (Section 1), based on i) the level of recognition of the social economy itself, ii) multi-level governance arrangements, iii) the regional strategic priority given to the social economy and iv) financial resources available for regional strategies. It gives examples of strategies for the social economy in selected regions in the four countries to document the diversity of practice (Section 2). It outlines conclusions and policy orientations (Section 3) to help reinforce the positive impact of regional strategies for the social economy on regional development. Classification-JEL: L3; L31; L38; O18; O35; P13 Keywords: regional development, regional strategies, social economy, social enterprises, social entrepreneurship Creation-Date: 2020-05-19 Number: 2020/03 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2020/03-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Partridge Author-Name: Alexandra Tsvetkova Title: Local ability to rewire and socioeconomic performance: Evidence from US counties before and after the Great Recession Abstract: The paper examines the effects of three groups of factors (county economic structure, social/demographic attributes and geography) on employment growth and poverty change in US counties before and after the Great Recession. It finds that the industrial structure that facilitates inter-industry employee flows (“rewiring”) is of increasing importance post-Recession. In particular, this measure is associated with employment growth in under-performing counties suggesting that removing barriers to the flow of resources within lagging economies and increasing their adaptability potential might be a viable policy option. Classification-JEL: J62; O18; R11 Keywords: employment growth, Great Recession, inter-industry employee flows, local economic rewiring, poverty change, US Creation-Date: 2020-05-26 Number: 2020/04 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2020/04-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Museums and Local Development in Poland Abstract: The OECD-ICOM Guide for Local Governments, Communities and Museums provides a framework for local and regional governments to assess and maximise the social and economic value of cultural heritage, and for museums to understand and strengthen their existing and potential linkages with the local economy and social fabric. This case study in Poland is based on nine museums of different size and ownership structure located in both large urban areas and rural municipalities. It explores opportunities for museums and local development in Poland along five dimensions: i) economic development, ii) urban design and community development, iii) culturally aware and creative societies, iv) inclusion, health and well-being, and v) mainstreaming the role of museums in local development. Classification-JEL: H41; O10; Z18 Creation-Date: 2020-08-06 Number: 2020/05 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2020/05-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Alexandra Tsvetkova Author-Name: Simone Grabner Author-Name: Wessel Vermeulen Title: Labour demand weakening during the COVID-19 pandemic in US cities: Stylised facts and factors related to regional resilience Abstract: This paper explores patterns of short-term labour demand weakening in Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) of the United States and the associated regional factors. The paper considers online job vacancy postings in February-June 2020. The data show that in larger MSAs, online job postings contracted more and the recovery was slower compared to smaller MSAs. Non-tradable service occupations, particularly those involving face-to-face interactions, contracted the most. The regression analysis reveals that different metropolitan characteristics were associated with the initial drop (February-April) and the recovery (May-June) in online job posting. The associations of online job postings with regional characteristics also differed between teleworkable (with high feasibility of performing work duties remotely) and non-teleworkable jobs. Cities with higher share of teleworkable employment had more online vacancy announcements during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Classification-JEL: J23; J21; L16; R11 Creation-Date: 2020-10-09 Number: 2020/06 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2020/06-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: An insight into the innovative start-up landscape of South Tyrol: A language barrier to effective policy transfer? Abstract: The characteristics of innovative start-up firms in South Tyrol, the northernmost province of Italy, entirely mountainous, hosting a high-income population belonging to three main language groups. This work is part of a series of thematic papers on sub-national start-up landscapes in Italy, produced by the OECD Trento Centre for Local Development. It represents a first attempt to analyse the effect of the Italian policy framework for young innovative firms at the local level. South Tyrol is home to a relatively small number of registered innovative start-ups, pointing to the presence of obstacles to policy transfer. Evidence suggests that language barriers may play a critical role. Firm dynamism, in particular high-growth and exit trends, the spread of emerging technologies among local start-ups as well as their propensity to uptake national incentives are other major focuses of this work, which concludes with a set of evidence-based recommendations for policy-makers. Classification-JEL: D22; L26; M13; O38; R12 Keywords: artificial intelligence, entrepreneurship, firm growth, innovation, local development, multi-level governance, policy adoption, start-up Creation-Date: 2020-11-17 Number: 2020/07 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2020/07-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: An insight into the innovative start-up landscape of Friuli-Venezia Giulia: A tale of two sub-regions? Abstract: This paper offers an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of innovative start-up firms in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, an autonomous region situated at the extreme North East of the Italian territory, bordering with Austria and Slovenia. This work is part of a series of thematic papers on sub-national start-up landscapes in Italy, produced by the OECD Trento Centre for Local Development. Following the 2018 OECD Evaluation of the Italian Start-up Act, which embraced a national perspective, it represents a first attempt to analyse the impact of this policy at the local level. Friuli-Venezia Giulia hosts a polycentric, mainly urban start-up landscape, with a low prevalence of female and young founders. Its historical sub-regions of Friuli and Venezia Giulia present remarkable differences under several perspectives, including the industrial composition of their start-ups, the spread of emerging technologies among them and their propensity to use national incentives. Firm dynamism, notably high-growth and exit trends, constitutes another major focus of this work, which concludes with a set of evidence-based recommendations for policy-makers. Classification-JEL: D22; L26; M13; O38; R12 Keywords: artificial intelligence, entrepreneurship, firm growth, innovation, local development, multi-level governance, policy adoption, start-up Creation-Date: 2020-11-17 Number: 2020/08 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2020/08-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: An insight into the innovative start-up landscape of Trentino: Is it time for the “Start-up Valley” to scale up? Abstract: This paper offers an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of innovative start-up firms in Trentino, a high-income mountainous area in the North East of Italy. This work is part of a series of thematic papers on regional start-up landscapes in Italy, produced by the OECD Trento Centre for Local Development. Following the 2018 OECD Evaluation of the Italian Start-up Act, which embraced a national perspective, it represents a first attempt to analyse the impact of this policy at the local level. Among Italian regions, Trentino boasts the highest density of registered innovative start-ups over all young firms established locally. However, innovative start-ups spread unevenly throughout this territory, concentrating in urban areas. Female and young founders are less prevalent than in Italy at large. Firm dynamism, in particular high-growth and exit trends, the uptake of emerging technologies among local start-ups as well as their propensity to use national incentives are other key areas of this work, which concludes with a set of evidence-based recommendations for policy makers. Classification-JEL: D22; L26; M13; O38; R12 Keywords: artificial intelligence, entrepreneurship, firm dynamism, innovation, local development, policy adoption, start-up Creation-Date: 2020-11-17 Number: 2020/09 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2020/09-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Exploring policy options on teleworking: Steering local economic and employment development in the time of remote work Abstract: This paper explores and classifies some of the most common policy options adopted by national, regional and local policy makers in the context of or prior to the COVID-19 pandemic to enable, encourage and make the most of teleworking. It also considers efforts to foster the attraction and retention of remote workers and entrepreneurs in particular places. The current crisis represents, among other things, a mass experiment in teleworking, unprecedented in size and scope. A shift towards large-scale, long-lasting teleworking would have profound implications for the geography of local employment. However, SMEs may be less equipped than larger firms to face this change. Public policy can play an important role in turning teleworking into an opportunity for all, to minimise the potential of widening pre-existing disparities between people, places and firms. Classification-JEL: J28; J62; J68; J88; R11 Keywords: future of work, geography of jobs, local employment, SMEs, teleworking Creation-Date: 2020-11-17 Number: 2020/10 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2020/10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Local entrepreneurship ecosystems and emerging industries: Case study of Cambridgeshire and Peterborough, United Kingdom Abstract: This paper examines how local-level policies can strengthen entrepreneurship and innovation in the region of Cambridgeshire and Peterborough in the United Kingdom. It investigates the quality of the local entrepreneurship ecosystem for generating innovative start-ups and scale-ups and the regional conditions for generating positive industry transitions by supporting the strategic sectors of life sciences, information technologies, agri-tech and advanced manufacturing. Key areas of focus are on skills development, entrepreneurship development and knowledge exchange for local economic development. A number of policy recommendations are offered based on the analysis together with international inspiring policy practice examples. Classification-JEL: J24; L52; L53; R58 Keywords: entrepreneurship, industry transition, knowledge exchange, regional policy, skills Creation-Date: 2021-02-02 Number: 2021/01 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2021/01-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The spatial dimension of productivity in Italian co-operatives Abstract: This report explores the spatial dimension of productivity in the co-operatives of Italy, a country where they make up a relatively large share of total national employment. Co-operatives play a countercyclical role in job creation during crises. In a post-pandemic world, they could make a major contribution to steering the economy towards inclusiveness and sustainability. Productivity growth ensures that co-operatives can achieve both economic and social goals in the future. This report applies a place-based approach to investigate the issue of productivity in co-operatives, given their many interdependencies with local communities. Novel evidence points to the local factors that are linked with the concentration and productivity of co-operatives across regions, sectors and firm size classes in Italy. A comparison with other Italian firms as well as with Spanish co-operatives and other Spanish firms serves to illustrate how productivity performance varies across space and firm types. This report constitutes an empirical test for the analytical approach developed by the OECD Spatial Productivity Lab. Classification-JEL: D24; E24; J54; L31; O32; O35; P13; Q13; R12 Keywords: cooperatives, Italy, productivity, regional economics, social economy, Spain Creation-Date: 2021-03-30 Number: 2021/02 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2021/02-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Boosting social entrepreneurship and social enterprise development in Brandenburg, Germany: In-depth policy review Abstract: This report provides an in-depth analysis of the policy ecosystem in place for social entrepreneurship and social enterprises in the state of Brandenburg, Germany. It identifies the state’s key strengths and challenges and provides policy recommendations to support the development of a stronger policy ecosystem.It includes a conceptual framework for social entrepreneurship and social innovation (Chapter 2); with recommendations and analyses to build institutional and legal frameworks for social enterprises (Chapter 3), improve access to finance for social entrepreneurship development (Chapter 4), promote access to private and public markets for social entrepreneurship development (Chapter 5), and strengthen social impact measurement and reporting for social enterprise development (Chapter 6). Classification-JEL: L31; L33 Keywords: local development, policy ecosystem, social economy, social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, social impact, social innovation Creation-Date: 2021-06-04 Number: 2021/03 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2021/03-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Pierluigi Sacco Title: Veneto: A manufacturing region with a cultural and creative edge Abstract: The COVID-19 crisis has provided an opportunity to rethink the Veneto Region’s economic strategy. This paper examines the links between cultural and creative sectors and the regional manufacturing economy of the Veneto Region in the North of Italy, highlighting the important role that cultural production, and in particular Venice, can play in the region’s post-pandemic recovery strategies. Classification-JEL: O31; R12; Z18 Creation-Date: 2021-07-29 Number: 2021/04 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2021/04-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Social impact measurement for the Social and Solidarity Economy: OECD Global Action Promoting Social & Solidarity Economy Ecosystems Abstract: The OECD Global Action “Promoting Social and Solidarity Economy Ecosystems”, funded by the European Union, through its work stream on social impact measurement, endeavours to: 1) explore current social impact measurement practices among social and solidarity economy organisations; 2) identify the methodologies best suited to capture the social benefits of the social and solidarity economy; and 3) understand what policy initiatives can be used to foster a social impact measurement culture and practice in the social and solidarity economy.After discussing the origins and drivers of social impact measurement, this paper examines existing methodologies developed at the local, national and international level and finally reviews how these are being implemented in the social and solidarity economy. It takes stock of the policy mapping exercise conducted by the OECD, which draws on responses to an online survey and on the stakeholder consultations conducted in Brazil, Canada, India, Korea, Mexico and the United States. Classification-JEL: L31; L33 Keywords: local development, policy ecosystem, social economy, social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, social impact, social innovation Creation-Date: 2021-09-10 Number: 2021/05 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2021/05-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Building local ecosystems for social innovation: A methodological framework Abstract: Social innovations have proven to be valuable in identifying, designing and implementing new solutions to social and environmental problems. The recent COVID-19 outbreak has put a spotlight on the potential of social innovation as a resilience mechanism, including for local development. This paper presents a preliminary framework for analysing social innovation ecosystems at the local level. It can help policy makers to better understand the different concepts around social innovation, and to develop policies to support social innovation and its implementation. The first section considers the features of social innovation and the benefits it can bring. The second section provides an analytical framework for social innovation at the local level. The final section sets a number of guidelines that support the implementation of social innovation ecosystems at local level, including examples of specific policy instruments. Classification-JEL: O35; L30; L31; D04; I3 Keywords: local ecosystem, measurement of social innovation, social economy, social entrepreneurship, social innovation Creation-Date: 2021-09-10 Number: 2021/06 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2021/06-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The future of remote work: Opportunities and policy options for Trentino Abstract: Public policy can play an important role in steering the large-scale diffusion of teleworking. Various communities around the world are experimenting with innovative solutions. In Italy, the Autonomous Province of Trento has plans to design a comprehensive plan for teleworking as a way to foster local economic and social development. Opportunities and challenges for a smooth transition to an ever more hybrid work environment are explored in view of a number of societal objectives, including an improvement in living standards, territorial cohesion and competitiveness. The paper identifies six policy areas for recommendations, reflecting the conditions needed to achieve these objectives. Classification-JEL: J58; J68; O33; R12; R23; R58 Keywords: Italy, local development, place-based policy, remote work, teleworking, Trentino Creation-Date: 2021-11-22 Number: 2021/07 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2021/07-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Social vouchers: Innovative tools for social inclusion and local development Abstract: This paper explores the role of social vouchers as a tool for social inclusion and local development. It presents a typology of vouchers and their objectives, governing institutional and regulatory frameworks, use by national and local governments, and the social economy (Section1). It analyses the challenges and opportunities for the development of vouchers in light of the COVID-19 crisis and suggests recommendations to effectively capitalise on social vouchers as a tool to “build back better” (Section 2). Finally, it illustrates and analyses specific cases in Belgium, Brazil, the Czech Republic, France, Mexico, Morocco and Romania (Section 3). Classification-JEL: D31; I38; D61; E21; E26 Keywords: culture, local development, social economy, social vouchers, target spending consumption Creation-Date: 2021-11-23 Number: 2021/08 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2021/08-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Internationalisation of the next Smart Specialisation Strategy: Opportunities and barriers in the Friuli Venezia Giulia region Abstract: Smart Specialisation Strategy is a place-based EU policy that seeks to enhance regional competitiveness through leveraging and bolstering innovation in the selected priority areas (industries or technologies) in each region. The new iteration of S3 requires developing cross-border collaborations with regions possessing complex and complementary technological expertise currently missing in a region to upgrade its technological evolution. The reason for this is that new growth opportunities arise from recombining existing technological capabilities while more complex technologies offer strong competitive advantage. This paper presents a simple roadmap for regional S3 internationalisation and the results of an in-depth case study on the opportunities for and barriers to S3 internationalisation in Friuli Venezia Giulia (FVG), a region in the North East of Italy. The paper develops recommendations on how to make the most of the Research, Technology, Development and Innovation endowments in FVG through enhancing the innovation-internationalisation nexus in order to improve competitiveness of the region. Classification-JEL: O19; O30; R12; R58 Keywords: Friuli Venezia Giulia, regional innovation systems, S3 internationalisation, Smart Specialisation Strategy (S3) Creation-Date: 2021-11-30 Number: 2021/09 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2021/09-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Enhancing the impact of Italy’s start-up visa: What can be learnt from international practice? Abstract: Italy’s start-up visa aims to make the national start-up ecosystem more easily accessible to foreign talent, rich with knowledge and skills, and more integrated into global markets. Government reports show that the programme has not yet achieved a critical scale. The analysis of similar initiatives in Chile, France, Ireland and Portugal identifies five gateways for attracting more foreign entrepreneurs, such as an effective policy outreach, smooth inter-institutional co-operation across the migratory process, and the provision of sound support services for a “soft landing” of entrepreneurs upon arrival. These takeaways may also inform new talent attraction policies targeting remote workers, an expanding group in the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Classification-JEL: F20; J68; L26; M13; O38 Keywords: capacity building, migrant entrepreneurship, start-up visa, talent attraction Creation-Date: 2021-12-14 Number: 2021/10 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2021/10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Economic and social impact of cultural and creative sectors: Note for Italy G20 Presidency Culture Working Group Abstract: This paper, prepared for the Italy G20 Presidency Culture Working Group, underscores the vital role of cultural and creative sectors in driving job creation, innovation, and social inclusion. Highlighting their significant contributions to the economy and society, from fostering creative skills to enhancing well-being and promoting social cohesion, it emphasizes the need for policymakers to recognize culture as a strategic investment. As governments reassess growth models post-COVID-19, the paper advocates for leveraging the resilience and potential of cultural sectors for a sustainable recovery. By mainstreaming culture into policy agendas and improving data collection, it offers actionable strategies to harness the full potential of these sectors for economic, social, and environmental outcomes. Creation-Date: 2021-08-24 Number: 2021/11 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2021/11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Author-Name: European Commission Title: Policy brief on making the most of the social economy’s contribution to the circular economy Abstract: This policy brief on the social economy and its contribution to the circular economy was produced by the OECD and the European Commission. The brief defines concepts of both the circular and social economy and describes the potential of the social economy to support circular activities and related business models and to reinforce uptake of circularity in our economies and societies. It finally identifies policy orientations that build on the complementarity of the social and circular economies, and help the social economy support circularity and drive a green and inclusive transition. Keywords: Circular Economy, circular value chains, social economy, social enterprises, social inclusion Creation-Date: 2022-01-14 Number: 2022/01 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2022/01-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Boosting social entrepreneurship and social enterprise development in Slovenia: In-depth policy review Abstract: This report provides an in-depth analysis of the policy ecosystem in place for social entrepreneurship and social enterprises in Slovenia. It identifies the country’s strengths and challenges and provides policy recommendations to support the development of a stronger policy ecosystem. After an overview of the socio-economic and political context (Chapter 1), the report describes the conceptual framework for social enterprises and the social economy (Chapter 2); and analyses institutional and legal frameworks for social enterprises (Chapter 3), access to finance for social enterprises (Chapter 4), and access to public and private markets (Chapter 5), along with social impact measurement and reporting for social enterprise development (Chapter 6). Classification-JEL: L31; L33 Keywords: local development, policy ecosystem, social economy, social enterprise, social entrepreneurship, social impact, social innovation Creation-Date: 2022-02-08 Number: 2022/02 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2022/02-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Future-proofing adult learning systems in cities and regions: A policy manual for local governments Abstract: In the coming years, labour markets will face significant challenges. In this context, re- and upskilling of adults is an urgent priority for all at national, regional and local levels. To turn challenges into opportunities and to ensure that the supply of local skills matches constantly changing skills demands, there is a need to create strong adult learning systems for a more resilient and empowered society and productive economy. To support local governments in their efforts to future-proof adult learning systems, this policy manual presents a range of policy options and concrete actions that can inspire and guide work at the local level. It is designed for both policy makers and practitioners at the local and regional level, but also for national policy makers to support their efforts in supporting the diversity of local needs. Classification-JEL: O; O15; O3; O1 Keywords: adult education, adult learning, adult skills, adult training, Automation, Digitalisation, Job polarisation, local government, regional government, Vocational education and training Creation-Date: 2022-02-16 Number: 2022/03 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2022/03-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Legal frameworks for the social and solidarity economy: OECD Global Action “Promoting Social and Solidarity Economy Ecosystems” Abstract: The OECD Global Action “Promoting Social and Solidarity Economy Ecosystems”, funded by the European Union, through its work stream on legal frameworks, endeavours to: 1) increase knowledge and understanding on legal frameworks for the social and solidarity economy; 2) explore approaches and trends of legal frameworks to regulate the social and solidarity economy as a whole and social economy organisations; and 3) understand how legal frameworks can be used to promote and develop the social and solidarity economy in different contexts. This paper defines the legal notions, traditions and approaches to better understand legal frameworks that regulate the field. It presents and analyses the diversity, relevance and implications of legal frameworks that regulate the social economy; takes stock of the processes that lead to their design and implementation; identifies possible criteria for assessing their performance; and highlights the crosscutting issues and policy examples that could inspire countries. Classification-JEL: L31; L33 Keywords: cooperative, legal framework, local development, policy ecosystem, social economy, social enterprise Creation-Date: 2022-06-08 Number: 2022/04 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2022/04-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Culture and the creative economy in Emilia-Romagna, Italy Abstract: Cultural and creative sectors are a significant driver of local development through job creation and income generation, spurring innovation across the economy. Beyond their economic impacts, they also have significant social impacts, from supporting health and well-being to promoting social inclusion and local social capital. This paper offers a review of cultural and creative sectors in the Emilia-Romagna region, Italy, highlighting issues and trends in regards to employment, business, entrepreneurship and financing in cultural and creative sectors. It also reviews issues and trends relating to cultural participation and offers in-depth analysis on the role of museums in supporting local development. The paper provides analysis and recommendations to support the region in strengthening the local cultural and creative ecosystem. Classification-JEL: I31; Z1 Keywords: creative industries, cultural employment, culture and local development Creation-Date: 2022-06-17 Number: 2022/05 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2022/05-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Author-Name: European Commission Title: Policy brief on access to finance for inclusive and social entrepreneurship: What role can fintech and financial literacy play? Abstract: This policy brief on access to finance for inclusive and social entrepreneurship was produced by the OECD and the European Commission. It presents evidence on the access to finance challenges faced by entrepreneurs from under-represented and disadvantaged groups and social entrepreneurs, and discusses how public policy could harness the potential of fintech to address these challenges. This covers crowdfunding, blockchain and the application of big data to finance for inclusive and social entrepreneurship. The policy brief also discusses the growing need for governments to strengthen financial literacy among the target groups of inclusive and social entrepreneurship policy, including with respect to fintech. Different policy approaches are discussed, including embedding financial literacy training in financial intermediation. Creation-Date: 2022-07-04 Number: 2022/06 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2022/06-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: From informal to formal jobs: The contribution of cooperatives in Colombia Abstract: Labour informality remains a critical challenge for Colombia with over 60% of workers in informal jobs with no access to social security benefits, except health. To address the inherent challenges posed by a large informal sector, this paper explores the role that cooperatives can play in driving formalisation in Colombia. It presents the negative impacts of informality on the economy and how the social and solidarity economy, and cooperatives in particular, offer an important model for informal workers to transit towards formalisation (Section 1). It provides facts and figures about the cooperative sector as well as factors contributing to its development and barriers that hinder its expansion (Section 2). It considers the benefits and challenges of the compliance based approach to supervise cooperatives and provides policy orientations to strengthen the sector (Section 3). Classification-JEL: J54; L31; L33; P13 Creation-Date: 2022-07-29 Number: 2022/07 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2022/07-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Potential spatial impacts of the war in Ukraine: A case study from Italy Abstract: The impacts of the war in Ukraine will be felt severely within OECD economies, especially in border regions on the front-line of the humanitarian refugee crisis. The economic impacts, in particular those driven by rising energy prices, will also be spatially differentiated, affecting some regions more than others. Italy is no exception, with gas-intensive industries concentrated in northern regions, and wheat-based food and farming prevailing in southern regions and islands. While, overall, Russia accounted for a minor share of Italian exports, some regions and industries are more vulnerable than others to falls in bilateral trade, including destinations popular with high per-capita expenditure Russian tourists. Classification-JEL: F16; F51; J43; O13; R11; R12 Keywords: commodities, employment, spatial analysis, tourism, trade Creation-Date: 2022-07-06 Number: 2022/08 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2022/08-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Wessel Vermeulen Title: Policies for resilient local economies Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has critically tested OECD economies, with major differences in economic repercussions at the subnational level. The pandemic can be characterised as a combination of shocks to local economies: (i) a recession, (ii) a supply-side shock mirroring a natural disaster, and (iii) the economic and workplace adjustments accelerated by pre-existing megatrends (e.g. automation, green transition). This paper reviews the empirical evidence for effective policies from across the OECD to strengthen local economic resilience through support for people, firms and places. There is a strong need for effective policies in times of recessions, natural disasters and long-term structural change. Policies that strengthen economic resilience strongly overlap with policies for local productivity growth and vice-versa. Moreover, some policies aiming to increase resilience through adding redundancy in production or infrastructure can serve productivity in the long-term. Classification-JEL: R1; R11; R5; R58 Keywords: COVID-19, economic shocks, industrial change, megatrends, recessions, regional economic resilience, regional economic systems, subnational economic policy Creation-Date: 2022-09-07 Number: 2022/09 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2022/09-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Culture and the creative economy in Glasgow city region, Scotland, United Kingdom Abstract: Cultural and creative sectors are a significant driver of local development through job creation and income generation, spurring innovation across the economy. Beyond their economic impacts, they also have significant social impacts, from supporting health and well-being to promoting social inclusion and local social capital. Glasgow City Region in Scotland, United Kingdom has a long history of transformative cultural policy. Cultural and creative sectors are now one of the region’s strengths. This paper provides an overview of cultural and creative sectors in the Glasgow City Region, highlighting trends in employment, business dynamics, entrepreneurship and financing as well as cultural participation. It offers analysis and recommendations to support the region in continuing to build on its local cultural and creative ecosystem. Classification-JEL: I31; Z1 Keywords: creative industries, cultural employment, culture and local development Creation-Date: 2022-10-05 Number: 2022/10 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2022/10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Unlocking the potential of youth-led social enterprises Abstract: Young people increasingly prioritise pursuing careers with positive social and environmental impacts. Social enterprises can help them fulfil this ambition. Youth-led social enterprises can address pressing social and environmental issues while providing young people with opportunities in the labour market. Despite these benefits, these entities often struggle due to the age of their founders and the specificities of their businesses. This paper analyses the drivers and potential benefits of youth-led social enterprises (section 1), assesses the challenges they face (section 2) and provides policy guidance to address them through tailored support programmes based on best practice examples and experiences from OECD countries and beyond (section 3). Classification-JEL: J62; L31; L38; O35 Keywords: Employment, Skills, Social and Solidarity Economy, Social enterprises, Youth Creation-Date: 2022-11-09 Number: 2022/11 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2022/11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Maximising synergies between tourism and cultural and creative sectors: Discussion Paper for the G20 Tourism Working Group Abstract: This paper delves into the intricate relationship between tourism and the cultural and creative sectors. As discussions unfold within the G20 Tourism Working Group and Ministers Meeting, the paper highlights the global significance of cultural and creative industries. It examines the potential benefits and hurdles of integrating cultural and creative elements into tourism policies. Aligning with G20 commitments to foster collaboration, innovation, and sustainability, the paper offers avenues for implementing the draft G20 Bali Guidelines. By emphasizing the value of cultural tourism and sustainable practices, it contributes to shaping a more inclusive and resilient tourism sector on the global stage. Creation-Date: 2022-09-23 Number: 2022/12 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2022/12-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Assessing teleworking strategies for local development: A framework proposal Abstract: Teleworking has risen to record levels since the COVID-19 outbreak. Beyond supporting business continuity during social distancing, it may contribute to multiple societal objectives in the future where a return to pre-pandemic levels of teleworking seems unlikely. Hence, these issues are becoming more prominent on policy agendas. Strategies that look to teleworking as a tool for local development have more chances to support their underlying objectives, if tailored to local conditions and grounded on evidence. This paper proposes a framework to monitor and assess teleworking practices, related policies and their influence on people, places and firms. It is based on a case study from the Autonomous Province of Trento, Italy. Creation-Date: 2022-12-10 Number: 2022/13 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2022/13-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Wessel Vermeulen Author-Name: Nils Braakmann Author-Workplace-Name: Newcastle University Business School Title: How do mass lay-offs affect regional economies? Abstract: Mass lay-offs from firms and plant restructuring occur regularly and can have potentially large consequences on places and communities. Policy makers may consider supporting firms, in order to prevent mass lay-offs but at the risk of interfering with economic dynamism, or targeting affected workers, to help them transition to new employment. Which strategy (firms versus workers) is the most appropriate and under which circumstances can be informed by better understanding the nature of the economic impact from mass lay-offs. This paper estimates the impact of mass lay-offs between 2008-18 across small regions (TL3) in Europe on regional employment and productivity. It finds there are persistent negative employment effects of mass lay-offs, and rural regions are more negatively affected on average. In part because of differences in the nature of the firm in the region, its relationship with nearby suppliers and clients, and the broader economic context of the region, productivity effects can be both positive and negative over the longer term. Classification-JEL: J21; R12; R23 Keywords: economic shocks, local labour market, mass lay-offs, regional resilience Creation-Date: 2023-01-20 Number: 2023/01 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2023/01-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Culture and the creative economy in Lithuania and municipalities of Klaipėda, Neringa and Palanga Abstract: Cultural and creative sectors are a significant driver of local development through job creation and income generation, spurring innovation across the economy and increasing the attractiveness of cities and regions as destinations to visit, work and live. This case study offers a review of cultural and creative sectors in Lithuania, highlighting issues and trends in employment and business development, financing and cultural participation. It brings a specific focus on three municipalities within the County of Klaipėda located on the Baltic coast – Klaipėda City, Neringa and Palanga – small cities specialised in port activities, logistics, traditional manufacturing and seaside resort tourism. It highlights how culture and creative sectors can be leveraged to foster local development, diversify the economy and strengthen territorial attractiveness. It provides recommendations and international examples on ways to support business development in creative sectors and to strengthen synergies between culture and tourism. Classification-JEL: I31; Z1 Keywords: creative industries, cultural employment, culture and local development Creation-Date: 2023-01-25 Number: 2023/02 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2023/02-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Organisation of public employment services at the local level in Sweden Abstract: Sweden is undergoing a major reform of its public employment service (PES) Arbetsförmedlingen, shifting its main role from providing in-house services towards monitoring of providers and working with different stakeholders in guiding and implementing labour market policies. At the same time, the PES is undergoing a significant restructuring, resulting in a downscaling of physical presence across the country and an increased digitalisation of services. To support this reform and services to jobseekers across urban and rural settings, this report a describes the main features of the Swedish labour market and employment system and analyses the challenges of the reform from a local perspective. In light of international examples, it outlines policy options for contracting services to ensure coverage in all places and for all jobseekers, managing the balance between physical and digital services, and coordinating services at the local level. Classification-JEL: H53; H75; J48; J68; P11; R58 Keywords: Local Labour Markets, Public Employment Services, Reform Creation-Date: 2023-01-27 Number: 2023/03 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2023/03-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Participation of the social economy in the provision of Sweden’s public employment services Abstract: Sweden is undergoing a major reform of its public employment service Arbetsförmedlingen towards contracting out employment services to independent providers. At the same time, Arbetsförmedlingen is also undergoing a significant restructuring, resulting in a downscaling of physical presence across the country and an increased digitalisation of services. As this report shows, the social economy and in particular work integration social enterprises can play an important role in the delivery of publicly-financed employment services. The report analyses the main features of the social economy in general as well as its current role in employment policies in Sweden. Moreover, it discusses challenges in engaging social economy organisations as providers in the market for contracted-out employment services in Sweden with respect to the legal framework, contracting rules, financial barriers, payment models, and co-operation structures. Lastly, it offers recommendations based on international practice to help design and implement the proposed policy recommendations in the Swedish context. Classification-JEL: H53; H75; J48; P11; R58 Keywords: Local Labour Markets, Public Employment Services, Social Economy, Work Integration Social Enterprises Creation-Date: 2023-01-28 Number: 2023/04 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2023/04-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Author-Name: Commission européenne Title: Améliorer l’efficacité des programmes de formation à l’entrepreneuriat inclusif et social Abstract: Le présent document d’orientation intitulé « Améliorer les programmes de formation à l’entrepreneuriat inclusif et social » a été produit par l’OCDE et la Commission européenne. Il traite de l’importance des programmes de formation et présente une vue d’ensemble des types de programmes de formation disponibles. Il analyse également les possibilités pour les pouvoirs publics de renforcer ces programmes de formation et fournit des conseils sur la manière de concevoir des programmes de formation à l’entrepreneuriat inclusif et social plus efficaces. Classification-JEL: L26; M13; L31 Creation-Date: 2023-08-31 Number: 2023/05 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2023/05-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Author-Name: European Commission Title: Improving the effectiveness of inclusive and social entrepreneurship training schemes Abstract: This policy brief on "Improving the effectiveness of inclusive and social entrepreneurship training schemes" was produced by the OECD and the European Commission. It discusses the importance of training schemes and presents an overview of the types of training schemes available. It also analyses the opportunities for governments to strengthen these training schemes and provides guidance on how to design more effective inclusive and social entrepreneurship training schemes. Classification-JEL: L26; M13; L31 Keywords: inclusive entrepreneurship, skills, social entrepreneurship, training Creation-Date: 2023-02-03 Number: 2023/05 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2023/05-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Culture and the creative economy in Flanders, Belgium Abstract: Cultural and creative sectors are a significant driver of local development both through direct job creation and income generation but also indirectly by spurring innovation across the economy. Beyond their economic impacts, they also have significant social impacts, from supporting health and well-being to promoting social inclusion and local social capital. Flanders (Belgium) has placed cultural and creative sectors as a priority in the region’s economic and social strategy. This paper provides an overview of cultural and creative sectors in Flanders, highlighting trends in employment, business dynamics, entrepreneurship and financing as well as cultural participation. It offers analysis and recommendations to support the region in continuing to build on its local cultural and creative ecosystem. Classification-JEL: Z1 Keywords: Creative industries; culture and local development; cultural employment Creation-Date: 2023-02-24 Number: 2023/06 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2023/06-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Beyond pink-collar jobs for women and the social economy Abstract: Building on many data sources and country examples on women’s employment in the social and solidarity economy (SSE) the report: i) analyses women’s employment in the SSE, ii) explores challenges to gender equality in the SSE and, iii) provides policy recommendations to recognise women’s work and leadership in the SSE and in the wider economy. It also suggests ways to foster their participation in high-growth sectors within the SSE, such as technology-intensive and green sectors. Keywords: employment, Gender, gender equality, social economy, Women Creation-Date: 2023-03-20 Number: 2023/7 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2023/7-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Integrating local services for individuals in vulnerable situations Abstract: Governments at all levels are looking for new and innovative ways to include individuals in vulnerable situations such as youth, migrants, persons with disabilities and families facing multiple challenges, in the labour market and in society more generally. This paper explores integration of employment services with other services (e.g. social, health and housing) at the local level as one promising way for governments to provide more effective support that is holistic and person-centred and be more efficient in public spending. The paper analyses different forms of local service integration, the possible benefits, and the particular roles subnational governments can play in service integration reforms – ranging from national public employment service-led reforms to more locally driven reforms. The paper also analyses the barriers to service integration and proposes future work to strengthen local service integration. Classification-JEL: I30; I38; J68; R59 Keywords: integrated services, local governments, local labour markets, Public employment services, public spending, social services, vulnerable groups, youth Creation-Date: 2023-06-21 Number: 2023/08 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2023/08-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: “Who does what” for active labour market policies: A zoom on the role of subnational governments Abstract: This paper maps “who does what” across levels of government in OECD countries in relation to active labour market policies (ALMPs), with a focus on the role of subnational governments. It highlights recent reforms in the multi-level governance of ALMPs in a number of countries, and shows that in about two out of five OECD countries, subnational governments have some type of formal competences for delivering ALMPs. It also shows other ways subnational governments are commonly involved in such policies. This includes delivering their own labour market programmes, often targeted to those farthest from the labour market or facing multiple barriers to employment. Finally, it considers some of the benefits and drawbacks of more decentralised approaches to ALMPs and offers some general principles for managing these trade-offs across different types of governance systems. Classification-JEL: J08; J68; H70 Keywords: active labour market policies, employment, multi-level governance Creation-Date: 2023-06-21 Number: 2023/09 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2023/09-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: How to measure the impact of culture, sports and business events: A guide, Part I Abstract: This OECD Guide takes stock of the current advice, guidelines, and good practices for assessing the impact of global events. Global events (including culture, sports and business events) can have a significant impact on local development. Yet measuring this impact in a consistent, reliable and comprehensive way can be challenging. This Guide provides an overview of approaches to impact assessment, discusses the issues, challenges and considerations to be made in conducting impact evaluations, and offers a set of actions which event hosts can take to improve impact assessments. In doing so, the Guide supports the OECD Recommendation on Global Events and Local Development, which helps countries and future hosts bring greater local benefits and legacies from global events. This Guide can be read alongside "Impact indicators for culture, sports and business events: A guide, Part II". Classification-JEL: R11; R58; Z10; Z20 Keywords: Bussiness events, Cultural events, Festivals, Global events, Impact assessment, Local development, Mega-events, Sporting events Creation-Date: 2023-07-06 Number: 2023/10 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2023/10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Impact indicators for culture, sports and business events: A guide - Part II Abstract: This OECD Guide sets out a framework of indicators to measure the impact of global events on local development. Global events (including culture, sports and business events) can have a significant impact on local development. Yet measuring this impact in a consistent, reliable, and comprehensive way can be challenging. This Guide presents a set of indicators which events hosts can incorporate into their evaluation strategy to assess the economic, social, and environmental impact of their event. It offers practical guidance and advice on how to implement this framework, alongside examples of indicator use. In doing so, the Guide supports the OECD Recommendation on Global Events and Local Development, which helps countries and future hosts bring greater local benefits and legacies from global events. This Guide can be read alongside "How to measure the impact of culture, sports and business events: A guide - Part I". Classification-JEL: R11; R58; Z10; Z20 Keywords: Business events, Cultural events, Festivals, Global events, Impact assessment, Local development, Mega-events, Sporting events Creation-Date: 2023-07-06 Number: 2023/11 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2023/11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Promoting internationalisation of the social and solidarity economy: From local to global Abstract: Building on strong local roots to address local development challenges, many social and solidarity economy (SSE) entities are increasingly extending their operations internationally. By responding to international social and environmental challenges, SSE entities can help make global value chains more inclusive and sustainable. With the pursuit of a social mission and participatory governance at the core of their operations, SSE entities adopt specific approaches to internationalise their presence. Some internationalise to scale their impact to reach more people and areas, while some do so to deepen their impact on existing target groups by leveraging resources internationally. This paper analyses what SSE internationalisation involves and its specific drivers (chapter 1), trends in SSE internationalisation (chapter 2), competitive advantages and barriers of the SSE for internationalisation (chapter 3), and actionable areas for policy makers to promote its internationalisation (chapter 4). Classification-JEL: F23; L31; L38; O35 Keywords: internationalisation, social economy Creation-Date: 2023-09-22 Number: 2023/12 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2023/12-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: What is the social and solidarity economy? A review of concepts Abstract: Produced as part of the OECD Global Action on Promoting Social and Solidarity Economy Ecosystems, funded by the European Union’s Foreign Partnership Instrument, this paper provides a framework to clarify the core notions of the social and solidarity economy, along with social economy, social enterprise, social innovation and other related notions. The objective is to explain what they are and understand how these notions have evolved in recent decades. It also aims to capture and document the great diversity within social and solidarity economy organisations in terms of purposes, legal entities, business models and practices to help better characterise the “population” of social and solidarity economy entities. Classification-JEL: L33; L31 Keywords: conceptual framework, cooperative, local development, non profit, social and solidarity economy, social economy, social enterprise, social entrepreneurship, social innovation Creation-Date: 2023-09-28 Number: 2023/13 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2023/13-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Empowering communities with platform cooperatives: A catalyst for local development Abstract: This policy paper explores the contribution of platform cooperatives to local development as an alternative model to conventional digital platforms. It considers their role in reducing potential negative effects of the digital transition on local communities and places, as well as the new opportunities they present to provide greater quality of life for local residents. The paper introduces the main features of platform cooperatives, explores their contributions to local development and identifies the challenges to their emergence and expansion. It then provides policy orientations that could support the development of platform cooperatives and enhance their contributions to local development.This paper was produced as part of the OECD Global Action on Promoting Social and Solidarity Economy Ecosystems, funded by the European Union’s Foreign Partnership Instrument. Classification-JEL: L33; L31 Keywords: cooperative, local development, non-profit, social and solidarity economy, social economy, social enterprise, social entrepreneurship, social innovation Creation-Date: 2023-09-28 Number: 2023/14 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2023/14-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The social and solidarity economy as a partner along the refugee journey Abstract: Produced as part of the OECD Global Action “Promoting Social and Solidarity Economy Ecosystems” funded by the European Union, this paper explores the role of the social and solidarity economy (SSE) in implementing and complementing public systems for refugee protection, reception and integration. In particular, it reviews the different activities SSE entities can deploy in support of forcibly displaced populations, asylum seekers and refugees, along their journey from origin through to destination countries. Finally, it offers some policy considerations on how the SSE can help national and local governments identify win-win solutions for refugee and host communities. Classification-JEL: F22; J15; J61; L33; L31 Keywords: asylum seekers, cooperative, forced displacement, local development, non profit, refugees, social and solidarity economy, social economy, social enterprise, social entrepreneurship, social innovation Creation-Date: 2023-09-28 Number: 2023/15 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2023/15-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Platform cooperatives and employment: An alternative for platform work Abstract: Platform cooperatives refer to cooperatives that are directly owned and managed by their members and that use websites and/or mobile apps to sell goods and/or services. They have emerged in large part as alternatives to digital labour platforms to promote better working conditions with evidence of significant growth in recent years.This paper provides an overview of employment in platform cooperatives and offers insights on their distinctive features. In particular, it provides i) insights on working conditions associated with such platforms; ii) an overview on the challenges they face in creating jobs as well as scaling up, developing and expanding their activity; and iii) policy recommendations and examples of policy actions that could help policy makers best support them to generate work opportunities and enhance job quality.This paper was produced as part of the OECD Global Action on Promoting Social and Solidarity Economy Ecosystems, funded by the European Union’s Foreign Partnership Instrument. Classification-JEL: L33; L31 Keywords: cooperative, local development, non-profit, social and solidarity economy, social economy, social enterprise, social entrepreneurship, social innovation Creation-Date: 2023-09-30 Number: 2023/16 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2023/16-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Enhancing international partnership and co-operation in Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy Abstract: In recent years, international development co-operation has undergone a transition from a conventional donor-recipient model to a partnership-centred approach, including with regions and cities. Friuli Venezia Giulia, a small region in north-eastern Italy with extensive policy autonomy, has been active in international co-operation and is seeking to get more out of its actions both for the region and with its co-operation partners around the world. This paper evaluates its strategy on international partnership and co-operation and proposes recommendations, including more targeted initiatives that leverage the expertise of the region for greater impact in partner countries and for local benefits. Classification-JEL: F35; F63; H70; O19; R10; R58 Keywords: 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Decentralised Development Co-operation, multi-level governance, multi-stakeholder partnership, Official Development Assistance, Regional Development Creation-Date: 2023-10-09 Number: 2023/17 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2023/17-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Unlocking the potential of teleworking to address labour shortages in the Ems-Achse, Germany Abstract: In the north-western corner of Germany, the Ems-Achse, a rural region, has witnessed a decade of economic growth. This growth has exacerbated labour shortages, primarily due to an aging population and the outmigration of youth. Acknowledging the potential of teleworking, regional stakeholders aim to explore its capacity to address labour gaps and attract a broader talent pool. This paper delves into three main dimensions for harnessing teleworking's potential: activating individuals who are not currently seeking employment, expanding the talent pool to include surrounding areas, and attracting workers from congested urban areas or overseas. To facilitate successful teleworking, the region can bolster its high-speed internet infrastructure, promote a culture of flexibility in management and nurture digital skills. Additionally, increasing opportunities for higher education, improving public transportation and enhancing international accessibility could help profile the Ems-Achse as an attractive hub for teleworkers. Classification-JEL: J68; O33; R11; R40; R58; R23 Keywords: Ems-Achse, Germany, labour shortage, local development, place-based policy, teleworking Creation-Date: 2023-10-30 Number: 2023/18 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2023/18-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Buying social with the social economy: OECD Global Action “Promoting Social and Solidarity Economy Ecosystems” Abstract: Produced as part of the OECD Global Action “Promoting Social and Solidarity Economy Ecosystems” funded by the European Union, it explores the potential of procurement from the social and solidarity economy in creating social dividends, takes stock of global trends in social procurement among both public and private buyers, identifies challenges in access to markets for social and solidarity economy entities, and finally, provides concrete recommendations for policy makers on how to overcome them. Classification-JEL: H57; L31; L33; M14 Keywords: cooperative, local development, non profit, private procurement, public procurement, social and solidarity economy, social economy, social enterprise, social entrepreneurship, social innovation, social procurement Creation-Date: 2023-11-07 Number: 2023/19 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2023/19-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Boosting Social Entrepreneurship and Social Enterprise Development in Ireland: In-depth policy review Abstract: Ireland is home to a vibrant social enterprise community, active in essential sectors such as health, care, and education, as well as local development and cultural and creative sectors. This report provides an in-depth analysis of social entrepreneurship and social enterprises in Ireland. It identifies the country’s strengths and challenges and provides policy recommendations. An action plan with concrete and actionable measures is also provided to support Ireland in the development of its new national social enterprise policy. Following an overview of the socio-economic landscape (Chapter 1), the report describes factors underpinning social entrepreneurship, social enterprises and the social economy in the context of Ireland (Chapter 2); analyses the institutional and legal framework around social enterprises (Chapter 3); explores conditions and opportunities for access to finance and funding (Chapter 4); navigates developments in access to public and private markets for social enterprises (Chapter 5); looks at the existing state of social impact measurement and data availability on social enterprises (Chapter 6) and concludes with skills and business development for social entrepreneurship (Chapter 7). Classification-JEL: L31; L33; L38; O35 Keywords: local development, policy ecosystem, social economy, social enterprise, social entrepreneurship, social impact, social innovation Creation-Date: 2023-11-16 Number: 2023/20 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2023/20-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Les secteurs de la culture et de la création comme levier de développement des régions ultrapériphériques de l'Union européenne Abstract: Ce rapport évalue l'état actuel et le potentiel futur des secteurs de la culture et de la création (SCC) dans les neuf régions ultrapériphériques de l'Union européenne : la Guadeloupe, la Guyane française, la Martinique, Mayotte, la Réunion et Saint-Martin (France) ; les Açores et Madère (Portugal) ; et les îles Canaries (Espagne). Les tendances mondiales, telles que l’augmentation du tourisme culturel, le commerce des biens et services créatifs et les IDE dans les SCC, offrent aux RUP de l’UE d’importantes opportunités de développer leurs secteurs de la culture et de la création, de promouvoir les synergies avec le tourisme et de contribuer à la création d’emplois. En outre, les politiques de SCC peuvent également améliorer le bien-être et la cohésion sociale en préservant et en promouvant le patrimoine culturel local et en encourageant la participation culturelle. Une politique de SCC qui capitalise sur ces tendances mondiales, tout en reconnaissant le contexte spécifique des RUP de l'UE, pourrait contribuer à promouvoir ces domaines et à contribuer au développement local. Classification-JEL: Z1; O1 Keywords: développement, Industries créatives, régions ultrapériphériques de l'UE Creation-Date: 2023-11-29 Number: 2023/21 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2023/21-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Leveraging cultural and creative sectors for development in the European Union outermost regions Abstract: This report assesses the current state and future potential of cultural and creative sectors (CCS) in the nine outermost regions of the European Union (EU): Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Martinique, Mayotte, Réunion, and Saint Martin (France); the Azores and Madeira (Portugal); and the Canary Islands (Spain). Global trends, such as increases in cultural tourism, trade in creative goods and services, and FDI in CCS offer significant opportunities for EU outermost regions to expand their cultural and creative sectors, promote synergies with tourism and help drive job creation. In addition, CCS policies can also boost well-being outcomes and social cohesion through preserving and promoting local cultural heritage and encouraging cultural participation. CCS policy which capitalises on these global trends, whilst recognising the specific context of EU outermost regions, could help promote these areas and contribute to local development. Classification-JEL: Z1; O1 Keywords: Creative industries, development, EU outermost regions Creation-Date: 2023-11-28 Number: 2023/21 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2023/21-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Museums and local development in Lisbon, Portugal Abstract: This case study assesses the strategies of the Museum of Lisbon as well as the related policies of Lisbon City Council to support local development. Through its five branches located across the city and its diverse partnerships with local stakeholders, the Museum of Lisbon has cemented its role as a community anchor institution. This case study focuses on the five dimensions featured in the OECD-ICOM Guide for Local Governments, Communities and Museums, namely the role of museums in: i) economic development, ii) urban regeneration, iii) education and creativity, iv) inclusion, health and well-being, and on iv) ways to mainstream the role of museums in local development. Classification-JEL: H41; O10; Z18 Keywords: cultural heritage, culture, Lisbon, local development, museum, Portugal Creation-Date: 2023-12-05 Number: 2023/22 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2023/22-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Alexandra Tsvetkova Author-Name: Elettra D'Amico Author-Name: Alexander Lembcke Author-Name: Polina Knutsson Author-Name: Wessel Vermeulen Title: How well do online job postings match national sources in large English speaking countries?: Benchmarking Lightcast data against statistical sources across regions, sectors and occupations Abstract: This paper presents the first international assessment of the Lightcast vacancy data representativeness based on benchmarking against officially reported vacancy data in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States. The analysis compares distributions in the Lightcast data versus official data across large (TL2) regions, industrial sectors and occupational categories. The analysis shows differences in representativeness across countries and on the three dimensions considered. In general, regional representativeness is considerably better than both occupational and sectoral representativeness. Classification-JEL: C89; J23; J29; J63; O50; R12; Y1 Keywords: big data, Lightcast (Burning Glass), online job postings, unconventional data sources, vacancy data Creation-Date: 2024-03-11 Number: 2024/01 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2024/01-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Wessel Vermeulen Author-Name: Fernanda Gutierrez Amaros Title: How well do online job postings match national sources in European countries?: Benchmarking Lightcast data against statistical and labour agency sources across regions, sectors and occupation Abstract: Data on online job postings represents an important source of information for local labour markets. Many countries lack statistics on labour demand that are sufficiently up-to-date and disaggregated across regions, sectors and occupations. Web-scraped data from online job postings can provide further insights on the trends in labour demand and the skills needed across regions, sectors and occupations. This paper assesses the comparability and validity between Lightcast and other data sources for Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Spain and Sweden, for the years 2019 to 2022 across regions, sectors and occupations. It concludes with some recommendations for labour market analysts that want to use data on online job postings for assessing labour demand trends. Classification-JEL: C89; J23; J29; J63; O50; R12; Y1 Keywords: big data, Lightcast (Burning Glass), online job postings, unconventional data sources, vacancy data Creation-Date: 2024-03-11 Number: 2024/02 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2024/02-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Bringing Trentino's productivity growth back on track: A comparison with OECD "peer" regions Abstract: The Autonomous Province of Trento (Trentino) is among the most productive regions in Europe, but over the past two decades its productivity growth has stagnated. As a result, the productivity gap of Trentino widened by over 20% compared to regions with the same productivity level in 2000. The benchmarking of productivity drivers in Trentino with those of “peer” regions points to several policy priorities, including: reviving productivity in tradeable sectors, also through increased internationalisation; increasing the share of the labour force with a tertiary education; and getting more out of public R&D while boosting private sector R&D. Classification-JEL: D24; J21; J24; L11; O3; O47; R11 Keywords: drivers of productivity, international comparison, sectoral analysis, subnational productivity Creation-Date: 2024-04-16 Number: 2024/03 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2024/03-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Assessing the framework conditions for social innovation in rural areas Abstract: Rural regions across the OECD depend on a wide range of economic engines for growth, as well as the quality of place to attract and retain people. Social innovation seeks new answers to social and environmental problems, using new solutions that improve the quality of life for individuals and communities. Social innovation can be a tool to create vibrancy in rural areas by filling public service gaps, experimenting with new business models, and creating a stronger sense of community. However, not all rural areas are equally equipped to engage in social innovation. This paper provides guidance for policy makers and proposes an approach alongside a dashboard of indicators for measuring readiness and capacity to engage with social innovation in rural areas. Classification-JEL: I30; L31; O35; R11; O38 Keywords: local ecosystem, measurement of social innovation, rural development, rural innovation, social economy, social entrepreneurship, social innovation Creation-Date: 2024-05-11 Number: 2024/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2024/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Insights from social and solidarity economy data: An international perspective Abstract: The social and solidarity economy (SSE) is gaining traction in public policy at subnational, national and international level. However, despite increasing interest, available data on the SSE remain limited. Collecting data on the SSE helps better understand its reach and contribution to the total economy, while also helping policy makers to design effective policies for its promotion and SSE actors to access new audiences, markets and finance. The OECD produced country fact sheets for 34 countries to provide a snapshot of their social and solidarity economy at the national level, collating information on official definitions, number and size of entities, employment patterns, sectors of activity and economic contribution as well as surrounding legal frameworks and social impact initiatives. This paper looks at commonalities across these countries in their SSE ecosystems to present overall insights and trends. Creation-Date: 2024-06-14 Number: 2024/05 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2024/05-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Scaling up in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Abstract: A small group of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that grow fast over a short period of time, i.e., scalers, make an outsized contribution to job creation and economic growth. This paper provides a portrait of scalers in the Italian region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, and its two autonomous provinces: Trentino and Bolzano-Bozen. The region hosts and attracts a dynamic population of scalers. Around one in nine SMEs in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol is an employment scaler, and more than one in six is a turnover scaler. However, the contribution of the fastest-growing scalers is lower than in the rest of Centre and North Italy, which is in part due to the sectoral specialisation of scalers in the region. Classification-JEL: M1; R1; L25 Keywords: business growth, High growth firms, mobile firms, regional business environment, SMEs Creation-Date: 2024-06-21 Number: 2024/06 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2024/06-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Author-Name: Eurochambres Author-Name: ICC Title: Chambers of commerce and the business of skills Abstract: In today's rapidly evolving economy, businesses are facing growing challenges in recruiting workers with the right skills. Chambers of commerce can play an important role in helping communities tackle these pressing issues and building skills systems that are fit for the future. This paper draws on a 2024 survey undertaken by the OECD in collaboration with Eurochambres and the International Chamber of Commerce, covering chambers from 65 countries and transnational regions. It explores the role chambers play in shaping and implementing skills policies at local, regional and national levels. Common approaches include supporting strategy development at both national and regional/local levels; serving as an intermediary between businesses and skills programmes; and, at least to some degree, being a direct provider of training themselves. As demands for agile and inclusive skills systems grow, this paper serves as a first step to explore how chambers can further support skills agendas. Classification-JEL: J24 Keywords: Chambers of Commerce Creation-Date: 2024-06-26 Number: 2024/07 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2024/07-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Alexandra Tsvetkova Title: Forty years of productivity and labour market resilience in European regions Abstract: To mark the 40th anniversary of the OECD Local Employment and Economic Development (LEED) Programme, this paper examines determinants and consequences of employment resilience, or lack of, in European NUTS3/TL3/TL3 regions over the last 40 years. Descriptive evidence shows that the least resilient regions (those with the largest percentage drop in employment during a recession) slip to persistently lower post-recession employment-to-population ratio trajectories. On the other hand, regions with higher productivity pre-recession lost proportionally fewer jobs during a recession and were more likely to recover to the pre-recession employment levels (except for the recession induced by the COVID-19 pandemic). Overall, the findings point to the ability of productivity to serve as a shield against negative employment impacts of economic crises. Classification-JEL: J01; O18; R11 Creation-Date: 2024-09-19 Number: 2024/08 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2024/08-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Patricia Peñalosa Author-Name: Lukas Kleine-Rueschkamp Title: The geography of green innovation hubs in OECD regions Abstract: This paper explores the geography of “green innovation hubs” and the relationship between green patents and local labour markets. The analysis considers the spatial distribution and evolution of patenting activity for green inventions and identifies green innovation hubs, i.e., regions demonstrating notable strength in green patenting. It also explores the relationship between the regional level of green patenting, economic activity, education, and local labour dynamics across OECD regions. Greater Copenhagen (a cross-border area including parts of Denmark and Southern Sweden) is used as an example to illustrate one region's green innovation ecosystem, assessing its progress, unique opportunities, and challenges. Creation-Date: 2024-09-24 Number: 2024/09 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2024/09-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Mattia Corbetta Title: Enhancing international partnership and co-operation in Veneto, Italy Abstract: This paper analyses Veneto’s decentralised development co-operation (DDC) practices. Key issues include the need to review its strategic objectives, prioritise resource allocation and increase the representation of specific groups in project partnerships. Veneto’s 2023-2025 DDC strategy demonstrates a commitment to addressing these challenges by targeting critical areas of reform in governance, stakeholder engagement and project evaluation. Drawing on insights from four international case studies, this paper outlines detailed recommendations to enhance the strategy’s effectiveness, efficiency and inclusiveness and aims to integrate Veneto’s DDC engagements with local development opportunities. Leveraging sectoral champions and involving the private sector represent untapped potential, fostering a cycle of awareness and stronger public support for DDC in Veneto. Classification-JEL: F35; F63; H70; O19; R10; R58 Keywords: Decentralised Development Co-operation, Italy, multi-level governance, Official Development Assistance, stakeholder engagement, Veneto Creation-Date: 2024-10-22 Number: 2024/10 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2024/10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Unleashing the potential of volunteering for local development: An international comparison of trends and tools Abstract: Across OECD countries, just under one-quarter of the population formally volunteers at least once a month. These volunteers contribute to local development in many ways, from revitalising neighbourhoods and enhancing social cohesion to bolstering community resilience to societal pressures and shocks, such as natural disasters. However, volunteering is under pressure in many places. Local and national approaches such as developing overarching strategies and enabling legal frameworks, as well as improving the volunteering “market”, can help to rejuvenate volunteering. Creation-Date: 2024-12-05 Number: 2024/11 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2024/11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Unlocking the potential of the social and solidarity economy for people, places and firms in Latin America and the Caribbean Abstract: The paper explores the role of the social and solidarity economy (SSE) to support people, places and firms in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), along with actions that countries can take to promote its potential. It begins by exploring the role the SSE to support disadvantaged people in LAC, such as through local job creation. The paper analyses the role the SSE can play to leverage social capital to provide innovative solutions to spatial inequalities. Finally, the paper covers the way in which newer forms of the SSE can support entrepreneurship. This publication was originally drafted to serve as a foundation for discussions at the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) Social Inclusion Ministerial in Bogotá, Colombia, on 22 October 2024. This publication supported Ministerial Session II: Empowering local communities and the grassroots economy: Innovative tools and new approaches. Creation-Date: 2024-12-10 Number: 2024/12 Handle: RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2024/12-EN