Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Policy and Environment: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition policy and environment in May 1995. This document includes an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Denmark, the European Commission, Germany, Hungary, Japan, the Netherlands and Sweden and an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 1995-02-13 Number: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Failing Firm Defence: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated the “failing firm” exception, or defence, in merger review in May 1995. This document includes an analytical note by the OECD and written submissions from Australia, Canada, the European Commission, Germany, Ireland, Japan, Norway, the Slovak Republic, the United Kingdom and the United States and an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 1996-02-12 Number: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Policy and Film Distribution : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition policy and cinema and television film distribution in November 1995. This document includes an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Australia, the European Commission, Germany, Portugal, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion Creation-Date: 1996-04-16 Number: 3 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Efficiency Claims in Mergers and Other Horizontal Agreements : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition policy and efficiency claims in horizontal agreements in November 1995. This document includes an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Canada, the European Commission, Italy, Japan, Switzerland, the United States and BIAC and an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 1996-04-23 Number: 4 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Essential Facilities Concept : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated the essential facilities concept in February 1996. This document includes an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Australia, Canada, the European Commission, Italy, Japan, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States and an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 1996-07-16 Number: 5 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition in Telecommunications : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition in telecommunications in November 1995. This document includes written submissions from Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, the European Commission, Finland, Germany, Italy, New Zealand, the Slovak Republic, the United Kingdom, the United States and BIAC, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 1996-07-16 Number: 6 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:6-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Reform of International Satellite Organisations : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated the reform of international satellite organisations in November 1995. This document includes an analytical note by the OECD Secretariat and written submissions from Italy and the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 1996-07-18 Number: 7 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:7-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Abuse of Dominance and Monopolisation : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated abuse of dominance and monopolisation in February 1996. This document includes an analytical note by the OECD Secretariat, written submissions from Ms. M. Janow and Mr. A. Fels, contributions from Canada, the European Commission, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the United States and BIAC, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 1996-09-12 Number: 8 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:8-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Application of Competition Policy to High Tech Markets : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated the application of competition policy to high technology markets in April 1996. This document includes an analytical note by the US Federal Trade Commission and written submissions from Canada, the European Commission and BIAC, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 1997-04-10 Number: 9 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:9-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: General Cartel Bans: Criteria for Exemption for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated the criteria for exempting small enterprises from general prohibitions against cartels in April 1996. This document includes an analytical note by the German Delegation and written submissions from Canada, the European Commission, Japan and Norway, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 1997-04-15 Number: 10 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Issues related to Sports : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition issues related to sports in October 1996. This document includes written submissions from Australia, Denmark, the European Commission, France, Germany, Ireland, Mexico, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 1997-06-22 Number: 11 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Application of Competition Policy to the Electricity Sector : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated the application of competition policy to the electricity sector in October 1996. This document includes the written submissions from Australia, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, the European Commission, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 1997-07-29 Number: 12 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:12-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Judicial Enforcement of Competition Law : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee organised a seminar on judicial enforcement of competition law in October 1996. This document includes an executive summary, an analytical note by the OECD and written submissions by judges and experts, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 1997-11-27 Number: 13 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:13-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Resale Price Maintenance : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated the use of resale price maintenance for publications and cultural products in February 1997. This document includes an executive summary, an analytical note by the OECD and written submissions from Australia, Canada, Finland, the European Commission, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Norway, Sweden, the United States and BIAC, as well as an aide memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 1998-01-12 Number: 14 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:14-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Railways: Structure, Regulation and Competition Policy : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated the structure, regulation and competition policy in railways in October 1997. This document includes an executive summary, an analytical note and written submissions from Australia, Denmark, the European Commission, Finland, France, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom and contributions by experts, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 1998-01-30 Number: 15 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:15-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Policy and International Airport Services : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition policy and international airport services in June 1997. This document includes an executive summary, an analytical note by the OECD staff and written submissions from Australia, Austria, Canada, the European Commission, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Korea, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States and BIAC, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 1998-05-07 Number: 16 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:16-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Enhancing the Role of Competition in the Regulation of Banks : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee the role of competition in the regulation of banks in February 1998. This document includes an executive summary and submissions from Australia, Austria, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, the European Commission, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Poland, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, the United Kingdom and the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 1998-09-07 Number: 17 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:17-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Policy and Intellectual Property Rights : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition policy and intellectual property rights in October 1997. This document includes an executive summary, an analytical note by US FTC and submissions from Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Commission and BIAC, papers, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 1998-09-16 Number: 18 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:18-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition and Related Regulation Issues in the Insurance Industry : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition and regulation in the insurance industry in June 1998. This document includes an executive summary, an analytical note by the OECD and written submissions from Australia, the Czech Republic, the European Commission, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, the United Kingdom, the United States, BIAC and CEA, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 1998-12-14 Number: 19 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:19-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Policy and Procurement Markets : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition policy and procurement markets in June 1998. This document includes an executive summary, an analytical note by the OECD and submissions from Australia, Denmark, the European Commission, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Korea, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom and the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 1999-05-04 Number: 20 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:20-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition and Regulation in Broadcasting in the Light of Convergence : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated regulation and competition issues in broadcasting in the light of convergence in October 1998. This document includes an executive summary, an analytical note by the OECD and submissions from Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, the European Commission, Finland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Norway, the Slovak Republic, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 1999-04-26 Number: 21 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:21-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Relations between Regulators and Competition Authorities : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated the relationship between regulators and competition authorities in June 1998. This document includes an executive summary, an analytical note by the OECD and submissions from Australia, Canada, Denmark, the European Commission, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 1999-06-24 Number: 22 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:22-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Buying Power of Multiproduct Retailers : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated buying power of multiproduct retailers in October 1998. This document includes an executive summary, an analytical note by the OECD and submissions from Argentina, Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, the European Commission, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the United States and BIAC, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 1999-07-16 Number: 23 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:23-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Promoting Competition in Postal Services : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated promoting competition in postal services in February 1999. This document includes an executive summary, an analytical note by the OECD and submissions from Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, the European Commission, Finland, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Sweden and the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 1999-09-30 Number: 24 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:24-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Oligopoly : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated oligopolies in 1999. This document includes an executive summary, an analytical note by the OECD and submissions from Australia, Canada, the European Commission, Finland, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 1999-10-19 Number: 25 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:25-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Airline Mergers and Alliances : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated airline mergers and alliances in October 1999. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Australia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Poland, the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Commission, BIAC, ICC, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2000-01-26 Number: 26 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:26-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition in Professional Services : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition in professional services in June 1999. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Australia, the European Commission, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2000-02-22 Number: 27 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:27-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition in Local Services: Solid Waste Management  Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition in local services – Solid Waste Management -- in October 1999. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting, including an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from France, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Norway, the Slovak Republic, Spain, the United Kingdom, the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2000-07-31 Number: 28 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:28-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Mergers in Financial Services : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated mergers in financial services in June 2000. This document includes an executive summary of that debate and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Australia, Canada, the European Commission, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2000-09-15 Number: 29 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:29-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Promoting Competition in the Natural Gas Industry : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated promoting competition in the natural gas industry in February 2000. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Australia, Austria, Canada, the Czech Republic, the European Commission, France, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, the Slovak Republic, Spain, the United States, Enron Europe Ltd, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2000-10-20 Number: 30 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:30-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Issues in Electronic Commerce : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition issues in electronic commerce in October 2000. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by for the OECD and written submissions: Australia, Canada, the European commission, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Korea, the United Kingdom, the United States as well as papers from BIAC, UK OFTEL/OFT and the Frontier Economics Group. An aide-memoire of the discussion is also included. Creation-Date: 2001-01-23 Number: 31 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:31-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition in the Pharmaceutical Industry : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition and regulation issues in the pharmaceutical industry in June 2000. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by for the OECD, written submissions from Australia, the Czech Republic, the European Commission, France, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United States, BIAC, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2001-02-06 Number: 32 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:32-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Issues in Joint Ventures : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition issues in joint ventures in October 2000. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by for the OECD, written submissions from Australia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, the European Commission, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2001-02-09 Number: 33 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:33-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Issues in Road Transport : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition issues in road transport in October 2000. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Australia, the Czech Republic, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain, Türkiye, the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2001-05-22 Number: 34 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:34-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Price Transparency : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated price transparency in June 2001. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Australia, Canada, Brazil, the Czech Republic, the European Commission, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, Mexico, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2001-09-11 Number: 35 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:35-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Policy in Subsidies and State Aid : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition policy in subsidies and state aid in February 2001. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from the Czech Republic, Denmark, the European Commission, Finland, Italy, Korea, Lithuania, Poland, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2001-11-12 Number: 36 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:36-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Portfolio Effects in Conglomerate Mergers : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated portfolio effects in conglomerate mergers in October 2001. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by Mr. Gary Hewitt for the OECD, written submissions from Australia, Canada, the European Commission, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2002-01-24 Number: 37 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:37-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition and Regulation Issues in Telecommunications : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition and regulation issues in telecommunications in May 2001. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by Mr. Darryl Biggar for the OECD, written submissions from Australia, the Czech Republic, the European Commission, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, the Russian Federation, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United States, BIAC, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2002-02-01 Number: 38 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:38-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Merger Review in Emerging High Innovation Markets : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated merger review in emerging high innovation markets in June 2002. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Australia, Brazil, the European Commission, Finland, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom, the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2003-01-24 Number: 39 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:39-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Loyalty and Fidelity Discounts and Rebates : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated loyalty and fidelity discounts and rebates in June 2002. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by Mr. Gary Hewitt for the OECD, written submissions from Australia, Brazil, Finland, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Norway, Sweden, Chinese Taipei, the United Kingdom, the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2003-02-04 Number: 40 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:40-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Communication by Competition Authorities : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated communication by competition authorities in October 2002. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by Canada, written submissions from Australia, Brazil, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, the European Commission, Finland, Israel, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Chinese Taipei, the United Kingdom, the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2003-02-03 Number: 41 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:41-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Substantive Criteria Used for the Assessment of Mergers : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated substantive criteria used for merger assessment in October 2002. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by Mr. Gary Hewitt for the OECD, written submissions from Australia, Brazil, the Czech Republic, the European Commission, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Korea, Lithuania, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, the United Kingdom, the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2003-02-11 Number: 42 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:42-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Issues in the Electricity Sector : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition policy in the electricity sector in October 2002. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by Mr. Darryl Biggar for the OECD, written submissions from Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, the European Commission, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2003-04-28 Number: 43 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:43-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Media Mergers : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated media mergers in May 2003. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, the European Commission, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Mexico, Spain, Chinese Taipei, the United Kingdom, the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2003-09-19 Number: 44 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:44-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Universal Service Obligations : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated universal service obligations in October 2003. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Australia, Austria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, the European Commission, Hungary, Japan, Norway, Portugal, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2010-04-20 Number: 45 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:45-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition and Regulation in the Water Sector : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition and regulation in the water sector in February 2004. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Australia, Denmark, the European Commission, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2004-08-18 Number: 46 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:46-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Regulating Market Activities by Public Sector : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated regulating market activities by the public sector in June 2004. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Australia, the European Commission, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2005-02-01 Number: 47 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:47-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Merger Remedies : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated merger remedies in October 2003. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Australia, Brazil, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, the European Commission, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2004-12-23 Number: 48 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:48-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Cartels: Sanctions Against Individuals : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated cartel sanctions against individuals in October 2003. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by Mr. Andreas Reindl of the OECD, written submissions from Australia, Canada, Chinese Taipei, Israel, Japan, Norway, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2005-01-10 Number: 49 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:49-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Intellectual Property Rights : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated intellectual property rights in June 2004. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Argentina, Canada, Chinese Taipei, France, Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Switzerland, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as an aide memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2005-01-21 Number: 50 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:50-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Predatory Foreclosure: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated predatory foreclosure in October 2004. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD and written submissions from Canada, Denmark, the European Commission, Germany, Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2005-03-15 Number: 51 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:51-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition and Regulation in Agriculture: Monopsony Buying and Joint Selling : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition and regulation in agriculture in June 2004. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Australia, Chinese Taipei, the European Commission, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Korea, Lithuania, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Switzerland, and the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2005-12-21 Number: 52 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:52-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Enhancing Beneficial Competition in the Health Professions : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated Enhancing Beneficial Competition in the Health Professions in October 2004. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Denmark, the European Commission, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland, Türkiye, and the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2005-12-16 Number: 53 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:53-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Evaluation of the Actions and Resources of Competition Authorities: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated this topic in June 2005. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD and written submissions: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, the European Commission, Finland, Ireland, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Portugal, Sweden, Türkiye, the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2005-12-16 Number: 54 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:54-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Structural Reform in the Rail Industry : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated structural reform in the rail industry in February 2005. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Australia, Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2005-12-21 Number: 55 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:55-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition on the Merits: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition on the merits in June 2005. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Brazil, the European Commission, France, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States, BIAC, and Professor Barry Hawk, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2006-03-30 Number: 56 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:56-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Resale Below Cost Laws and Regulations : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated resale below cost laws and regulations in October 2005. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Japan, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Türkiye, the United States, BIAC, and Consumers International, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2006-02-23 Number: 57 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:57-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Barriers to Entry : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated barriers to entry in October 2005. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Brazil, Chinese Taipei, the Czech Republic, the European Commission, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States, and BIAC, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2006-03-06 Number: 58 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:58-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Prosecuting Cartels Without Direct Evidence of Agreement: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Global Forum on Competition debated prosecuting cartels without evidence of agreement in February 2006. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, the European Commission, France, Jamaica, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, Romania, the Russian Federation, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United States, Zambia, and BIAC, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2006-05-29 Number: 59 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:59-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Impact of Substitute Services on Regulation: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated the impact of substitute services on regulation in May 2005. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, the European Commission, France, Jamaica, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, Romania, the Russian Federation, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United States, Zambia and BIAC, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2006-06-23 Number: 60 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:60-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition in the Provision of Hospital Services: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated the impact of competition in the provision of hospital services in October 2005. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, the United Kingdom, the United States, and BIAC, as well as an aide memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2006-10-27 Number: 61 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:61-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Access to Key Transport Facilities : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated the access to key transport facilities in February 2006. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Australia, the European Commission, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei and the United States, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2006-11-09 Number: 62 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:62-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Environmental Regulation and Competition : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated environmental regulation and competition in June 2006. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting. Written contributions were submitted by: Brazil, the Czech Republic, the European Commission, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, Korea, Norway, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, the United States, Zambia as well as Ms. Perrot (of France). An aide memoire of the discussion is also included. Creation-Date: 2006-11-17 Number: 63 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:63-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Concessions : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated concessions in February 2006. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Brazil, the Czech Republic, France, Indonesia, Mexico, the Netherlands, Romania, Russia, Tunisia, Türkiye, and the United States, as well as a paper from Mr. Alberto Heimler. An aide-memoire of the discussion is also included. Creation-Date: 2007-04-20 Number: 64 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:64-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Remedies and Sanctions in Abuse of Dominance Cases : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated remedies in abuse of dominance cases in June 2006. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Canada, the Czech Republic, the European Commission, France, Germany, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Norway, Romania, Spain, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as a paper from BIAC. An aide-memoire of the discussion is also included. Creation-Date: 2007-05-15 Number: 65 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:65-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition in Bidding Markets : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition in bidding markets in October 2006. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD and written submissions: Czech Republic, the European Commission, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Romania, South Africa, Switzerland, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States as well as papers from BIAC and Professor Paul Klemperer. An aide-memoire of the discussion is also included. Creation-Date: 2007-06-04 Number: 66 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:66-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition and Efficient Usage of Payment Cards : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition and efficient usage of payment cards in June 2006. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD and written submissions: Australia, Denmark, Finland, the European Commission, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, Israel, Ireland, Italy, Korea, Lithuania, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland, Russian Federation, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States as well as papers from BIAC and Professor David S. Evans. An aide-memoire of the discussion is also included. Creation-Date: 2007-10-04 Number: 67 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:67-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Vertical Mergers: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated vertical mergers in February 2007. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Brazil, the Czech Republic, Denmark, the European Commission, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States and BIAC as well an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2007-11-12 Number: 68 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:68-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition and Regulation in Retail Banking : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated retail banking in October 2006. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD and written submissions from Brazil, Chinese Taipei, the Czech Republic, Denmark, the European Commission, France, Hungary, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lithuania, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, the United Kingdom and the United States as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2008-10-27 Number: 69 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:69-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Improving Competition in Real Estate Transactions: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated improving competition in real estate transaction in February 2007. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Canada, the Czech Republic, European Commission, France, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, the Netherlands, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Türkiye, the United States and BIAC as well an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2008-01-08 Number: 70 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:70-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Public Procurement - The Role of Competition Authorities in Promoting Competition : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated public procurement in June 2007. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Brazil, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, Mexico, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Sweden, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2008-01-08 Number: 71 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:71-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition, Patents and Innovation : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee discussed the influence of competition and patents on innovation in October 2006. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Belgium, Brazil, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, European commission, Finland, France, Japan, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States, BIAC and papers from Professors B.H. Hall and F.M. Scherer as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2008-01-08 Number: 72 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:72-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Private Remedies : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated private remedies in June 2006. This document includes: an introduction by the OECD and written submissions from Australia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, Ireland, Japan, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States, the EU Commission, BIAC as well as papers and summaries of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2008-01-11 Number: 73 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:73-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Energy Security and Competition Policy : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated energy security and competition policy in February 2007. This document includes a background note by Ms. Sally Van Siclen for the OECD, written submissions from Brazil, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the Russian Federation, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Commission, as well as papers by MM. Ian Cronshaw (IEA) and von Hirschhausen, and summaries of discussions. Creation-Date: 2008-01-14 Number: 74 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:74-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Plea Bargaining/Settlement of Cartel Cases: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated plea bargaining in October 2006. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Indonesia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, South Africa, the United Kingdom, the United States and BIAC as well an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2008-01-22 Number: 75 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:75-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competitive Restrictions in Legal Professions : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competitive restrictions in legal professions in June 2007. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note bythe OECD, written submissions from Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, European Commission, France, Hungary, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Korea, Lithuania, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Romania, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States and BIAC as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2009-04-27 Number: 76 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:76-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Dynamic Efficiencies in Merger Analysis : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated Dynamic Efficiencies in Merger Analysis in June 2007. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: a background note by the OECD Secretariat as well as written submissions from Brazil, Canada, the Czech Republic, the European Commission, France, Germany, Ireland, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Portugal, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States and BIAC as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2008-05-15 Number: 77 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:77-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Guidance to Business on Monopolisation and Abuse of Dominance : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated Guidance to Business on Monopolisation and Abuse of Dominance in June 2007. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: written submissions from the Czech Republic, the European Commission, Finland, Ireland, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, South Africa, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2008-06-17 Number: 78 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:78-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Interface between Competition and Consumer Policies : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated The Interface between Competition and Consumer Policies in February 2008. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: written submissions from Argentina, Australia, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, El Salvador, European Commission, France, India, Japan, Jordan, Korea, Malta, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Singapore, Slovak Republic, Switzerland, Suisse, Chinese Taipei, Tunisia, the United Kingdom, the United States, Uzbekistan as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2008-06-05 Number: 79 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:79-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Facilitating Practices in Oligopolies : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated Facilitating Practices in Oligopolies in October 2007. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: written submissions from Belgium, Brazil, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Hungary, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, New Zealand , Spain, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Commission and BIAC, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2008-09-05 Number: 80 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:80-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Taxi Services Regulation and Competition: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated improving competition in taxi services in October 2007. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, the United Kingdom and the United States as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2008-09-11 Number: 81 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:81-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Evidentiary Issues in Proving Dominance: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated issues related to proving dominance / market power in June 2006. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD and written submissions from Canada, Chinese Taipei, the Czech Republic, Denmark, the European Commission, Hungary, Ireland, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, the Russian Federation, Switzerland, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2008-10-09 Number: 82 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:82-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Managing Complex Mergers: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated issues related to managing complex merger cases in October 2007. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: written submissions from Brazil, the Czech Republic, the European Commission, France, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, the Russian Federation, Slovenia, the United Kingdom, the United States and BIAC as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2008-10-29 Number: 83 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:83-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Trade Associations: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated trade associations in October 2007. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Canada, Chinese Taipei, the Czech Republic, the European Commission, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, South Africa, Switzerland, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States and BIAC as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2008-11-04 Number: 84 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:84-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Market Studies : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated issues related to market studies in June 2008. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD as well as written submissions from Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, the European Commission, France, Hungary, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Spain, Chinese Taipei, the United Kingdom and the United States as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2008-11-21 Number: 85 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:85-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Land Use Restrictions as Barriers to Entry : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competitive effects of land use restrictions in February 2008. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Belgium, the Czech Republic, Finland, Ireland, Italy, Korea, Poland, Russia, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom and the United States as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2008-11-28 Number: 86 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:86-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Construction Industry : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated issues related to the Construction Industry in June 2008. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an issues paper written by the Secretariat as well as written submissions from Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Russian Federation, Sweden, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, and the United Kingdom. Creation-Date: 2008-12-01 Number: 87 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:87-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Minority Shareholdings and Interlocking Directorates : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated antitrust issues involved with minority shareholdings and interlocking directorates in February 2008. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Belgium, Brazil, Canada, the Czech Republic, the European Commission, Germany, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Romania, South Africa, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States and BIAC as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2009-06-23 Number: 88 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:88-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Fidelity and Bundled Rebates and Discounts : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated fidelity and bundled rebates and discounts in June 2008. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an issues paper by the OECD, written submissions from Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, the European Commission, France, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Russia, South Africa, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States and BIAC as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2008-12-02 Number: 89 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:89-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Presenting Complex Economic Theories to Judges : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated the techniques to present complex economic theories to judges in February 2008. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: written submissions from Belgium, Canada, Finland, Germany, Korea, the Netherlands, Portugal, South Africa, the United Kingdom, the United States and BIAC as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2008-12-16 Number: 90 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:90-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Policy for Vertical Relations in Gasoline Retailing : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition issues in vertical relations for gasoline retailing in October 2008. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Australia, Canada, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, Israel, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye and the United States. Creation-Date: 2009-05-20 Number: 91 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:91-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition and Financial Markets : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated Competition issues in the current financial crisis in February 2009. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note from the OECD as well as written submissions from Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Denmark, the European Commission, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Japan, Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Russian Federation, Sweden, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States and BIAC as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2009-06-08 Number: 92 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:92-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Refusals to Deal: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated Refusals to Deal in October 2007. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States ,the European Commission and BIAC as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2009-09-03 Number: 93 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:93-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Resale Price Maintenance : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated Resale Price Maintenance in October 2008. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Austria, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Commission and BIAC, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2009-09-10 Number: 94 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:94-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Experience with Direct Settlements in Cartel Cases : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated national experience with settlements in cartel cases in October 2008. This document includes an executive summary and contributions from Australia, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, the European Commission, France, Germany, Israel, the Netherlands, New Zealand, South Africa, the United Kingdom, the United States and BIAC. Creation-Date: 2009-10-01 Number: 95 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:95-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Policy, Industrial Policy and National Champions: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Global Forum on Competition debated Competition Policy, Industrial Policy and National Champions in February 2009. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Brazil, Canada, China, European Commission, France, Germany, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, Malta, Norway, Papua New Guinea, the Russian Federation, Slovenia, South Africa, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Ukraine, the United States, Uzbekistan, BIAC and Mr. Elie Cohen, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2009-10-19 Number: 96 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:96-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Two-Sided Markets: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated Two Sided Markets in June 2009. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Australia, Brazil, Chile, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Japan, Korea, Norway, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Union and BIAC as well an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2009-12-17 Number: 97 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:97-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Monopsony and Buyer Power : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated Monopsony and Buyer Power in October 2008. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Brazil, Canada, Chile, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, the Slovak Republic, South Africa, Spain, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the European Commission, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2009-12-17 Number: 98 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:98-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition and Regulation in Auditing and Related Professions : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competitive restrictions in legal professions in June 2009. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Canada, European Commission, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Romania, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States, EGIAN and the Regulatory Working Group of the Global Public Policy Committee of 6 major accounting networks as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2010-07-16 Number: 99 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:99-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Policy and the Informal Economy: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Global Forum on Competition debated Competition Policy and the Informal Economy in February 2009. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD Secretariat, written submissions from Bulgaria, Chile, Colombia, Egypt, Gabon, Jordan, Kenya, Lithuania, Mongolia, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Romania, Russia, Chinese Taipei, Tunisia, Türkiye, Ukraine, the United States, Zambia, the World Bank, Cuts International and several experts, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2010-03-03 Number: 100 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:100-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition, Patents and Innovation II: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee continued its discussion of Competition, Patents and Innovation in June 2009. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Canada, Chile, Germany, Japan, Korea, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States, Chinese Taipei, the European Commission and BIAC, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2010-04-01 Number: 101 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:101-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Standard for Merger Review: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated the Standard for Merger Review, with a particular emphasis on country experience with the change of merger review standard from the Dominance Test to the SLC/SIEC Test in June 2009. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an issues paper by the OECD, written submissions from Australia, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, the European Commission, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Japan, Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Romania, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States and BIAC as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2010-05-10 Number: 102 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:102-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Failing Firm Defence: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee held a roundtable discussion on the Failing Firm Defence in October 2009. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Belgium, Canada, Chile, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States, Israel, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Chinese Taipei, the European Commission and BIAC, as well as an aide-memoire. Creation-Date: 2010-10-10 Number: 103 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:103-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition, Concentration and Stability in the Banking Sector : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee held a roundtable discussion on Competition, Concentration and Stability in the Banking Sector in February 2010. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Australia, Bulgaria, Chile, Egypt, the European Commission, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States and BIAC, as well as an aide-memoire. Creation-Date: 2010-09-03 Number: 104 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:104-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Margin Squeeze : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated the competition policy implications of margin squeeze cases in October 2009. This document includes the written submissions from Brazil, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, the European Commission, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, the Slovak Republic, South Africa, Sweden, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States and BIAC as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2010-09-09 Number: 105 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:105-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: State-Owned Enterprises and the Principle of Competitive Neutrality : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated the application of competition rules to state owned enterprises and the principle of competitive neutrality in October 2009. This document includes an executive summary, a background note and an issues paper by the OECD and country contributions from Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Czech Republic, European Commission, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Korea, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, United Kingdom, United States and BIAC, as well as two aides memoires for the discussions. Creation-Date: 2010-09-20 Number: 106 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:106-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Generic Pharmaceuticals : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee held a roundtable discussion on Generic Pharmaceuticals in October 2009. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the staff of the United States Federal Trade Commission, written submissions from Canada, the Czech Republic, the European Commission, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Norway, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the United States, and BIAC, as well as an aide-memoire. Creation-Date: 2010-10-05 Number: 107 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:107-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Collusion and Corruption in Public Procurement : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Global Forum on Competition debated Collusion and Corruption in Public Procurement in February 2010. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD Secretariat, written submissions from Albania, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, El Salvador, European Union, France, Gabon, Germany, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Mexico, Morocco, Norway, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Singapore, Slovak Republic, South Africa, Sweden, Chinese Taipei, Tunisia, Türkiye, United Kingdom, United States and several experts, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2010-10-15 Number: 108 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:108-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Electricity: Renewables and Smart Grids : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated the competition policy implications of increasing penetration of renewable energy. This document includes the written submissions from Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, the European Union, France, Greece, Hungary, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, the United States and BIAC as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2011-05-04 Number: 109 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:109-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Exit Strategies : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee held a roundtable discussion on Exit Strategies in June 2010. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: a call for contributions from the OECD Secretariat, written submissions from Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Denmark, the European Union, Japan, the Netherlands, the Russian Federation, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and BIAC, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2010-11-30 Number: 110 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:110-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Standard Setting: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competitive restrictions in standard setting in June 2010. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, the European Union, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Spain, South Africa, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States, BIAC and ANSI. Creation-Date: 2011-03-08 Number: 111 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:111-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition, State Aids and Subsidies: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Global Forum on Competition debated Competition, State aids and Subsidies in February 2010. This document includes an executive summary of the debate and the meeting’s documentation: an analytical note by the OECD Secretariat, written submissions from Argentina, Croatia, Egypt, the European Union, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, India, Jordan, Lithuania, Mongolia, Morocco, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Romania, the Russian Federation, Senegal, Spain, Chinese Taipei, Ukraine, the United States, BIAC as well as a Keynote Speech by the EU Competition Commissioner, contributions from several experts and an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2011-05-19 Number: 112 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:112-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Emission Permits and Competition: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition aspects of tradeable emission permits in October 2010. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Australia, Bulgaria, Chile, Denmark, the European Union, Finland, Iceland, Japan, Korea, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United States, and BIAC. Creation-Date: 2011-06-06 Number: 113 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:113-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Pro-active Policies for Green Growth and the Market Economy: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee discussed pro-active policies for green growth and the market economy in October 2010. This document includes an executive summary of that discussion and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by Resources for the Future (USA), written submissions from Australia, Bulgaria, Chile, the Czech Republic, the European Union, Korea, Spain, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, the United Kingdom, the United States, BIAC as well as a joint contribution by Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. An aide-memoire of the discussion is also included. Creation-Date: 2011-06-21 Number: 114 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:114-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Information Exchanges between Competitors under Competition Law: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition aspects of information exchanges between competitors under competition law in October 2010. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: a background paper by the OECD Secretariat, written submissions from Australia, Belgium, Bulgaria, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, the European Union, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, the Russian Federation, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States and BIAC, as well as contributions from Professors Alberto Heimler, Kai-Uwe Kuhn and Jorge Padilla. Creation-Date: 2011-07-11 Number: 115 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:115-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Regulated Conduct Defence : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated the regulated conduct defence in February 2011. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, France, the European Union, Hungary, Japan, Korea, Norway, Romania, Russia, the Slovak Republic, South Africa, Spain, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United States, and BIAC. Creation-Date: 2011-09-01 Number: 116 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:116-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Procedural Fairness: Issues in Civil and Administrative Enforcement Proceedings : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated procedural fairness and transparency issues in civil and administrative enforcement proceedings in February and June 2010. This document includes an executive summary of that debate, two issues paper by the OECD Secretariat, and two aide-memoires of the discussions as well as country contributions from: Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, the European Union, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, Mexico, Netherlands, the Russian Federation, the Slovak Republic, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States, and BIAC. Creation-Date: 2011-10-05 Number: 117 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:117-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition in Ports and Port Services: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition in ports and port services in June 2011. This document includes an executive summary of that debate and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD Secretariat and written submissions from Bulgaria, Chile, Estonia, Finland, the European Union, France, Germany, Indonesia, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, the Russian Federation, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom and the United States (Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission), as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2011-12-19 Number: 118 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:118-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Crisis Cartels : Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Global Forum on Competition debated Crisis Cartels in February 2011. This document includes an executive summary, an analytical note by the OECD Secretariat and written submissions from Bulgaria, Colombia, Croatia, the European Union, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Japan, Jordan, Korea, Mongolia, Norway, Peru, Philippines, the Russian Federation, Senegal, Singapore, South Africa, Chinese Taipei, the United Kingdom, the United States and Zambia, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2011-10-18 Number: 119 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:119-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Horizontal Agreements in the Environmental Context: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated Horizontal Agreements in the Environmental Context in October 2010. This document includes an executive summary, a joint contribution from Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, written submissions from Australia, Canada, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Union, Pakistan and BIAC, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2011-11-24 Number: 120 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:120-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Excessive Prices: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated excessive prices in October 2011. This document includes an executive summary of that debate and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD Secretariat together with a companion paper, written submissions from Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, the European Union, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Israel, Korea, Lithuania, Mexico, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, United Kingdom, the United States, and BIAC and an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2012-02-07 Number: 121 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:121-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Cross-Border Merger Control: Challenges for Developing and Emerging Economies Abstract: The OECD Global Forum on Competition debated "Cross-Border Merger Control: Challenges for Developing and Emerging Economies” in February 2011. This document includes an executive summary of that debate and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD and written submissions from Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, the Czech Republic, the European Union, Finland, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, Mexico, Mongolia, the Competition Council of Morocco, the Moroccan Ministry of Economic and General Affairs, Pakistan, Poland, the Russian Federation, Senegal, Singapore, the Slovak Republic, South Africa, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Tunisia, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, the United States, BIAC, CUTS, and UNCTAD, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2011-09-30 Number: 122 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:122-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition in Hospital Services: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee together with delegates from the Health Committee discussed the role of competition in the provision of hospital services in February 2012. This document includes an executive summary of that debate and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, two expert papers and written submissions from Chile, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States, Brazil, Columbia, Peru, South Africa, Chinese Taipei, and BIAC, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2012-06-05 Number: 123 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:123-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Procedural Fairness: Competition Authorities, Courts and Recent Developments Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated Institutional and Procedural Aspects of the Relationship between Competition Authorities and Courts and Update on Developments in Procedural Fariness and Transparency in October 2011. This document includes an executive summary of that debate, written submissions from Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, United Kingdom, United States, the European Union, and BIAC, as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2012-07-06 Number: 124 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:124-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Remedies in Merger Cases: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated remedies in Merger Cases in June 2011. This document includes an executive summary of that debate and the documents from the meeting: an issues paper the OECD, written submissions from Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, Mexico, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovak Republic, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, United Kingdom, United States, the European Union, and BIAC as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2012-06-30 Number: 125 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:125-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Economic Evidence in Merger Analysis: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated economic evidence in merger analysis in February 2011. This document includes an executive summary of that debate and the documents from the meeting: a background note by the OECD and written submissions: Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, United Kingdom, United States, the European Union, and BIAC as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2012-07-27 Number: 126 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:126-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Unilateral Disclosure of Information with Anticompetitive Effects: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated unilateral disclosure of information with anticompetitive effects in February 2012. This document includes an executive summary of that debate and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD Secretariat, written submissions from Australia, Belgium, Bulgaria, Chile, Colombia, the European Union, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Norway, Peru, Romania, the Russian Federation, Spain, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States and BIAC as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2012-10-11 Number: 127 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:127-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Promoting Compliance with Competition Law: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee held a roundtable on Promoting Compliance with Competition Law in June 2011. This document includes an executive summary of that discussion and the documents from the meeting: an issues paper by the OECD and written submissions from Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Denmark, the European Union, France, Germany, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Romania, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Sweden, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, the United States, BIAC as well as additional contributions. Creation-Date: 2012-08-30 Number: 128 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:128-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Impact Evaluation of Merger Decisions: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee held a roundtable on Impact Evaluation of Merger Decisions in June 2011. This document includes: an executive summary and an aide memoire of that discussion; written submissions by Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, South Africa, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Union and BIAC; as well as additional contributions. Creation-Date: 2012-09-18 Number: 129 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:129-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Market Definition: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated Market Definition in June 2012. This document includes an executive summary, an aide-memoire of the discussion and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note, written submissions by Australia, Bulgaria, Colombia, Chile, Finland, France, the European Union, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Latvia, Korea, Malta, Mexico, Norway, Peru, Poland, Romania, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, the United States and BIAC as well as additional contributions. Creation-Date: 2012-10-11 Number: 130 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:130-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition and Commodity Price Volatility: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Global Forum on Competition debated “Competition and Commodity Price Volatility” in February 2012. This document includes an executive summary of that debate and the documents from the meeting: a background note by the OECD Secretariat, contributions, and written submissions from: Australia, Bulgaria, Colombia, Croatia, Egypt, the European Union, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Latvia, Lithuania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Namibia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Peru, the Philippines, Romania, the Russian Federation, Senegal, Chinese Taipei, Tunisia, Türkiye, Ukraine, the United States, and CUTS, as well as a summary of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2012-11-16 Number: 131 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:131-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Quantification of Harm to Competition by National Courts and Competition Agencies: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee held a roundtable on Quantification of Harm to Competition by National Courts and Competition Agencies in February 2011. This document includes an executive summary, an aide-memoire of that discussion as well as the documents from the meeting: a background note prepared for the OECD Secretariat, written submissions by Chile, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Union, Indonesia, the Russian Federation and BIAC; as well as additional contributions. Creation-Date: 2012-11-27 Number: 132 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:132-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Improving International Co-operation in Cartel Investigations: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Global Forum on Competition debated “Improving International Co-operation in Cartel Investigations” in February 2012. This document includes an executive summary of that debate and the documents from the meeting: a background note by the OECD Secretariat and written submissions from: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, the European Union, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Lithuania, New Zealand, Nordic countries, Peru, the Russian Federation, Senegal, Singapore, South Africa, Switzerland, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, the United States, ASEAN, and BIAC, as well as a summary of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2012-11-30 Number: 133 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:133-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Leniency for Subsequent Applicants: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated “Leniency for Subsequent Applicants” in October 2012. This document includes an executive summary of that debate and the documents from the meeting: an issues paper by the OECD Secretariat and written submissions from: Australia, Estonia, the European Union, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Mexico, Poland, Romania, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, the United States, and BIAC, as well as a summary of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2013-05-14 Number: 134 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:134-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Role of Efficiency Claims in Antitrust Proceedings: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee discussed efficiency claims in October 2012. This document includes an executive summary and a detailed summary of the discussion and the documents from the meeting: a background note by the OECD Secretariat, expert notes, as well as written submissions from Australia, Chile, Colombia, European Union, Germany, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Russia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, United Kingdom, United States and BIAC. Creation-Date: 2013-05-02 Number: 135 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:135-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition and Payment Systems: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee discussed payments systems in October 2012. This document includes an executive summary of that debate, a detailed summary of discussion and the documents from the meeting: a note and written submissions from Canada, Denmark, Estonia, European Union, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Israel, Latvia, Lithuania, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, United Kingdom, United States and BIAC. Creation-Date: 2013-07-04 Number: 136 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:136-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Methods for Allocating Contracts for the Provision of Regional and Local Transportation Services: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated Methods for Allocating Contracts for the Provision of Regional and Local Transportation Services in February 2013. This document includes an executive summary of the debate and the documents from the meeting: written submissions from: Bulgaria, Colombia, France, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Peru, Poland, Russia, Spain, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, and BIAC as well as two expert papers and a summary of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2013-08-08 Number: 137 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:137-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Vertical Restraints for On-line Sales: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee discussed vertical restraints for on-line sales in February 2013. This document includes an executive summary of that debate, a detailed summary of discussion and the documents from the meeting: written submissions from Australia, Austria, Canada, Czech Republic, European Union, France, Germany, Japan, Korea, Norway, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, United Kingdom, United States and BIAC, a background paper as well as addtional contributions. Creation-Date: 2013-09-12 Number: 138 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:138-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition and Poverty Reduction: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Global Forum on Competition debated Competition and Poverty Reduction in February 2013. This document includes an executive summary of that debate and the documents of the meeting: a background note by the Secretariat, written submissions by Benin, Brazil, Congo , Croatia, Czech Republic, El Salvador, European Union, Gabon, India, Japan, Kenya, Korea, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco (CC), Namibia, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Romania, Russia, Senegal, South Africa, Tunisia, United States, Zambia, BIAC, CUTS, TUAC, WTO and experts, as well as a detailed summary of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2013-10-04 Number: 139 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:139-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Issues in Television and Broadcasting: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Global Forum on Competition discussed Competition Issues in Television and Broadcasting in February 2013. This document includes an executive summary of that debate and the documents of the meeting: a background note by the Secretariat as well as written submissions by Bulgaria, Chile, Colombia, Congo, Croatia, Egypt, the European Union ,France, Greece, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Mexico, the Netherlands, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, Romania, the Russian Federation, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Chinese Taipei, Tunisia, Türkiye, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, the United States, Venezuela , Zambia and BIAC. A note and a detailed summary of the discussion are also included. Creation-Date: 2013-10-11 Number: 140 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:140-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Role and Measurement of Quality in Competition Analysis: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee discussed the role and measurement of quality in competition analysis in June 2013. This document contains an executive summary of that debate and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD staff and written submissions: Australia, Canada, Chile, the European Union, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Portugal, United Kingdom, Ukraine, United States and BIAC. A note as well as a detailed summary of the discussion are also included. Creation-Date: 2013-10-28 Number: 141 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:141-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition in Road Fuel: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee discussed competition in road fuel in June 2013. This document includes an executive summary of that debate and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD Secretariat, written submissions from Australia, Austria, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Mexico, Norway, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, BIAC, and a summary of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2013-11-22 Number: 142 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:142-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Recent Developments in Rail Transportation Services: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee discussed the recent developments in rail transportation services in June 2013. This document includes an executive summary of that debate and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD Secretariat, written submissions from Australia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, the European Union, France, Hungary, Indonesia, Italy, Korea, Latvia, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, the Russian Federation, Spain, Chinese Taipei, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, the United States, and a summary of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2013-12-13 Number: 143 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:143-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Definition of Transaction for the Purpose of Merger Control Review: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated Definition of Transaction for the Purpose of Merger Control Review in June 2013. This document includes an executive summary of that debate and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD staff and written submissions: Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, Colombia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, the European Union, Germany, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Poland, Romania, the Russian Federation, the Slovak Republic, South Africa, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, the United States, BIAC and a summary of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2014-01-24 Number: 144 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:144-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Waste Management Services: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated Waste Management Services in October 2013. This document includes an executive summary of that debate and the documents from the meeting: a background note, written submissions by Canada, the Czech Republic, Estonia, the European Union, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Peru, Poland, Romania, the Russian Federation, the Slovak Republic, South Africa, Sweden, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, the United States, BIAC as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2013-10-28 Number: 145 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:145-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Issues in the Food Chain Industry: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee discussed competition in food chain industry in October 2013. This document includes an executive summary of the debate and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD Secretariat, written submissions from Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, EU, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, South Africa, Spain, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, BIAC, and a summary of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2013-10-30 Number: 146 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:146-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Ex officio Cartel Investigation: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated Ex officio cartel investigations and the use of screens to detect cartels in October 2013. This document includes an executive summary of that debate and the documents from the meeting: a Secretariat background note, written submissions by Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Estonia, the European Union, Hungary, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Mexico, Peru, Poland, the Russian Federation, Sweden, Chinese Taipei, Türkiye, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, the United States, BIAC as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion, and three notes by panellists. Creation-Date: 2013-10-16 Number: 147 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:147-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Remedies in Cross-Border Merger Cases: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee discussed Remedies in cross-border merger cases in October 2013. This document includes an executive summary of that debate and the documents from the meeting, an analytical note by the OECD Secretariat, written submissions from Australia, Brazil, Canada, the European Union, Ireland, Japan, Korea, Mexico, the Russian Federation, Spain, Ukraine, the United States and BIAC and a summary of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2013-10-09 Number: 148 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:148-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition and Sports: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition and sports in June 2010. This document includes an executive summary of that debate and the documents from the meeting: a background note and written submissions by Australia, Austria, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Türkiye, United Kingdom, United States, European Union, Argentina, Bulgaria, Egypt and Chinese Taipei as well as an aide-memoire of the discussion. Creation-Date: 2010-05-28 Number: 149 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:149-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Arbitration and Competition: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The Competition Committee and its subsidiary bodies hold occasional “hearings” to address strategic issues outside the core competition domain and to improve the analysis in such areas where competition can be meaningful. A hearing on Arbitration and Competition was held by Working Party N. 3 in October 2010. This document includes an aide-memoire as well as written contributions. Creation-Date: 2011-12-13 Number: 150 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:150-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Digital Economy: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The Competition Committee holds occasional “hearings” to address strategic issues outside the core competition domain and to improve the analysis in such areas where competition can be meaningful. Two hearings on the Digital Economy were held in October 2011 and February 2012. This document includes an executive summary, an issues note by the Secretariat, a summary of each hearing, papers from panellists well as written submissions from: France, Japan, Norway, Poland, Türkiye and Russia. Creation-Date: 2013-02-07 Number: 151 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:151-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition and Credit Rating Agencies: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The Competition Committee holds occasional “hearings” to address strategic issues outside the core competition domain and to improve the analysis in such areas where competition can be meaningful. A hearing on Competition and Credit Rating Agencies was held in June 2010. This document includes an aide-memoire as well as contributions and presentations from panellists. Creation-Date: 2010-10-05 Number: 152 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:152-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition and Corporate Governance: Key findings, summary and notes Abstract: The Competition Committee holds occasional “hearings” to address strategic issues outside the core competition domain and to improve the analysis in such areas where competition can be meaningful. A hearing on Competition and Corporate Governance was held in February 2010. This document includes an aide-memoire as well as contributions and presentations from panellists. Creation-Date: 2010-11-15 Number: 153 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:153-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Does Competition in Markets for Essential Goods and Services Reduce Poverty? Abstract: This paper explores the impact of competition on impoverished consumers in markets for essential goods and services. It was prepared as background material for a session on competition and poverty reductions held at the 2012 Latin American and Caribbean Competition Forum in the Dominican Republic on 18-19 September 2012. Creation-Date: 2012-08-20 Number: 154 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:154-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Improving Effective Public Procurement: Fighting Collusion and Corruption Abstract: This paper discusses some of the complementarities and trade-offs that the fight against collusion and corruption present to policy makers. It illustrates with examples from Latin America. It was prepared as background material for the session "Improving Effective Public Procurement: Fighting Collusion and Corruption" held at the 2012 Latin American and Caribbean Competition Forum in the Dominican Republic on 18-19 September 2012. Creation-Date: 2012-09-06 Number: 155 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:155-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Criteria for Setting Fines for Competition Law Infringements Abstract: This paper discusses criteria used when setting fines and how these criteria relate to the ultimate goals of deterring and punishing competition law offences. It was prepared as background material for the session "Criteria for Setting Fines for Competition Law Infringements" held at the 2013 Latin American and Caribbean Competition Forum in Peru on 3-4 September 2013. Creation-Date: 2013-08-28 Number: 156 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:156-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Issues in the Distribution of Pharmaceuticals Abstract: This paper was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the 2014 OECD Global Forum on Competition on competition issues in the distribution of pharmaceuticals. It explores the regulatory framework within which the distribution of prescription pharmaceuticals takes place. Creation-Date: 2014-02-03 Number: 157 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:157-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition in Financial Consumer Protection Abstract: This paper explores the role of switching rates when assessing competition in retail banking services for individuals and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and policy measures aimed at the separation of retail banking services from wholesale and investment banking. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in February 2014 on algorithms and collusion. Creation-Date: 2014-02-10 Number: 158 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:158-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Investigations of consummated and non-notifiable mergers Abstract: This paper discusses the circumstances in which competition authorities can review potentially anti-competitive mergers and acquisitions that have been consummated, i.e. the merging parties have integrated the businesses and started operation as a single entity vis-à-vis customers, suppliers and competitors. It focuses in particular on situations where a transaction was not notified, either because it was not subject to notification requirement or because it was subject to a voluntary notification (and the parties decided not to file it). The paper was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in February 2014 on investigations of consummated and non-notifiable mergers. Creation-Date: 2014-02-18 Number: 159 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:159-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Airline Competition Abstract: This paper was prepared as a background note for a discussion held in June 2014 by the OECD Competition Committee on Airline Competition with the aim of examining the main competition issues in the sector and how competition enforcement authorities have been dealing with them. Creation-Date: 2014-06-12 Number: 160 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:160-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Electricity Markets in Latin America: Regional Integration and Competition Issues Abstract: This paper discusses the potential for the integration of electricity markets in the Latin American and Caribbean Region (LAC). It was prepared as background material for the session "Electricity Markets in Latin America: Regional Integration and Competition Issues" held at the 2014 Latin American and Caribbean Competition Forum in Uruguay on 16-17 September 2014. Creation-Date: 2014-08-28 Number: 161 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:161-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Public-private Partnerships Abstract: This paper summarises a discussion on "Public-private Partnerships" held in June 2014. Creation-Date: 2014-10-20 Number: 162 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:162-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Intellectual Property and Standard Setting Abstract: This paper was prepared as a background note for a discussion held in December 2014 by the OECD Competition Committee on Intellectual Property and Standard Setting. It focuses on SEPs, FRAND licensing commitments and the use of injunctions as well as competition implications, and possible responses by authorities. Creation-Date: 2014-11-05 Number: 163 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:163-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Enhanced Enforcement Co-operation Abstract: This paper brings up key findings and summarises a discussion on "Enhanced Enforcement Co-operation" held in June 2014 on possible new and different forms of co-operation among agencies. Creation-Date: 2014-11-07 Number: 164 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:164-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Fighting Corruption and Promoting Competition Abstract: This paper brings up key findings from a discussion on "Fighting Corruption and Promoting Competition" held at the 2014 Global Forum on Competition. It also summarises the discussion in detail. Creation-Date: 2014-11-20 Number: 165 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:165-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Use of Markers in Leniency Programmes Abstract: This paper was prepared as a background note for a discussion held in December 2014 on the Use of Markers in Leniency Programmes. It focuses on markers which are particular feature of some leniency programmes that records the date and time of an application to establish the applicant’s position in line in relation to other applicants and to guarantee the applicant’s position in line if it meets all of the other criteria of the leniency programme. Creation-Date: 2014-11-25 Number: 166 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:166-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Use of Tenders and Auctions Abstract: This paper was prepared for a discussion on Tenders and Auctions held at the OECD in December 2014 which aimed to explore useful ideas and guidance to competition authorities on how governments can design auctions and tenders appropriately. Creation-Date: 2014-11-27 Number: 167 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:167-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Financing the Roll-out of Broadband Networks Abstract: This paper brings up key findings and summarises a discussion on the financing of roll-out of broadband networks held in June 2014. Creation-Date: 2014-12-02 Number: 168 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:168-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Institutional Design of Competition Authorities Abstract: This paper was submitted as a background note for a discussion held in December 2014 on Institutional Design of Competition Authorities. Creation-Date: 2014-12-18 Number: 169 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:169-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition and Generic Pharmaceuticals Abstract: This paper brings up key findings and summarises a discussion on "Generic Pharmaceuticals" held in June 2014. Creation-Date: 2015-01-09 Number: 170 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:170-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Policy and Competitive Neutrality Abstract: This paper was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in October 2015 on Competitive Neutrality. It explores why competition is important, what and who is subject to competition law, ownership, exclusions, the geographic scope as well as non-enforcement powers. Creation-Date: 2015-04-13 Number: 171 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:171-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Enforcement in Oligopolistic Markets Abstract: This paper was prepared as background for a discussion held at the OECD in June 2015 on oligopoly markets. It focuses on collusion and conduct facilitating collusion in oligopolies. It provides a brief introduction to the notion of agreement, covers merger control and the analysis of the co-ordinated effects of mergers, the use of abuse of dominance or monopolisation-type provisions and additional tools that a number of jurisdictions have adopted to address potential enforcement gaps. Creation-Date: 2015-05-19 Number: 172 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:172-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Disruptive Innovations and their Effect on Competition Abstract: This paper was prepared as background for a discussion held at the OECD in October 2015 on disruptive innovations and their effect on competition. It describes what disruptive innovation is, provides some examples, and uses them to raise a number of questions for the discussion. It focuses on situations in which a potentially disruptive business encounters resistance, especially in the form of regulation. Creation-Date: 2015-05-28 Number: 173 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:173-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Relationship Between Public and Private Antitrust Enforcement Abstract: This paper was prepared as background for a discussion held at the OECD in June 2015 on the relationship between public and private antitrust enforcement. It reviews developments with private enforcement in selected jurisdictions and discusses the main instruments used at national level to facilitate compensation for the harm incurred by victims of anticompetitive conduct, including presumptions of fault and presumptions of actual harm, discovery issues, collective redress schemes and limitation periods. Creation-Date: 2015-06-08 Number: 174 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:174-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Auctions and Tenders: Further Issues Abstract: This paper was prepared as a background material for a second discussion held at the OECD in June 2015 on Auctions and Tenders. It explores abnormally low tenders as well as partitioning public procurement tenders into lots. Creation-Date: 2015-06-12 Number: 175 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:175-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Retail Structure and Competition Assessment with Application to Latin America and the Caribbean Abstract: This paper explores the relationship between retailer buyer and seller power as to understand the dynamic process through which retailing is going and the direction it is heading and how it might be affected by regulation. It was prepared as background material for the session "Structural Issues in the Groceries Sector: Merger and Regulatory Issues" held at the 2015 Latin American and Caribbean Competition Forum in Jamaica on 23-24 September 2015. Creation-Date: 2015-08-26 Number: 176 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:176-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Market Structure, Growth and Competition in the Supermarket Sector in Latin America Abstract: This paper reviews how competition and the existence of anticompetitive practices have recently evolved in the supermarket sector in Latin America. It was prepared as background material for the session "Structural Issues in the Groceries Sector" held at the 2015 Latin American and Caribbean Competition Forum in Jamaica on 23-24 September 2015. Creation-Date: 2015-09-03 Number: 177 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:177-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Across Platform Parity Agreements Abstract: This paper was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in December 2015 on Across Platform Parity Agreements. It summarises the economic theory and case law as it relates to recent cases involving vertical agreements specifying horizontal price links. Creation-Date: 2015-10-01 Number: 178 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:178-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Disruptive Innovation in the Financial Sector Abstract: This paper was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in October 2015 on disruptive innovation in the financial sector. It examines selected innovations, with a particular view to enhancing competition authority and policymaker awareness of new and developing competitive alternatives and making available information that may be of use in advocacy efforts. Creation-Date: 2015-10-01 Number: 179 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:179-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Issues in Liner Shipping Abstract: This paper was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in June 2015 on competition issues in liner shipping. It discusses the main developments and competition issues in the sector, namely, regulation in different countries, the role of liner shipping consortia and strategic alliances, the trend towards horizontal and vertical integration, the implications of developments in liner shipping for ports, excess capacity and potential implications for competition, issues related with exchange of information and price signalling. Creation-Date: 2015-10-08 Number: 180 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:180-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Serial Offenders: Why Some Industries Seem Prone to Endemic Collusion Abstract: This paper was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the 2015 OECD Global Forum on Competition on serial offenders. It explored why some industries seem prone to endemic collusion and others don't. Creation-Date: 2015-10-09 Number: 181 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:181-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Cartels Involving Intermediate Goods Abstract: This paper was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in October 2015 on Cartels Involving Intermediate Goods. It discusses the specific nature of cartels in intermediate goods and to examine the bearing this may have on their functioning and detection. The paper also explores the particular challenges that cartels in intermediate goods pose with respect to their prosecution by competition agencies. Creation-Date: 2015-10-15 Number: 182 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:182-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Does Competition Kill or Create Jobs ? Abstract: This paper was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the 2015 OECD Global Forum on Competition on the relationship between competition and employment. It explores the underlying mechanisms through which competition creates employment. Creation-Date: 2015-10-19 Number: 183 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:183-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Disruptive Innovation and Competition Policy Enforcement Abstract: This paper was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the 2015 OECD Global Forum on Competition on disruptive innovation and competition law enforcement. It introduces and describes the topic and explores how competition policy is affected. Creation-Date: 2015-10-20 Number: 184 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:184-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Disruptive innovation in Latin America and the Caribbean: Competition enforcement challenges and advocacy opportunities Abstract: This paper discusses the theory of disruptive innovation, and will highlight some characteristics for competition authorities to consider when seeking to identify disruption. It was prepared as background material for the session "Disruptive innovation in Latin America and the Caribbean" held at the 2016 Latin American and Caribbean Competition Forum in Mexico on 12-13 April 2016. Creation-Date: 2016-02-16 Number: 185 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:185-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Protecting and Promoting Competition in Response to Disruptive Innovations in Legal Services Abstract: This paper was prepared as background for a discussion held at the OECD in June 2016 on disruptive innovations in legal services. It introduces recent disruptive innovations in legal services markets, as well as the overarching trends giving rise to them. It also explores the role for competition authorities in the face of legal services disruptive innovation, particularly with respect to competition advocacy and summarises the rationale for legal services regulations and their composition. Creation-Date: 2016-03-09 Number: 186 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:186-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Public Interest Considerations in Merger Control Abstract: Some OECD jurisdictions exclude public interest policy considerations from merger control. Others consider public interest factors, such as financial stability, public security and plurality of media in their merger assessments. The paper gives an overview of whether public interest considerations, and other non-competition challenges faced by jurisdictions, are accommodated by competition law, and particularly by merger control rules. It was prepared as background for a discussion held at the OECD in June 2016 on public interest considerations in merger control. Creation-Date: 2016-03-09 Number: 187 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:187-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Fidelity Rebates Abstract: This paper was prepared as background for a discussion held at the OECD in June 2016 on fidelity rebates. It explores why it is that firms use fidelity rebates, identifies some rationales that potentially benefit consumers (for example, these schemes often reduce prices, and can help to achieve efficiencies) and also identifies that they can sometimes harm consumers. It then examines the legal framework in which fidelity rebate cases take place, and identifies the objectives, standards and presumptions that determine the relevant assessment. Creation-Date: 2016-03-11 Number: 188 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:188-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Leniency programmes in Latin America and the Caribbean: Rules, reforms and challenges Abstract: This paper presents the key features of leniency programmes in Latin American and Caribbean jurisdictions, and explore the reasons why some of these programmes have been amended recently. It was prepared as background material for the session "Leniency programmes in Latin America and the Caribbean" held at the 2016 Latin American and Caribbean Competition Forum in Mexico on 12-13 April 2016. Creation-Date: 2016-03-29 Number: 189 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:189-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Commitment Decisions in Antitrust Cases Abstract: This paper was prepared as background for a discussion held at the OECD in June 2016 on commitment decisions in antitrust cases. It reviews arguments in favour and against the use of commitment decisions as they are presented in the literature. It also discusses judicial reviews of commitment decisions and touches upon the relationship between commitment decisions and damages actions. Creation-Date: 2016-03-30 Number: 190 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:190-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Local Nexus and Jurisdictional Thresholds in Merger Control Abstract: The increasing number of cross-border mergers, the proliferation of merger control regimes, and the limited resources competition authorities have to enforce competition law make it important that authorities only review those mergers that have an impact on their jurisdiction. The 2005 OECD Council Recommendation on merger review included recommendations on notification and review procedures, jurisdictional thresholds and appropriate local nexus criteria. In 2013, the OECD prepared a Report on Country Experiences that looked at the Recommendations impact in practice. This paper, prepared as background for a discussion held at the OECD in June 2016, builds on this work and assesses the local nexus criteria of a number of OECD and non-OECD jurisdictions by reference to Recommendation. Creation-Date: 2016-06-27 Number: 191 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:191-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Price Discrimination Abstract: In recent years the scope for near perfect price discrimination, particularly in the digital economy, appears to have grown. This raises a question over how those jurisdictions in which exploitative price discrimination is an offence will respond. In contrast, the risk of price discrimination distorting downstream markets does not appear to have changed, and instead the debate has been on whether the rules and case law have an economic basis, and if not, how agencies might prioritise cases. This paper, prepared as background for a discussion held at the OECD in November 2016, sets out the benefits of price discrimination as well as the concerns over its potential exploitative, distortionary, and exclusionary effects and describe analytical frameworks for assessing these, as well as possible remedies. Creation-Date: 2016-09-29 Number: 192 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:192-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Big Data: Bringing Competition Policy to the Digital Era Abstract: Business models based on the vast collection and process of user data in nearly real-time in recent years have enabled companies to offer a wide range of innovative and customised services, often at zero prices, with substantial gains for consumers. At the same time, data-driven network effects reinforced by user feedback loops, and high economies of scale associated with information technology infrastructures, may provide companies that own the data with market power and create a tendency for markets to tip. Concern is rising that the increasing reliance and use of personal data is harmful to consumers. While some practitioners have proposed adapting competition tools and antitrust policy to tackle such issues, others believe that these can be better addressed by data and/or consumer protection agencies. This paper attempts to define Big Data and its role within a competition context, and then identifies some of the potential implications for the enforcement of competition law in the areas of merger review, abusive of dominance and cartels. It also discusses how regulations on data ownership, access and portability may affect consumer protection and competitive neutrality. It was prepared as background for an OECD discussion held in November 2016. Creation-Date: 2016-09-30 Number: 193 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:193-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Defining Geographic Markets Across National Borders Abstract: This paper was prepared as background for a discussion held at the OECD in November 2016 on the definition of geographical markets across national borders. It describes the process with an emphasis on markets that may extend beyond national borders. It also discusses how geographic market definition fits relative to competitive assessment, and the tendency of some authorities to leave definition open in cases where no competition concerns are present. Creation-Date: 2016-09-30 Number: 194 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:194-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Independence of Competition Authorities - From Design to Practice Abstract: Agency independence from political power is a key element of an effective competition regime. Competition authorities differ from each other and they operate in jurisdictions which often have significant legal, political and cultural differences. Thus, there is no one size-fit-for-all model for independence. However, there are some safeguards which can help agencies establish an arm’s length relationship with their government. This paper, prepared as background for a discussion on the topic held at the 2016 OECD Global Forum on Competition, discusses these safeguards and focusses on issues concerning appointment and dismissal of top management, the status of the agency, resources, priority-setting and supervision, and objectives of competition law. Creation-Date: 2016-10-03 Number: 195 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:195-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition and Innovation in Land Transport Abstract: This paper was prepared as background for a discussion held at the OECD in November 2016 on competition and innovation in land transport. It describes expected developments in land transport, their potential impact on competition, and the challenges these developments will likely raise for competition agencies. It also reviews developments in passenger transport and freight in turn, by focusing on individual transport modes and how intra- and inter-modal competition is likely to be affected. Creation-Date: 2016-10-04 Number: 196 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:196-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Role of Market Studies as a Tool to Promote Competition Abstract: Despite the fact that market studies are part of almost all work portfolios of competition agencies around the world, there are significant differences on their conception, goals and outcomes. This paper was prepared as background for a discussion held at the 2016 OECD Global Forum on Competition to explore the role of market studies as a tool to promote competition. Creation-Date: 2016-10-06 Number: 197 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:197-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Agency Decision-Making in Merger Cases Abstract: When analysing mergers which risk generating anti-competitive effects, competition agencies must establish whether a transaction generates sufficient anti-competitive harm to either prohibit it or impose conditions to its clearance. The point beyond which sufficient harm is established, and a prohibition decision or the acceptance of remedies are justified, is not always clear or easily predictable. This note provides the backdrop for an OECD roundtable on merger prohibitions and conditional clearances held in November 2016 and lays out the issues for discussion, including the standard of proof for agency decisions, changes in the level of certainty that agencies are requiring today with regard to merger remedies, different thresholds of certainty at different stages of the merger review process, and issues regarding the effectiveness of merger decisions. Creation-Date: 2016-10-10 Number: 198 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:198-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Sanctions in Antitrust Cases Abstract: This paper explores how the basic amount of a fine is calculated, analyses how the basic fine adjustments due to aggravating and mitigating circumstances vary or converge across jurisdictions and reviews several challenges competition authorities often face when levying fines based on the fine-setting process in practice as well as the various types of sanctions and examines the pros and cons of the sanctions. It was prepared as background for a discussion held at the 2016 OECD Global Forum on Competition. Creation-Date: 2016-10-13 Number: 199 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:199-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Promoting Competition, Protecting Human Rights Abstract: This paper was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the 2016 OECD Global Forum on Competition on competition and human rights. It focuses on the interaction between competition law, freedom of association and fixing salaries, and deal with the question of whether competition enforcement is inimical to freedom of association for the purposes of avoiding salary competition. Creation-Date: 2016-11-17 Number: 200 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:200-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Addressing Competition Challenges in Financial Markets Abstract: This paper explores the different regulatory roles within the financial sector; the tensions and complementarities that can exist between the role of a competition agency and regulators, in particular central banks and discussed the ways in which agencies can ensure they co-operate effectively. It also looks at similarities and differences in the approach, methodologies and findings of financial market studies that have been conducted across Latin American and Caribbean. It was prepared as background material for the session "Addressing Competition Challenges in Financial Markets" held at the 2017 Latin American and Caribbean Competition Forum in Nicaragua on 4-5 April 2017. Creation-Date: 2017-03-15 Number: 201 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:201-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Cartels: Estimation of Harm in Public Enforcement Actions Abstract: This paper considers the relationship between fines for cartels and generalised harm or corporate benefit, showing that the deterrent effect of fines is based on their relationship to corporate benefit. It also considers how knowing the amount of harm or corporate benefit can help to ensure appropriate fines and identifies different methods for calculating harm and corporate benefits related to individual cartel cases. This was prepared as background material for the session "Cartels: Estimation of Harm in Public Enforcement Actions" held at the 2017 Latin American and Caribbean Competition Forum in Nicaragua on 4-5 April 2017. Creation-Date: 2017-03-17 Number: 202 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:202-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Merger Control in Latin America and the Caribbean - Recent Developments and Trends Abstract: This paper presents the key features of merger control regimes in Latin America and the Caribbean, including recent developments in the area. It was prepared as background material for the session "Merger Control in Latin America and the Caribbean" held at the 2017 Latin American and Caribbean Competition Forum in Nicaragua on 4-5 April 2017. Creation-Date: 2017-03-20 Number: 203 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:203-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Issues in Aftermarkets Abstract: This paper reviews the economic debate around aftermarkets and how it has influenced the legal approach to assessing aftermarket concerns. It examines the main enforcement issues related to aftermarket cases, focussing on the key questions of market definition and market power. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in June 2017 on competition issues in aftermarkets. Creation-Date: 2017-04-28 Number: 204 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:204-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Methodologies for Market Studies Abstract: This paper identifies the various information collection and analytical methodologies used in market studies, as well as some common considerations regarding their selection and application. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in June 2017 on methodologies for market studies. Creation-Date: 2017-05-03 Number: 205 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:205-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Algorithms and Collusion: Competition Policy in the Digital Age Abstract: This paper discusses some of the challenges algorithms present for both competition law enforcement and market regulation. In particular, the paper addresses the question of whether antitrust agencies should revise the traditional concepts of agreement and tacit collusion for antitrust purposes, and discusses how traditional antitrust tools might be used to tackle some forms of algorithmic collusion. Recognising the multiple risks of algorithms and machine learning for society, the paper also raises the question of whether there is need to regulate algorithms and the possible consequences that such a policy choice may have on competition and innovation. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in June 2017 on algorithms and collusion. Creation-Date: 2017-05-17 Number: 206 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:206-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Ten Years on from the Financial Crisis: Co-operation between Competition Agencies and Regulators in the Financial Sector Abstract: This paper discusses how financial regulators and competition agencies have co-operated to implement a regulatory and competitive framework that delivers a stable system in which innovative and efficient firms can thrive to the benefit of consumers. To do this, the paper starts by describing the classic trade-off between financial stability and competition and then analyses the different practices across OECD jurisdictions in terms of allocation of responsibilities for financial stability and competition. Attention is also paid to new policies and new developments both in financial regulation and financial markets, such as consumer protection, new transparency and disclosure requirements as well as of initiatives favouring the development of financial innovation, such as Fintech. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion on the co-operation between competition agencies and regulators in the financial sector held at the OECD in December 2017. Creation-Date: 2017-10-13 Number: 207 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:207-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Common Ownership by Institutional Investors and its Impact on Competition Abstract: This paper describes the theoretical and empirical foundations for the competition concerns associated with common ownership, the proposed policy responses, associated critiques and identifies several tools and alternatives available to competition authorities to analyse the phenomenon in their jurisdiction. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in December 2017 on common ownership by institutional investors and its impact on competition. Creation-Date: 2017-10-30 Number: 208 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:208-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition and Democracy Abstract: This paper analyses two critical and related questions regarding the eternal quest for better understanding the purposes and tools of competition law and policy. It first looks at the role of democracy as a policy goal of competition policy. It also looks at the role of democracy in the enforcement of competition law, regardless of the normative goals of any given competition law system. It was prepared as background for a discussion held at the 2017 OECD Global Forum on Competition. Creation-Date: 2017-11-09 Number: 209 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:209-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Safe Harbours and Legal Presumptions in Competition Law Abstract: This paper provides an overview of discussions on how to ensure the effectiveness and administrability of competition law in practice. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion on safe harbours and legal presumptions held at the OECD in December 2017. Creation-Date: 2017-11-09 Number: 210 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:210-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Extraterritorial Reach of Competition Remedies Abstract: This paper looks at the tests that jurisdictions rely on to catch foreign conduct and the design of remedies over such foreign conduct, in terms of their territorial scope. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in December 2017 on extraterritorial reach of competition remedies. Creation-Date: 2017-11-24 Number: 211 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:211-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Judicial Perspectives on Competition Law Abstract: This paper was prepared as background for a discussion held at the 2017 OECD Global Forum on Competition on judicial perspectives on competition law. It introduces the judicial role in the application of competition law in West Africa amongst other issues. Creation-Date: 2018-01-24 Number: 212 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:212-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Market Concentration Abstract: This paper looks at how market concentration is measured, whether it is increasing, and if so, whether other indicators (output, prices, mark-ups and profits) are consistent with a story of falling competitive intensity. It also explores whether any market power that has been built has endured and studies the consequences of a change in competitive intensity. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in June 2018 on market concentration. Creation-Date: 2018-04-20 Number: 213 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:213-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Blockchain Technology and Competition Policy Abstract: This paper introduces the concept of blockchain and considers whether and how the rise of blockchain technology is relevant to the work of competition authorities. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion on Blockchain Technology and Competition Policy held at the OECD in June 2018. Creation-Date: 2018-04-26 Number: 214 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:214-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Taxi, Ride-sourcing and Ride-sharing Services Abstract: This paper analyses the main regulatory obligations imposed on traditional taxis, the justifications behind them and how these have been impacted by the emergence of new players. Its objective is to look at the potential evolution of the current regulatory framework and at the potential challenges National Competition Authorities may experience in their enforcement activities. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in June 2018 on Taxi, Ride-sourcing and Ride-sharing Services. Creation-Date: 2018-04-30 Number: 215 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:215-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Considering Non-Price Effects in Merger Control Abstract: In a competitive market, firms and consumers make decisions based on several aspects of the product involved. While price is a fundamental aspect, it is not the only one: in many markets, innovation, quality, variety or even privacy may play at least some role in the competition between firms. This paper introduces these characteristics, and the merger theories of harm associated with them. It also describes some of the practical challenges involved in considering non-price dimensions of competition, namely identifying when they are important, and considering price and non-price effects together. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in June 2018 on non-price effects in merger control. Creation-Date: 2018-05-04 Number: 216 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:216-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Designing and Testing Effective Consumer-facing Remedies Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the ways in which demand-side problems can lead to poor consumer outcomes in markets, discusses the types of remedies that have been put in place to address these issues and presents some preliminary views on their effectiveness. It also highlights that the careful design of remedies is integral to their effectiveness and that consumer-focussed testing offers a valuable means of learning which remedy is likely to work. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in June 2018 on Designing and Testing Effective Consumer-facing Remedies. Creation-Date: 2018-05-18 Number: 217 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:217-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Challenges and Co-ordination of Leniency Programmes Abstract: This paper sets out the theoretical foundations for a leniency programme, the key pre-conditions for a leniency policy to work, the challenges of coordinating leniency programmes with other cartel enforcement policies and deals with challenges that companies and competition authorities face for international cartels. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in June 2018 on challenges and co-ordination of leniency programmes. Creation-Date: 2018-06-01 Number: 218 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:218-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Radical Innovation in the Electricity Sector Abstract: This paper brings up key findings and summarises a discussion on radical innovation in the electricity sector held at the OECD in June 2017. Creation-Date: 2018-08-06 Number: 219 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:219-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Industrial Policy and the Promotion of Domestic Industry Abstract: Industrial policy describes the set of interventions that governments use to affect the economic structure of the economy. Its success or failure therefore has a huge impact on the extent to which a country can achieve inclusive growth. Individual industrial policies can broadly be considered to have either horizontal effects on each industry, or selective effects on certain markets, sectors, firms, technologies or places. For instance, competition policy is itself a common element within most countries’ overarching industrial policy. Depending on the coherence of that policy, a government may or may not find that its competition policy conflicts with the other elements of its industrial policy (for instance, its policies designed to achieve growth in less prosperous regions of the country). There are a number of ways in which governments have sought to promote domestic industry through their industrial policies. This paper looks at the issues that arise and the experiences of competition agencies in Latin American and the Caribbean when encountering these policies. It was prepared as background material for the session "Industrial Policy and the Promotion of Domestic Industry" held at the 2018 Latin American and Caribbean Competition Forum in Argentina on 18-19 September 2018. Creation-Date: 2018-08-22 Number: 220 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:220-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Informal Economy in Latin America and the Caribbean: Implications for Competition Policy Abstract: This paper looks at the questions of whether informal and formal firms actually do compete; under which conditions; and how should competition authorities address informality when implementing their advocacy and enforcement powers. It was prepared as background material for the session "Informal Economy in Latin America and the Caribbean" held at the 2018 Latin American and Caribbean Competition Forum in Argentina on 18-19 September 2018. Creation-Date: 2018-09-10 Number: 221 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:221-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Personalised Pricing in the Digital Era Abstract: This paper analyses particular forms of personalised pricing that are more likely to be observed in digital markets, supported by automated data tools and involving business-to-consumer relationships. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in November 2018 on personalised pricing in the digital era. Creation-Date: 2018-10-12 Number: 222 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:222-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Designing Publicly Funded Healthcare Markets Abstract: This paper argues that there is a need for competition agencies to become more active and effective advocates for the use of choice and competition in publicly funded healthcare markets. It suggests that the need for strong regulation will not shrink or disappear, as it might do in a utility, and so advocacy should not focus simply on deregulating, but instead on designing smarter regulations that create markets that incentivise competition on aspects of the service that patients and payers care about most. Drawing on the literature and different examples of pro-competitive reforms that have been undertaken in different countries, it identifies 10 key policy decisions that make a difference when introducing or reforming competitive forces in healthcare markets.It was prepared as a background note for a discussion on the Design of Publicly Funded Healthcare Markets held at the OECD in November 2018. Creation-Date: 2018-10-16 Number: 223 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:223-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Investigative Powers in Practice Abstract: This document includes background materials for a discussion on Investigative Powers in Practice held at the 2018 OECD Global Forum on Competition. It explores unannounced inspections in the digital age, limits and effectiveness of requests for information and due process in relation to evidence gathering. Creation-Date: 2018-10-23 Number: 224 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:224-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Treatment of Legally Priviledged Information in Competition Proceedings Abstract: This paper gives a brief overview of the foundations of legal privilege, examines the personal (“who”) and material (“what”) scope of legal privilege, and how it can be lost or waived. it also looks at the implications of legal privilege for competition authorities’ information requests and inspections, gives an overview of privilege claims by clients and their assessment and explores the ways and implications of sharing potentially privileged information. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in November 2018 on the Treatment of Legally Priviledged Information in Competition Proceedings. Creation-Date: 2018-10-23 Number: 225 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:225-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Law and State-Owned Enterprises Abstract: This paper considers a variety of anti-competitive conducts undertaken by State-Owned Enterprises, identifies the main challenges for competition authorities in these types of investigation, the factors that create those difficulties, and if, and how, they might result in under enforcement. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion on Competition Law and State-Owned Enterprises held at the 2018 OECD Global Forum on Competition. Creation-Date: 2018-11-02 Number: 226 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:226-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Policy and Gender Abstract: This paper calls attention to the opportunity for competition authorities to contribute to the fight for gender equality, the fifth of the UN’s sustainable development goals. It argues that this can be done without compromising on the consumer welfare focus of many authorities, and indeed that adopting a gender lens can be helpful for those authorities in achieving their efficiency-based objectives. We also discuss the options for those authorities that do not focus on protecting consumer welfare and instead consider broader public interests when making decisions. We conclude by providing a menu of options regarding how competition authorities may integrate a gender perspective into competition policy practice and by identifying the scope for further work. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion on Competition Policy and Gender held at the 2018 OECD Global Forum on Competition. Creation-Date: 2018-11-06 Number: 227 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:227-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Regional Competition Agreements: Benefits and Challenges Abstract: This paper briefly elaborates on the role and different forms of regional competition agreements, explains in more detail their specific characteristics while describing related benefits and challenges. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion on Regional Competition Agreements held at the 2018 OECD Global Forum on Competition. Creation-Date: 2018-11-06 Number: 228 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:228-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: How can competition contribute to fairer societies? Abstract: This paper summarises a discussion held during the 2018 OECD Global Forum on Competition which explored how competition can contribute to fairer societies. Creation-Date: 2018-11-30 Number: 229 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:229-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Licensing of IP Rights and Competition Law Abstract: This paper deals with the intersection between intellectual property licensing and competition. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in June 2019 on independent sector regulators. Creation-Date: 2019-04-29 Number: 230 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:230-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Publicly Funded Education Markets Abstract: Most OECD countries use choice and competition within their education system. They give students and their families a choice of school and university, and ensure that funding follows these choices. The same is often true of pre-school and adult learning and skills services. They increasingly give state owned schools and universities operational autonomy to compete to be chosen, sometimes against rival not-for-profit providers. This creates incentives for schools and universities to become more efficient so that they can invest those savings in improving the quality of the education they provide. In this context, and given the huge importance of the sector, both in terms of productivity and inclusive growth, competition agencies may increasingly see education markets as a priority area in which to advocate for more effective competition. They may, for instance conduct market studies, provide opinions or advise education departments (in addition to taking enforcement action). This paper identifies that excessive deregulation risks incentivising competition on wasteful aspects of the service, and can generate outcomes that directly contradict important policy goals which can make policymakers reluctant to use competition to improve efficiency. Competition agencies will therefore need to instead advocate for markets that complement, and not contradict those policy goals, if they are to be successful. This paper was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in June 2019 on publicly-funded education markets. Creation-Date: 2019-04-30 Number: 231 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:231-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Vertical Mergers in the Technology, Media and Telecom Sector Abstract: Vertical mergers are increasingly becoming a focus of attention, due to a number of recent high-profile cases in the technology, media and telecom (TMT) sector. Evidence suggests that vertical mergers are generally pro-competitive, as they are driven by efficiency-enhancing motives such as improving vertical co-ordination and realising economies of scope. However, in a few cases vertical mergers may indirectly harm competition, by increasing the risk of anti-competitive behaviour post-merger, such as foreclosure and horizontal collusion. Competition harm is potentially higher when foreclosure enables a vertically-integrated firm to create entry barriers, gain bargaining power or avoid market regulation, which could arguably occur within the TMT sector. This paper discusses the assessment of vertical mergers, bringing together insights from economic theory, empirical evidence and recent case law in the technology, media and telecom sector. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in June 2019 on Vertical Mergers in the Technology, Media and Telecom Sector. Creation-Date: 2019-05-02 Number: 232 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:232-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Standard of Review by Courts in Competition Cases Abstract: The effectiveness and credibility of enforcement requires that there is access to ex post review of competition cases by an independent court or tribunal. Judges assess both procedural due process as well as compliance with the substantive provisions of competition law and can confirm enforcement decisions, or identify mistakes and seek to correct them. Some jurisdictions allow a full merits review of competition decisions without limitation of the legal grounds while others on limited grounds. Understanding the standard of review of competition enforcement that courts follow is therefore important. This paper was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in June 2019 on the standard of review by courts in competition cases. Creation-Date: 2019-05-14 Number: 233 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:233-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Practical approaches to assessing digital platform markets for competition law enforcement Abstract: This paper highlights some practical approaches for competition authorities pursuing digital platform enforcement cases, given the unique challenges this can involve. It explains the key features of digital platform market dynamics and emphasises the importance of selecting and prioritising cases based on economic impact, resource requirements and probability of success, among other criteria. It discusses the challenges of market definition due to multi-sidedness, and proposes defining markets only when necessary and explains the limitations of some tools for assessing market power, and lays out a qualitative approach that can be followed and supplemented with key indicators, whose limitations should be clearly recognised. It was prepared as background material for the session "Practical approaches to assessing digital platform markets for competition law enforcement " held at the 2019 Latin American and Caribbean Competition Forum in Honduras on 24-25 September 2019. Creation-Date: 2019-08-05 Number: 234 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:234-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Fining Methodologies for Competition Law Infringements Abstract: This paper provides an overview of different methodologies regarding corporate fines, including recent developments, used to calculate fines for infractions of competition law as well as the various elements that are taken into consideration when determining the appropriate fine level. It was prepared as background material for the session "Fining Methodologies for Competition Law Infringements" held at the 2019 Latin American and Caribbean Competition Forum in Honduras on 24-25 September 2019. Creation-Date: 2019-08-19 Number: 235 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:235-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Access to the Case File and Protection of Confidential Information Abstract: This paper discusses access to the case file, explains why access to file is relevant to ensure the fairness and transparency of competition enforcement and the type of information accessible by which parties and when this information can be accessed. it also examines the protection of confidential information as a limit to the right to access the case file as well as the notion of confidential information and how this is identified and protected in practice. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in December 2019 on the access to the case file and protection of confidential information. Creation-Date: 2019-10-15 Number: 236 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:236-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Hub-and-Spoke Arrangements Abstract: This paper looks at the basic economics of hub-and-spoke arrangements, and their legal treatment across OECD jurisdictions. It will include brief excursions into related topics such as information exchanges and resale price maintenance while seeking to glean some insights regarding practical enforcement questions. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in December 2019 on Hub-and-Spoke Arrangements. Creation-Date: 2019-10-17 Number: 237 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:237-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition For-the-market Abstract: This paper categorises four different types of monopoly over which competition for-the-market might occur, explains the practice of governments granting concessionary rights to firms, and identifies that the design of the processes for awarding such rights is commonly used to facilitate competition in a number of these categories of monopoly. It also discusses the main merger control and antitrust enforcement challenges that arise in these types of concessionary markets and addresses some advocacy challenges that competition agencies face. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in December 2019 on competition for-the-market. Creation-Date: 2019-10-22 Number: 238 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:238-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Independent Sector Regulators Abstract: This paper explores the roles of existing and future independent sector regulators and their relationship with competition authorities. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in December 2019 on independent sector regulators. Creation-Date: 2019-10-22 Number: 239 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:239-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Barriers to Exit Abstract: This paper revisits barriers to exit, explores their different definitions in the literature and identifies what these have in common. It then analyses the different ways in which such barriers to exit can affect allocative efficiency and competition while assessing their impacts by looking at the effects of barriers to exit on market structure; competitive distortions; and type of entry. Finally, it considers how competition authorities assess barriers to exit in their enforcement and advocacy work to identify differences (or commonalities) of approaches and areas that may warrant further research and discussion. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in December 2019 on barriers to exit. Creation-Date: 2019-10-23 Number: 240 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:240-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Provisions in Trade Agreements Abstract: This paper brings up key findings from a discussion on "Competition Provisions in Trade Agreements" held at the 2019 Global Forum on Competition. It also summarises the discussion in detail. Creation-Date: 2019-12-05 Number: 241 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:241-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition under Fire Abstract: This paper summarises a discussion on "Competition under Fire" held at the 2019 Global Forum on Competition. Creation-Date: 2019-12-05 Number: 242 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:242-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Digital Disruption in Banking and its Impact on Competition Abstract: This paper surveys technological disruption in banking, examining its impact on competition and its potential to increase efficiency and customer welfare. It analyses the possible strategies of the players involved—incumbents and FinTech and BigTech firms—and the role of regulation. Creation-Date: 2020-02-25 Number: 243 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:243-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Issues in Labour Markets Abstract: This paper looks at some practical and analytical challenges to the application of the traditional tools of competition enforcement analysis in these markets. It then discusses ways to overcome such challenges and proposed adjustments to these tools suggested in the recent literature, as well as competition advocacy solutions to address monopsony power in these markets. It was prepared as background for a discussion held in June 2019. Creation-Date: 2020-03-10 Number: 244 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:244-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Merger Control in Dynamic Markets  Abstract: This paper discusses the role of merger control in dynamic markets and identifies the main practical proposals that have been made to adapt the different stages of the review process to take into account market dynamics over time. It was prepared as background for a discussion on merger control in dynamic markets held at the 2019 OECD Global Forum on Competition. Creation-Date: 2020-03-10 Number: 245 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:245-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Criminalisation of Cartels and Bid Rigging Conspiracies: A Focus on Custodial Sentences Abstract: This paper aims at providing guidance on the benefits and challenges of criminal enforcement while exploring the economic deterrence theory and the retribution theory that have emerged in the criminalisation debate. It also offers an overview of criminalisation trends across jurisdictions, identifying the key institutional and procedural questions to be carefully assessed when a jurisdiction considers the criminalisation of cartels. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in June 2020 on the criminalisation of cartels and bid rigging conspiracies. Creation-Date: 2020-04-22 Number: 246 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:246-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Consumer Data Rights and Competition Abstract: Consumer data rights are gaining more attention across the globe as more consumers come to rely on data-driven services in the digital economy. This paper looks at the role for competition policy and enforcement in driving competitive outcomes in markets involving consumer data. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in June 2020 on consumer data rights and competition. Creation-Date: 2020-04-29 Number: 247 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:247-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Start-ups, Killer Acquisitions and Merger Control Abstract: This paper explores the extent to which nascent acquisitions can be investigated and challenged when necessary under existing merger control frameworks. It identifies the need to conduct an in-depth counterfactual analysis, to consider new investigative tools, and to ensure that any claimed efficiencies are tied to the specific transaction in question. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in June 2020 on start-ups, killer acquisitions and merger control. Creation-Date: 2020-05-07 Number: 248 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:248-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Lines of Business Restrictions Abstract: Line of business restrictions (LOBRs) are antitrust remedies or regulatory restrictions that can be used to limit the range of activities that a firm can undertake. They include separation restrictions ranging from structural separation to weaker forms of behavioural separation (accounting, functional and legal separation). However, there are also alternative behavioural restrictions including mandating access, non-discrimination obligations and mandatory standards on portability and interoperability. This paper discusses each of these types of restrictions. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in June 2020 on Lines of Business Restrictions. Creation-Date: 2020-05-14 Number: 249 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:249-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Conglomerate Effects of Mergers Abstract: This paper defines conglomerate mergers, setting out the reasons why firms engage in them and lays out the classical theories of harm associated with tying and bundling. It also describes how these theories have been adapted to digital markets, highlighting some of the key efficiencies stemming from conglomerate mergers. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in June 2020 on the conglomerate effects of mergers. Creation-Date: 2020-05-24 Number: 250 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:250-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Digital Evidence Gathering in Cartel Investigations Abstract: This paper discusses some advantages and disadvantages of the most common digital tools for evidence gathering, and it explores some of the legal and practical issues arising from their use, drawing from cases where competition authorities across the world dealt with the delicate phase of evidence gathering in cartel enforcement. It was prepared as background material for the session "Digital Evidence Gathering in Cartel Investigations" held at the 2020 virtual Latin American and Caribbean Competition Forum on 28-29 September 2020. Creation-Date: 2020-08-05 Number: 251 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:251-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Policy: Time for a Reset Abstract: This paper brings up key findings from a discussion on "Competition Policy: Time for a Reset" held at the 2020 Global Forum on Competition. It also summarises the discussion in detail. Creation-Date: 2021-05-19 Number: 252 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:252-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Methodologies to Measure Market Competition Abstract: This paper was prepared as a background to the discussion “Methodologies to Measure Market Competition” held at the 135th meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 11 June 2021. Creation-Date: 2021-06-09 Number: 253 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:253-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Efficiency Analysis in Vertical Restraints Abstract: This paper provides a brief overview of the pro- and anti-competitive effects of vertical restraints as identified in the literature and case practice and discusses how pro-competitive effects or efficiencies are analysed and assessed within different legal and economic assessment frameworks. Furthermore, it utilises a selection of cases to demonstrate the relevance of different efficiency arguments in enforcement practice. This was prepared as background material for the session "Efficiency Analysis in Vertical Restraints" held at the 2021 virtual Latin American and Caribbean Competition Forum on 20-22 September 2021. Creation-Date: 2021-09-09 Number: 254 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:254-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Economics of Digital Ecosystems Abstract: This paper brings up key findings from a discussion on "Competition Economics of Digital Ecosystems" held at the OECD in December 2020. It also summarises the discussion in detail. Creation-Date: 2021-10-29 Number: 255 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:255-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Abuse of dominance in Digital Markets Abstract: This paper explores the interaction between the governmental policies adopted to face the COVID-19 emergency and competition policy. It was prepared as background for a discussion on the role of competition policy in promoting economic recovery held in December 2020. Creation-Date: 2021-10-31 Number: 256 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:256-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Compliance Programmes Abstract: This paper focuses on developments in competition agency policies relating to corporate compliance programmes targeting in particular cartels. It was prepared as background for a discussion on competition compliance programme held in June 2021. Creation-Date: 2021-10-31 Number: 257 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:257-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Enforcement and Regulatory Alternatives Abstract: This paper explores the relationship between competition law and economic regulation from the angle of competition enforcement. It was prepared as background for a discussion on Competition enforcement and regulatory alternatives held in June 2021. Creation-Date: 2021-10-31 Number: 258 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:258-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition in Digital Advertising Markets Abstract: This paper provides an overview of how digital advertising markets work, to look at the state of competition in these markets, and to identify what responses various jurisdictions are considering to address competition concerns in these markets. It was prepared as background for a discussion on the topic held in June 2021. Creation-Date: 2021-10-31 Number: 259 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:259-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Data Portability, Interoperability and Competition Abstract: This paper describes the role that data portability and interoperability measures can play in promoting competition both within and among digital platforms. It was prepared as background for a discussion on the topic held in June 2021. Creation-Date: 2021-10-31 Number: 260 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:260-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Economic Analysis in Merger Investigations Abstract: Economic analysis is central to effective merger review. This paper was prepared as background for a discussion on Economic Analysis in Merger Investigations held at the 2020 OECD Global Forum on Competition. Creation-Date: 2021-10-31 Number: 261 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:261-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Sustainability and Competition Abstract: This paper explores the interaction between competition law and policy and sustainability. It was prepared as background for a discussion on the topic held in December 2020. Creation-Date: 2021-10-31 Number: 262 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:262-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Concept of Potential Competition Abstract: This paper considers the benefits of extending the timeframe used to evaluate potential competition and reviews the tools that are available to assess it. It was prepared as background for a discussion on the topic held in June 2021. Creation-Date: 2021-10-31 Number: 263 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:263-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Role of Competition Policy in Promoting Economic Recovery Abstract: This paper explores the interaction between the governmental policies adopted to face the COVID-19 emergency and competition policy. It was prepared as background for a discussion on the role of competition policy in promoting economic recovery held in December 2020. Creation-Date: 2021-10-31 Number: 264 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:264-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Using Market Studies to Tackle Emerging Competition Issues Abstract: This paper explores the use of market studies with the specific objective of addressing emerging competition issues. It was prepared as background for the discussion "Using Market Studies to Tackle Emerging Competition Issues" held at the 2020 OECD Global Forum on Competition. Creation-Date: 2021-10-31 Number: 265 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:265-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Environmental Considerations in Competition Enforcement Abstract: Climate change is one of the most pressing issues of this century. Due to the urgency of the issue and the pressure on governments to act, the debate on climate change is moving quickly from the political level to focused conversations on policy choices and implementation options. This background paper discusses the role of competition policy and enforcement in supporting and incentivising sustainable and pro-competitive business practices. It analyses the practical approaches that competition authorities may take when assessing cases with an environmental dimension. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in December 2021 on environmental considerations in competition enforcement. Creation-Date: 2021-11-05 Number: 266 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:266-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Promotion of Competitive Neutrality by Competition Authorities Abstract: This paper describes the main types of distortive measures jurisdictions may adopt and the tools available to competition authorities in order to address them. It was prepared as background for the discussion "The Promotion of Competitive Neutrality by Competition Authorities" held at the 2021 OECD Global Forum on Competition. Creation-Date: 2021-11-17 Number: 267 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:267-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Issues in News Media and Digital Platforms Abstract: This paper describes how digital platforms have transformed the distribution and consumption of news content and the complex competitive dynamics between news publishers and digital platforms. It was prepared as background for a discussion on Competition issues concerning news media and digital platforms held in December 2021. Creation-Date: 2021-11-19 Number: 268 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:268-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Economic Analysis and Evidence in Abuse Cases Abstract: This paper considers the role of economics in abuse of dominance cases. Economic analysis and evidence has become increasingly important in the context of effects-based approaches to assessing possible abuse of a dominant position. The paper sets out the core economic framework for assessment of abuse of dominance including the balancing of over- and under- enforcement and the relevance of the characteristics of the markets and economies in question. It comments, in particular, on the challenges faced by authorities in developing and middle-income countries given the rapid expansion of competition law in these jurisdictions. The economic tests in different types of exclusionary and exploitative abuses of dominance are considered along with the practical challenges in the gathering of evidence and undertaking appropriate assessments. The role of economists in cases, including as experts providing testimony on the part of private parties, is examined. This paper was prepared as a background note for a discussion on Economic Analysis and Evidence in Abuse Cases held at the 2021 OECD Global Forum on Competition. Creation-Date: 2021-11-24 Number: 269 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:269-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Trade, Development and Competition - Pursuing Development Goals through Trade and Competition Law Abstract: This paper shares perspectives and experiences from South Africa in pursuing development goals through trade and competition. It was prepared as background material for the 2021 OECD Global Forum on Competition discussion on trade, development and competition. Creation-Date: 2021-11-24 Number: 270 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:270-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition Issues in Books and e-Books Abstract: This paper summarises a discussion on "Competition Issues in Books and e-Books" held in November 2021 covering the rationale and impact of the policies and regulations in the books market; the interplay between regulation and market developments, namely the launch of e-books; and whether the enforcement cases on e-books had an impact on market developments. Creation-Date: 2021-11-29 Number: 271 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:271-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Ex Ante Regulation and Competition in Digital Markets Abstract: This paper gathers some of the most salient regulatory proposals and amendments to existing laws, which were available to the public as of August 2021 to compare and contrast them. It was prepared as background materials to a discussion on Ex Ante Regulation and Competition in Digital Markets held at the OECD in December 2021. Creation-Date: 2021-12-01 Number: 272 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:272-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Excessive Pricing in Pharmaceuticals Abstract: This paper explores excessive prices at the intersection between competition law and regulated sectors such as pharma. It was prepared as a background note for the OECD Competition Committee roundtable on “Excessive pricing in pharmaceuticals”, which took place in November 2018. Creation-Date: 2018-03-28 Number: 273 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:273-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Implications of E-commerce for Competition Policy Abstract: This paper was prepared as a background note for the OECD Competition Committee roundtable on “Implications of e-commerce for competition policy” held in in June 2018. Creation-Date: 2018-03-28 Number: 274 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:274-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Quality Considerations in the Zero-price Economy Abstract: This paper sets out the potential dimensions of quality competition in zero-price markets and the business models associated with them, including privacy and data security, advertising content, ease of switching, and choice in complement markets, among others. It was prepared as a background note for the OECD Competition Committee roundtable on quality considerations in the zero-price economy which took place in November 2018. Creation-Date: 2018-03-28 Number: 275 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:275-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Suspensory Effects of Merger Notifications and Gun Jumping  Abstract: This paper discusses recent developments in the enforcement practice of gun jumping and contrast them with business needs in various stages before closing a merger. It was prepared as a background note for the OECD Competition Committee roundtable discussion on “Gun jumping and suspensory effects of merger notifications”, which took place in November 2018. Creation-Date: 2018-03-28 Number: 276 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:276-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Disentangling Consummated Mergers – Experiences and Challenges Abstract: This paper discusses in depth the feasibility of imposing structural remedies in an ex post context, drawing from experiences in other areas including self-initiated private break-ups, break-ups and structural remedies in non-merger cases, and experiences with break-ups and structural separation in regulated industries. It was prepared as a background note for discussions on disentangling consummated mergers held during the June 2022 session of the OECD Competition Committee. Creation-Date: 2022-04-11 Number: 277 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:277-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Evolving Concept of Market Power in the Digital Economy Abstract: This paper considers several competition policy challenges related to market power in the digital era, including questions about the relationship between new regulatory concepts related to market power and established enforcement concepts such as dominance. It was prepared as a background note for discussions on “Market Power in the Digital Economy and Competition Policy” which took place at the June 2022 session of the OECD Competition Committee. Creation-Date: 2022-05-05 Number: 278 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:278-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition and Regulation in the Provision of Local Transportation Services Abstract: This note explores competition and regulation in the provision of local transportation services. It was prepared as a background note for discussions on the topic held in June 2022 by the OECD Competition Committee’s Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation. Creation-Date: 2022-05-10 Number: 279 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:279-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Purchasing Power and Buyers' Cartels Abstract: This paper was prepared as a background note for discussions on “Purchasing Power and Buyers' Cartels” taking place at the June 2022 session of the OECD Competition Committee. Creation-Date: 2022-05-10 Number: 280 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:280-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Thinking out of the Competition Box: Enforcement Co-operation in Other Policy Areas Abstract: This note contains brief, descriptive overviews of legal models and instruments for international co-operation from the fields of enforcement against corruption, cybercrime, police co-operation, financial and tax cooperation, and patent law. It provides background information and suggested ways forward to support the Hearing on Thinking out of the Competition Box: Enforcement Co-operation in Other Policy Areas, taking place at the June 2022 session of the OECD Competition Committee’s Working Party No. 3 on Co-operation and Enforcement. Creation-Date: 2022-05-10 Number: 281 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:281-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Integrating Consumer Behaviour Insights in Competition Enforcement  Abstract: This paper provides an overview of some of the key behavioural biases and their potential impact on competition. It was prepared as a background note for discussions on “Integrating Consumer Behaviour Insights in Competition Enforcement” held during the June 2022 session of the OECD Competition Committee. Creation-Date: 2022-05-11 Number: 282 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:282-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Interim Measures in Antitrust Investigations Abstract: This paper explores how interim measures are being applied in the context of antitrust investigations, as well as the implications for competition policy. It was prepared as a background note for discussions on “Interim Measures in Antitrust Investigations” taking place at the June 2022 session of the OECD Competition Committee’s Working Party No. 3 on Co-operation and Enforcement. Creation-Date: 2022-05-16 Number: 283 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:283-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Data Screening Tools for Competition Investigations Abstract: Data screening tools in competition investigations are empirical methods that use datasets to evaluate markets and firms’ behaviour in them, identify patterns and draw conclusions based on specific tested parameters. This paper focuses on screens aimed at detecting cartels, as these are by far the most prevalent. It was prepared for discussions on “Data Screening Tools for Competition Investigations” held at the November 2022 session of the OECD Competition Committee’s Working Party No. 3 on Co-operation and Enforcement. Creation-Date: 2022-10-18 Number: 284 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:284-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Interactions between Competition Authorities and Sector Regulators  Abstract: This paper covers the interactions between competition authorities and sector regulators, formally and in practice, in the most frequent situation when the competition authority is a stand-alone body that enforces competition law in all sectors. In addition, it focuses on enforcement cases, describing procedural set-ups and the interplay of competition and regulation in these cases. It was prepared as background material for a discussion on the topic held during the 2022 OECD Global Forum on Competition. Creation-Date: 2022-10-25 Number: 285 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:285-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition and Inflation Abstract: This background note considers how competition contributes to lower inflation, despite its unsuitability as a short-term anti-inflationary tool. It explains why competition is important for optimal inflation and summarises some of the empirical evidence of this relationship. It then considers how inflation affects competition, for example by creating conditions for firms to coordinate or by increasing the search costs of consumers. It was prepared as a background note for discussions on “Competition and Inflation” taking place at the November 2022 session of the OECD Competition Committee. Creation-Date: 2022-10-26 Number: 286 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:286-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Relationship between FDI Screening and Merger Control Reviews Abstract: This paper highlights recent trends on FDI screening to safeguard essential security interests and merger control mechanisms while exploring the relationship between investment and competition policies. It was prepared as a background note for discussions on “The Relationship between FDI Screening and Merger Control Reviews” held at the November 2022 joint session of the OECD Competition Committee and the OECD Investment Committee. Creation-Date: 2022-11-03 Number: 287 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:287-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Remedies and Commitments in Abuse Cases Abstract: This paper discusses the types of remedies and commitments that can be imposed or accepted. It takes an in-depth look at the rules and principles for deciding whether to resolve the case through remedies or voluntary commitments; the rules and principles for deciding whether to impose or accept behavioural or structural remedies or commitments; the necessity and ways to ensure compliance with remedies and commitments; and the ex-post evaluation of adopted solutions. It concludes with a summary of main takeaways that could guide competition agencies when designing remedies and commitments in abuse of dominance cases. It was prepared as a background note for discussions on “Remedies and Commitments in Abuse Cases” taking place at the 2022 Global Forum on Competition. Creation-Date: 2022-11-10 Number: 288 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:288-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Subsidies, Competition and Trade Abstract: This paper discusses the extent to which, and how, government subsidies could be part of the competition analysis by competition authorities. For this, it identifies the potential competition concerns of subsidies – predominantly “deep pockets” and potential subsequent predation – and describes their modest role in competition case law to date. It was prepared as a background note for discussions on “Subsidies, Competition and Trade” held at the 2022 Global Forum on Competition. Creation-Date: 2022-11-10 Number: 289 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:289-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition in Energy Markets Abstract: This paper explores the longer- and shorter-term challenges of the energy markets and their competition policy implications. It considers why wholesale natural gas and electricity prices have risen so much and the public policy responses to high energy prices. It was prepared as a background note for discussions on “Competition in Energy Markets” held at the November 2022 session of the OECD Competition Committee’s Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation. Creation-Date: 2022-11-24 Number: 290 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:290-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Director Disqualification and Bidder Exclusion in Competition Enforcement Abstract: This paper sets out the objectives and scope of application of debarment sanctions in different jurisdictions; describes the practical issues associated with their application; and suggests ways to maximise their effectiveness. It was prepared as a background note for discussions on “Director Disqualification and Bidder Exclusion in Competition Enforcement” held at the November 2022 session of the OECD Competition Committee. Creation-Date: 2022-12-23 Number: 291 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:291-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition and Poverty: The role of Competition Authorities Abstract: Fighting poverty remains a top priority and a key challenge to many countries including in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Although LAC countries have strengthened their competition policy in the past decade, poverty has increased in the region, mostly as effect of the recession which followed the Covid-19 pandemic. Given these factual circumstances, it seems relevant to address the role of competition policy in poverty reduction, including the question on how competition authorities can contribute to fighting poverty. This background note highlights the main issues regarding the role competition authorities can play in fighting poverty. For this purpose, it presents the interplay between competition policy and poverty reduction, then focuses on the role of competition authorities from both the enforcement and the advocacy perspectives. The final remarks point that competition authorities may help a broader policy to reduce poverty, particularly by prioritising its work to markets that have a greater impact on the poorest (e.g. markets of essential goods and services).This note was prepared as a background note for a discussion held on the topic during the 2023 OECD-IDB Latin American and Caribbean Competition Forum held in September 2023 in Ecuador. Creation-Date: 2023-05-03 Number: 292 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:292-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Theories of Harm for Digital Mergers Abstract: By mapping theories of harm that have been applied in recent digital merger cases and considering the analyses that have already been undertaken, this note explores the question of whether existing theories of harm are well suited or should be further adapted to comprehensively capture competitive harms arising from mergers in these markets. Or alternatively, whether new theories of harms are needed and if so, what they might look like. It was prepared as a background note for discussions on “Theories of Harm for Digital Mergers” taking place at the June 2023 session of the OECD Competition Committee. Creation-Date: 2023-05-03 Number: 293 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:293-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition and Innovation: A Theoretical Perspective Abstract: This background note reviews the relationship between competition and innovation in both directions. This is, how competition can help boosting innovation and how innovation can shape competition. It focuses on the theoretical perspective to try to understand whether competition is indeed a driver of innovation and how it interacts with other drivers. It was prepared as a background note for discussions on “The Relationship between Competition and Innovation” taking place at the June 2023 session of the OECD Competition Committee. Creation-Date: 2023-05-05 Number: 294 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:294-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Consumer Welfare Standards - Advantages and Disadvantages Compared to Alternative Standards Abstract: Standards in competition policy, such as the consumer welfare standard or the protecting competition standard, are the subject of considerable debate. This paper considers the relative advantages and disadvantages of alternative standards by first identifying their desirable attributes and then assessing several candidate standards against them. It was prepared as a background note for discussions on “Consumer Welfare Standards - Advantages and Disadvantages compared to Alternative Standards” taking place at the June 2023 session of the OECD Competition Committee. Creation-Date: 2023-05-05 Number: 295 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:295-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Algorithmic Competition Abstract: Companies increasingly use algorithms to set prices and create or enhance new products and services. While algorithms can result in many efficiency-enhancing and pro-competitive effects, they can also be used by firms to restrict competition. Competition authorities should be aware of these risks, know how to investigate them and identify any possible harm to consumers, as well as consider how to address this harm. This background note considers these important issues. It was prepared for discussions on “Algorithmic Competition” taking place at the June 2023 OECD Competition Committee. Creation-Date: 2023-05-10 Number: 296 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:296-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Communication by Competition Authorities: Objectives and Tools Abstract: This paper discusses the main benefits of an effective communication strategy and the tools available to competition authorities to communicate the benefits of competition. It was prepared as a background note for discussions on “Assessing and Communicating the Benefits of Competition Interventions” taking place at the June 2023 session of the OECD Competition Committee’s Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation. Creation-Date: 2023-05-11 Number: 297 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:297-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition in the Circular Economy Abstract: This paper focuses on how competition, economic growth, and the shift to a circular economy interact. It was prepared as a background note for discussions on “Competition in the Circular Economy” taking place at the June 2023 session of the OECD Competition Committee. Creation-Date: 2023-05-30 Number: 298 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:298-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Future of Effective Leniency Programmes: Advancing Detection and Deterrence of Cartels Abstract: Leniency programmes are a powerful detection tool for competition authorities. Over the period 2015-2021, the number of leniency applications in OECD jurisdictions dropped by 58% and the same trend can be observed across most regions. This Note explores whether and to what extent the drop in leniency applications may constitute a threat to cartel enforcement and the possible reasons behind the declining trends. It was prepared as a background note for discussions on “The Future of Effective Leniency Programmes: Advancing Detection and Deterrence of Cartels” taking place at the June 2023 session of the OECD Competition Committee’s Working Party No. 3 on Co-operation and Enforcement. Creation-Date: 2023-06-09 Number: 299 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:299-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition and Professional Sports Abstract: This paper was prepared as a background note for discussions on “Competition and Professional Sports” taking place at the December 2023 session of the OECD Competition Committee’s Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation. Creation-Date: 2023-10-18 Number: 300 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:300-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Role of Innovation in Competition Enforcement Abstract: This paper reviews how competition authorities have incorporated innovation as part of their assessment in enforcement cases. It explores scenarios that have considered innovation from a static perspective, mostly analysing current and potential competition in well-identified product markets (incentives-based approach), as well as scenarios that have considered innovation from a dynamic perspective, often defining innovation markets (impact-based approach). It also looks at cases that have considered increases in innovation as potential justifications for decreases in competition. This note reviews how these different approaches have shaped market definition, the theories of harm considered, and even the design of remedies and commitments. Creation-Date: 2023-10-24 Number: 301 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:301-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Ex-post Assessment of Merger Remedies Abstract: This paper was prepared as a background note for discussions on “Ex-post Assessment of Merger Remedies” taking place at the 2023 Global Forum on Competition on 7-8 December 2023, Creation-Date: 2023-10-25 Number: 302 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:302-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Serial Acquisitions and Industry Roll-ups Abstract: This paper was prepared as a background note for discussions on “Serial Acquisitions and Industry Roll-ups” taking place at the December 2023 session of the OECD Competition Committee. Creation-Date: 2023-10-26 Number: 303 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:303-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Optimal Design, Organisation and Powers of Competition Authorities Abstract: This paper was prepared as a background note for discussions on “The Optimal Design, Organisation and Powers of Competition Authorities” taking place at the December 2023 session of the OECD Competition Committee’s Working Party No. 3 on Co-operation and Enforcement. Creation-Date: 2023-10-31 Number: 304 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:304-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Out-of-Market Efficiencies in Competition Enforcement Abstract: This paper was prepared as a background note for discussions on “Out-of-market efficiencies in competition enforcement” taking place at the December 2023 session of the OECD Competition Committee. Creation-Date: 2023-11-03 Number: 305 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:305-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition and Sports Abstract: This note was prepared as a background note for a discussion held on the topic during the 2023 OECD-IDB Latin American and Caribbean Competition Forum held in September 2023 in Ecuador. Creation-Date: 2023-05-05 Number: 306 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:306-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition and regulation in professions and occupations Abstract: The regulation of occupations is widespread, extending beyond the liberal professions, such as lawyers and engineers, to a broader set of other economic activities. Competition authorities have long been active in improving competition in these markets, both through enforcement action and by advocating to make regulation more pro-competitive. This paper aims to support competition authorities’ advocacy efforts. It includes an overview of the literature about the effects of regulation of professional services, which competition authorities can draw on to advocate for the benefits of less restrictive regulation where appropriate. The paper also brings together analytical frameworks developed by the OECD and jurisdictions such as Australia, the US and EU to assess regulatory barriers to competition. The paper further draws on case studies of advocacy efforts from competition authorities across a range of OECD member countries. Creation-Date: 2024-05-17 Number: 307 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:307-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Monopolisation, moat building and entrenchment strategies Abstract: Competition authorities have already acquired significant knowledge about the concept of market power and dominance as well as practical experience when assessing anticompetitive practices. However, the introduction of potential new concepts, such as economic moats and entrenchment, may complicate this analysis and further blur the lines between lawful and unlawful practices. This paper discusses the relation between economic moats and entrenchment with market power and calls for further reflections among competition authorities and practitioners on the challenges these concepts may pose. It explores several possible options, including incentivising the use of investigative and analytical techniques, as well as strengthening regulatory tools. Creation-Date: 2024-05-20 Number: 308 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:308-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Pro-competitive industrial policy Abstract: Recent global developments, and a number of serious crises, have led to large government interventions in many jurisdictions, driving a debate on whether there is a need to rethink the role of industrial policy in modern economies. This paper explores how to use industrial policy and make it pro-competitive. Competition authorities can play a crucial role in strengthening the impact of industrial policy: by ensuring that competition principles remain a cornerstone of carefully designed industrial policy. Moreover, competition enforcement keeps markets more competitive, laying a good foundation for industrial policy. Creation-Date: 2024-05-22 Number: 309 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:309-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The intersection between competition and data privacy Abstract: Data plays an increasingly important role for online platforms and the majority of digital business models. Along with data becoming central to competition and the conduct of actors in digital markets, there has been an increase in data privacy regulations and enforcement worldwide. The interplay between competition and data privacy has prompted questions about whether data privacy and the collection of consumers’ data constitute an antitrust issue. Should competition considerations be factored into decisions by data protection authorities, and, if so, how can synergies between the two policy areas be enhanced and tensions overcome? This paper explores the links between competition and data privacy, their respective objectives, and how considerations pertaining to one policy area have been, or could be, included into the other. It investigates enforcement interventions and regulatory measures that could foster synergies or lead to potential challenges, and offers insights into models for co-operation between competition and data protection authorities. This is a joint working paper from the OECD Competition and Digital Economy Policy Secretariat. Creation-Date: 2024-06-07 Number: 310 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:310-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Detecting cartels for ex officio investigations Abstract: Competition authorities have developed various tools to detect cartels and substantiate the basis for opening investigations. Ex officio investigations, meaning investigations initiated by the authorities themselves, are derived from detection tools that require a higher level of proactivity from the agency, for instance, industry monitoring and cartel screenings. New technologies such as artificial intelligence also provide competition authorities with greater opportunities to improve their detection tools. This paper provides an overview of detection tools to launch ex officio cartel investigations, including recent trends and experiences from Latin America and the Caribbean. It concludes by highlighting the need for competition authorities to implement a variety of approaches to complement one another and enhance cartel detection. Creation-Date: 2024-09-19 Number: 311 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:311-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Interim measures in abuse of dominance investigations in Latin America and the Caribbean Abstract: Interim measures are enforcement tools available to competition authorities to prevent harm to competition that may occur before a final decision on the existence of an infringement. Most often these decisions are related to an ongoing business practice that may potentially constitute an abuse of dominance infringement, when a dominant market player illegally engages in practices limiting competition. In Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) countries, most competition authorities dispose of interim measures in their legal frameworks and many have used them in past years (e.g. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Paraguay and Peru). This paper provides an overview of the state of play of interim measures in the region covering legal frameworks, recent enforcement experiences, as well as challenges and particularities of LAC countries. The paper highlights that interim measures represent a powerful tool for competition authorities and should be carefully used to mitigate enforcement errors and related reputation risks. Creation-Date: 2024-09-19 Number: 312 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:312-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition, Fintechs and Open Banking: An overview of recent developments in Latin America and the Caribbean Abstract: This paper examines the recent evolution of competition in the financial services sector in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), focusing on the rise of Fintechs and the emergence of a pro-competitive regulatory framework. This evolution results from a symbiosis of positive feedback between technology and regulation, which reinforce and balance each other in shaping a new era for the sector in the LAC region. Over the last decade, the financial sector in LAC has undergone profound changes, including the entry of new players, the emergence of new products and the reconfiguration of market boundaries. These developments have led to competitive gains and the provision of better, more accessible, customised and inclusive financial services. Regulatory advances have played a crucial role at various stages of this process, sometimes laying the groundwork, sometimes welcoming and protecting new technologies and models driven by financial digitalisation, and more recently, even leading and fostering disruptive innovations. Open Banking currently stands as a key element of this shared agenda, both regionally and globally, aimed at deepening market transformation towards greater competition, innovation and inclusion. Creation-Date: 2024-09-27 Number: 313 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:313-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Challenges and sources of divergence in cross-border merger review Abstract: In an increasingly globalised and digitised world economy, the number of mergers transactions that impact more than one country has also increased. For competition authorities responsible for reviewing merger transactions, this has created new challenges and introduced more complexity to their merger review procedures and analyses. This paper surveys these challenges, explains the reasons why competition authorities may arrive at different decisions, and discusses the role that international co-operation plays in each phase of a cross-border merger review. Drawing from a range of case studies across both OECD and non-OECD member countries, the paper highlights practical tools competition authorities can use to improve the effectiveness of their cross-border mergers. Creation-Date: 2024-10-25 Number: 314 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:314-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition and regulation in the care industry Abstract: This paper explores the role of competition and regulation in shaping the outcomes and consumer experiences of the care industry (early childhood care and long-term care). Both services are vital to economic and social well-being, particularly in light of demographic change and the cross-cutting implications for other aspects of the economy, such as women’s participation in the labour market. This paper analyses how competition and regulation can drive quality and market outcomes, whilst addressing market failures and equity concerns within the industry, to arrive at a conclusion on the role competition authorities can play. Creation-Date: 2024-10-30 Number: 315 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:315-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The interaction between competition and democracy Abstract: Competition authorities rarely consider democracy in their day-to-day functioning, yet the notion that competition is important for the maintenance of a healthy democracy was a core part of the motivation for introducing antitrust laws in some jurisdictions. This paper explores the link between competition and democracy and the potential for reduced competition to allow firms to acquire economic power. When economic power grows large, firms may be able, through mechanisms such as lobbying or political donations, to convert it into political power, allowing them to influence and affect political outcomes independent of democratic will. However, the link between competition and economic power is complex and further research is warranted. Furthermore, the paper identifies several approaches to the role of democracy within competition law, arguing irrespective of any changes in policy, increased competition benefits democracy and provides another reason for robust and resourced competition policy to champion and preserve competition. Creation-Date: 2024-11-07 Number: 316 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:316-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The use of structural presumptions in antitrust Abstract: Structural presumptions in antitrust law refer to the concept that certain market structures, including high market shares and concentration, may presumptively harm competition and consumers. Once established by competition authorities or courts, the burden of proof typically shifts to the firms which need to rebut these presumptions. The use of structural presumption in antitrust enforcement continues to animate debates among competition authorities, academics and practitioners, reflecting different views on their relevance, application and accuracy when assessing potential anticompetitive practices. This paper explores how the use of structural presumptions may enable competition authorities to simplify complex issues related to market analysis and accelerate the competitive process, while maintaining the required degree of legal certainty to achieve the desired outcome. These mechanisms can ultimately make competition enforcement more predictable, transparent and efficient. Yet their use may also increase potential error costs, requiring competition authorities to consider trade-offs between different enforcement strategies (e.g. certainty, administrability and efficiency in decision-making versus accuracy). This paper also analyses the balancing of structural presumptions against detailed economic analysis which can be crucial to ensure fair and effective antitrust enforcement. Creation-Date: 2024-11-09 Number: 317 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:317-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The standard and burden of proof in competition law cases Abstract: The increasing need in certain jurisdictions to engage in a “more economic” or an “effects-based” approach to establish competition law violations have raised the question of whether the standard of proof and the related evidentiary standard are set to a level which make it excessively difficult for competition authorities to prove their cases. But what has led to this widespread perception? Is there something that could or should be done? While this paper does not seek to provide definitive answers or recommend specific actions, it does provide an overview of the current policy landscape and an analysis of the evidentiary elements for decision makers . This paper also presents a practical perspective of the standard and burden of proof that could be useful for competition authorities in building their cases. Creation-Date: 2024-11-12 Number: 318 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:318-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Competition in the food supply chain Abstract: What are the different elements of a food supply chain and how can government policy related to competition, including competition law enforcement, play a role to limit market failures? This paper considers several aspects of food supply chains and their relationship to competition. Specifically, it discusses how market failures or competition law may apply to supplies to and purchasing from farmers, to the storage and transport of food, to the standards for delivering and packing food products; as well as the distributor-to-retailer negotiation. It also explores the grocery chain buyer power and potential consequences. Creation-Date: 2024-11-21 Number: 319 Handle: RePEc:oec:dafaac:319-EN