Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jenny Pearson Title: Training and Beyond: Seeking Better Practices for Capacity Development Abstract: This paper is the result of a joint effort of OECD/DAC and LenCD to assemble the critical messages about training and learning that are emerging from the current international scrutiny of training and capacity development. It synthesises current wisdom on the topic, and offers a sense of direction on where the debate is going, particularly in terms of approaches to capacity development interventions at country and field levels. The paper is written primarily for the demand side, i.e. those in the South who request and/or are beneficiaries of capacity development activities, together with Northern donor institutions who commission and pay for the activities. Keywords: capacity development, learning, technical co-operation, training Creation-Date: 2011-04-04 Number: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Anke Hoeffler Author-Workplace-Name: University of Oxford Title: Growth, Aid and Policies in Countries Recovering from War Abstract: What happens to countries after civil war or other conflict comes to an end? This paper shows that post-war economies can experience a peace dividend involving higher than average growth rates, and that aid can increase this dividend. Since post-war countries face the twin challenges of avoiding further conflict and rebuilding their economies, enhancing the peace dividend is a high priority. While there is evidence that this peace dividend can be increased through aid it is not well understood why this may be the case. The paper considers policy reform and particular types of aid but finds no evidence that they hold the key to understanding why aid increases post-war growth. To rebuild their economies and thus prevent them reverting to conflict, there are distinct policies that post-war governments should pursue in the short term: high aid, low taxation, independent public service delivery and low inflation. Post-war societies face enormous needs while having very limited revenue. Aid should fill the gap in the short run, but in the long run aid dependence can be avoided by phasing in a cap on aid. This cap should be relative to tax revenue. Creation-Date: 2012-10-01 Number: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Roy Isbister Author-Workplace-Name: Saferworld Author-Name: Tom Donnelly Author-Workplace-Name: Saferworld Title: International Markets for Security and Military Assistance Abstract: The end of the Cold War, globalisation, and the new global security paradigm following the 9/11 attacks have seen a rapid increase in arms production and producers across different geographic regions, as well as the growth of private security enterprises in areas that were previously primarily state-controlled. This paper explores the key dimensions of international markets in military and security assistance including conventional weapons and ammunition, related services such as training and maintenance and the provision of personnel and other services via private military and security companies. These are particularly relevant to fragile and conflict-affected contexts given the demand that emanates from these contexts for the equipment and services international markets in military and security assistance offer. The paper outlines how at best, international markets in military and security assistance can help state security services to provide responsive and accountable services to their populations. At worst, they can provide the tools, know-how and people to commit human rights violations and other crimes. Other aspects of this market also potentially affect state legitimacy, in particular the massive levels of corruption associated with the international arms trade. The paper suggests some entry points for the international community to mitigate the potential risks posed by international markets in mil/sec assistance to conflict and fragility, beginning with options for developing and consolidating the existing regulatory frameworks, linking controls on markets for equipment and services and then broadening out to link with other issue areas such as governance, peacebuilding and statebuilding. Creation-Date: 2012-10-01 Number: 3 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Anke Hoeffler Author-Workplace-Name: University of Oxford Title: Exporting from Fragile States: Challenges and Opportunities Abstract: Although fragile states account for 15% of the global population they only contribute about 2% of exports. Trade is widely believed to be an important determinant of development. This paper analyses the challenges and opportunities faced by fragile states in their bid to diversify their economies and to break into export markets. Currently most of these countries benefit from preferential market access agreements and can export to OECD countries duty free and quota free. However, the trade schemes differ across OECD member countries; fragile states would benefit from their harmonisation. The current schemes also do not provide access for all goods – some agricultural products are excluded. OECD countries should open their markets to all goods from fragile states. Compliance with stringent OECD standards on animal, food and plant safety can also be an obstacle for exporters. Specific aid and technical assistance could help to address this problem. However, the paper also finds that domestic policies in the fragile states themselves are often the binding constraint for potential exporters. Specific “soft” industrial policies can therefore also help to overcome the main challenges of breaking into export markets: these include focusing on one specific task in the production chain, creating clusters of industries in one area, and building the capacity needed to enter the global market. Creation-Date: 2012-10-01 Number: 4 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Paula Miraglia Author-Workplace-Name: International Center for the Prevention of Crime Author-Name: Rolando Ochoa Author-Workplace-Name: International Center for the Prevention of Crime Author-Name: Ivan Briscoe Author-Workplace-Name: Clingendael Institute Title: Transnational Organised Crime and Fragile States Abstract: Transnational organised crime (TOC) refers to a fluid and diversified industry that engages in illicit activities ranging from drug and human trafficking to drug smuggling, piracy and money laundering. Although it may affect strong states, conflict-affected and fragile states are especially vulnerable to the dynamics of TOC and may provide more favourable conditions for its development. The implications for those states are many and serious. This paper outlines the ways in which TOC has evolved in recent years and how policy might be adapted to take account of this evolution. It emphasises that TOC today is less a matter of organised cartels established in producer or end-user states, but increasingly characterised by fluid, opportunistic networks that may for example specialise in transport and logistics. The paper recommends tackling the problem through a comprehensive approach that considers TOC as but one element within a greater complex of cause and effect. This would entail a re-evaluation of many current assumptions about TOC and a reformulation of current policies. Creation-Date: 2012-10-01 Number: 5 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sukanya Podder Author-Workplace-Name: Cranfield University Title: From Spoilers to Statebuilders: Constructive Approaches to Engagement with Non-State Armed Groups in Fragile States Abstract: The global policy discourse and the war on terror tend to ignore the wide variety of roles and agendas of non-state armed groups (NSAGs), viewing them primarily as threats to security, negative for peace and as important spoilers that can undermine successful peace building. They tend to be closely linked with other forms of transnational threats such as international terrorism, crime, narcotics, human trafficking, and the illicit trade in small arms. The paper argues that engaging with NSAGs on the basis of their positive or potentially positive impacts is more productive. It emphasises the importance of distinguishing different types of NSAG and understanding their motivation, mobilisation, financing and popular support in order to assess their claims to legitimacy. Potential entry points and policy guidelines for donors include the need for “bottom-up” statebuilding efforts in capacity trap countries like Afghanistan and DRC, the inclusion of legitimate groups in peace settlements and greater focus on the positive role of NSAGs in statebuilding. Finally, for statebuilding efforts to be successful they must be framed within a broader template of regional peacebuilding to prevent the externalisation or spillover of conflict and fragility. Creation-Date: 2012-10-01 Number: 6 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:6-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Middlebrook Author-Workplace-Name: Geopolicity Inc. Title: Building a “Fragile Consensus”: Liberalisation and State Fragility Abstract: This research paper seeks to answer three central questions: (i) how can different forms of liberalisation be classified; (ii) how have liberalisation policies and measures affected conflict-affected and fragile states; and (iii) what are the essential institutional governance pre-conditions to manage the liberalisation-fragility interface? This research suggests that no single country conforms entirely to classical liberalism. Fragile states – many of which have long communist, socialist and patrimonial histories – exhibit a cocktail of economic personalities. They may best be referred to as “liberal-hybrids”. Research shows that while such states are highly exposed to global transmission channels for liberal market policies, many of these liberal hybrids fared better through the global financial crisis because of their adaptive mechanisms. There is, therefore, a great need to deepen understanding of the drivers of fragility and resilience in fragile states, and redefine proscriptive ideological approaches that drive economic and development policies in different directions. This paper focuses on four key pillars of liberal order policies: financial liberalisation, trade liberalisation, foreign direction investment and exchange rate management. These aspects are fundamental to growth, but “test” fragile institutions and societies too severely in many cases – aggravating fragility and creating inequitable growth patterns. Policy responses to mitigate risks and maximise benefits from adoption of these liberal order policies in fragile contexts have been stronger in theory (as the Post-Washington consensus era draws to a close) than in practice; fragile states are still subject to blueprint prescriptions and competitive political pressures. Drawing on country examples, this paper proposes future avenues for international research and action: (i) grouping fragile states according to a new set of vulnerability criteria on which to base support; (ii) developing a set of leading or proxy indicators to close the action-research time gap for fragile states; (iii) modelling fragile state responses to global risks towards early warning; (iv) integrating economic and development policies at national level; (v) staggering liberalisation policies to keep pace with institutional capacities; and (vi) prioritising internal economic cohesion. To create the analytical base, three fragile state case studies could be produced exploring liberalisation adoption from ideology and prescription to uptake pattern over time. Results could be synthesised by a newly established Global & Fragile Systems Contact Group, empowered to create the new metrics required to turn the New Deal into the “real deal” for fragile and conflict-affected states. Creation-Date: 2012-12-01 Number: 7 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:7-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Abdelkérim Ousman Author-Workplace-Name: Royal Military College of Canada Title: The Power of Radical Islamist Ideas in Fragile States in Parts of Sub-Saharan Africa Abstract: In parts of sub-Saharan Africa, radical Islamists are targeting fragile and conflict-affected states and encouraging the formation of groups which act against the state (either violently or subversively). These processes exacerbate existing fragility and increase conflicts among communities in countries that already suffer from poor social cohesion and integration. This paper describes the ideas and methods with which radical Islamist groups are destabilising some fragile and conflict-affected states in sub-Saharan Africa, such as Sudan, Nigeria and Chad. It also evaluates the extent to which modern communication technologies help spread these ideas among Islamists in these states. In supporting fragile and conflict-affected states that are being infiltrated by radical Islamism, international donors should tackle two related phenomena: 1) regulating the telecommunication market and use of the Internet and social media; and 2) improving education. The non-violent aspects of Islamist radicalisation processes suggest that a dialogue with radical Islamists is still possible. In this sense, some of their projects, particularly their efforts at Arabisation, could be harnessed to increase literacy levels in order to favour general education and development and diminish fragility. Creation-Date: 2012-12-01 Number: 8 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:8-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Anke Hoeffler Author-Workplace-Name: University of Oxford Title: Out of the Frying Pan into the Fire? Migration from Fragile States to Fragile States Abstract: Fragile states contributed 18 million migrants and 8 million refugees in 2000. More than 20% of these migrants and more than half of the refugees settle in other fragile states. Thus, migration is likely to be both a consequence and a possible cause of conflict and fragility. This paper asks why people from fragile states would want to move to another fragile state. Is it simply a question of jumping out of the frying pan into the fire – that migrants from fragile states have no other options than to settle in another fragile state? To investigate this question I analyse a new set of global data on the sources and destinations of migrants. This analysis generates genuinely new research for INCAF, and reveals that economic factors, such as the pull of higher incomes in destination countries, are important. The paper concludes by discussing how migration from fragile states in search of higher incomes and greater wellbeing is an important development strategy that should be supported. The research suggests that a new concept of development may be needed which looks beyond national borders to the countries where the migrants end up. This will require policies to ensure public acceptability in the host countries, however, such as bilateral agreements, temporary status for immigrants and restricting immigration to specific jobs or perhaps regions. Creation-Date: 2013-01-01 Number: 9 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:9-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Nicole Ball Author-Workplace-Name: Center for International Policy Author-Name: Luc van de Goor Author-Workplace-Name: Clingendael Institute Title: The Challenges of Supporting Effective Security and Justice Development Programming Abstract: Early 2010, the DAC International Network on Conflict and Fragility (INCAF) Task Team on Peacebuilding, Statebuilding and Security commissioned an analysis of the critical impediments to effective donor engagement in the area of security and justice development in conflict-affected and fragile environments. This analysis seeks to inform a change agenda to help make donor support to justice and security more effective. It is intended to serve as the base of a larger piece of work, and builds on the World Bank‘s 2011 World Development Report and the OECD‘s 2011 Policy Guidance on Supporting Statebuilding in Situations of Conflict and Fragility... Creation-Date: 2013-02-01 Number: 10 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Mariana Mirabile Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Julia Benn Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Cécile Sangaré Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Guarantees for Development Abstract: This Working Paper presents the results of a Survey on Guarantees for Development carried out in the context of the OECD DAC work to modernise statistics on external development finance post 2015. No comprehensive and internationally comparable data on guarantees for development and the volume of finance mobilised by them exist at present. This Survey aimed to fill this information gap by estimating the volume of private sector flows to developing countries mobilised by guarantee schemes. Guarantees for development purposes have mobilised over USD 15 billion of private sector flows to/in developing countries over the period of study (2009-11). This report analyses the data from the Survey (e.g. by sector and by country), includes a reflection on how the amount mobilised by guarantees can be captured at an international level and comments on the leverage ratio as a measure of efficiency of development finance. Creation-Date: 2013-09-01 Number: 11 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: William Hynes Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Simon Scott Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: The Evolution of Official Development Assistance: Achievements, Criticisms and a Way Forward Abstract: The definition of Official Development Assistance (ODA) has for 40 years been the global standard for measuring donor efforts in supporting development co-operation objectives. It has provided the yardstick for documenting the volume and the terms of the concessional resources provided, assessing donor performance against their aid pledges and enabling partner countries, civil society and others to hold donors to account. Yet for all its value, the ODA definition has always reflected a compromise between political expediency and statistical reality. It is based on interpretation and consensus and therefore allows for flexibility. It has evolved over the decades, while preserving the original concepts of a definition based on principal developmental motivation, official character and a degree of concessionality. While agreement on the ODA concept was a major achievement, discussion of the appropriateness of this measure has never ended. The paper documents the evolution of the ODA concept and proposes a possible new approach to measuring aid effort. Creation-Date: 2013-12-01 Number: 12 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:12-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Mitchell Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Risk and Resilience: From Good Idea to Good Practice Abstract: Resilience has gained significant prominence following the re-examination of the performance of the humanitarian and development aid systems in light of the two major food security crises in East and West Africa over the last two years, coupled with ongoing ‘post-2015’ negotiations on key global disaster risk reduction, climate change and development policy and resourcing. Resilience has largely been communicated by donor and other key actors as a political agenda, devoid of clear technical guidance as to its added value and how it changes programming on the ground. As a result, country staff are either cynical of its value, are confused as to what it means, or use it as another opportunity to attract funding or to justify their narrow institutional mandate. There are relatively few actors who engage with resilience armed with specific technical guidance informed by comprehensive risk and vulnerability analyses. The continued ‘improper’ application of resilience reinforces some views that this is another ‘buzzword’ or ‘fad’, devoid of real meaning for programming, and will mean that the approach will be eventually dropped from policy and programming when ‘the next big thing’ comes along. This study argues that resilience has sufficient technical added-value (distinct from resilience as a political agenda) and outlines how it can be applied to programming, and, in response to challenges on the ground how donors and key partners can incentivise integrating resilience into programming. There are also recommendations for further study to support further integration of resilience into programming. Creation-Date: 2013-12-16 Number: 13 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:13-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Michael King Author-Workplace-Name: Trinity College Dublin Title: Green Growth and Poverty Reduction: Policy Coherence for Pro-poor Growth Abstract: This paper explores the policy coherence for development (PCD) dimensions of green growth strategies pursued by OECD member states. The coherence challenge is to design OECD green growth policies in order to maximise the positive synergies and minimise the negatives effects on pro-poor growth in developing countries. Coherence issues across three cross-cutting themes, climate change, biodiversity and innovation policy, are considered, before a comprehensive set of PCD issues related to agricultural livelihoods, fisheries livelihoods and the energy and minor sectors in developing countries are discussed. In doing so three PCD case studies, Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA), the reform of EU biofuels policy and EU fisheries access, are presented and lessons for the green growth agenda are derived. Keywords: biofuels Policy, fisheries policy, green growth, intellectual property rights, policy coherence for development, Pro-poor Growth Creation-Date: 2013-12-16 Number: 14 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:14-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Rachel Slater Author-Workplace-Name: Overseas Development Institute Author-Name: Rebecca Holmes Author-Workplace-Name: Overseas Development Institute Author-Name: Nicholas Mathers Author-Workplace-Name: Overseas Development Institute Title: Food and Nutrition (in-)Security and Social Protection Abstract: Social protection measures are policy instruments that are widely used across a broad range of developing countries in pursuit of many different development objectives. In many cases social protection measures such as food or cash transfers were first introduced to ensure minimum levels of food security for vulnerable households. However, as the policy objectives became more numerous and varied, the relationship between food security and social protection have become less prominent. This paper refocuses attention on the linkages between social protection and food and nutrition security and aims to contribute to better integrated policies on food and nutrition (in-)security and social protection, particularly among Development Assistance Committee (DAC) members and their partners. The paper explores the conceptual linkages between social protection measures and food and nutrition security, examines the evidence of practical benefits that different social protection instruments can deliver and assesses the linkages between the two subjects in the international development policy agenda and concludes by proposing ways to better integrate the two issues within development policies and by identifying the main challenges and trade-offs that DAC members and their partners are likely to face. Creation-Date: 2014-05-12 Number: 15 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:15-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christophe Béné Author-Name: Terry Cannon Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Development Studies Author-Name: Mark Davies Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Development Studies Author-Name: Andrew Newsham Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Development Studies Author-Name: Thomas Tanner Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Development Studies Title: Social Protection and Climate Change Abstract: Climate change has already resulted in climate-related extreme events of greater frequency and/or intensity. This, along with long-term changes in average conditions (whether in temperature or rainfall), is likely to continue to have a major impact on livelihoods. Developing countries will be especially affected by such events – and more specifically, the poor people in developing countries – because of their geographical exposure and their greater reliance on climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture. Social protection offers a wide range of instruments (e.g. cash transfers, insurance products, pension schemes and employment guarantee schemes) that can be used to support households that are particularly vulnerable to both the ongoing and acute impacts of climate changes. Although the evidence base showing how these measures can help those affected prevent and cope with climate challenges is still limited, this paper aims to provide a condensed review of the current knowledge and evidence about the role of social protection in reducing the impact of climate change on the poorest populations and provides a series of recommendations for both social protection and climate change practitioners and for strengthening the evidence base. Creation-Date: 2014-06-05 Number: 16 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:16-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Lydia Poole Title: A Calculated Risk: How Donors Should Engage with Risk Financing and Transfer Mechanisms Abstract: Better financial preparedness against risk is a central part of a comprehensive approach to disaster management. Risk financing and risk transfer are approaches to planning for risks that cannot be reduced or avoided practically or cost-effectively and may include a strategy and practical measures to ensure the availability of funds for post-disaster relief and reconstruction, commensurate with the scale and frequency of anticipated risks. Risk financing is of growing interest to a wide range of development and humanitarian actors searching for solutions to bridge a growing global post-disaster financing gap. This report describes key features of risk financing and risk transfer, examines some of the current challenges at the contextual and programmatic levels as well as institutional challenges donors might face in engaging in risk financing and recommends a set of principles and policy approaches to guide future donor support and engagement. Creation-Date: 2014-07-15 Number: 17 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:17-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Rachel Scott Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Imagining More Effective Humanitarian Aid: A Donor Perspective Abstract: This paper is intended to provoke debate, and stimulate further thinking and study, about humanitarian effectiveness, and what that will mean for donors and other stakeholders, in the run-up to the World Humanitarian Summit in 2016. Today’s humanitarian system is made up of many different moving parts. These different parts are guided by different standards and learning initiatives, all aimed at promoting an effective humanitarian response. However, the system itself does not yet have a core set of shared values, and it is not clear whether the overall humanitarian endeavour is fit for purpose or optimally configured, given the challenges of a changing global context, and the increasing complexity of crises. A common framework for humanitarian effectiveness, designed to promote collective responsibility and mutual accountability, would ensure that each actor would be held accountable for their contribution to the same characteristics of effectiveness – based on what they can control, what they can influence and where they advocate – no matter who was assessing them. No doubt, a shared understanding of humanitarian effectiveness will also stimulate change in the design, tools and approaches, and results measurement, within the humanitarian system. Creation-Date: 2014-10-07 Number: 18 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:18-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kaori Miyamoto Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Kim Biousse Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Official Support for Private Sector Participation in Developing Country Infrastructure Abstract: The objective of this study is to take stock of support by bilateral and multilateral donors for private sector participation in developing country infrastructure. It tries to draw out trends, opportunities and challenges, collective activities to address them, and possible further actions for the Development Assistance Committee (DAC). The exercise tries to contribute to the aim of using development co-operation more strategically in leveraging other development related flows. The methodology involved research on 22 donor policies and institutions, as well as data analysis of the DAC’s Creditor Reporting System. The results of the study indicate that official development finance (ODF) for infrastructure is increasing, with a sizable proportion disbursed to support the private sector directly, mostly through loans and equity by bilateral and multilateral development finance institutions (DFIs). However, almost 70% is directed to infrastructure in upper middle income countries, where the domestic financial sector might be relatively developed, which raises the question of additionality of official support. In terms of sectors, 60% of support to the private sector goes to energy, particularly to renewables, such as hydro, wind, solar, and geothermal energy. This is followed by transport, telecommunications, and water. Export credit agencies also provide significant amount of financing to developing country infrastructure. Donors further provide about 15% of funding to help improve the enabling environment for investment by building the capacity of partner government ministries, public-private-partnership units, regional organisations, or local administrations. Conclusions include the need for better co-ordination among various agencies or units involved in supporting infrastructure development within donor countries or multilateral institutions as well as the establishment of a transparent monitoring mechanism of DFI activities to ensure additionality and development effectiveness. Creation-Date: 2014-07-11 Number: 19 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:19-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Robin Davies Author-Workplace-Name: Australian National University Author-Name: Jonathan Pickering Author-Workplace-Name: Australian National University Title: Making Development Co-operation Fit for the Future: A Survey of Partner Countries Abstract: This paper provides insights into what partner country governments anticipate will be their main development challenges within five to ten years, and into how they expect their relationships with DAC development assistance providers to evolve in order to meet these challenges. Based on results from an OECD-commissioned survey of 40 developing country governments, it finds that demand for development co-operation will remain strong given the economic and environmental challenges that lie ahead. However, the countries surveyed expect DAC providers to shift to a more enabling role in the coming years: providing vital finance, but in support of government-led sector programmes; delivering more and better technical and policy support; and leveraging more private finance. This paper will inform the OECD Development Co-operation Directorate’s ‘Agency of the Future’ project, which seeks to identify how DAC members’ development administrations will need to adapt in order to be fit for purpose in a rapidly changing world. Creation-Date: 2015-02-04 Number: 20 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:20-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Drutschinin Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Juan Casado Asensio Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Jan Corfee-Morlot Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Dilys Roe Author-Workplace-Name: International Institute for Environment and Development Title: Biodiversity and Development Co-operation Abstract: This paper considers how development co-operation is addressing the twin objectives of biodiversity conservation and sustainable use on the one hand, and development and poverty reduction on the other. It outlines how development co-operation can a) support mainstreaming biodiversity and ecosystem services into development; b) manage for results, particularly across trade-offs and synergies; c) incorporate monitoring and evaluating approaches into biodiversity-related development co-operation activities; and d) better align and harmonise providers’ activities with partner country priorities. The paper showcases examples of how development co-operation is supporting conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystem services. It also identifies areas where more research is needed, such as sharing experience with the tools and good practices available for successful mainstreaming, and developing indicators to improve monitoring and evaluation to boost understanding of the effectiveness of biodiversity-related development interventions and of the relative performance of different mainstreaming approaches. Creation-Date: 2015-05-01 Number: 21 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:21-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Rachel Scott Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Financing in Crisis?: Making humanitarian finance fit for the future Abstract: Building on the useful recommendations of the Future Humanitarian Financing initiative, this paper takes the view that ensuring enough quality money for humanitarian crises is not just about writing a bigger cheque. The money also needs to arrive in the right place, in the right way, and at the right time. The paper focuses on the following areas, learning from good practices by DAC members and attempting to find solutions to common challenges: - Predictable funding for predicable costs. - Funding for longer-term – protracted – crises that helps boost the resilience of crisis-affected communities; going beyond immediate life-threatening needs and supporting self-reliance. - Reworking funding tools and approaches for crises in middle income countries – learning from the challenges facing the Syrian Arab Republic affected region. - Thinking differently about funding disaster response and recovery, and about funding disaster affected states and local response actors. - Making the money go further; reducing the cost, and increasing the cost-benefit, of humanitarian operations. Keywords: crisis, development, finance, risk, shocks Creation-Date: 2015-06-18 Number: 22 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:22-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Drutschinin Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Stephanie Ockenden Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Financing for Development in Support of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Abstract: This paper considers the key financing challenges and opportunities for realising both biodiversity conservation and sustainable development objectives. It considers the full range of possible sources, from public and private, domestic and international sources, but has a focus on public resources. The first part of this paper examines trends in bilateral commitments of official development assistance (ODA) targeting biodiversity objectives, drawing on OECD development assistance committee (DAC) creditor reporting system (CRS) statistics. The paper also discusses the effectiveness of these finance flows in achieving long-lasting results. The second part of the paper explores how development co-operation can support partner countries to mobilise and access other sources of finance for biodiversity, through mechanisms such as environmental fiscal reform, payments for ecosystem services, market creation mechanisms for green products, and conservation trust funds. Support can target the development of knowledge, technical skills, and strengthen governance and legal institutions. The paper concludes with suggested areas for further research to gain a deeper understanding of biodiversity-related development finance. Classification-JEL: O2; Q Keywords: biodiversity, development co-operation, development finance, ecosystem services, natural resources management Creation-Date: 2015-06-20 Number: 23 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:23-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Simon Scott Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: The accidental birth of “official development assistance” Abstract: Official development assistance (ODA) has been the standard measure of foreign aid for 45 years, but its creation was largely accidental, and followed no plan. Its origins lie with efforts by the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in the early 60s to soften and harmonise the terms of aid to developing countries. The DAC agreed a first Recommendation on aid terms in 1965, but its targets were complex and its quantities not adequately defined. An underlying difficulty was identifying which loans were soft enough to count as aid and thus be subject to the disciplines. Among metrics for valuing the concession embodied in loans, the “grant element” methodology proved the most fruitful, and it was used to refine the targets in a 1969 Supplement to the Recommendation. That Supplement introduced the idea of “official development assistance”, but without defining it. It was not until the 1972 revision of the Terms Recommendation that ODA was fully defined. This included setting a minimum grant element for an ODA loan and a single target for the overall “softness” of aid programmes. Special terms targets were agreed for a new category of Least Developed Countries. Though not perfect, the 1972 decisions created an integrated and fully specified system for monitoring aid volume and softening aid terms. The process that produced this result turned on interactions between the OECD and the UN system that helped generate the required innovations in concepts and techniques. Creation-Date: 2015-09-01 Number: 24 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:24-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kaori Miyamoto Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Emilio Chiofalo Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Official Development Finance for Infrastructure: Support by Multilateral and Bilateral Development Partners Abstract: The main objective of this study is to offer an overall picture of support by multilateral and bilateral development partners to development country infrastructure. By presenting an overview of the scale, distribution, and modality of development co-operation for infrastructure, the report is expected to contribute to discussions and further research in international fora on how to fill the financing gap, particularly by mobilising the private sector. However, the report does not generally make assessments against development objectives nor provide policy recommendations. The methodology mainly involved analysing the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC)’s Creditor Reporting System data on Official Development Finance (ODF) for the infrastructure sectors (water and sanitation, transport, energy, and communications). Desk research was also conducted on gaps in infrastructure financing as well as support by major development partners that do not report to the DAC at the activity level. Keywords: development, development co-operation, development finance, enabling environments, infrastructure, private investment Creation-Date: 2015-10-14 Number: 25 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:25-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Julia Benn Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Cécile Sangaré Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Tomáš Hos Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Giovanni Maria Semeraro Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Amounts Mobilised from the Private Sector by Official Development Finance Interventions: Guarantees, syndicated loans and shares in collective investment vehicles Abstract: According to the 2015 DAC Survey on mobilisation, USD 36.4 billion was mobilised from the private sector in 2012-14 through official development finance interventions in the form of guarantees, syndicated loans and shares in collective investment vehicles (development-related investment funds). Overall flows followed an upward trend over the period covered by the survey, with guarantees mobilising the largest share (59%). Multilateral development banks took the lead in mobilising finance mostly through guarantees, followed by the national development finance institutions. Middle-income countries received the largest share of the amount mobilised, mainly targeting the energy, industry and banking sectors. Of the total amount mobilised, 19% was climate-related, most of it focusing on climate change mitigation. This working paper provides more details about the Survey results. Keywords: blended finance, development finance, leveraging, mobilisation, private sector development Creation-Date: 2016-02-10 Number: 26 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:26-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Nicholas Robin Author-Name: Thilo Klein Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Johannes Jütting Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Public-Private Partnerships for Statistics: Lessons Learned, Future Steps: A focus on the use of non-official data sources for national statistics and public policy Abstract: Non-official sources of data, big data in particular, are currently attracting enormous interest in the world of official statistics. An impressive body of work focuses on how different types of big data (telecom data, social media, sensors and geospatial data, etc.) can be used to fill specific data gaps, especially with regard to the post-2015 agenda and the associated technology challenges. This paper focuses on different aspects of big data, but ones that are of crucial importance: what are the perspectives of the commercial operations and national statistical offices that respectively produce and might use this data; and which incentives, business models and protocols are needed to leverage non-official data sources within the official statistics community? Keywords: big data, business model, national statistical offices, non-official sources of data, public private partnerships Creation-Date: 2016-02-29 Number: 27 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:27-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sáni Ye Zou Author-Name: Stephanie Ockenden Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: What Enables Effective International Climate Finance in the Context of Development Co-operation? Abstract: In response to on-going discussions on the relationship between international climate finance and development finance, this paper explores what enables effective international climate finance in the context of development co-operation. Through interviews, views were elicited from selected international climate finance stakeholders representing climate finance recipient and provider countries, as well as experts from international organisations and research institutions. Identified enabling conditions reveal common grounds and differences across stakeholder groups. This offers a possible starting point for further dialogue aiming to advance the international climate and development finance agendas in a harmonised manner. Keywords: climate finance, development co-operation, mainstreaming, national planning Creation-Date: 2016-06-30 Number: 28 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:28-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Juan Casado Asensio Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Anna Drutschinin Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Jan Corfee-Morlot Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Gisela Campillo Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Mainstreaming Adaptation in National Development Planning Abstract: This Working Paper explores progress in the integration or mainstreaming of adaptation and related objectives into national development planning. It first provides an overview of the international mechanisms, including finance, to support the mainstreaming of climate change adaptation into development planning and policies in developing countries. Through a review of relevant planning documents in fifteen developing countries, it then examines key features in adaptation planning and mainstreaming of adaptation into development planning. These countries were because they have been amongst the highest recipients of adaptation-related bilateral development finance. The research provides a snapshot of current practice. Despite heightened international efforts to support developing countries, evidence of mainstreaming adaptation was only found in a few of the countries and in a few of the sectors studied here. It also found that where mainstreaming is occurring, linkages exist with other policy objectives including poverty reduction, promoting biodiversity and ecosystems, and urban and rural development. The findings may be a useful starting point to guide policy-relevant research, such as to what extent mainstreaming may be occurring on the ground (or not) and how well this progress is reflected in planning documents, as well as how to improve the effectiveness of development co-operation targeting adaptation. The paper may also help inform international efforts under the UNFCCC that are designed to support developing countries to mainstream adaptation priorities into development planning and policy. Classification-JEL: N5; O13; O19; P48; Q56 Keywords: adaptation, climate change, development, mainstreaming Creation-Date: 2016-08-06 Number: 29 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:29-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kaori Miyamoto Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Emilio Chiofalo Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Official Development Finance for Infrastructure: With a Special Focus on Multilateral Development Banks Abstract: This working paper provides a broad picture of official financial flows for infrastructure development in developing countries by bilateral and multilateral development partners. Multilateral development banks are further examined in a special section. The paper offers an overview volumes and distributions of financial flows, including those channelled to private sector operations and those mobilised from the private sector by guarantees, syndicated loans and collective investment vehicles. This report, which builds on previous work on the topic, will contribute to research and policy dialogue on filling the financial gap in infrastructure in developing countries. It will also support the monitoring of Sustainable Development Goal 9 and the discussions of the G20 on infrastructure development. Keywords: Development Agency, donor, Infrastructure, Multilateral Development Bank, Official Development Finance Creation-Date: 2016-12-15 Number: 30 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:30-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Tara Shine Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Gisela Campillo Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: The Role of Development Finance in Climate Action Post-2015 Abstract: This working paper reflects on the outcomes of the 2015 agreements on development and environment including the Sendai Framework, the Addis Ababa Action Agenda, the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals, and the Paris Agreement. It identifies common themes emerging from the international agreements and their implications for development co-operation providers and their partners. The paper outlines existing synergies between climate and development finance and proposes factors to improve coherence for sustainable development with a particular focus on the role of development co-operation providers in the post-2015 context. The paper contributes to the discussion about how the international community can successfully deliver on the commitments to sustainable development and climate action made in 2015. Classification-JEL: N5; O19; P48; Q56 Keywords: climate change, climate finance, development co-operation, development finance, sustainable development Creation-Date: 2016-12-22 Number: 31 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:31-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kaori Miyamoto Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Emilio Chiofalo Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Development Co-operation for Private Sector Development: Analytical Framework and Measuring Official Development Finance Abstract: This Working Paper provides an analytical framework of development co-operation for private sector development (PSD) and a measurement to capture relevant Official Development Finance (ODF). PSD is defined as development co-operation which addresses relevant policies and institutions, market functioning and enterprise resources. It aims to improve the investment climate and productive capacity of the local private sector—particularly of small- and medium-sized enterprises—including through developing physical infrastructure.The analysis shows that development partners disbursed roughly a third of total ODF each on helping improve the investment climate, productive capacity, and physical infrastructure. For the investment climate, large amounts were allocated to macro-economic stability and public governance. To boost productive capacity, support to financial services – particularly to commercial banks that on-lend to SMEs and investments in equity funds – was particularly high. Finally, for physical infrastructure, about half the ODF went to transport, particularly roads, and a third to energy. Keywords: Development Finance, Investment Climate, Private Sector Development, Productive Capacity, SDGs Creation-Date: 2017-03-31 Number: 32 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:32-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Julia Benn Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Willem Luijkx Title: Emerging providers’ international co-operation for development Abstract: This paper shows that development co-operation from emerging providers – i.e. countries beyond the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) – significantly increased in recent years, reaching 17% of total global development co-operation in 2014. It also presents a rough estimate, of USD 300 billion, of broader international co-operation by emerging providers and it sets out what types of instruments are used to provide this broader international co-operation.Very little is known about broader international co-operation by emerging providers and the scarce information that is available on different countries cannot be compared. This paper concludes that more information on, and a global measure of, international co-operation for development are needed to enable developing countries to manage the external support they receive and to enable further analysis of the increasingly important role that emerging providers play in developing countries. Classification-JEL: O1; O10; O19; O2; O24 Keywords: China, Development co-operation, Emerging, South Africa, Transparency Creation-Date: 2017-04-21 Number: 33 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:33-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Naeeda Crishna Morgado Author-Name: Bérénice Lasfargues Title: Engaging the Private Sector for Green Growth and Climate Action: An Overview of Development Co-Operation Efforts Abstract: The private sector plays an important role in supporting green growth in developing countries. As a result, there is increasing emphasis for development co-operation providers to integrate private sector engagement (PSE) approaches into their programmes on green growth and climate change. This paper provides an overview of activities in this area, estimating that 22% of climate-related development finance supported PSE activities in 2013. It also presents a stock-taking of efforts to: mobilise private climate investment, promote green private sector development and harness skills and knowledge of private actors. The paper highlights some challenges and lessons learned, such as the need for PSE to target a wider range of environmental issues, the importance of investing in integrated approaches to enable the development of pipelines, and the need to align private sector approaches with national contexts. The findings in this paper contribute to the discussion on how development co-operation providers can improve the effectiveness of PSE approaches to promote green growth and climate action, and may be a useful starting point to guide evidence-based policy relevant research. Classification-JEL: O13; O19; O44; Q56 Keywords: climate change, climate finance, development co-operation, development finance, green growth, green investment, private sector development, Private sector engagement Creation-Date: 2017-05-16 Number: 34 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:34-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Valentina Sanna Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Ida McDonnell Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Data for Development: DAC member priorities and challenges Abstract: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development commits the international community to support the modernisation and strengthening of national statistical capacities and systems in developing countries and to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely, reliable and disaggregated data to measure their progress against the Sustainable Development Goals. This paper, informed by a survey circulated among DAC members between February and April 2017, presents DAC members’ policies and practices to support national statistical capacities and systems in developing countries. It highlights some of the main challenges that DAC members face in relation to making data work for sustainable development, notably in co-ordinating their support for statistics to avoid duplication and find synergies, in mobilising more resources, and in using quality data for development co-operation decision-making, programming, monitoring and reporting. The findings presented in this paper will inform the analysis of the 2017 Development Co-operation Report on Data for Development which will be published in October 2017. The report will provide guidance to providers of development assistance on how to best support developing countries to have and use quality and timely data for enabling delivery of the SDGs. Classification-JEL: O1; O10; O19; O2; O20; O21; O22 Keywords: data, development co-operation, evidence-based, SDGs, statistics Creation-Date: 2017-06-17 Number: 35 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:35-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Julia Benn Author-Name: Cécile Sangaré Author-Name: Tomáš Hos Title: Amounts Mobilised from the Private Sector by Official Development Finance Interventions: Guarantees, syndicated loans, shares in collective investment vehicles, direct investment in companies, credit lines Abstract: This working paper presents the results of the 2016 OECD-DAC Survey on amounts mobilised from the private sector in 2012-2015 by official development finance interventions, in particular in the form of guarantees, syndicated loans, shares in collective investment vehicles, direct investment in companies and credit lines. The results indicate that during 2012-2015 USD 81.1 billion was mobilised from the private sector, mainly through guarantees for which the amounts mobilised represented 44% of the total. They also show that most of the amounts mobilised supported projects in middle-income countries (77%), especially in Africa which was the main beneficiary region (30%). Classification-JEL: C1; C8; F3 Keywords: 2030 Agenda, blended finance, leveraging, Mobilisation, TOSSD Creation-Date: 2017-08-30 Number: 36 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:36-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Héloïse Ruaudel Author-Name: Susanna Morrison-Métois Title: Responding to Refugee Crises in Developing Countries: What Can We Learn From Evaluations? Abstract: Displacement is at a historic high, with over 65 million individuals currently displaced. The world is facing a refugee crisis that is unprecedented in scale. A large number of evaluations look at different aspects of programming in response to refugee crises in developing countries. This paper covers the key areas and priority topics related to forced displacement identified by the Development Assisstance Committee Temporary Working Group on Refugees and Migration. It draws from evaluation findings to highlight key lessons and recommendations for positive change going forward.Key topics covered in the paper include: lessons on bridging the gap between humanitarian and development programming; efforts to strengthen international response to protracted crises; lessons on whole-of-government approaches in refugee contexts; learning from work in urban settings; improving access to employment and quality education; new financing mechanisms for refugee crises in middle income countries; and lessons on financing in response to the Syria crisis. The paper highlights the evaluation work of DAC members and aims to help strengthen the evidence base to improve response to situations of displacement in developing countries. Classification-JEL: F51; F53; F55; I31; J61; K37; L31; L38; O15; O19; R23 Keywords: Afghanistan, conflict and fragility, donors, drivers of conflict, education, evaluation, financing mechanisms, forced displacement, fragile states, funding channels, humanitarian and development nexus, Jordan, Lebanon, policy coherence, population movements, protracted displacement, refugee children, refugee crises in middle income countries, refugee crisis, refugee employment, refugees, resilience protracted crises, root causes of conflict, secondary displacement, Somalia, South Sudan, stabilisation, Syria, urban settings, whole-of-government Creation-Date: 2017-09-13 Number: 37 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:37-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Héloïse Ruaudel Author-Name: Susanna Morrison-Métois Title: Responding to Refugee Crises: Lessons from evaluations in Ethiopia and Uganda as countries of destination Abstract: This working paper is a case study on Ethiopia and Uganda as countries of destination for refugees. The case study looks at the approaches adopted in Ethiopia and Uganda to promote refugee self-reliance and enable refugees to work to earn income. It compares outcomes in the countries, with a specific focus on access to employment and business creation, including legal and socio-economic barriers. The case study draws from a number of evaluations of efforts by the international community to support Ethiopian and Ugandan initiatives. The case study was undertaken as part of a wider research project on learning from evaluations to improve responses to refugee crises in developing countries and supports the synthesis paper "Responding to Refugee Crises in Developing Countries: What Can We Learn From Evaluations?" Classification-JEL: F51; F53; F55; I31; J61; K37; L31; L38; O15; O19; R23 Keywords: access to labour markets, business creation, development, Ethiopia, evaluation, host countries, livelihoods, refugee crisis, refugee employment, refugee self-reliance, refugees, Uganda Creation-Date: 2017-09-13 Number: 38 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:38-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Susanna Morrison-Métois Title: Responding to Refugee Crises: Lessons from evaluations in South Sudan as a country of origin Abstract: This working paper is a case study on South Sudan as an important refugee country of origin. The case study looks at issues of forced displacement in South Sudan and underscores the linkages between internally displaced persons and South Sudanese refugees. The case study highlights the importance of under­standing local contexts and root drivers of conflict and displacement. It reviews evaluations of programmes in South Sudan, including past efforts at state building and refugee resettlement to look at learning within the international community. The study was undertaken as part of a wider research project on learning from evaluations to improve responses to situations of forced displacement and supports the synthesis paper "Responding to Refugee Crises in Developing Countries: What Can We Learn From Evaluations?" Classification-JEL: F51; F53; F55; I31; J61; K37; L31; L38; O15; O19; R23 Keywords: displacement, drivers of conflict, ethnic conflict, evaluation, famine, forced displacement, human rights abuses, IDPs, internally displaced persons, local context, refugee resettlement, refugee return, refugees, South Sudan, state building, UNMISS, voluntary returns Creation-Date: 2017-09-13 Number: 39 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:39-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Susanna Morrison-Métois Title: Responding to Refugee Crises: Lessons from evaluations in Afghanistan as a country of origin Abstract: This working paper is a case study on Afghanistan as a refugee country of origin. The case study looks at whole-of-government efforts by OECD member countries in Afghanistan, specifically looking at how states have co-ordinated development, diplomatic and defence resources in a refugee country of origin. The case study also examines efforts by the international community to promote stability and state building objectives. The case study was undertaken as part of a wider research project on learning from evaluations to improve responses to situations of forced displacement and supports the synthesis paper "Responding to Refugee Crises in Developing Countries: What Can We Learn From Evaluations?" Classification-JEL: F51; F53; F55; I31; J61; K37; L31; L38; O15; O19; R23 Keywords: 3D, conflict and fragility, corruption, diplomatic defence and development, displacement, evaluation, forced returns, ISAF, NATO, ODA, Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs), refugees, stabilisation, state building, whole-of-government Creation-Date: 2017-09-13 Number: 40 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:40-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Juan Casado Asensio Author-Name: Nadine Piefer Title: Breaking Down the Myths of Triangular Co-operation in Middle East and North Africa Abstract: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development identifies triangular co-operation as a promising modality to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Triangular co-operation is thought mainly to happen in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). This working paper shows that triangular co-operation is a modality that is also used in other regions and therefore dispels the myth that there is little triangular co-operation in the Middle East and North Africa. Arab countries and institutions engage in triangular co-operation, be it as pivotal, facilitating or beneficiary partner. Yet, their activities, approaches and solutions to tackle development challenges have not been sufficiently captured in research on the topic. Arab triangular co-operation activities are of relatively longer duration and have bigger budgets than general triangular co-operation trends; activities often follow clear guidelines and are integrated into broader development co-operation strategies – even if Arab providers do not always characterise their activities as ‘triangular’. To conclude, this working paper identifies the added value of triangular co-operation in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and shows how triangular co-operation can promote further collaboration between the Arab providers and the members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), thus helping them to be more effective in supporting partner countries to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. Classification-JEL: O1; O20; O5 Keywords: Arab providers, development co-operation, Official Development Assistance, Sustainable Development Goals, Triangular Co-operation Creation-Date: 2018-02-15 Number: 41 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:41-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Guillaume Delalande Author-Name: Raundi Halvorson-Quevedo Author-Name: Cécile Sangaré Title: The Philippines’ Perspective on TOSSD Abstract: This working paper presents the results of the country pilot carried out in the Philippines in 2017 in the context of the development of the new framework of total official support for sustainable development (TOSSD). The results of the pilot indicate the potential of TOSSD for the Philippines as an international measurement standard and as a useful contribution to overall transparency. It also demonstrates the necessity to urgently advance the technical design of the measure, including by looking at the definition, motivations and scope of cross-border flows in the context of TOSSD. For the measure to be useful, it is critical that it captures the totality of official development finance, including both official and officially supported resources, along with “satellite” indicators on the broader financing landscape. The inclusion of certain flows (such as export credits or South-South and Triangular co-operation) in TOSSD requires additional engagement and consultation. The pilot also provides a first estimate of TOSSD flows for the Philippines at approximately USD 3.5 billion (based on 2014-2015 proxy data). The total amount of TOSSD resources received by the Philippines is close to two and half times the amount of ODA provided to the country. Classification-JEL: C4; F3 Keywords: Development Finance, Philippines, SDG, TOSSD, Transparency Creation-Date: 2018-03-23 Number: 42 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:42-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Guillaume Delalande Author-Name: Valérie Gaveau Title: Senegal’s Perspective on TOSSD Abstract: This working paper presents the results of the first country pilot carried out in a recipient country in the context of the development of the new framework of total official support for sustainable development (TOSSD). The results of the pilot indicate that a global measurement framework such as TOSSD is very much needed in light of profound changes in the development finance landscape, particularly given the new role played by emerging economies and related flows. The pilot also highlights the critical role that TOSSD could play in supporting transparency of development finance flows, particularly in capturing information about different components of complex financing arrangements, which would enable countries to learn from other countries’ experience in leveraging finance. The paper sheds light on critical questions related to the TOSSD measure, including the inclusion of private amounts mobilised through public interventions in the framework or of investments in global programmes supporting development enablers and addressing global challenges. The pilot study also provides estimates of orders of magnitude of total official support for sustainable development to Senegal. Classification-JEL: C4; F3 Keywords: Development Finance, SDG, Senegal, TOSSD, Transparency Creation-Date: 2018-03-23 Number: 43 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:43-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Julia Benn Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Cécile Sangaré Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Tomáš Hos Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Private Foundations’ Giving for Development in 2013-2015: Ongoing efforts to better reflect private philanthropic giving in OECD-DAC statistics on development finance Abstract: This working paper presents the results of the 2016-17 OECD data Survey on Global Private Philanthropy for Development and describes how this exercise relates to - and aims to complement - the existing regular data collection on development finance by the OECD Development Co-operation Directorate. Classification-JEL: F3; F35; G23; I15; I25 Keywords: 2030 Agenda, AAAA, development co-operation,, OECD-DAC statistics, Private philanthropic foundations Creation-Date: 2018-03-07 Number: 44 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:44-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Galina Alova Author-Name: José Carlos Orihuela Author-Name: Katia Karousakis Title: Mainstreaming biodiversity and development in Peru: Insights and lessons learned Abstract: Peru relies significantly on its abundant natural capital for economic growth, development and human well-being. At the same time, the country’s rich terrestrial and marine biodiversity is subject to high pressure as a result of land-use change, overexploitation, industrial development and illegal mining and logging activities. This paper examines Peru’s efforts to integrate biodiversity into decision-making at different levels of the government and in various sectors of the economy. The analysis finds that the Peruvian government recognises the risk that depletion of the country’s natural capital may substantially undermine the long-term sustainability of the economy. Significant progress has been made to mainstream biodiversity, for example, through the creation of an enabling institutional and legal framework. However, a number of challenges remain, requiring targeted effective solutions, such as strengthening capacity of the public sector with a focus on the sub-national level, improving the quality and coverage of data to inform biodiversity mainstreaming, and scaling up biodiversity finance including through the use of economic instruments. Classification-JEL: Q5; Q57 Keywords: Biodiversity, ecosystem services, mainstreaming, Peru, sustainable development Creation-Date: 2018-07-10 Number: 45 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:45-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Rachel Morris Author-Name: Olivier Cattaneo Author-Name: Konstantin Poensgen Title: Cabo Verde Transition Finance Country Pilot Abstract: A transition finance country pilot was initiated by the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in partnership with the government of Cabo Verde. The study aims to capture the challenges facing Cabo Verde following graduation from Least Developed Country (LDC) to Lower Middle Income Category (LMIC), including the shifting financing for sustainable development landscape, the mounting risk of debt distress and the economic and environmental vulnerabilities as a Small Island Developing States (SIDS). In line with the Addis Ababa Action Agenda (AAAA), the pilot study proposes a new “ABC” approach targeted to assess all available sources of financing (ODA, OOF, private investment, domestic resources, and remittances), identify emerging SDG financing gaps and promote better alignment of resources with national financing for sustainable development strategies. Classification-JEL: E6; E61; F13; F24; F3; F34; F35; F4; F63; G2; H1; H2; H5; H6; I1; O1; O11; O2; O23; P45; Q2; Z32 Keywords: 2030 Agenda, Addis Ababa Action Agenda, Cabo Verde, Debt sustainability, Financing for Sustainable Development, Integrated National Financing Frameworks, LDC graduation, LDCs, OECD DAC, SDGs, SIDS, Transition finance Creation-Date: 2018-11-23 Number: 46 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:46-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Beatrice Di Francesco Author-Name: Ida McDonnell Title: Leave No One Behind: How are Development Assistance Committee members answering the pledge of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development? Abstract: In 2015, UN Member States and the international community more broadly endorsed the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Agenda’s commitment to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals for everyone to leave no one behind. This working paper presents and analyses the findings of a survey circulated to members of the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) between April and May 2018. The survey investigated the level and extent of commitment to leave no one behind in development co-operation policies, strategies and programming. It also gathered views and evidence from DAC members about the comparative advantage, opportunities, challenges and strategies for answering this pledge of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The findings presented in this paper inform the analysis of the 2018 Development Co-operation Report: Joining Forces to Leave No One Behind. Classification-JEL: C80; F50; F53; F55; F63; H1; H4; H8 Keywords: 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, DAC members, Disaggregated Data, Donor, Equity, Inclusive, Inequality, Least developed countries, Leave no one behind, Multidimensional poverty, ODA, OECD, SDG, Sustainable Development Goals, United Nations, Vulnerability Creation-Date: 2018-11-28 Number: 47 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:47-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kathleen Forichon Title: Financing Refugee Hosting Contexts: An analysis of the DAC’s contribution to burden- and responsibility-sharing in supporting refugees and their host communities Abstract: Protecting and supporting refugees is an important responsibility of the international community. The Global Compact on Refugees (GCR) was proposed in 2018 to establish a more predictable and equitable sharing of burdens and responsibilities among United Nations Member States when it comes to fulfilling these obligations. This working paper presents and analyses the findings of a survey circulated to members of the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) between July and September 2018. The survey investigated trends in official development assistance (ODA) and plans for future funding to programmes and projects that support refugees and their host communities, as well as other, non-funding efforts and responses that DAC members are making in support of refugees. The findings of this paper will establish a baseline for monitoring progress toward “funding and effective and efficient use of resources” as one of the key tools for meeting the commitments of the GCR. The paper examines some of the strengths and challenges of current donor practices, and recommends a set of priorities to guide future donor support and engagement in order to promote good donorship and to support the international community in meeting the GCR’s objectives. Classification-JEL: F35 Keywords: burden- and responsibility-sharing, coherence, core contributions, financing, forced displacement, fragility, Global Compact on Refugees, humanitarian, New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants, ODA, Official Development Assistance, peace, refugees, SDGs Creation-Date: 2018-12-17 Number: 48 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:48-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jieun Kim Author-Name: Olivier Cattaneo Author-Name: Arnaud Pincet Author-Name: Konstantin Poensgen Title: Transition Finance Challenges for Commodity-based Least Developed Countries: The example of Zambia Abstract: The Zambia country pilot study was conducted by the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) to explore the challenges of transition finance for a commodity-based Least Developed Country (LDC). In particular, debt sustainability concerns are viewed within the context of the shifting financing for sustainable development landscape of Zambia following its re-classification to Lower Middle Income Category (LMIC).In line with the Addis Ababa Action Agenda (AAAA), the pilot study proposes a new “ABC” approach targeted to assess all available sources of financing (official development finance, private investment, domestic resources, and remittances), identify emerging SDG financing gaps and promote better alignment of resources with national financing for sustainable development strategies. Classification-JEL: H2; H6; O1; O2; F34; F35; H00; A Keywords: Addis Ababa Action Agenda, commodity exporter, debt sustainability, financing for sustainable development, LDC, SDGs, Transition finance, Zambia Creation-Date: 2018-12-19 Number: 49 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:49-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Guillaume Delalande Author-Name: Friederike Rühmann Author-Name: Aussama Bejraoui Author-Name: Julia Benn Title: Nigeria's Perspective on Total Official Support for Sustainable Development (TOSSD) Abstract: The Working Paper summarises the main findings and recommendations of the pilot study, including first orders of magnitude of TOSSD flows to Nigeria. Estimated TOSSD flows to Nigeria in 2016 amounted to approximately USD 3 billion of official development finance and USD 1.9 billion of private finance mobilised through official development interventions. These first orders of magnitude have been estimated using OECD DAC Statistics. However, these figures are likely to be largely underestimated due to information gaps, notably on the People’s Republic of China (hereafter China) and emerging providers’ official support to Nigeria. The results of the pilot also indicate that the current organisational set up of Nigeria, both from an institutional and an IT system perspective, makes it challenging for the Government to access, collate, collect analyse and use data on external financing to the country using national data.The TOSSD pilot in Nigeria confirmed the usefulness of country pilots for testing the TOSSD methodology and for ensuring feedback by partner countries on TOSSD as a measurement framework. The findings also helped to ascertain that the International TOSSD Task Force developing the framework is in the right direction with regard to the main parameters of the measure. Findings contained in the present Working Paper will support the discussions to refine the emerging TOSSD Reporting Instructions in 2018 and 2019. Classification-JEL: C4; F3; E44; O11 Keywords: Development Finance, Economic Development, Nigeria, SDG, TOSSD, Transparency Creation-Date: 2018-12-20 Number: 50 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:50-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ole Winckler Andersen Author-Name: Irene Basile Author-Name: Antonie de Kemp Author-Name: Gunnar Gotz Author-Name: Erik Lundsgaarde Author-Name: Magdalena Orth Title: Blended Finance Evaluation: Governance and Methodological Challenges Abstract: There is an urgent need to better understand the role that the use of blended finance in development co-operation can play in achieving the SDGs. By adopting the “Blended Finance Principles for Unlocking Commercial Finance for the SDGs” in 2017, members of the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee have committed to “monitor blended finance for transparency and results”. The practical implications of monitoring and evaluating blended finance are currently being explored with a view to providing further policy guidance on the implementation of such Principles. This paper contributes to the ongoing consultation process s by discussing governance and methodological challenges in blended finance evaluation and proposing a few options to deal with them.In their review of the present practice of blended finance evaluation, as of end 2018, authors identify some key issues that need to be addressed and put forth initial ideas in order to ensure that evaluations improve the knowledge base on blended operations. The paper starts with a discussion of some key management and organizational challenges that influence how blending operations are monitored and evaluated. It continues with an overview of main evaluation methodologies that could be used for blended finance evaluation and challenges associated with applying them, and it outlines the challenges of assessing additionality. The paper concludes with a summary of identified issues from a review of a sample of completed evaluations of blended finance, highlighting the methodological challenges that they reveal. Classification-JEL: D04; O19; O20; F34; F35 Keywords: blended finance, development co-operation, development finance, evaluation, impact, investment, results Creation-Date: 2019-02-01 Number: 51 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:51-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Arnaud Pincet Author-Name: Shu Okabe Author-Name: Martin Pawelczyk Title: Linking Aid to the Sustainable Development Goals – a machine learning approach Abstract: Official Development Assistance amounted USD 146.6 billions in 2017 but do we know how much of this aid contributed to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)? And to what SDG in particular? This paper present a new methodology using machine learning designed to link project-based flows to the Sustainable Development Goals. It provide first estimates of DAC and non-DAC donors’ aid contribution for the goal and show that similar analysis can be done at the recipient level and for other type of textual database such as private sector reports; opening wide array for policy analysis.The methodology presented in this working paper uses semantic analysis of the text description of each project present in the Creditor Reporting System (CRS). Classification-JEL: C38; C45; C55; F21; F35; O11 Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Credit Reporting System, Innovation, Machine Learning, Official Development Finance, Sectors, Sustainable Development Goals, Text Mining Creation-Date: 2019-02-01 Number: 52 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:52-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Janet Vähämäki Author-Name: Chantal Verger Title: Learning from Results-Based Management evaluations and reviews Abstract: What have we learned from implementing results-based management in development co-operation organisations? What progress and benefits can be seen? What are the main challenges and unintended consequences? Are there good practices to address these challenges?To respond to these questions this paper reviews and analyses the findings from various evaluations and reviews of results-based management systems conducted by members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), the OECD/DAC Results Community Secretariat and other bodies in the past four years (2015-2018). It also draws on emerging lessons from new methods for managing development co-operation results.This analytical work aims to: identify recent trends in results-based management, explore challenges faced by providers when developing their results approaches and systems, select good practices in responding to these challenges that can be useful for the OECD/DACResults Community, considering new approaches, new technologies and evolving contexts. This body of evidence will inform the development of a core set of generic guiding principles for results-based management in development co-operation. Classification-JEL: O19; O2; O20; O21; Z18 Keywords: adaptive management, Agenda 2030, aggregation, data, development co-operation, evidence-based, payment by results, performance measurement, results framework, results-based management, SDGs, standard indicators Creation-Date: 2019-03-15 Number: 53 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:53-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Cécilia Piemonté Author-Name: Olivier Cattaneo Author-Name: Rachel Morris Author-Name: Arnaud Pincet Author-Name: Konstantin Poensgen Title: Transition Finance: Introducing a new concept Abstract: In answer to the call expressed within the Addis Ababa Action Agenda to mobilise all available resources – domestic and foreign, public and private – in support of the Sustainable Development Goals, the Development Co-operation Directorate develops a new work stream on transition finance to explore the evolution and interaction of public (official development assistance and other official flows) and private (foreign direct investments and remittances) sources of finance across the development continuum – studying multiple stages of development: low income countries, middle income countries, fragile contexts, and different regions of the world. Its ultimate objective is to advise the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in preparing countries for transition (outlining the optimal financial mix and offering policy recommendations) and in building resilience.This paper introduces the concept of transition finance and initiates research to advise the DAC on its role as a major provider of development assistance among other public and private providers of financing for the 2030 Agenda. Classification-JEL: O2; O20; O29; O57; Q19; Q01 Keywords: beyond ODA, country transition, developing countries, development co-operation, financing for sustainable development, global outlook, graduation, Transition, transition finance Creation-Date: 2019-03-21 Number: 54 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:54-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Naeeda Crishna Morgado Author-Name: Özlem Taşkın Title: Managing environmental risks in development banks and development finance institutions – what role for donor shareholders? Abstract: How and where infrastructure is built – and how environmental and social risks related to infrastructure are managed – will have a direct influence on whether developing countries pursue more sustainable development pathways or not. Development banks and development finance institutions (DFIs) serve as important channels for infrastructure finance, have adopted safeguards systems to minimise and manage the environmental and social risks associated with their projects. This paper provides an overview of these systems and discusses the role of members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in influencing these, in their capacity as shareholders of these institutions. It shows that donor governments influence the policies and activities of development banks, but that the level of engagement varies between bilateral and multilateral development banks and is often determined by internal capacity. The paper argues that donor shareholder governments must continue to play an important role in encouraging development banks to strengthen the implementation of safeguards, which will require continued collaboration within governments, across countries and between development banks and DFIs. Efforts to build the evidence base on the impacts of safeguards in projects will further support this agenda. Classification-JEL: O13; O19; O44; Q56 Keywords: development banks, development co-operation, development finance, environment and social safeguards, green investment Creation-Date: 2019-05-22 Number: 55 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:55-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Marisa Berbegal-Ibanez Author-Name: Juan Casado Asensio Author-Name: Friederike Rühmann Author-Name: Aussama Bejraoui Author-Name: Guillaume Delalande Author-Name: Julia Benn Title: Costa Rica’s perspective on Total Official Support for Sustainable Development (TOSSD) Abstract: This Working Paper summarises the main findings and recommendations of the pilot study carried out in Costa Rica as part of the development of the total official support for sustainable development (TOSSD) measurement framework. The Paper includes first approximations of TOSSD flows to Costa Rica. These flows in 2016 amount to around USD 559 million of official development finance and USD 60 million of private finance mobilised through official development interventions. These first estimations were reached using OECD DAC statistics. However, these figures are likely to be largely underestimated owing to a lack of available information, particularly concerning official support to Costa Rica from the People’s Republic of China and other non-DAC providers. The pilot study also indicated that the government is able to access, collect, collate, analyse and use data on external financing to the country using national data, thanks to its institutional and IT systems. However, the legislative framework requires adjustment and there is scope for improving co‑ordination in order to avoid duplication of effort. Classification-JEL: C4; O11; F3; E44 Keywords: Costa Rica Transparency, Development Finance, Economic Development, SDG, Sustainable Development, TOSSD Creation-Date: 2019-06-04 Number: 56 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:56-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jacqueline Wood Author-Name: Karin Fällman Title: Enabling Civil Society: Select survey findings Abstract: Civil society and civil society organisations (CSOs) are important to development co-operation, both as implementing partners for members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), and as development actors in their own right. Agenda 2030 is clear on the necessity of mobilising CSOs to implement, and uphold accountability for, the Sustainable Development Goals. The Global Partnership for Effective Development Co operation has committed to ensuring effectiveness in relation to CSOs in development co-operation, inclusive of the provision of CSO enabling environments.Recognising that how DAC members work with CSOs is part of CSO enabling environments, in 2017 the OECD Development Co-operation Directorate (DCD) established a work stream on civil society to provide guidance on DAC member support for civil society and a strategy for engaging with civil society. Under the work stream, a study on how DAC members work with CSOs was launched to identify areas of DAC member support to and engagement with CSOs for which guidance is needed. This paper introduces a selection of key findings and recommendations from two 2018-2019 surveys complemented with DAC statistical data.The paper points to evidence of member effort to work with CSOs in ways that enable CSOs to maximise their contribution to development. However, evidence also shows that members need to continuously examine their practices to ensure coherence between objectives and the many advantages that CSOs are seen to bring to development, and the members’ means of support to and engagement with CSOs. Classification-JEL: O2; O20; O19; F35; G28; L30; L31; L38; Z18 Keywords: civil society, civil society organisation, CSO, development co-operation, enabling environment, funding, policy dialogue Creation-Date: 2019-06-04 Number: 57 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:57-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Fredrik Ericsson Author-Name: Sam Mealy Title: Connecting official development assistance and science technology and innovation for inclusive development: Measurement challenges from a development assistance Committee perspective Abstract: Advancements in science and technology are important drivers of economic growth and well-being and have the potential to help countries leapfrog stages of development. Greater investments are needed to strengthen developing countries’ research capacity and exploit the benefits of modern technologies. Financing Science, Technology and innovation (STI) in a developing country context is difficult, however. This paper tests a novel methodology to assess STI-related development finance starting from development finance data reported to the OECD through the Creditor Reporting System (CRS) database. Using this experimental methodology, total development finance to STI over the past years is estimated. Some suggestions to improve the measurement of STI in a development context are provided. Should that box be removed now? Keywords: Financing, Innovation, Official development assistance, Science, Sustainable development, Technology Creation-Date: 2019-07-31 Number: 58 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:58-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Irene Basile Author-Name: Jarrett Dutra Title: Blended Finance Funds and Facilities: 2018 Survey Results Abstract: The OECD Survey on Blended Finance Funds and Facilities represents a major step forward to consolidate evidence and provide further policy guidance in support of the OECD DAC Blended Finance Principles, whose focus is unlocking commercial finance for the Sustainable Development Goals.This working paper presents findings from the 2018 survey edition relating to the management, capital structure, investment strategy and portfolio allocation of the surveyed blended finance funds and facilities. The quantitative analysis is complemented by the OECD statistics on private finance mobilised by official development interventions and by information provided by Convergence. It will be followed by another OECD Development Co-operation working paper discussing the development strategy, performance tracking and evaluation approach.The 180 responses received illustrate to what extent blended finance funds and facilities vary widely in characteristics and functioning. Collectively, the managing organisations reported over USD 60.2 billion invested in 111 developing countries at the end of 2017. This new evidence confirms trends observed on the broader blended finance market (priority sectors, geographical coverage, targeted SDGs), while shedding light on additional aspects (e.g. investors, clients and investment instruments). Classification-JEL: B27; E44; F3; F35; F63; F65; F68; F4; O16; O19; O2 Keywords: blended finance, development, development co-operation, development finance, investment Creation-Date: 2019-08-02 Number: 59 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:59-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jieun Kim Author-Name: Konstantin Poensgen Title: Transition Finance Country Study Viet Nam: On the threshold of transition Abstract: Based on the “ABC” approach targeted to assess all available sources of financing (official development finance, private investment, domestic resources, and remittances), the Viet Nam country pilot study explores the challenges of transition finance in a middle-income country in the Asia-Pacific region. After launching a series of successful reforms beginning in the late 1980s, Viet Nam has undergone an impressive transformation, which turned the country from a centrally planned to a market-oriented economy and from a low-income to a lower middle-income country. At the same time, Viet Nam is moving from a relatively high reliance on ODA and other external sources towards non-concessional sources and domestic sources. Through evolving partnerships, development partners can align their support with newly arising needs, actively supporting Viet Nam overcome the middle-income trap and move towards a trajectory for more sustainable development. Classification-JEL: O2; H6; H2; F35; O1; F34; H00 Keywords: Addis Ababa Action Agenda, concessional finance, debt sustainability, financing for sustainable development, IDA graduation, LDC, middle-income trap, SDGs, transition finance, Viet Nam Creation-Date: 2019-08-06 Number: 60 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:60-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Emilio Chiofalo Author-Name: Konstantin Poensgen Author-Name: Yasmine Rockenfeller Title: Transition finance country study of Lebanon: Global public goods and the response to adverse shocks Abstract: This study investigates transition finance in Lebanon, an upper middle-income country in the MENA region transitioning from a significant adverse shock. Lebanon’s development path has been historically non-linear and, most recently, the Syrian conflict adversely affected the country’s development path. The Syrian conflict compounded pre-existing deficits and challenges in Lebanon, calling for increased international assistance.DAC donors increased official development assistance (ODA) to Lebanon to preserve stability and promote refugee protection. Donors also created special financing instruments such as the Global Concessional Financing Facility (GCFF) to foster the provision of multilateral concessional financing to Lebanon. Official development finance in Lebanon is high in comparison to its peers, particularly on a per capita basis and for humanitarian assistance. The country also attracts high amounts of FDI and remittances. Overall, domestic credit dominates the financing landscape and public debt is high.DAC members and other donors can strengthen the humanitarian-development-peace nexus, address long-standing country needs to promote self-sufficiency, and re-design partnerships driven by mutual accountability and appropriate incentive structures. Classification-JEL: H12; H41; H63; F34; F35; O2 Keywords: Addis Ababa Action Agenda, debt sustainability, financing for sustainable development, global pubic goods, humanitarian assistance, humanitarian development peace nexus, Lebanon, refugees, SDGs, Syrian conflict, transition finance, UMICs Creation-Date: 2019-08-12 Number: 61 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:61-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Irene Basile Author-Name: Carolyn Neunuebel Title: Blended finance in fragile contexts: Opportunities and risks Abstract: The development community agrees on the need to address conflict and fragility for global security and sustainable development. In such complex situations, programming should strive to include multiple actors at various levels of society. Although the use of private investment in fragile contexts has so far been low, the need to address the SDG funding gap makes innovative and more flexible financing methods worth considering. Official Development Aid remains critical, but blended finance can help enlarge the total resources available for development.This paper analyses the OECD-DAC statistics on amounts mobilised from the private sector by official development finance interventions, from 2012 to 2017, against the multidimensional lens presented in the OECD 2018 States of Fragility Framework. The data shows a positive relationship between blending opportunities and economic, political and environmental security. The amounts of private finance mobilised increase, as a country’s economic, political and environmental fragility decreases. The way blended finance interplays with societal fragility and security remains unclear, as these two dimensions exert more complex influence on the trade-off between perceived risks and anticipated returns, which typically guides private investors. Classification-JEL: F35; F68; F65; O2; F4; F3; O19 Keywords: blended finance, development, development co-operation, development finance, fragile contexts, fragility, stability Creation-Date: 2019-11-20 Number: 62 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:62-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Theodore Kouts Title: Illicit financial flows: The role of Al Qaeda and its affiliates in the Islamic Maghreb Abstract: Illicit financial flows (IFFs) in West Africa have long contributed to the region’s instability, partly due to their links to regional terrorist organisations such as Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). AQIM has directly and indirectly participated in and perpetuated illicit financial flows in the region not only through violent means but also through diverse links with the local economy and society. AQIM and its regional affiliates have a profound influence on the political economy of the Sahel and the Maghreb, as well as greater West Africa, and it is important to understand the role played by AQIM in IFFs and the means by which this drives regional instability. This case study examines the political-economic context and the nature and scope of the mechanisms through which AQIM (and its affiliates) operate, with particular emphasis given to their interaction with the local economy and any resulting IFFs. Classification-JEL: D73; K42; O17; O55; Q01 Keywords: AQIM, development, financial exclusion, illicit financial flows (IFFs), illicit trade, kidnap for ransom, Mali, poverty, smuggling, terrorist financing, trafficking, West Africa Creation-Date: 2019-12-03 Number: 63 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:63-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Shaw Title: Illicit financial flows: Illicit narcotics transiting West Africa Abstract: This paper explores the flow of illicit narcotics transiting West Africa. It is divided into four sections, providing an overview of the nature and scope of the illicit narcotic economy, the networks and actors involved and its development impacts, including its resulting illicit financial flows, the movement and impact of those financial flows, both to buy protection and to invest drug profits from West Africa, and finally, it provides concluding remarks that could inform future policy action. The paper is based on a review of the available secondary literature and interviews, and focuses on the cocaine trade due to the preponderance of available information and data compared to other types of drug trafficking. Comparisons or distinctions are also drawn between other illicit narcotics and emerging trends are highlighted where credible evidence is available. Classification-JEL: F63; K42; O17; O55; Q01 Keywords: cocaine trafficking, corruption, criminal markets, development, illicit financial flows (IFFs), illicit narcotics, illicit trade, informal economy, political instability, protection payments, West Africa Creation-Date: 2019-12-03 Number: 64 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:64-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Karl Lallerstedt Title: Illicit financial flows: Illicit trade in counterfeit, pirated and substandard goods in Ghana Abstract: Illicit trade in goods that displace normally legal goods is an extensive global problem, which carries considerable development risks and losses for developing countries. Focusing on pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and consumer goods (which in itself consists of a broad range of goods), this case study reviews the example of Ghana to illustrate this problem, although it is a challenge afflicting all West African countries.This paper highlights the magnitude and significance of the problem. It also reveals the actors involved, with a view to identify the drivers and interests behind the trade, and their developmental impacts. Although the case study focuses primarily on three kinds of goods in a single country, the analysis further aims to identify common causal factors that can be extrapolated across the counterfeit, pirated and substandard trade in the wider region with a view to inform the development of prospective policy recommendations. Classification-JEL: F63; K42; O17; O55; Q01 Keywords: agrochemicals, consumer goods, corruption, counterfeits, development, Ghana, illicit financial flows (IFFs), illicit trade, medicines, pirated goods, substandard goods, trade routes, West Africa Creation-Date: 2019-12-03 Number: 65 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:65-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Aussama Bejraoui Author-Name: Valérie Gaveau Author-Name: Julia Benn Title: TOSSD - Tracking peace and security expenditures in support of the SDGs Abstract: This Working Paper presents the main findings and recommendations of the pilot study carried out on the treatment of peace and security expenditures in the statistical measure of total official support for sustainable development (TOSSD).The pilot study explored the relevance of including various peace and security expenditures in the TOSSD framework, and formulated recommendations to the International TOSSD Task Force on the eligibility criteria, the potential safeguards and the delineation between TOSSD pillar I and II for peace and security expenditures. On this basis, the Task Force adopted in June 2019 specific text on the treatment of peace and security in the TOSSD Reporting Instructions.The pilot study also allowed to derive first estimates of TOSSD flows for peace and security and a light assessment was carried out of the capacity of the organisations / countries met during the pilot to provide TOSSD data on peace and security. Classification-JEL: O11; F5 Keywords: development finance, peace and security, SDG 16, SDG financing, TOSSD Creation-Date: 2019-12-20 Number: 66 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:66-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Irene Basile Author-Name: Valentina Bellesi Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Vijai Singh Title: Blended Finance Funds and Facilities - 2018 Survey Results Part II: Development Performance Abstract: The OECD Survey on Blended Finance Funds and Facilities represents a major step forward to consolidate evidence to inform policy makers and market players in the blended finance field, as they strive to both mobilise and shift financing towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This working paper presents findings from the 2018 edition of the OECD survey relating to the development strategy, performance tracking and evaluation approach of the surveyed blended finance funds and facilities. It provides new evidence on the extent to which blended finance vehicles anchor their investment strategy, as well as their environmental, social and governance (ESG) safeguards, to international agreements on sustainable development. It investigates how blended finance vehicles structure their monitoring and evaluation function, track development performance and assess development results. Classification-JEL: F35; F68; F3 Keywords: blended finance, development, development co-operation, development finance, evaluation, investment, monitoring Creation-Date: 2020-01-27 Number: 67 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:67-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Nadine Piefer-Söyler Author-Name: Néstor Pelechà Aigües Title: The value added of triangular co-operation: Lessons learned from the EU-LAC Programme for Triangular Co-operation (ADELANTE) Abstract: This paper is the result of a joint pilot exercise of the “Toolkit for identifying, monitoring and evaluating the value added of triangular co-operation” among the EU-LAC Facility for Triangular Co-operation (ADELANTE) and the OECD. The eight projects of the ADELANTE Facility worked with the questionnaire of the evaluation tool to assess the value added of working in a trilateral partnership. The EU team and the projects agreed that the six areas identified as potential value added of triangular co-operation are valid for ADELANTE. The joint pilot exercise was insightful and inspiring for all of the partners involved as an instrument for mutual learning. The recommendations arising from this joint exercise will contribute to the design of future EU triangular co-operation initiatives, aiming to make good use of the value added of the modality and addressing the challenges in a constructive, forward-looking way. Classification-JEL: O21 Keywords: 2030 Agenda for Sustainable development, Development co-operation, Effectiveness, European Union, Latin America and the Caribbean, Monitoring and evaluation, Sustainable Development Goals, Triangular co-operation Creation-Date: 2020-01-29 Number: 68 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:68-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Guillaume Delalande Author-Name: Cécile Sangaré Author-Name: Friederike Rühmann Author-Name: Julia Benn Title: Burkina Faso’s Perspective on Total Official Support for Sustainable Development (TOSSD) Abstract: This working paper presents the main findings of the pilot study conducted in Burkina Faso in 2019 as part of the development of the statistical measurement framework for "Total Official Support for Sustainable Development (TOSSD)". The pilot study includes Burkina Faso’s perspective on the statistical methodology of TOSSD, first orders of magnitude of TOSSD to Burkina, as well as a statistical capacity assessment of Burkina Faso to access, collate, collect, analyse and use data on external financing in support of sustainable development. Classification-JEL: C4; O11; F3; E44 Keywords: Burkina Faso, Development Finance, Economic Development, SDG, TOSSD, Transparency Creation-Date: 2020-03-20 Number: 69 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:69-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Olivier Cattaneo Author-Name: Cécilia Piemonté Author-Name: Konstantin Poensgen Title: Transition finance country study of Chile: Better managing graduation from ODA eligibility Abstract: Through the ABC framework developed under the OECD’s transition finance work stream, the present country pilot strives to shed light on Chile’s official development assistance graduation experience. Its main objective is to understand the challenges related to this graduation, analyse the measures (positive or otherwise) taken prior to this transition stage, and learn from the Chilean experience to identify and react to the transition challenges faced by recent and future ODA graduates. The policy recommendations and conclusions proposed in this report aim to help development partners better approach graduation under similar conditions, i.e. in countries approaching graduation from ODA. Classification-JEL: F3; F35; O54; O19; O2 Creation-Date: 2020-02-17 Number: 70 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:70-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Alina Rocha Menocal Title: Why does inclusion matter?: Assessing the links between inclusive processes and inclusive outcomes Abstract: Inclusion in terms of both process (how decisions are made and who is included in that process and how and why) and outcomes (how wealth and prosperity are distributed and shared across a population and why) is a leading priority in international development, with the Sustainable Development Goals as perhaps the most ambitious articulation of this. As the evidence overwhelmingly shows, over the long term, more open and inclusive states and societies tend to be more prosperous, effective and resilient. And yet, it is far less clear how countries that can be considered more inclusive in terms of both process and outcome got to where they are. This paper explores the relationship between inclusive governance and inclusive development, which is complex and non-linear. Analysing existing research on the politics of development, it finds that there is no automatic causal relationship between inclusion as process and inclusion as outcome in either direction. The paper then highlights several factors that have been important in fostering inclusive development through inclusive governance. By way of conclusion, the paper draws out a few key implications for how international development actors can support inclusion more effectively through more politically aware ways of thinking and working. Creation-Date: 2020-03-06 Number: 71 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:71-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Marcena Hunter Title: Illicit financial flows: Artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Ghana and Liberia Abstract: Illicit financial flows (IFFs) generated by the artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) sector in West Africa have historically contributed to conflict and instability, although it would be a mistake to classify this issue as a criminal matter, given its links to formal and informal networks and local livelihoods. This study examines IFFs associated with the ASGM sector in Ghana and Liberia and reveals a complex web of informal and illicit activity associated with IFFs, with detrimental consequences for development. It focuses on gold because of its prominence in the West African Region and artisanal small-scale mining (ASM), rather than large-scale mining (LSM). Further, ASMG is largely informal and consequently more vulnerable to exploitation by criminal networks, and plays a prominent role as a local livelihood. This case study is relatively narrow in focus, providing insights into the nature and scope of ASGM activities and their resulting IFFs, and making several observations on those areas where action could be taken in an effort to reduce IFF risks. The study selected Ghana and Liberia as two countries where research could be conducted, and where gold is a major industry. Creation-Date: 2020-03-13 Number: 72 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:72-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Friederike Rühmann Author-Name: Sai Aashirvad Konda Author-Name: Paul Horrocks Author-Name: Nina Taka Title: Can blockchain technology reduce the cost of remittances? Abstract: The achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) demands unprecedented resources and efforts. Remittances as one of the largest development finance flows are an important source of income for millions of households in developing countries and offer tremendous potential to contribute towards the achievement of Agenda 2030. However, the high cost of sending remittances limits their full potential. The global average cost of sending USD 200 is 6.9% of the remittance. SDG 10 C aims to reduce the cost to less than 3% and to eliminate remittance corridors with cost higher than 5% by 2030. Blockchain technology promises to disintermediate banks, transform the financial landscape and drastically reduce the cost of cross-border transactions, yet there is a need for further evidence on this topic.The OECD Development Co-operation Directorate (DCD) has developed this paper to provide an overview of diverse perspectives on the intersection of blockchain technology and remittances by exploring the opportunities and challenges of this technology for reducing the cost of remittances. The paper identifies several limitations, such as data privacy risks, regulatory uncertainty and last-mile delivery, among others, while investigating whether blockchain technology is the solution to reduce the cost of remittances. Classification-JEL: F24; E58; O19 Creation-Date: 2020-04-21 Number: 73 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:73-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Priscilla Boiardi Title: Managing and measuring the impact of sustainable investments: A two-axes mapping Abstract: To mobilise and align finance to the SDGs, and, most importantly, to achieve impact, both public and private actors need to implement effective impact measurement and management practices. Impact management enables investors, enterprises and other stakeholders to include positive and negative impact considerations into investment and business decisions. Impact measurement allows organisations to set impact objectives, monitor impact performance and evaluate impact.The increasing focus of investors on “impact” has led to the development of a large number of principles, frameworks, standards, certifications, tools and indicators for impact management and measurement. The crowded nature of this space and the multiplicity and different understanding of terms and concepts makes it hard to navigate.This paper attempts to bring some clarity in this space, by proposing a two-axes mapping of the existing (i) principles, (ii) frameworks and methodologies, (iii) standards, certifications and ratings and (iv) metrics and indicators to manage and measure impact of sustainable investments targeting the SDGs.In addition, the paper applies the mapping approach to a series of existing initiatives, highlighting the complexity and range of principles, frameworks, methodologies, standards and metrics that exist to measure and manage impact and providing interesting initial insights into the level of consensus in the space of investing for sustainable development. Classification-JEL: F35; O19; O20 Creation-Date: 2020-06-03 Number: 74 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:74-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Erik Forsberg Title: Security actors in fragile contexts Abstract: Security actors are important actors in the international community’s efforts to support peace in fragile contexts. Their activities affect not only the immediate security conditions in fragile contexts, but also the conditions for humanitarian assistance, development co-operation and peacebuilding. This paper explores the relationship between security actors and the broader international community in fragile contexts. It argues that security actors are needed to build peace in many fragile contexts, but that they can only contribute to peace where their activities are coherent with and complemented by appropriate civilian engagement. In doing so, it assists Development Assistance Committee members in their efforts to operationalise the Humanitarian-Development-Peace Nexus and to step up efforts to prevent conflict and build peace in fragile contexts. The paper is one of ten working papers supporting States of Fragility 2020 and together with Diplomacy and peace in fragile contexts, Conflict prevention in fragile contexts, and Peacebuilding in fragile contexts provides comprehensive background to Chapter 2 on peace in States of Fragility 2020. Classification-JEL: D74; F51; F50 Creation-Date: 2020-09-17 Number: 75 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:75-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Harsh Desai Title: States of fragility and official development assistance Abstract: This paper analyses official development assistance (ODA) to the 57 fragile contexts in the 2020 OECD fragility framework. ODA is a crucial, reliable resource for these fragile contexts and an indispensable part of their journey to sustainable development and peace. DAC members spent 63% of their net, country-allocable ODA in these contexts in 2018. Striving to protect this ODA, especially in light of the economic consequences of coronavirus (COVID-19), will be important to maintain sustainable development progress in fragile contexts as the ‘Decade of Action’ begins for Agenda 2030. Creation-Date: 2020-09-17 Number: 76 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:76-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Erik Forsberg Author-Name: Jonathan Marley Title: Diplomacy and peace in fragile contexts Abstract: Diplomats and other diplomatic actors serve as the primary political actors in fragile contexts, both for OECD Development Assistance Committee members and the broader international community. They directly contribute to immediate and long-term peace, and their broad political network and knowledge positions them as a nodal point for effective and inclusive humanitarian, development and peace action in fragile contexts. This paper examines three different functions diplomatic actors assume that contribute to peace in fragile contexts: diplomacy as global governance, diplomats as peacebuilders and diplomats as facilitators. This paper is one of ten working papers supporting States of Fragility 2020. It works together with Security actors in fragile contexts, Conflict prevention in fragile contexts, and Peacebuilding in fragile contexts to provide comprehensive background to Chapter 2 on peace in States of Fragility 2020. Classification-JEL: D74; F51; F50 Creation-Date: 2020-09-17 Number: 77 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:77-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Harsh Desai Title: Conflict prevention in fragile contexts Abstract: Prevention is better than cure. The prevention of violent conflict in fragile contexts is cost-effective, it works and it should matter – to Development Assistance Committee (DAC) members and the broader international community – for sustaining peace. The challenge is in translating recent policy commitments to prevention into practice in fragile contexts. Using the OECD multidimensional fragility framework and insights from the International Network on Conflict and Fragility (INCAF), this paper presents lessons on preventing violent conflict that are rooted in a risk and resilience approach and that prioritise country-led and owned responses. It offers DAC members insights on how they can best support conflict prevention in fragile contexts, and it is one of ten working papers contributing to States of Fragility 2020. Classification-JEL: D74; F51 Creation-Date: 2020-09-17 Number: 78 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:78-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Harsh Desai Author-Name: Erik Forsberg Title: Multidimensional fragility in 2020 Abstract: This analysis of the 2020 OECD multidimensional fragility framework is a background paper for States of Fragility 2020. It provides a snapshot of the state of fragility in the world today, paying particular attention to the 57 fragile contexts on the framework. The paper starts by unpacking the heterogeneity among fragile contexts. It then reviews the layers, trajectories and clusters of fragility. Thinking in systems, and the states of fragility within systems, provides a conceptual foundation to interpret this analysis and guide targeted and differentiated approaches to engagement in fragile contexts. Focusing international policy attention on these fragile contexts is important to ensure sustainable development progress that leaves no one behind. Classification-JEL: C38 Creation-Date: 2020-09-17 Number: 79 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:79-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kathleen Forichon Title: Considering human capital in a multidimensional analysis of fragility Abstract: In 2022, the OECD will add a human capital dimension to its fragility framework in acknowledgement of the ambition set forth in States of Fragility 2018 to “never lose sight of the end goal of delivering hope and better lives for all people in fragile contexts”. The COVID-19 pandemic and its associated fiscal, political and social shocks has brought the urgency of investment in human capital into sharper focus. With less than ten years left to go on Agenda 2030, success will mean placing further focus on the building blocks of sustainable development: health (including proper nutrition), education and financial support to those who need it through investments in social protection. This working paper builds the case for why human capital matters for fragility, and why investment in human capital can help develop more inclusive, peaceful and resilient societies. Classification-JEL: A1; I15; I Creation-Date: 2020-09-17 Number: 80 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:80-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Dan Schreiber Author-Name: Seve Loudon Title: Fit for fragility: Practice to policy Abstract: Engaging in fragile settings is challenging, but there is much to learn from the work Development Assistance Committee (DAC) members are doing to support fragile contexts on the ground. Drawing on case study research and a secondary literature review assembled as part of the Fit for Fragility project, this chapter offers guidance for navigating these substantively, strategically and institutionally complex environments. Though organisational fitness challenges are most visible at country level, they often reflect the quality of engagement by all parts of the organisation, from the local to the global level. Beyond individual organisations, the challenge also resides in strengthening coherence by ensuring effective co-ordination and – where relevant – collaborating across the Humanitarian Development Peace Nexus. Being fit for fragility, in this sense, is strongly contingent on being fit for collaboration. Creation-Date: 2020-09-17 Number: 81 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:81-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Marley Author-Name: Harsh Desai Title: Fragility and Agenda 2030: Navigating shocks and pressures in fragile contexts Abstract: This working paper examines the reasons why fragile contexts have struggled to generate momentum towards the Sustainable Development Goals and why that matters for policy and practice in a post-COVID-19 world. Drawing on multidimensional analysis and consideration of trends and trajectories of the past decade, it identifies the main challenges (including consideration of the quality of data and knowledge) associated with fragile and conflict-affected contexts and considers what steps might be taken in this Decade of Action. A range of issues associated with sustainable development will be evaluated, predominantly through reference to the 57 fragile contexts identified in the OECD States of Fragility 2020 framework. These issues include projected population growth, global poverty trends and the impact of violence in fragile contexts. This paper also considers issues of governance, inequality, climate, and performance in the human capital areas of education and health. Creation-Date: 2020-09-17 Number: 82 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:82-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Marley Title: Peacebuilding in fragile contexts Abstract: Peacebuilding thinking and practice have evolved significantly over the past decade. The business case for the effectiveness of peacebuilding has been established. Successful interventions underscore the importance of peacebuilding initiatives, as do the high-profile failures that occur when peacebuilding is absent, fragmented or insufficient. With the emergence of new approaches to peacebuilding led by the United Nations Peacebuilding Architecture Review, this paper examines the state of peacebuilding operations and finance in fragile contexts and, building on established trends and debates, identifies four areas that could be critical for driving progress on peacebuilding over the next decade. The paper is one of ten working papers supporting States of Fragility 2020. Together with the papers entitled "Diplomacy and peace in fragile contexts", "Conflict prevention in fragile contexts", and "Security actors in fragile contexts", It provides a comprehensive background to Chapter 2 on peace in States of Fragility 2020. Classification-JEL: Q01 Creation-Date: 2020-10-09 Number: 83 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:83-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Aussama Bejraoui Author-Name: Valérie Gaveau Author-Name: Marisa Berbegal-Ibanez Author-Name: Guillaume Delalande Author-Name: Julia Benn Title: Lessons learnt from the 2019 Total Official Support for Sustainable Development (TOSSD) data survey Abstract: Total official support for sustainable development (TOSSD) is a new international statistical measure that provides a complete picture of all official resources and private finance mobilised by official interventions in support of sustainable development and the SDGs. It consists of two pillars: cross-border resources to developing countries (pillar I) and support to international public goods and global challenges (pillar II). To test the TOSSD concept and operationalise the reporting, a data survey was carried out in 2019 on 2017 resources. This paper analyses the main lessons learnt from the survey with the objective to help further refine the TOSSD Reporting Instructions and data collection process, and provide evidence to the international community about the usefulness, relevance and feasibility of TOSSD as a measurement framework for the SDG era.TOSSD can respond to developing countries’ needs for information on external financing for sustainable development (pillar I), with estimates showing that between 18% and 26% of the volume of resources captured in the survey relate to additional data captured in TOSSD. TOSSD can fill a key information gap on financing for international public goods (IPGs) that support the achievement SDGs (pillar II). The TOSSD framework is appropriate for various providers of financing for sustainable development, including traditional providers, South-South Co-operation providers and multilateral institutions. To enhance the usefulness and relevance of TOSSD, efforts will need to continue to fill the remaining data gaps and enhance data quality. Classification-JEL: C4; O11; F3; F35 Creation-Date: 2020-10-21 Number: 84 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:84-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Julia Benn Author-Name: Friederike Rühmann Title: Peer Reviews on Development Finance Statistics: Lessons learnt from seven pilots Abstract: Countries often face similar challenges in statistical reporting on development finance. Through Peer Reviews on Development Finance Statistics, Development Assistance Committee (DAC) members and non-DAC providers, together with the OECD, jointly assess how countries collect, report and disseminate data on their development co-operation. These reviews help countries cope with an increasing demand for comprehensive, reliable and accessible statistics on development finance, in a context of frequent changes to the reporting requirements, staff-turnover and often complex, decentralised reporting systems. In the period from 2017 to 2019, the OECD conducted seven reviews (Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland). The Peer Reviews on Development Finance Statistics have proven to be useful and enriching for all participants, identifying several recommendations on how to improve the quality and use of development finance data. Building on the findings from the seven reviews, this working paper shares lessons learnt, including best practices, strengths and challenges. Creation-Date: 2020-10-21 Number: 85 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:85-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Cécilia Piemonté Author-Name: Abdoulaye Fabregas Title: Solomon Islands transition finance country diagnostic: Preparing for graduation from Least Developed Country (LDC) status Abstract: This working paper aims to better understand the process of graduation from least developed country (LDC) states in a Pacific small island developing state (SIDS), and provides the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and other development partners with evidence-based analysis and recommendations on how to better manage transition in such context.Solomon Islands is engaged in a multifaceted transition stage with financial, technical, geopolitical and environmental dimensions. Solomon Islands is scheduled to graduate from the category of LDC by 2024, and the global alliance for vaccines and immunisations (GAVI) financial support by 2022.The transition finance approach used in this study shows that Development Assistance Committee (DAC) members have a crucial role to play to support the country’s transition and should utilise their official development assistance (ODA) in a way that maximises its impact. This would entail: helping the country move towards a sustainable economic model (both in terms of environmental and financial/debt sustainability), supporting the progressive substitution of ODA by other financing sources (in particular domestic resources and private investment), and adapting their role and strategy to the country’s evolving circumstances and needs (for example by establishing new economic partnerships in support of the country’s strategy of economic diversification and promotion of higher value-added trade and private investment). Creation-Date: 2020-10-21 Number: 86 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:86-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Guillaume Delalande Author-Name: Aussama Bejraoui Author-Name: Melissa Li Author-Name: Julia Benn Title: Indonesia’s perspective on Total Official Support for Sustainable Development (TOSSD) Abstract: This Working Paper presents the perspective of Indonesia on the concept of total official support for sustainable development (TOSSD), the extent of TOSSD resources provided by Indonesia and the capacity of the government to report on these resources. Indonesia broadly supported TOSSD as a relevant measure for monitoring SDG implementation and proposed some adjustments to the TOSSD methodology.Estimates for TOSSD provided by Indonesia in 2017 amount to USD 6 376 million, with USD 16 million for Pillar I (cross-border flows to other developing countries) and USD 6 360 million for Pillar II (contributions to international public goods). For Indonesia, activities recorded in TOSSD should not only be assessed in financial terms, but also in terms of their sustainable development impact. This pilot study attests to Indonesia’s strong capacity to report on TOSSD Pillar I, but finds that tracking could be improved for a wider range of resources. The country also has the capacity to report on Pillar II. Classification-JEL: C4; O11; F3; F35 Keywords: development finance, financing for development, global public goods, Indonesia, international public goods, SDG, statistics, sustainable development, TOSSD, total official support for sustainable development, Transparency Creation-Date: 2020-12-18 Number: 87 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:87-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Cushla Thompson Title: Financing in fragile contexts Abstract: The volume, quality, and political economy of financing – where, how and to whom resources flow – can impact significantly on socio-economic opportunities and incentives towards stability or conflict.Many fragile contexts have slowly been expanding their financing options and economic linkages. But these linkages can bring both opportunities and risks, as the COVID-19 pandemic makes starkly clear. This paper presents trends, lessons learned, and key data on financing in fragile contexts, including government revenues, private investment, remittances and private philanthropic giving.Drawing on the OECD multidimensional fragility framework, this paper offers insights into the state of financing in fragile contexts, its links to the dimensions and drivers of fragility, and current risks and opportunities. This paper is part of a broader OECD work-stream on Financing for Stability and is one of ten working papers contributing to States of Fragility 2020. Creation-Date: 2020-12-22 Number: 88 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:88-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sachin Chaturvedi Author-Name: Nadine Piefer-Söyler Title: Triangular co-operation with India: Working with civil society organisations Abstract: India is home to a dynamic and vibrant community of civil society organisations (CSOs). Indian CSOs are often innovating to bridge development gaps and cater to the needs of marginalised and vulnerable groups. Historically, India is a pioneer of triangular co‑operation with first projects dating back to India’s independence in 1947. Over the past decade, triangular co-operation has gathered momentum at the global level and India has been a champion of this. A specific Indian model of triangular co-operation is emerging through which India and its partners aim to leverage domestic development innovations and the strengths of India’s diverse landscape of civil society organisations by scaling up bilateral co-operation and partnerships via triangular initiatives. Especially in African and neighbouring Asian countries there is a high demand to learn from Indian innovations and expertise, as they are considered to be easier to adapt to the local contexts. This paper provides insights into different ways of engaging in triangular co‑operation with India and sets out opportunities as well as challenges in enhancing triangular co-operation in the future with a broad range of CSO and government partners. Classification-JEL: O21 Keywords: 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Africa, Asia, Development co-operation, India, South-South co-operation, Sustainable Development Goals, triangular co-operation Creation-Date: 2021-01-26 Number: 89 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:89-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen Spratt Author-Name: Eilis Lawlor Author-Name: Vincent Coppens Title: Core concepts in blended finance: Assessment of uses and implications for evaluation Abstract: This paper presents findings from research on how blended finance actors use and define different key concepts, and what implications these understandings have for evaluators. By increasing awareness of key terms and their use, the paper can contribute to facilitating the evaluation process, simplifying the communication of findings and results, and ease collaboration between different actors. It provides a useful framework for thinking about core concepts related to blended finance, differences in how these are used today, and the implications this has for evaluation methods and approaches. The work will be of interest to monitoring and evaluation departments, development finance institutions, international financial institutions, impact investors, private foundations and others interested in blended finance and its role in contributing to sustainable development.This paper is the first in a series of three working papers from the OECD/DAC EvalNet Working Group on Evaluating Blended Finance. Classification-JEL: H43; Q01; O16 Keywords: Additionality, assesment, Blended finance, Evaluation methods, Impact, ODA, Private finance Creation-Date: 2021-02-17 Number: 90 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:90-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ole Winckler Andersen Author-Name: Henrik Hansen Author-Name: John Rand Title: Evaluating financial and development additionality in blended finance operations Abstract: This paper clarifies the various definitions of additionality currently in use, and explores the relationship between additionality and key evaluation terms, such as impact and causality. It concludes that additionality should be assessed both ex ante and ex post, and that the presence of additionality will depend on institutional structures and on how different public and private interests are addressed. The paper further argues that the relevance of evaluation methods will depend not only on the applied financial and non-financial instruments but also on the types and dimensions of additionality to be evaluated. Several examples of different approaches to assessing additionality are analysed.The analysis provides a useful foundation for thinking through these issues, and will be of interest to both evaluation and blended finance actors.This paper is the second in a series of three working papers from the OECD/DAC EvalNet Working Group on Evaluating Blended Finance. Classification-JEL: E43; O16; Q01 Keywords: additionality, assesment, blended finance, evaluation methods, impact, ODA, private finance Creation-Date: 2021-02-17 Number: 91 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:91-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Noltze Author-Name: Alexandra Köngeter Author-Name: Cornelia Römling Author-Name: Dirk Hoffmann Title: Monitoring, evaluation and learning for climate risk management Abstract: This working paper focuses on the role of monitoring, evaluation and learning (MEL) for promoting effective climate risk management. It aims to introduce a conceptual framework that governments and development co-operation providers can draw on when developing MEL frameworks for their interventions on climate risk management. The paper also presents existing methods and tools to address the technical challenges to developing such MEL frameworks. Further, it provides examples of good practice for adjusting or updating existing MEL frameworks in support of climate risk management. It contributes to the project Strengthening Climate Resilience: Guidance for Governments and Development Co-operation of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Classification-JEL: O19; O44; O13; Q56; Q54 Keywords: climate change, climate resilience, climate risk management, development co-operation, Monitoring and evaluation, monitoring, evaluation and learning Creation-Date: 2021-03-18 Number: 92 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:92-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Alejandro Guerrero-Ruiz Author-Name: Julia Schnatz Author-Name: Chantal Verger Title: A baseline survey of the guiding principles on managing for sustainable development results Abstract: This paper describes the aggregate findings of a survey conducted to assess where the members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) Results Community stand with regard to the Guiding Principles on Managing for Sustainable Development Results (MfSDR) adopted in July 2019. In addition to presenting detailed findings against each Principle, the paper examines the main strengths and constraints providers are facing to align to the Principles and analyses the correlations between the Principles, concluding on the more practical consequences for systemic and tailored approaches to implementing them. Classification-JEL: O20; O19; Z18; O2; O21 Keywords: adaptive management, Agenda 2030, baseline survey, data, development co-operation, evidence-based, Guiding Principles, performance measurement, results framework, results-based management, SDGs, standard indicators Creation-Date: 2021-04-15 Number: 93 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:93-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Olivier Cattaneo Author-Name: Cécilia Piemonté Title: Transition Finance Compendium: Challenges and recommendations for the Development Assistance Committee Abstract: Building on the evidence collected through seven country pilots, this Transition Finance Compendium concludes that more could be done to build the resilience of ODA. The analyses carried out suggests that official development assistance (ODA) trends should not be observed in isolation of other sources of financing for sustainable development since transition finance is about the progressive substitution of external financing by domestic public resources and private investment mobilised. It finds that further planning and co-ordination of DAC members’ exit and phasing-out strategies or decisions could generate ODA efficiency gains and resilience; that the increasing complexity of the financing for sustainable development (FSD) landscape creates not only opportunities for access to additional sources of financing, but also risks; and concludes on emerging recommendations for the DAC to better prepare transition, e.g. good practices/relevant standards and tools for transition finance. It ends suggesting how the DAC can move from transition finance diagnostics to implementation. Creation-Date: 2021-04-16 Number: 94 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:94-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Priscilla Boiardi Author-Name: Esme Stout Title: To what extent can blockchain help development co-operation actors meet the 2030 Agenda? Abstract: Blockchain is mainstreaming, but the number of blockchain for development use-cases with proven success beyond the pilot stage remain relatively few. This paper outlines key blockchain concepts and implications in order to help policymakers reach realistic conclusions when considering its use. The paper surveys the broad landscape of blockchain for development to identify where the technology can optimise development impact and minimise harm. It subsequently critically examines four successful applications, including the World Food Programme’s Building Blocks, Oxfam’s UnBlocked Cash project, KfW’s TruBudget and Seso Global. As part of the on-going work co-ordinated by the OECD’s Blockchain Policy Centre, this paper asserts that post-COVID-19, Development Assistance Committee (DAC) donors and their development partners have a unique opportunity to shape blockchain’s implementation. Classification-JEL: O; F35; O3 Keywords: blockchain, innovation, technology for development Creation-Date: 2021-05-07 Number: 95 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:95-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Juan Casado Asensio Author-Name: Takayoshi Kato Author-Name: Heiwon Shin Title: Lessons on engaging with the private sector to strengthen climate resilience in Guatemala, the Philippines and Senegal Abstract: For many private sector actors, especially micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs), it remains challenging to understand how the impacts of climate change may influence their business profitability and continuity over time, and how they can manage climate risks. This working paper explores how governments and development co-operation providers can further engage with the private sector to address these challenges and strengthen its resilience to the negative impacts of climate change. The paper focuses on different roles of the private sector in strengthening climate resilience. It then examines how governments and development co-operation can foster such roles through enhancing domestic institutions and networks, policy frameworks, climate and weather data and information, and financing mechanisms. The proposed actions draw from the experiences of three case studies: Guatemala, the Philippines and Senegal. Classification-JEL: Q54; Q56; Q58 Creation-Date: 2021-05-07 Number: 96 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:96-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Weronika Garbacz Author-Name: David Vilalta Author-Name: Lasse Moller Title: The role of guarantees in blended finance Abstract: The coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis provides a new context for donors to assess the relevance of guarantees in addressing challenges linked with a sustainable recovery. The paper argues there may be significant scope for more and better use of guarantees to build back better in response to the crisis. The paper also discusses how guarantees can promote more investment particularly in underdeveloped and underserved markets, such as least developed countries (LDCs). Classification-JEL: O10 Keywords: Blended finance, Covid-19, Development cooperation, Development finance, Guarantees, LDC Creation-Date: 2021-06-01 Number: 97 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:97-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Seve Loudon Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Charlotte Goemans Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Diana Koester Title: Gender equality and fragility Abstract: Gender equality and fragility are inextricably linked. Addressing issues of gender inequality in fragile contexts requires systematic approaches that work through the complexity of fragility. It requires contextual understanding of social norms, political sensitivities, environmental concerns, and other risks that continue to perpetuate fragility. As part of the 2020 States of Fragility series, this working paper unpacks the deep‑rooted linkages between gender inequalities and fragility; provides an analysis of gender within the current OECD Fragility Framework; and looks to areas of improvement for understanding and addressing these inequalities. Classification-JEL: D74; D63; F50; J16 Creation-Date: 2021-07-06 Number: 98 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:98-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Alejandro Guerrero-Ruiz Author-Name: Paige Kirby Author-Name: Julia Schnatz Title: Aligning development co-operation to the SDGs in upper-middle income countries: A case study of Peru Abstract: Achieving sustainable development will require all development actors to act together and in synergy, and using comparable metrics to monitor progress. This case study explores whether the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can be used as a shared framework by all actors to manage development co-operation for results in upper middle-income countries, taking Peru as a case study. The report first lays out Peru’s SDG journey: its vision of the Goals as an anchor for policy coherence, and how its domestic policies align with them. It then discusses how well development co-operation aligns to the SDGs in Peru, analysing the related enablers, drivers and challenges. The report also examines how to set up monitoring approaches that support SDG measurement in Peru. Finally, it suggests ways to overcome a number of technical, political and organisational challenges that limit the use of the SDGs – some of which are unique to development co-operation delivery in upper middle-income countries. Classification-JEL: O19; O2; O20; O21; Z18 Keywords: 2030 Agenda, adaptive management, aggregation, data, development co-operation, development effectiveness, evidence-based, harmonisation, impact, Latin America, MICs, middle-income countries, performance measurement, results, results framework, results-based management, SDGs, standard indicators, statistics Creation-Date: 2021-07-09 Number: 99 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:99-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Alejandro Guerrero-Ruiz Author-Name: Paige Kirby Author-Name: Kadambote Sachin Title: Aligning development co-operation to the SDGs in small island developing states: A case study of Samoa Abstract: This case study explores whether the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can be used as a shared framework for results by development co-operation actors in Samoa. The study offers an introduction to Samoa’s progress in mainstreaming the SDGs in national policy making, as well as in monitoring the SDG targets and indicators. It then focuses on the experiences of development co-operation partners in aligning their country-level programmes and frameworks with the SDGs, and identifies enabling factors, drivers and obstacles that contribute to SDG alignment and monitoring in Samoa. The study concludes with recommendations for both the government and its development partners to increase the collective use of the SDG framework and improve policy coherence, effectiveness and sustainable impact of all development efforts. Classification-JEL: O19; O20; O21; Z18 Keywords: 2030 agenda, adaptive management, aggregation, data, development co-operation, development effectiveness, evidence-based, harmonisation, impact, Pacific, performance measurement, results, results framework, results-based management, SDGs, SIDS, small-island developing states, standard indicators, statistics Creation-Date: 2021-07-09 Number: 100 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:100-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Valerie Habbel Author-Workplace-Name: German Institute for Development Evaluation Author-Name: Edward T. Jackson Author-Workplace-Name: Carleton University Author-Name: Magdalena Orth Author-Workplace-Name: German Institute for Development Evaluation Author-Name: Johanna Richter Author-Workplace-Name: German Institute for Development Evaluation Author-Name: Sven Harten Author-Workplace-Name: German Institute for Development Evaluation Title: Evaluating blended finance instruments and mechanisms: Approaches and methods Abstract: This paper provides an overview of how to evaluate different blended finance instruments and mechanisms, including equity instruments, debt instruments, first loss capital, guarantees and insurance, development impact bonds, performance-based grants, structured funds and syndicated loans. It is structured along the most important and common questions evaluators seek to answer, including how to measure the mobilisation of additional financial resources, and assessing results. It provides a description of the most appropriate methods and tools for answering these questions, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages, and discusses their application. Classification-JEL: E43; O16; Q01 Keywords: additionality, assessment, blended finance, evaluation methods, impact, ODA, private finance Creation-Date: 2021-08-06 Number: 101 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:101-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Alejandro Guerrero-Ruiz Author-Name: Kadambote Sachin Author-Name: Julia Schnatz Title: Aligning development co-operation to the SDGs in least developed countries: A case study of Uganda Abstract: This case study explores whether the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can be used as a shared framework by all actors to manage development co‑operation for results in least developed countries, taking Uganda as a case study. The study offers an introduction to Uganda’s progress in mainstreaming the Goals in national policy making, as well as in monitoring the SDG targets and indicators. The report then focuses on the experiences of development co-operation partners in aligning their country-level programmes and frameworks with the SDG framework. It identifies enabling factors, drivers and obstacles that contribute to SDG alignment and monitoring in Uganda. The study concludes with recommendations for both the government and its development partners to increase the collective use of the SDGs as such a framework to improve policy coherence, effectiveness and sustainable impact of all development efforts. Classification-JEL: O19; O2; O20; O21; Z18 Keywords: Adaptive management, Africa, Agenda 2030, Aggregation, Data, Development co-operation, Development effectiveness, Evidence-based, Harmonisation, Impact, Least Developed Countries, LICs, Performance measurement, Results, Results framework, Results-based management, SDGs, Standard indicators, Statistics Creation-Date: 2021-10-08 Number: 102 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:102-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Aussama Bejraoui Author-Name: Guillaume Delalande Author-Name: Melissa Li Author-Name: Julia Benn Title: TOSSD - Tracking global health expenditure in support of the SDGs Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the need for better tracking and monitoring domestic and international investments in health, including on pandemic preparedness. The total official support for sustainable development (TOSSD) framework can help, as it captures both cross‑border flows to developing countries, such as international assistance, and domestic contributions to global public goods, such as pandemic preparedness. This pilot study tests the current TOSSD methodology for tracking the global financing for health, and explores how TOSSD can be shaped to best respond to the emerging information needs of the international community. Classification-JEL: I15; I14; H41; H87; C4; O11; F3; E44 Creation-Date: 2021-11-25 Number: 103 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:103-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Takayoshi Kato Author-Name: Mikaela Rambali Author-Name: Victor Blanco-Gonzalez Title: Strengthening climate resilience in mountainous areas Abstract: Mountainous areas are at the forefront of climate change. This working paper presents approaches to strengthening the resilience of human and natural systems in mountainous areas against the impacts of climate change. Chapter 1 provides an overview of climate-related hazards to ecosystems and communities in mountainous areas, especially in developing countries, and their exposure and vulnerability to those hazards. The chapter then examines various ways governments and development co‑operation providers can strengthen the climate resilience of mountain communities and ecosystems. Chapter 2 presents the case of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. Classification-JEL: Q01; Q56; Q54; R11; F63; F64 Creation-Date: 2021-12-10 Number: 104 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:104-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Julia Schnatz Author-Name: Alejandro Guerrero-Ruiz Author-Name: Kadambote Sachin Title: Aligning development co-operation to the SDGs in lower middle-income countries: A case study of Bangladesh Abstract: This case study explores whether the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can be used as a shared framework by all actors to manage development co-operation for results in lower middle-income countries, taking Bangladesh as a case study. The study offers an introduction to Bangladesh’s progress in mainstreaming the Goals in national policy making, as well as in monitoring the SDG targets and indicators. The report then focuses on the experiences of development co-operation partners in aligning their country-level programmes and frameworks with the SDGs, and identifies enabling factors, drivers and obstacles that contribute to SDG alignment and monitoring in Bangladesh. The study concludes with recommendations for both the government and its development partners to increase the collective use of the SDG framework and improve the policy coherence, effectiveness and sustainable impact of all development efforts. Classification-JEL: Z18; O20; O19; O21 Keywords: adaptive management, agenda 2030, aggregation, asia, data, development effectiveness, evidence-based, harmonisation, impact, lower middle-income country, performance measurement, results, results framework, results-based management, sdgs, standard indicators, statistics Creation-Date: 2022-04-29 Number: 105 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:105-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Juan Casado Asensio Author-Name: Dominique Blaquier Author-Name: Jens Sedemund Title: Strengthening capacity for climate action in developing countries: Overview and recommendations Abstract: Despite years of donor country engagement, developing countries’ efforts to fight climate change and its consequences remain stifled by important capacity gaps. This paper reviews the experience of development co-operation partners in strengthening capacities in this area. It provides an in-depth analysis of official development assistance trends and flows, as well as an overview of the enabling factors, obstacles and good practices. Finally, it suggests ways to overcome a number of technical, political and organisational challenges, and to accelerate capacity development for more effective climate action in partner countries. Keywords: Capacity building, capacity development, climate, climate change, climate change mitigation, climate finance, development co-operation, learning, official development assistance, technical assistance, technical co-operation, training Creation-Date: 2022-05-03 Number: 106 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:106-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Faty Dembele Author-Name: Timothy Randall Author-Name: David Vilalta Author-Name: Vanessa Bangun Title: Blended finance funds and facilities: 2020 survey results Abstract: Initially launched in 2017, the OECD annual Blended finance Funds and Facilities Survey compiles and analyses information on collective investment vehicles, one of the primary channels for blended finance. In 2020, the third annual edition captured 198 vehicles, representing USD 75 billion assets under management. The survey helps policy makers and private sector actors better grasp the size and shape of a segment of the blended finance market. By bringing together data of different development actors that, collectively, are a significant contributor to sustainable finance, this survey makes an important contribution to enhancing understanding and transparency. Transparency is increased through the data collection and analysis, and understanding is increased through the aggregation of the data that highlight the main investments trends. The quantitative analysis is complemented by OECD statistics on private finance mobilised by official development interventions, as well as by information provided by other specialised institutions. This new evidence confirms trends observed on the broader blended finance market in terms of priority sectors, geographical coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals targeted. This year’s edition also explores additional aspects such as investors, clients and investment instruments, and has a particular focus on gender. Classification-JEL: E44; F35; F63; F65; F68; O16; O2; F3 Keywords: blended finance, development finance, dfis, funds and facilities, private sector mobilization, sdgs Creation-Date: 2022-06-22 Number: 107 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:107-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Guillaume Delalande Author-Name: Marisa Berbegal-Ibanez Author-Name: Juan Casado Asensio Author-Name: Julia Benn Title: Chile’s perspective on Total Official Support for Sustainable Development Abstract: Total Official Support for Sustainable Development (TOSSD) is a new metric that measures official flows, and private flows mobilised by the official sector, to support sustainable development in developing countries. This pilot study seeks the perspective of Chile (a dual provider/recipient of development co-operation) on the concept and methodology of TOSSD. It estimates TOSSD flows from Chile in support of sustainable development and carries out a light assessment of its capacity to report on TOSSD. Classification-JEL: C4; F3; F35 Keywords: Chile, Development Finance, Financing for development, Global public goods, International public goods, SDG, Statistics, Sustainability, TOSSD, Transparency Creation-Date: 2022-07-31 Number: 108 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:108-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Giorgio Gualberti Author-Name: Sandie Xu Author-Name: Madeleine Lessard Author-Name: Cécile Sangaré Author-Name: Ali Utku Dagtekin Author-Name: Caroline Mícek Author-Name: Julia Benn Title: Total Official Support for Sustainable Development - Data comparison study for Bangladesh, Cameroon and Colombia Abstract: The TOSSD statistical framework aims to provide a complete picture of all official resources flowing into developing countries for their sustainable development, providing reliable, comparable and transparent data. This working paper compares the TOSSD data for the year 2019 with datasets collected by three countries: Bangladesh, Cameroon and Colombia. The study explores similarities and differences between the TOSSD data and the data collected at the local level, and provides recommendations on how to improve data completeness and accuracy. It also suggests how a data validation mechanism for TOSSD could work, allowing recipient countries to provide timely feedback. Classification-JEL: C4; F3; F35 Keywords: Bangladesh, Cameroon, Colombia, Data, Development finance, Financing for development, SDG, Statistics, Sustainability, TOSSD, Transparency Creation-Date: 2022-07-31 Number: 109 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:109-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Juan Casado Asensio Author-Name: Dominique Blaquier Author-Name: Jens Sedemund Title: Biodiversity and development finance: Main trends, 2011-20 Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the main trends in development finance with biodiversity-related objectives for the period 2011 to 2020, using available OECD statistical data, from various sources. The resources covered are: Official Development Assistance and non-concessional development finance, both bilateral and multilateral, from members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) as well as non-members, including South-South and Triangular Co-operation; private finance mobilised by public interventions; and private philanthropy. In addition, this paper assesses financing provided by bilateral DAC members that are Parties to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, looking at how they fared collectively against the Aichi Target 20 on development finance. The paper was prepared by the DAC ENVIRONET Secretariat, with inputs from the OECD Environment Directorate, and with guidance from a group of DAC members. Classification-JEL: H23; J15; J16; K32; L73; N5; N50; Q23; Q57; Q22 Keywords: Biodiversity, development finance, nature finance, Aichi target, SDG14, SDG15, Rio marker, development co-operation Creation-Date: 2022-12-05 Number: 110 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:110-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kerri Elgar Author-Name: Yasmin Ahmad Author-Name: Aussama Bejraoui Author-Name: Eleanor Carey Author-Name: Gregory De Paepe Author-Name: Miami Choudhury Title: Development co-operation and the provision of global public goods Abstract: This paper looks at the implications for development co-operation of increased spending on global public goods and “bads”. It explores shifts in the narratives and financing priorities of development co-operation providers over recent decades and puts forward key considerations for them on their future role. Classification-JEL: H41; F3 Keywords: country programmable aid, developing countries, development, development co-operation, global challenges, global public bads, global public goods, official development assistance, total official support for sustainable development Creation-Date: 2023-05-05 Number: 111 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:111-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Benjamin Kumpf Author-Name: Parnika Jhunjhunwala Title: The adoption of innovation in international development organisations: Lessons for development co-operation Abstract: Addressing 21st century development challenges requires investments in innovation, including the use of new approaches and technologies. Currently, many development organisations prioritise investments in isolated innovation pilots that leverage a specific approach or technology rather than pursuing a strategic approach to expand the organisation’s toolbox with innovations that have proven their comparative advantage over what is currently used. This Working Paper addresses this challenge of adopting innovations. How can development organisations institutionalise a new way of working, bringing what was once novel to the core of how business is done?Analysing successful adoption efforts across five DAC agencies, the paper lays out a proposed process for the adoption of innovations. The paper features five case-studies and concludes with a set of lessons and recommendations for policy makers on innovation management generally, and adoption of innovation in particular. Classification-JEL: L3; L30; L31; L32; O3; O32; O33 Keywords: diffusion of innovation, innovation, innovation management, international development, organisational development Creation-Date: 2023-06-05 Number: 112 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:112-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Dan Schreiber Author-Name: Sophia Swithern Title: Co-ordination across the Humanitarian-Development-Peace Nexus Abstract: This paper provides a detailed analysis of co-ordination amongst organisations engaging in fragile and conflict-affected contexts. Co-ordination is the first pillar of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) Recommendation on the Humanitarian-Development-Peace (HDP) Nexus adopted by the DAC in 2019. Effective co-ordination is critical to the success of HDP Nexus approaches. However, despite a limited donor base and implementing entities, challenges persist in co-ordinating actions across humanitarian, development, and peace sectors. Exploring a spectrum of co-ordination approaches, this paper aims to inform policy discussions with a renewed attention on development effectiveness and coherent approaches. Classification-JEL: O15; O2 Keywords: armed conflict, co-ordination, development, fragile contexts, fragility, humanitarian, nexus, peace Creation-Date: 2023-12-22 Number: 114 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:114-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Cécilia Piemonté Author-Name: Jieun Kim Author-Name: Olivier Cattaneo Title: Financing sustainable development in the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States: A transition finance diagnostic Abstract: This paper gives an overview of all development finance sources available to countries of the Organisation of Eastern-Caribbean States (OECS) for enhancing their economic and climate resilience, and progress towards their Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). After reviewing political and macroeconomic contexts, it examines some of the specific challenges and opportunities they meet in financing their development, including the mobilisation of private finance and domestic resources; public debt sustainability; and the alignment of official development finance (ODF) with their evolving needs. It stresses the risks of inadequately preparing for the end of eligibility to official development assistance (ODA), when countries reach high-income status while remaining highly vulnerable. Finally, it presents recommendations for the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) members to better support and accompany OECS countries as they transition to higher-income status. Classification-JEL: E60; F00; F30; H84; I31; O10; O19; O20; O54; Q56; Z3 Keywords: Eastern Caribbean States, ODA graduation, oecs, official development assistance, SIDS' vulnerabilities, small island developing states, transition finance Creation-Date: 2024-04-17 Number: 115 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:115-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Benjamin Kumpf Author-Name: Avilia Zavarella Author-Name: Teodora Chis Author-Name: Kathy Nothstine Title: Fostering innovation in low- and middle-income countries through challenge funds and prizes: Lessons for development co-operation Abstract: For centuries, governments in high-income countries have offered financial incentives to external parties for innovative solutions to complex problems. However, open innovation mechanisms like challenge funds and prizes have been less prevalent in low-income countries. This working paper explores the effects of such mechanisms on innovation ecosystems and how challenge funds and prizes have contributed to building dynamic capabilities in public sector entities. Creation-Date: 2024-08-27 Number: 116 Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:116-EN