Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Frans Lammersen
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Michael Roberts
Author-Workplace-Name: World Trade Organization
Title: Aid for trade 10 years on: Keeping it effective
Abstract: Ten years after the 2005 WTO Ministerial Conference agreed on a mandate to operationalise aid for trade, this paper assesses the achievements and challenges of the WTO-led Initiative. After outlining the achievements, the paper discusses where to put the emphasis, how to expand partnerships, how to enhance effectiveness; and, most importantly, how to retain interest in using aid to make trade work for the poor. In conclusion, the paper proposes that the Initiative could focus on promoting connectivity, boosting sustainable investment, promoting green growth, and supporting the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. The paper suggests that these aims can best be achieved through regional approaches for tackling trade-related binding constraints with development finance from a combination of different sources, including providers of South-South co-operation and with engagement of the private sector.
Keywords: aid for trade, sustainable development, WTO
Creation-Date: 2015-12-07
Number: 1
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: Human Resource Management in States affected by Fragility and Conflict
Abstract: This study on Human Resource Management (HRM) in States Affected by Fragility and/or Conflict has been produced by the INCAF Secretariat in response to a request made by the INCAF Task Team on Implementation and Reform during its meetings of 25-26 March 2014. The purpose of this publication is to: - provide a shared understanding of HRM issues to policy makers and practitioners involved in states affected by fragility and/or conflict (SFC)2 - outline a set of common challenges faced by INCAF members in relation to HRM in SFC - serve as a peer-learning tool by sharing ideas and experiences on innovative practices and reforms among members of the OECD/DAC’s International Network on Conflict and Fragility (INCAF), or from other organisations working in SFC
Keywords: human resource management
Creation-Date: 2015-12-07
Number: 2
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Erwin van Veen
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Improving Security and Justice Programming in Fragile Situations: Better Political Engagement, More Change Management
Abstract: Managing change in the security and justice sector is politically sensitive and incredibly complex: it interferes with the foundations of power, is politically contested at both ends of the development partnership, and potentially challenges the interests of established social and political groupings in partner countries. In consequence, international support for security and justice development programming needs to be designed, organised and delivered in ways that adhere much more closely to the political and operational realities of fragile environments. This report analyses programmes in developing countries, extracting relevant policy implications and providing important lessons for future programmes. It draws on experience from nine security and justice programmes in four different countries: Burundi, Guatemala, Timor-Leste, and Sierra Leone, and highlights what has worked and what has not worked in the design and implementation of security and justice programmes in fragile and conflict-affected states.
Keywords: Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations, good practices, Security and justice, SSR, Working Politically
Creation-Date: 2016-04-12
Number: 3
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: Good development support in fragile, at-risk and crisis affected contexts
Abstract: New thinking on the nature of fragility and risk shows a shift from a one-dimensional understanding of fragility towards a more holistic approach in which degrees of fragility exist on a spectrum. This approach recognises the need for collaborative, regional and global solutions to tackle the root causes - and that acknowledges the need to broaden the use of institutional influences, policy levers and expertise “beyond aid”. In parallel, many development co-operation agencies are working to meet commitments under the newly agreed Sustainable Development Goals, the Paris Agreement on climate change, and the Addis Ababa Action Agenda on financing sustainable development. In this context, the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) commissioned a study on how to work more effectively in fragile, at-risk and crisis-affected contexts. This report identifies 12 lessons grouped into 3 thematic areas: building institutional fitness, aspiring to deliver change, and leaving no-one behind. These lessons are illustrated with a wealth of good practice examples from DAC members.
Keywords: aid effectiveness, conflict, Donorship, fragile states
Creation-Date: 2016-04-12
Number: 4
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:4-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Frans Lammersen
Author-Name: William Hynes
Title: Aid for Trade and the Sustainable Development Agenda: Strengthening Synergies
Abstract: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development with the Sustainable Development Goals at its core calls to “(…) increase aid-for-trade support for developing countries, in particular least developed countries.” This call echoes a similar appeal in the Addis Ababa Action Agenda of the Third International Conference on Financing for Development. In response, the OECD Action Plan on the Sustainable Development Goals: Better Policies for 2030 also argues for further promoting aid for trade and ensuring that it supports the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. This paper discusses how aid for trade can contribute to these goals. It argues that the Aid-for-Trade Initiative already takes an integrated and multi-dimensional approach to promoting trade, economic growth and poverty reduction. Aid-for-trade programmes are critical to turn trade opportunities into trade flows, but more is needed to make trade an engine for green growth and poverty reduction for both men and women. International companies are already increasing their financial and technical contribution to building trade-related capacities in developing countries. Strengthening private sector engagement further could be achieved by expanding platforms for project-based collaboration that create multi-stakeholder value. Such approaches will better facilitate trade for development and strengthen the contribution of aid for trade to the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda.
Creation-Date: 2016-12-13
Number: 5
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:5-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: Dispelling the myths of triangular co-operation: Evidence from the 2015 OECD survey on triangular co-operation
Abstract: Triangular co-operation features in the 2030 Agenda and the Addis Ababa Action Agenda as an instrument to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. It combines the comparative advantages of the different partners involved, creates synergies, promotes learning among all partners and builds relationships based on trust. However, several myths have developed about triangular co-operation projects 1) being small in scale and scope, operating only in niche areas; 2) lacking systematic planning and implementation mechanisms; and 3) having no clear value added. This report addresses these three “myths” by analysing the results from a survey of triangular co-operation that the OECD conducted in 2015. It provides evidence on the “reality” from over 400 projects that were reported by the 60 respondents. The report concludes that triangular co-operation is a highly relevant and strategic mode of co-operation with increasing numbers of projects, budgets and durations, established planning mechanisms and a clear value added.
Classification-JEL: O1; O10; O19; O2; O20
Keywords: developing countries, development partnerships, Sustainable Development Goals, Triangular co-operation, trilateral co-operation
Creation-Date: 2017-05-16
Number: 6
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:6-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Rosie Zwart
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Strengthening the results chain: Synthesis of case studies of results-based management by providers
Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of evidence from seven case studies of results-based management by development co-operation providers. Analysis of themes from the case studies reveal six interrelated challenges which providers face in their efforts to manage for the results of development co-operation. The six challenges are: linking results to development goals, ensuring the purpose of results systems is well-defined, weighing up the benefits of aggregating and attributing results from standard indicators, enabling country ownership, using performance information alongside results information, and building and embedding a results culture. Providers continue to adopt a range of approaches to pursue a focus on results and there are many examples of good practice. The case studies suggest that in a complex development landscape some providers are prioritising the use of aggregated results information for domestic accountability, communication, and performance management over their use for learning and policy direction. In this context, the paper argues that in agency-wide results frameworks development co-operation results are often detached (or de-contextualised) from development results and discusses the implications of this, including the use of standard indicators to measure aggregated outputs. The paper uses case study evidence to discuss and suggest practical ways providers can build and maintain a strong results focus which enables analysis, insights and learning, and has achievement of development outcomes as its objective.
Classification-JEL: O19; O2; O20; O21
Keywords: Agenda 2030, aggregation, attribution, data, development co-operation, evidence-based, performance measurement, Results, results frameworks, results-based management, SDGs, standard indicators
Creation-Date: 2017-08-17
Number: 7
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:7-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: Gender equality and women's empowerment in fragile and conflict-affected situations: A review of donor support
Abstract: Gender inequality, conflict and fragility are key challenges to sustainable development. They are inextricably linked: unequal gender relations can drive conflict and violence, while women’s active participation contributes to peace and resilience.This policy paper identifies recommendations for development partners based on four case study countries: Bangladesh, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Ethiopia and Nepal. It concludes that providing effective support for gender equality and sustainable peace requires an understanding of gender, conflict and fragility that is deeper, wider, and more politically informed than currently, with a strong focus on women as agents of change.
Classification-JEL: D74; J16
Keywords: conflict, development co-operation, donors, fragile situations, fragility, Gender equalit, women’s empowerment
Creation-Date: 2017-12-06
Number: 8
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:8-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Poul Engberg-Pedersen
Author-Name: Rosie Zwart
Title: The 2030 Agenda and Development Co-operation Results
Abstract: Providers of development co-operation can benefit from the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), targets and indicators for use in their results frameworks. The paper examines the SDG outcome and performance targets and indicators that fit with the goals of individual providers. It presents a menu of 60 SDG targets and indicators that can strengthen providers’ results frameworks, facilitate data collection and use, and offer improved platforms for dialogues on development co-operation results. The concept of “menu” recognises that individual providers and their partners prioritise different aspects of the 2030 Agenda. They can select and apply SDG targets and indicators to their existing results frameworks in accordance with their respective priorities. Results information is used for accountability and communication and hence tied to political goals for development co-operation. With clearer links to the SDGs, results information can also be used for strategic direction and learning by providers.
Classification-JEL: F35; F63; O19; O2; Q01
Keywords: 2030 Agenda, Accountability, Development co-operation results, Results targets and indicators, Sustainable Development Goals
Creation-Date: 2018-01-04
Number: 9
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:9-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Lydia Poole
Title: Financing for Stability in the post-2015 era
Abstract: This study and its associated guidance contribute to advancing thinking and understanding about one of the most significant challenges that the international community faces in fragile contexts: how to provide the right financing.The paper summarises new and emerging instruments and approaches in financing stability and resilience, and points to some of the gaps and challenges that remain in the fragility, resilience and stability space. It is not intended as holistic policy guidance on “how to” engage effectively across international and domestic, public and private instruments in fragile contexts. Instead, the paper is complemented by separate guidance on financing strategies: approaches to better align financing to support the delivery of results at the country-level.The research acknowledges that there are many high-level strategic debates which have yet to be resolved, which concern the comparative advantage and future role of Official Development Assistance (ODA) within a more diverse division of labour in financing, as well as a huge range of technical and capacity challenges ahead. The analysis, observations and conclusions put forward in this study should be interpreted therefore as preliminary contributions to what is a live and dynamic process of debate and adaptation.
Classification-JEL: F63; O1; O19
Keywords: crisis, financing, fragility, humanitarian, investment, peace, resilience, stability
Creation-Date: 2018-02-27
Number: 10
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:10-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Lydia Poole
Author-Name: Rachel Scott
Title: Financing for stability: Guidance for Practitioners
Abstract: This guidance outlines the process for developing financing strategies for fragile contexts: financing for stability. The process includes the concrete steps to take to deliver the financing strategy, accompanied by financing principles, and a range of tactical investments, that allow financing actors to use financing to incentivise certain behaviours and priority investments, and to invest in enabling conditions and public goods.
Classification-JEL: F63; O1; O19
Keywords: aid, development finance, fragile contexts, fragility, guidance, ODA, stability, strategy
Creation-Date: 2018-02-27
Number: 11
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:11-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Jon Jellema
Author-Name: Caroline Tassot
Title: Analyse de l’impact des politiques fiscales et de protection sociale sur les inégalités et la pauvreté au Togo
Abstract: Le gouvernement togolais a entrepris des réformes importantes après la crise des années 90 dans le but d’améliorer les conditions de vie de la population grâce à des politiques publiques adaptées, notamment à travers la Stratégie de croissance accélérée et de promotion de l’emploi (SCAPE) 2013-17. Malgré des améliorations du niveau d’éducation et une augmentation de l’espérance de vie, les défis en termes de pauvreté et d’inégalités restent très importants. Cette étude estime l’impact redistributif des revenus fiscaux (les impôts) et des dépenses fiscales à travers les transferts monétaires, non monétaires, et les subventions, sur les revenus des ménages et les inégalités. Deux conclusions ressortent de cette analyse : la politique fiscale réduit les inégalités au Togo, mais appauvrit les ménages les plus pauvres.
Classification-JEL: E62; H20; H50
Keywords: Dépenses publiques, Politique fiscale, Taxation
Creation-Date: 2018-09-17
Number: 12
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:12-FR
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Paulette Castel
Author-Name: Alexander Pick
Title: Increasing social insurance coverage in Viet Nam’s SMEs
Abstract: Viet Nam has made significant progress in expanding social insurance coverage in recent years. However, coverage amongst small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) remains very low and very few workers in this sector are expected to receive a pension in retirement. Drawing on two datasets for SMEs in Viet Nam, this paper seeks to explain this phenomenon by examining the characteristics of enterprises that are enrolled and those that opt out, and it identifies possible barriers to enrolment, such as high contribution rates. It also examines how enforcement mechanisms and formalisation policies might deter enterprises from enrolling. Drawing on lessons from international experience, the paper recommends a series of policy responses that seek both to address these barriers and to protect the livelihoods of those workers who are not yet covered.
Classification-JEL: H24; H55; I38; J32
Keywords: formalisation, minimum wage, SMEs, social insurance, social protection, Viet Nam
Creation-Date: 2018-10-19
Number: 13
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:13-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Galina Alova
Title: Integrating renewables in mining: Review of business models and policy implications
Abstract: Mining activities are energy-intensive and rely largely on fossil fuels to meet their energy demands. This exposes the mining sector to potential policy and regulatory risks, stemming from government efforts to shift the global economy to a low-emission development pathway, as envisaged by the Paris Agreement. At the same time, renewables have become an increasingly cost-competitive source of power generation. This has resulted in a business case for the adoption of solar and wind energy solutions in the mining sector, to reduce costs as well as carbon footprint of operations. The sector’s energy transition also presents an opportunity for resource-rich countries, including developing economies, to foster the synergistic development of higher value added domestic activities in the renewable energy sector. The shift of the mining industry to low-carbon energy has the potential to contribute to advancing the climate and sustainable development agenda, while also pursuing economic diversification objectives. However, the integration of new technologies into conventional power systems comes with risks and challenges. This paper aims to enhance the understanding of the key drivers for, and obstacles to, renewable energy integration in mining operations, based on a review of over 30 existing projects worldwide. The analysis identifies a need for an enabling policy environment, encompassing among others a competitive energy market structure and adequate energy infrastructure, to overcome current challenges and support the synergies between the development of the mining and renewable energy sectors.
Classification-JEL: L72; Q32; Q42
Keywords: carbon dioxide emissions, energy transition, mining, photovoltaic energy, renewable energy, sustainable development, wind power
Creation-Date: 2018-11-27
Number: 14
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:14-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Kefyalew Endale
Author-Name: Alexander Pick
Author-Name: Tassew Woldehanna
Title: Financing social protection in Ethiopia: A long-term perspective
Abstract: Social protection is at the centre of Ethiopia’s development policy. It is instrumental in reducing poverty and increasing the resilience of the population. The Government of Ethiopia (GoE) has published a new set of policy frameworks for social protection that envisage the expansion of social protection to cover a greater proportion of Ethiopians against a broader range of risks, and that call for social protection to be increasingly financed from domestic sources rather than by donors. A financing strategy for the implementation of this vision has been identified as a priority by the GoE. This study responds to this requirement. It provides a comprehensive mapping of social protection spending across the five focus areas of the national social protection policy and analyses the fiscal space available for different spending scenarios up to 2025/26. The study focuses on two issues in particular: the role of donor financing for social protection and the relationship between humanitarian relief and social protection spending.
Creation-Date: 2019-02-01
Number: 15
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:15-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Gaëlle Ferrant
Author-Name: Annelise Thim
Title: Measuring women’s economic empowerment: Time use data and gender inequality
Abstract: Empowerment, co-ordinated jointly by the OECD Development Co-operation Directorate, the Development Centre and Statistics Directorate. The initiative aims to identify policy and programme solutions to promote women’s economic empowerment by recognising, reducing and redistributing women’s unpaid care work. This paper presents new analysis of time use data and unpaid care work from Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Peru and South Africa as well as comparisons with OECD countries. It provides recommendations for policy makers, donors and development practitioners to support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, drawing on learning from the Social Institutions and Gender Index and in-country research by the OECD Policy Dialogue on Women’s Economic Empowerment. Specifically, the recommendations focus on how to recognise unpaid care work by measuring and valuing it, reduce time spent on drudgery by the provision of quality infrastructure and redistribute unpaid care tasks more equally between men and women by transforming gender stereotypes.
Classification-JEL: J16; J18; J22; O18
Keywords: gender equality, gender gaps, time use, Unpaid care work, women’s economic empowerment
Creation-Date: 2019-03-13
Number: 16
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:16-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: Engaging with men and masculinities in fragile and conflict-affected states
Abstract: Gender inequality, conflict and fragility are key challenges to sustainable development. They are inextricably linked: unequal gender relations can drive conflict and violence, while women’s active participation in decision-making contributes to peace and resilience. This policy paper provides practical recommendations for donors and practitioners on how to integrate gender equality into programming in fragile and conflict-affected settings. It focuses on engaging men and boys and addressing masculinities in a transformative manner to change gendered power dynamics and achieve more equitable gender norms and peaceful outcomes.
Classification-JEL: D74; J16
Keywords: conflict, development co-operation, donors, fragile situations, fragility, Gender equality, women’s empowerment
Creation-Date: 2019-03-15
Number: 17
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:17-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Klaus Schade
Author-Name: Justina La
Author-Name: Alexander Pick
Title: Financing social protection in Namibia
Abstract: Namibia is an upper middle-income country with one of the most comprehensive social protection systems in Africa. It provides cash transfers and complementary social assistance to a range of vulnerable groups including children, the elderly and people with disabilities, at a cost equivalent to 4.5% of GDP in 2016/17. Public-sector workers are well covered by social insurance, although there are gaps in provision for the private sector. Social protection, in particular cash transfers, has proven highly effective at reducing poverty and inequality and mitigating the impact of high unemployment, although these remain persistent challenges. For Namibia to achieve its development objectives, social protection will need to play an even greater role in the future, but scaling up social protection in the current context of low economic growth and fiscal consolidation will be challenging. This paper charts the evolution of social protection provision and expenditure, locates social protection within the context of Namibia’s broader fiscal framework and proposes options for enhancing its impact without increasing public spending.
Classification-JEL: I38; H53; H55; H61
Keywords: financing, health, inclusive growth, Namibia, pensions, social protection
Creation-Date: 2019-04-15
Number: 19
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:19-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Ji-Yeun Rim
Author-Name: Caroline Tassot
Title: Towards universal social protection: Lessons from the universal health coverage initiative
Abstract: Universal social protection (USP) is becoming high priority in many developing countries’ agendas. However, information on what has worked well – and not so well – is limited. This study reviews a wide range of recent country experiences with universal health coverage (UHC) financing and implementation in order to draw lessons and help governments elaborate policies for USP and the extension of social protection. It looks at different pathways and delivery and financing challenges to universalism in health coverage and takes a close look at equity issues. It concludes with some key takeaways from UHC implementation and its implications for USP. One important message of this study is that while the UHC experience cannot be mechanically transposed to the USP agenda, a number of lessons can be drawn. Moreover, the benefits in terms of coverage and equity of better integrating USP and UHC appear tremendous.
Classification-JEL: D63; H51; H55; I38
Keywords: Burkina Faso, equity, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, universal health coverage, universal social protection
Creation-Date: 2019-09-04
Number: 20
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:20-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: Green triangular co-operation: An accelerator to sustainable development
Abstract: This report showcases how triangular co-operation can contribute to achieving ‘green’ objectives (e.g. on climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation, biodiversity, desertification, and local environmental issues). Data collected through an OECD survey on triangular co-operation (2015) and desk research uncovered 224 triangular projects targeting green objectives, involving 91 countries and international organisations, out of a total of 658 triangular co-operation projects for the period 2014-18. Given the available evidence (data, evaluations and interviews with project managers), the report shows that triangular activities can deliver green goals in innovative, flexible and cost-effective ways within and across regions – and thus could help accelerate implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals and other international green agreements (e.g. the Paris Agreement). Nevertheless, there are several barriers that prevent further deployment of this modality, including lack of awareness on triangular co-operation among the different green communities, insufficient evidence on the potential of green triangular co-operation, and few dedicated vehicles that can pilot and scale-up successful initiatives. The report proposes a number of recommendations for policy makers to overcome these barriers.
Classification-JEL: O13; O19; O44; Q56
Keywords: biodiversity, climate change mitigation and adaptation, development co-operation, environment, green growth, green policy, green triangular co-operation, sustainable development
Creation-Date: 2019-12-03
Number: 21
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:21-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: Decentralised development co-operation: Unlocking the potential of cities and regions
Abstract: The Addis Ababa Action Agenda raises the urgency to address growing financing and capacity needs at all levels of government in developing countries (para. 34) while the 2030 Agenda calls to “localise” the SDGs. In its High Level Communiqué of 31 October 2017, the DAC stressed that “complex challenges increasingly require coherent approaches at all levels and co-ordinated, inclusive actions”, remaining “committed to improving quality and impact of our development co-operation policies”. Decentralised development co-operation, or international development co-operation carried out by subnational governments, is one tool OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) members can deploy to ensure that development co-operation is fit-for-purpose and responds to the local realities of the 2030 Agenda. The paper provides an assessment of the potential strengthens of decentralised development co-operation approaches as well as new opportunities to overcome longstanding challenges, including through the promotion of new forms of multi-level and multi-stakeholder partnerships.
Classification-JEL: F35; F63; F65; H2; H7; O18
Keywords: 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Addis Ababa Action Agenda, cities, decentralised development co-operation, official development assistance, regions, subnational governments
Creation-Date: 2019-12-09
Number: 22
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:22-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: Enabling effective triangular co-operation
Abstract: This study provides new insights into factors that enable effective triangular co-operation. These include sound national ecosystems to support triangular partnerships through high-level political will, guiding documents, institutional structures, partnerships, resources and management procedures. Furthermore, against the background of the 2030 Agenda and the outcomes of BAPA+40, a shift of thinking from ‘donor-recipient’ relations to ‘partnerships’ needs to run through political discourse, public opinion, strategies and systems of all partners in triangular co-operation. Moreover, for the first time, the issue of ‘transaction costs’ in triangular co-operation is discussed systematically. Based on the research, interviews, and meetings that were conducted for this study, broad agreement emerged that these are investments in the partnership, and should not be regarded as costs. Finally, five options to engage effectively in triangular co-operation are offered. The decision for one of these five approaches, depends on the specific context of the partners that wish to set up new triangular co-operation initiatives. There is no one-size-fits-all approach, thus this study aims to contribute ideas and policy implications based on existing experiences and evidence.
Classification-JEL: O21
Keywords: 2030 Agenda, Development co-operation, Ecosystems for development co-operation, Effectiveness, Sustainable development, Sustainable Development Goals, Transaction costs, Triangular co-operation
Creation-Date: 2019-12-10
Number: 23
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:23-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: Financing for refugee situations
Abstract: Forced displacement, including refugee flows, is a global phenomenon. As of 2018, 26 million people were refugees. Financing from the international community makes a significant contribution to supporting refugees and host communities. But in order to meet those needs effectively and efficiently, financing strategies need to take account of the particularities of large-scale refugee situations. Refugee flows are complex, often protracted, and, require humanitarian, development and peace financing to work in complementary ways. Doing this effectively can create opportunities that are of benefit to both refugees and host communities. This policy paper presents seven principles for improving financing for refugee situations, based on global trends and case studies in three hosting countries (Uganda, Lebanon, and Colombia) and one origin/return country (Central African Republic). Both the quality and the quantity of financing matters to get the greatest value for refugees and their host communities.
Classification-JEL: O1; O19; F22; F35; F63
Keywords: Burden- and Responsibility-sharing, Developing Countries, Development Finance, Displacement, Financing, Forced Displacement, Foreign Aid, Global Compact on Refugees, Humanitarian, New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants, ODA, Policy, Refugee
Creation-Date: 2019-12-16
Number: 24
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:24-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: Putting finance to work for gender equality and women's empowerment: The way forward
Abstract: The 2030 Agenda aims for a world in which every woman and girl enjoys full gender equality and all legal, social and economic barriers to their empowerment have been removed. Without gender equality and women’s empowerment, the Sustainable Development Goals will not be achieved. Yet investments into gender equality and women’s empowerment are lagging behind investments for most other goals.Implementing commitments to gender equality and women’s empowerment requires a range of tools and efforts, all underpinned by financial investments. While ODA remains an essential source of financing for gender equality and women’s empowerment, the Addis Ababa Action Agenda of the Third International Conference on Financing for Development commits development actors to a new way of thinking about financing for sustainable development, and official flows beyond ODA are becoming an increasingly important feature. This paper sets out an overview of what we know about the financing landscape for gender equality and women’s empowerment, a way forward in order to ensure more and better financing for gender equality, and some draft principles to guide future efforts.
Classification-JEL: B27; B54; F21; F23; F35; H20; H50
Keywords: financing, Gender equality, gender investing, SDG5, women’s empowerment
Creation-Date: 2020-01-22
Number: 25
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:25-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: Transition finance ABC methodology: A user’s guide to transition finance diagnostics
Abstract: Transition finance offers a flexible approach for development partners to respond to the changing financial needs of developing countries undergoing transition. The transition finance ABC methodology, part of the transition finance toolkit, provides methodological guidance, metrics, data references and analytical interpretation for users to conduct transition finance diagnostics and country studies.The paper is organised along the sections: assessing, benchmarking and counselling. The first section, assessment, outlines an economic and socio-political mapping of the country and helps to identify the specific transition a country is undergoing. Benchmarking, section two, helps to form country peer groups and contrast development finance to these countries. Building on the analytical results from the first two sections, the last section on counselling gives exemplary policy guidance to respond to the observed transition challenges.
Classification-JEL: F3; O1; F35; F34
Creation-Date: 2020-02-17
Number: 26
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:26-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: What does "inclusive governance" mean?: Clarifying theory and practice
Abstract: Inclusion in terms of both process (how decisions are made and who is included in that process and how and why) and outcomes (how wealth and prosperity are distributed and shared across a population and why) is a leading priority in international development, with the Sustainable Development Goals as perhaps the most ambitious articulation of this. As the evidence overwhelmingly shows, over the long term, more open and inclusive states and societies tend to be more prosperous, effective and resilient. And yet, it is far less clear how countries that today can be considered more inclusive in terms of both process and outcome got to where they are. This Note explores the relationship between inclusive governance and inclusive development. It finds that there is no automatic causal relationship between inclusion as process and inclusion as outcome in either direction. However, the Note also highlights that under certain circumstances, more inclusive processes can in fact foster more inclusive development, and it teases out several factors that have been important in in this respect. By way of conclusion, the paper draws out implications for how international development actors can support inclusion more effectively through more politically aware ways of thinking and working.
Keywords: exclusion, governance, inclusive development, inclusive governance, inclusive institutions, inclusive outcomes, inclusive processes, SDG 16
Creation-Date: 2020-03-04
Number: 27
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:27-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: Mission drawdowns: Financing a sustainable peace: Sustaining gains and supporting economic stability post UN mission withdrawal
Abstract: Successful transitions are vital; providing the means to secure the gains achieved through UN missions. A carefully managed transition process is one of the best ways to guard against backslide and to ensure the continuity of essential peacebuilding and conflict prevention efforts. As part of this, it will be important to build and reinforce the essential foundations for economic stability, and to maintain financing for peace programming post-withdrawal. Therefore, the overall objective of this research was to address the systemic challenges of financing UN Mission transitions, by outlining opportunities to ensure that: the potentially negative economic impacts and disruptions of UN Mission transitions are mitigated; financing for peacebuilding programmes is sustained post mission withdrawal; and domestic economic growth is sustained and supported where possible. This paper combines global trends and research on peace operation transitions with findings from case studies in DRC (initial stages of MONUSCO transition), Haiti (handover from MINUJUSH to BINUH), Liberia (following UNMIL’s withdrawal) and Sudan (transition of UNAMID). The paper focuses on opportunities that the international community could integrate into programming, co-ordination and financing. Accordingly, the paper is structured around the three phases of transition – ongoing UN missions, the transition, and sustaining capacity and economic stability post-withdrawal.
Keywords: Developing Countries, Financing, Stability, Foreign Aid, Fragility, INCAF, ODA, Peacekeeping, Policy, Special Political Mission, Transition, UN missions, United Nations
Creation-Date: 2020-03-04
Number: 28
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:28-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: Digital transformation and the futures of civic space to 2030
Abstract: Digital transformation is rapidly altering civic space, challenging the ways in which members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and other providers of development co-operation strive to promote an enabling environment for civil society to contribute to sustainable development. This paper aims to support DAC members and other providers of development co-operation to integrate the implications of a range of plausible futures of civic space into positive policy action today. To this end, it provides an overview of the variables (i.e. current trends, drivers of change and uncertainties) that may determine the trajectory of civic space in the context of digital transformation; identifies four plausible futures that emerge from four different logical interactions of these variables - that could materialise over a ten-year horizon and be fully realised by 2030; and draws policy implications to support DAC members and other providers in designing development cooperation policies that best leverage the opportunities that digital transformation offers while mitigating its risks.
Classification-JEL: D81; O10; O33
Creation-Date: 2020-06-10
Number: 29
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:29-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: How Islamic finance contributes to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals
Abstract: This report identifies the opportunities that Islamic finance presents for donors. To achieve these, Arab and OECD Development Assistance Committee donors need to mobilise innovative forms of financing and deliver the call to deepen the transformation of development finance systems. DAC members could do so by broadening and deepening exposure to alternative forms of financing, such as Islamic finance. Islamic finance represents USD 2.5 trillion – a share of which could be mobilised for development – and its tenets resonate across the member countries of the Organisation for Islamic Cooperation and beyond. Arab donors could harness Islamic finance, as a means to strengthen partnerships with DAC members, whilst increasing the effectiveness of existing aid flows in countries and contexts where they have considerable access. Doing so could create a more equitable and stable development finance order capable of delivering the SDGs and achieve greater impact in partner countries. Both communities would then be able to chart a path for all development actors, notably the private sector, development finance institutions and other bilateral donors. This report provides a set of action points for Arab and DAC donors, highlighting the benefits of engaging in and co-operating through Islamic finance.
Classification-JEL: O19; O2; Q01; O29; O16; G28; F3
Creation-Date: 2020-06-11
Number: 30
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:30-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Simon Lange
Title: Key trends in development co-operation for national data and statistical systems
Abstract: This policy paper sheds light on current trends in development co-operation for data and statistical systems in developing countries. It analyses trends in funding through official development assistance as well as strategic priorities and modalities for providing support. It identifies different approaches to capacity development and discusses their strengths, opportunities and risks. The objectives of the research published in this paper are twofold: first, to understand key challenges to ensuring support is effective, owned by partners, aligned with their priorities and needs, and conducive to producing capacity and results that outlive specific projects and; second, with a view to identifying good practices, to provide insights on how Development Assistance Committee members support statistics and statistical capacity development in developing countries.
Classification-JEL: C8; F35; H87; O20
Creation-Date: 2020-08-03
Number: 31
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:31-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: Politically informed approaches to working on gender equality in fragile and conflict-affected contexts
Abstract: Gender inequality and political power relations are inextricably linked, and are especially complex in fragile and conflict-affected settings. This policy paper provides practical recommendations for donors and practitioners on how to integrate gender equality into programming in fragile and conflict-affected contexts using politically informed approaches. It goes beyond traditional development practices and ways of working, as well as the main systems, practices, and tools required to implement politically informed approaches. The paper emphasises the importance of integrating analysis of power relations and the functioning of political and socio-economic systems; and the important role of negotiating barriers and using opportunities within existing systems in order to achieve the desired change – with the potential to transform both gender inequalities and fragility, which is key to achieve the sustainable development goals.
Creation-Date: 2020-09-25
Number: 32
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:32-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: Civil service pension reform in developing countries: Experiences and lessons
Abstract: This study examines reforms to civil service pension arrangements in a number of developing countries across Africa, Asia and Latin America. These arrangements are a significant component of public-sector remuneration in many developing countries and they can carry substantial risks, not only financial but also political and social. This study takes a long-term and systemic approach to civil service pensions, charting their evolution as part of a country’s social protection provision and with reference to public-sector remuneration as well as broader institutional developments. It demonstrates the short- and long-term costs of these arrangements against spending on other social protection interventions, notably poverty-targeted social assistance. Through a series of case studies, it examines the motivation behind countries’ decision to reform their civil service schemes, as well as the challenges they faced when undertaking these reforms and their overall impact. The study is intended to support countries planning to reform their civil service pension schemes by identifying key principles and specific policies they might consider in this process; it can also support governments not planning such reforms to better understand the financial dynamics of their civil service schemes.
Classification-JEL: H53; H55; J32; J45
Keywords: Pensions, public sector, remuneration, social protection
Creation-Date: 2020-11-27
Number: 33
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:33-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Jason Gagnon
Author-Name: Mathilde Rodrigues
Title: Towards more sustainable solutions to forced displacement: What measures are donor countries applying to forced displacement in developing countries?
Abstract: The majority of forcibly displaced people worldwide are hosted by developing countries. Alternative routes to sustainable solutions for the forcibly displaced, particularly in developing countries, are drying up, and the path towards and support for local integration and longer-term development is becoming urgent. Based on a questionnaire, this report delves into the question of how donor countries are addressing forced displacement and whether the shift towards a focus incorporating the humanitarian-development-peace nexus in addressing forced displacement is tangible. It highlights lessons learned so far and proposes recommendations on broadening the current approach to addressing forced displacement in developing economies.
Classification-JEL: F22; F35; J15; J60
Keywords: refugees, forced displacement, international migration, foreign aid
Creation-Date: 2020-12-18
Number: 34
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:34-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Håvard Halland
Author-Name: Adam Dixon
Author-Name: Soh Young In
Author-Name: Ashby Monk
Author-Name: Rajiv Sharma
Title: Mobilising institutional investor capital for climate-aligned development
Abstract: Financing from institutional investors will be critical to achieving the sustainable development goals and curbing climate change. However, these large investors have been largely absent from multilateral initiatives to mobilise private capital. Partly as a result, such initiatives have been unable to reach the scale required for development finance to go “from billions to trillions”. Successful mobilisation of private capital – including from institutional investors – has instead frequently taken place at the local level, by strategic investment funds and some green banks. At the same time, some institutional investors have been changing their modus operandi, from an intermediary to a collaborative model, and are re-localising their operations. The elimination of financial intermediaries with a short-term focus removes a bottleneck between two categories of long-term investors – institutional investors and multilateral finance institutions. That opens new opportunities for collaboration, as discussed in this paper.
Classification-JEL: O10; O19; G23; Q54
Keywords: Blended finance, Climate finance, Development finance institutions, Green banks, Institutional investors, Strategic investment funds, Sustainable finance
Creation-Date: 2021-01-08
Number: 35
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:35-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: Sustainably financing infrastructure in sub-Saharan Africa - What role for the DAC?
Abstract: In a climate of heightened debt vulnerabilities, countries in sub-Saharan Africa struggle to fill the gap in infrastructure finance, which is paramount to achieving their sustainable development objectives. At the same time, the infrastructure financing landscape in the region has become increasingly diverse and challenging to navigate. This paper reviews the role of Development Assistance Committee (DAC) members in supporting countries to address mounting infrastructure needs while avoiding and mitigating potential debt crises.The first part of the paper provides an overview of the infrastructure needs in sub-Saharan Africa. The second part presents the changes in infrastructure financing, highlighting the dominant roles of domestic government and non-DAC lenders. The third part explains how infrastructure finance can be a potential driver for the debt build-up in the region; but that the quality of spending and the diversity of financing providers can be mitigating factors. The fourth part includes policy recommendations for DAC members.
Creation-Date: 2021-02-16
Number: 36
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:36-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: Financing transition in the health sector: What can Development Assistance Committee members do?
Abstract: This paper explores the health financing challenges that countries face when they transition from low-income towards middle-income level and beyond. While domestic actors bear an increasing share of the national health expenditure in this process, the transition is not automatic nor necessarily smooth. The challenges that emerge in the process are recently exacerbated by the COVID-19 crisis, which risks diverting resources away from basic health services. The role of development actors during this stage can be critical in setting up sustainable systems of health financing in those countries. The paper starts with a review of the progress on the global health agenda by taking stock of past achievements and remaining challenges. Then, it explores how the health financing landscape transitions with the income level of a country, tracing how this can give rise to transition setbacks. Finally, the paper zooms in on the role of development finance and how it can be reshaped to better facilitate the transition process of countries.
Creation-Date: 2021-03-04
Number: 37
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:37-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Adrien Lorenceau
Author-Name: Ji-Yeun Rim
Author-Name: Toma Savitki
Title: Youth aspirations and the reality of jobs in Africa
Abstract: The gap between youth aspirations and the reality of the labour markets in Africa is large. Career aspirations of young Africans have little in common with current and projected labour demand in the region, making it unlikely that they will go through a smooth school to work transition. Evidence from ten African countries shows that what youth in these countries value most is job security, such as work in the public sector. Agriculture-related work or medium-skilled jobs in manufacturing are the least attractive for young Africans. Policies can help address the misalignment between youth employment preferences and employment opportunities. A two-pronged approach is recommended: i) helping young people shape career aspirations that are realistic and that can fit with the world they will be entering, and ii) improving the quality of jobs with due regard to the job conditions that matter for young people.
Classification-JEL: J11; J13; J18; J23
Keywords: african youth, skills mismatch, youth aspirations, youth employment
Creation-Date: 2021-03-26
Number: 38
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:38-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Adrien Lorenceau
Author-Name: Ji-Yeun Rim
Author-Name: Toma Savitki
Title: Aspirations des jeunes et réalité de l’emploi en Afrique
Abstract: Il existe en Afrique un réel décalage entre les aspirations des jeunes et la réalité des marchés du travail. Les aspirations professionnelles des jeunes Africains ont ainsi peu en commun avec la demande de main-d’œuvre actuelle et prévue dans la région, ce qui rend peu probable une transition facile des études à la vie active. Selon les données de dix pays africains, c’est la sécurité de l’emploi que les jeunes de ces pays valorisent le plus, comme un travail dans le secteur public. À l’inverse, les emplois les moins prisés sont les activités liées au secteur agricole ou les emplois moyennement qualifiés du secteur manufacturier. Les politiques peuvent néanmoins contribuer à remédier à ce décalage entre les préférences professionnelles des jeunes et les possibilités d’emploi qui s’offrent à eux. Une double approche est alors recommandée : i) aider les jeunes à formuler des aspirations professionnelles réalistes, en phase avec le monde qui les attend ; et ii) améliorer la qualité des emplois en prenant dûment en considération les conditions de travail qui comptent à leurs yeux.
Classification-JEL: J11; J13; J18; J23
Creation-Date: 2021-06-02
Number: 38
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:38-FR
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Ben Ramalingam
Author-Name: Benjamin Kumpf
Title: COVID-19 innovation in low and middle-income countries: Lessons for development co-operation
Abstract: This paper explores how innovation in low and middle-income countries is enhancing their local and national responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper also analyses how innovation could further address locally relevant development challenges by mobilising resources, improving processes and catalysing collaboration. Lastly it examines how international development organisations can improve their support for local and national innovation efforts.
Classification-JEL: F35; L31; O19
Keywords: Frugal Innovation, Grassroots Innovation, Innovation, Innovation Ecosystems, Innovation Policy, International Development, SDGs, Social Entrepreneurship
Creation-Date: 2021-04-16
Number: 39
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:39-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Catherine Gagnon
Author-Name: Jason Gagnon
Title: Migration in Asia: What skills for the future?
Abstract: The world is increasingly facing a technologically changing employment landscape and such changes are directly affecting the future demand for skills. For regional economies built on labour migration, the impending changes will affect migrants and their families, their countries of origin and the recruitment systems they are attached to – and ultimately disrupt the development benefits of migration. This paper investigates how the future of the employment landscape will affect migration within the Abu Dhabi Dialogue, a regional consultative process for migration in Asia. It investigates the impending changes in the demand for skills in countries of destination, how such changes will affect migration processes and whether countries of origin are ready for the changes. It provides recommendations on how regional consultative processes can foster dialogue between key actors from both countries of origin and destination to better navigate future changes and ensure a smooth transition.
Classification-JEL: F22; O15; J24; J61; F66
Keywords: employment, future of work, international migration, labour migration, regional co-operation, skills
Creation-Date: 2021-07-05
Number: 40
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:40-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Håvard Halland
Title: The fiscal implications of strategic investment funds
Abstract: Strategic investment funds (SIFs) are instruments of economic and financial policy, and the operations of these funds have important fiscal implications. These implications span the full cycle of the SIFs’ operations, from funding, through capital allocation, to operations and maintenance of the invested assets. SIFs with a capacity to deploy capital efficiently have the potential to increase the effectiveness of the public expenditure programmes in the SIFs’ respective home countries. However, the establishment and operations of SIFs also carry important fiscal risks, which need to be recognised and addressed. This paper considers the flows of capital into and out of SIFs, as well as the relationship of these flows to the fiscal framework and macro-fiscal context of the SIFs’ home countries. It also looks at the fiscal liabilities that can result from SIFs’ activities, and from their possible insolvency and bankruptcy, offering suggestions for how these risks can be mitigated.
Les fonds d'investissement stratégique (SIF pour leur acronyme en anglais) sont des instruments de politique économique et financière, et leurs opérations ont des implications fiscales importantes. Ces implications couvrent un cycle complet, allant du financement à l'allocation de capital, et des opérations à la maintenance des actifs investis. Les SIF capables de déployer efficacement leurs capitaux peuvent accroître l'efficacité des programmes de dépenses publiques dans les pays d'origine des SIF. Cependant, la création et le fonctionnement des SIF comportent également des risques fiscaux importants, qui doivent être reconnus et pris en compte. Ce document examine les flux de capitaux entrant et sortant des SIF, ainsi que la relation de ces flux avec le cadre budgétaire et le contexte macro-budgétaire des pays d'origine des SIF. Il examine également les responsabilités fiscales qui peuvent résulter des activités des SIF et de leur éventuelle insolvabilité et faillite, offrant des recommandations sur la manière dont ces risques peuvent être atténués.
Classification-JEL: G23; G28; H30; H81; O23
Keywords: fiscal liabilities, fiscal management, fiscal risk, national development funds, public financial management, sovereign debt, sovereign wealth funds, strategic investment funds
Creation-Date: 2021-12-20
Number: 41
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:41-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Author-Name: UN Women
Title: Gender-responsive COVID-19 recovery: Strengthening country systems through official development assistance and gender-responsive budgeting
Abstract: Responding to the gender impacts of COVID-19 – including lost economic opportunities when taking on more domestic and care work in the health sector and at home, and increased violence – requires more tailored policies and resources that support gender equality and women’s empowerment. It also means including women in leadership and decision making in all aspects of the recovery. Official development assistance (ODA) is key to improved gender analysis by donors and development partners, and the broader application of gender-responsive budgeting tools across public finance management (PFM) systems. This paper provides recommendations to better align ODA to gender-sensitive responses in the disbursement of COVID-19 relief and recovery funds, and considers how PFM systems should be strengthened by donors and partner countries to provide for gender-sensitive recoveries.
Classification-JEL: D63; F35; H51; H52; H53; H61
Keywords: COVID-19, Gender equality, Gender-responsive bugdet, Official development assistance, Public finance management
Creation-Date: 2021-12-23
Number: 42
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:42-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Author-Name: EBA
Title: Social protection for the forcibly displaced in low- and middle-income countries: A pathway for inclusion
Abstract: This paper provides the first overview of efforts by low- and middle-income countries to extend the coverage of national social protection systems to the forcibly displaced persons they host. It presents a baseline of de jure (legal) and estimated de facto (actual) coverage in 12 countries; analyses the conditions enabling access to social protection by the forcibly displaced; draws lessons from Iraq, Sudan and Uganda in terms of challenges and successes; and offers guidance to major stakeholders on extending social protection initiatives to forcibly displaced persons.
Ce document donne un premier aperçu des efforts déployés par les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire pour étendre la couverture des systèmes nationaux de protection sociale aux personnes, déplacées de force, qu'ils accueillent. Il présente un état des lieux de la couverture de jure (légale) et de facto estimée (réelle) dans douze pays, analyse les conditions d'accès à la protection sociale pour ces populations, tire des enseignements des expériences en Irak, en Ouganda et au Soudan, et fait des recommandations pour l’action publique.
Classification-JEL: F35; H53; I31; I38; J68
Keywords: forced displacement, global compact for refugees, HDP nexus, internally displaced persons, refugees, social protection
Creation-Date: 2022-07-01
Number: 43
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:43-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: Official Development Assistance by regime context (2010-19)
Abstract: This report examines official development assistance (ODA) allocations by regime context, the kind of support donors provide to different regime types and if and how donors respond to processes of democratisation and autocratisation. The analysis covers country allocable ODA provided by all official donors to 124 ODA recipients. The report aims to inform policy discussions on existing ODA allocations by regime type and their underlying rationale. This report also proposes a series of policy questions for further reflection.
Classification-JEL: F35
Keywords: autocratisation, democratisation, governance, official development assistance, political regime
Creation-Date: 2022-07-11
Number: 44
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:44-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: Building and financing the transport infrastructure of tomorrow: The case of Colombia
Abstract: Recalling the centrality of transport infrastructure in any development strategy and economic recovery and resilience plan, the paper stresses the importance of increasing territorial connectivity in Colombia to sustain future progress. It describes the variety of financing models for transport infrastructure in the country and globally and identifies five key factors that Colombia should take into account when choosing between models in the future.
Le document rappelle le rôle central de l’investissement dans les infrastructures de transport pour toute stratégie de développement et de relance économique, soulignant l'importance de la connectivité territoriale pour la Colombie. Il présente l'évolution des modèles de financement des infrastructures de transport dans le pays et globalement, et identifie les cinq facteurs clés que la Colombie doit prendre en compte dans les choix à venir entre différents modèles.
Classification-JEL: F63; H54; L32; O18; R42; R48; O23
Keywords: Colombia, Financing models, Infrastructure, Public-Private Partnerships, Roads
Creation-Date: 2022-12-16
Number: 45
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:45-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: Addressing forced displacement in climate change adaptation: No longer a blind spot
Abstract: This paper shows that climate-related forced displacement is insufficiently addressed in two fundamental commitments made towards the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) between 2015 and 2023: National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). It describes the important role NAPs and NDCs play in prioritising the tackling of certain aspects of climate change adaptation, identifies gaps on forced displacement, and proposes ways of adding it among their policy objectives, and of mobilising finance to reach them.
Classification-JEL: F01; J60; J68; O10; O19; O21; Q54; Q58
Keywords: adaptation, climate change, conflict, disasters, forced displacement, fragility, global compact on refugees, HDP nexus, internally displaced persons, refugees
Creation-Date: 2023-10-09
Number: 46
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:46-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Author-Name: UNHCR
Title: Refugees and internally displaced persons in development planning: No-one left behind?
Abstract: This paper provides a factual baseline of the extent to which refugees and internally displaced persons are included in development planning, specifically in the national development plans and sector plans of low- and middle-income countries; in the international development co-operation strategies of Development Assistance Committee (DAC) members and participants; and in the UN Sustainable Development Cooperation Frameworks of the UN development system at country level. It contributes to measuring progress towards commitments – under the Global Compact on Refugees (GCR) and the UN Action Agenda on Internal Displacement – to treat forced displacement also as a development issue. Finally, it formulates policy recommendations to further improve the inclusion of the forcibly displaced in development planning.
Classification-JEL: F35; H12; H41; H50; H87; O20; P41
Creation-Date: 2023-10-27
Number: 47
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:47-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: The G20 initiative for rural youth employment: A better future for rural youth
Abstract: Between 2017 and 2022, G20 members invested over USD 20 billion in 671 projects related to rural youth employment in Africa. The G20 Initiative for Rural Youth Employment (RYE), launched in 2017, overachieved the targets set to provide employment-related skills to 5 million youth and create 1.1 million jobs by 2022. The most common types of interventions were those focused on agriculture value chain development, skills training, and the promotion of entrepreneurship and small and medium-sized businesses. The paper assesses the achievements of the G20 Initiative for RYE, analyses different RYE programmes and provides recommendations for future G20 initiatives and RYE programming. Despite great progress, much remains to be done to tackle rural youth employment challenges.
Classification-JEL: J13; J43; J62; P25; Q18
Keywords: agri-food value chain, agriculture, employability, jobs, rural youth employment, youth
Creation-Date: 2023-10-13
Number: 48
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:48-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OCDE
Title: Industries agroalimentaires novatrices dans les régions ultrapériphériques de l’UE
Abstract: Ce document présente une vue d'ensemble des chaînes de valeur agroalimentaires dans les régions ultrapériphériques de l'UE (RUP de l'UE). Il évalue les tendances émergentes, discute des opportunités et des défis, examine les cadres politiques et les outils qui peuvent renforcer la participation bénéfique des RUP de l'UE dans les chaînes de valeur agroalimentaires internationales, et propose des actions prioritaires. Ce document s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet conjoint UE-OCDE sur les régions ultrapériphériques du monde.
Classification-JEL: L15; L66; O13; O52; O55; R11; R58; O54
Creation-Date: 2023-12-15
Number: 49
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:49-FR
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: Innovative agro-food industries in the EU Outermost Regions
Abstract: This paper provides an overview of agro-food value chains in the EU Outermost Regions (EU ORs). It assesses emerging trends, discusses opportunities and challenges, reviews the policy frameworks and tools that can strengthen the beneficial participation of EU ORs in international agro-food value chains, and proposes priority actions. The paper is developed within the framework of the EU-OECD project on Global Outermost Regions.
Classification-JEL: L15; L66; O13; O52; O55; R11; R58; O54
Keywords: Agriculture and Natural Resources, EU Outermost Regions, Global Value Chains, Regional Development
Creation-Date: 2023-10-25
Number: 49
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:49-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: Internationalisation, specialisation and technological collaboration in the EU Outermost Regions: A patent data-based analysis
Abstract: This paper explores the innovation dynamics of the EU Outermost Regions (EU ORs) through patenting behaviour. It emphasises the potential for international collaborations with a wide range of partners, and recommends to mobilise the resources and strategies provided by the EU to strengthen research and innovation in the private sector; enhance the impact of public research centres and universities; and foster intra-regional co-operation. It also calls for stronger ties with African countries, the Latin American and Caribbean region, as well as Small Island Developing States (SIDS), to foster innovation-based collaborations, particularly around sustainable agriculture, renewable energy and the ocean economy. The paper is developed within the framework of the EU-OECD project on Global Outermost Regions.
Classification-JEL: O33; O34; O52; O55; R11; R58; O54
Keywords: EU Outermost Regions, Global Value Chains, Intellectual Property Rights, Research and Development, Technological Innovation
Creation-Date: 2023-10-30
Number: 50
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:50-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OCDE
Title: Internationalisation, spécialisation et collaboration technologique dans les régions ultrapériphériques de l’UE : Une analyse à partir des données de brevets
Abstract: Ce document explore la dynamique d'innovation des régions ultrapériphériques de l'UE (RUP de l'UE) en s’appuyant sur des données de brevets. Il souligne le potentiel de collaboration internationale avec un large éventail de partenaires et recommande de mobiliser les ressources et les stratégies fournies par l'UE pour renforcer la recherche et l'innovation dans le secteur privé, améliorer l'impact des centres de recherche publics et des universités et favoriser la coopération intrarégionale. Il appelle également à renforcer les liens avec les pays africains, la région Amérique latine et Caraïbes, ainsi que les petits États insulaires en développement (PEID), afin d'encourager les collaborations fondées sur l'innovation, en particulier dans les domaines de l'agriculture durable, des énergies renouvelables et de l'économie des océans. Ce document s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet conjoint UE-OCDE sur les régions ultrapériphériques du monde.
Classification-JEL: O33; O34; O52; O55; R11; R58; O54
Creation-Date: 2023-12-13
Number: 50
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:50-FR
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OCDE
Title: Mer et innovation : Vecteurs d’internationalisation des régions ultrapériphériques de l’UE
Abstract: Ce document présente une vue d'ensemble de l'économie de la mer dans les régions ultrapériphériques (RUP) de l'UE. Il examine les opportunités et les défis auxquels les RUP de l'UE sont confrontées à la lumière des tendances mondiales émergentes, et propose des actions prioritaires pour faire de l'océan un vecteur de compétitivité et d'internationalisation. Ces actions pourraient être menées en collaboration avec l'UE et des partenaires spécifiques au bassin, tels que les petits États insulaires en développement des Caraïbes, de l'Atlantique et de l'océan Indien. Ce document s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet conjoint UE-OCDE sur les régions ultrapériphériques du monde.
Classification-JEL: O52; O54; O55; Q2; Q22; Q57; R11; R58; Q25
Creation-Date: 2023-12-15
Number: 51
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:51-FR
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: Innovative oceans: Drivers of internationalisation for the EU Outermost regions
Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the ocean economy in the EU Outermost Regions (EU ORs). It discusses the opportunities and challenges that the EU ORs are facing in light of emerging global trends, laying out priority actions for making the ocean a factor of competitiveness and internationalisation. Such actions could be taken together with EU and basin-specific partners such as Small Island Developing States in the Caribbean, Atlantic and Indian Ocean. The paper is developed within the framework of the EU-OECD project on Global Outermost Regions.
Classification-JEL: O52; O54; O55; Q2; Q22; Q57; R11; R58; Q25
Keywords: EU Outermost Regions, Global value chains, Regional Economic Activity, Sustainable Ocean
Creation-Date: 2023-10-31
Number: 51
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:51-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: Making renewable energies drivers of competitiveness in the EU Outermost Regions
Abstract: This paper provides a snapshot of the development of renewable energies in the European Union Outermost Regions (EU ORs), focusing on their potential to contribute to the green transition while creating sustainable economic development opportunities. It reviews the policy frameworks and tools in place in EU ORs with respect to renewable energies, and provides specific policy recommendations. The paper is developed within the framework of the EU-OECD project on Global Outermost Regions.
Classification-JEL: O52; O54; O55; P45; R11; R58; Q42
Keywords: Alternative Energy Sources, EU Outermost Regions, Global Value Chains, Renewable Energy
Creation-Date: 2023-10-31
Number: 52
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:52-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OCDE
Title: Faire des énergies renouvelables des moteurs de la compétitivité dans les régions ultrapériphériques de l’UE
Abstract: Ce document donne un aperçu du développement des énergies renouvelables dans les régions ultrapériphériques de l’Union européenne (RUP de l’UE), se concentrant sur la capacité de ces énergies à contribuer à la transition verte tout en ouvrant des perspectives de développement économique durable. Il décrit les cadres d'action et les outils mis en place par les RUP de l’UE pour agir dans le domaine des énergies renouvelables, et formule des recommandations politiques. Ce document s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet conjoint UE-OCDE sur les régions ultrapériphériques du monde.
Classification-JEL: O52; O54; O55; P45; R11; R58; Q42
Creation-Date: 2023-12-15
Number: 52
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:52-FR
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Author-Name: UNU-CPR
Title: The role of political will in enabling long-term development approaches to forced displacement
Abstract: This paper examines the role of mobilising political will in establishing the conditions necessary for economic and social inclusion of refugees, internally displaced persons, and formerly displaced persons who achieve durable solutions such as voluntary return. It investigates the role and conditions to mobilise political will for more comprehensive and inclusive policies that can lead to long-term local development in contexts of forced displacement in low- and middle-income countries (LICs and MICs). Case studies from Bangladesh, Cameroon, Ecuador, Iraq and Lebanon illustrate the ways in which political will, or its absence, can shape the approach to supporting the forcibly displaced and hosting communities. The paper also proposes a conceptual model for mobilising political will to facilitate sustainable development support in contexts of forced displacement.
Classification-JEL: F35; F5; J15; O2; O19
Keywords: development co-operation, development effectiveness, development planning, forced displacement, internal displacement, refugees, social and economic inclusion
Creation-Date: 2024-03-23
Number: 53
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:53-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women’s economic vulnerabilities in the MENA: Synthesis report and focus on Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia
Abstract: This paper examines the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on women's economic empowerment in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), in the context of elevated gender-based discrimination in social institutions – formal and informal laws, social norms, and practices. The analysis focuses on Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia. Using 2023 data from the fifth edition of the Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI), the paper analyses how discriminatory laws and social norms hamper women's economic empowerment. The paper also explores how the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated this discrimination. Finally, it provides policy recommendations to tackle discriminatory social institutions and address the specific needs of women and girls, both in the face of public health crises and beyond, aiming to foster more inclusive and resilient societies in the MENA region.
Classification-JEL: J16
Keywords: Covid-19, Gender, MENA, Women's empowerment
Creation-Date: 2024-06-26
Number: 54
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:54-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: How philanthropic foundations support gender equality and women’s empowerment
Abstract: This paper examines gender-related philanthropic giving in developing countries amid rising funding needs for gender equality, persistent inequalities, and a global gender backlash. It analyses support from 44 domestic and 40 cross-border foundations reporting to the OECD Centre on Philanthropy and the Creditor Reporting System, respectively. It finds that gender-related domestic disbursements have slightly risen from USD 27 million in 2016 to USD 30 million in 2019. Cross-border philanthropic commitments towards gender equality have tripled in five years, reaching an average of USD 3.4 billion per year in 2021-2022. However, 68% of cross-border giving towards developing countries remains gender-blind, potentially reinforcing existing gender gaps. Funding remains limited to few actors, with ten international foundations providing 97% of total cross-border giving for gender equality in developing countries. Finally, intersectoral approaches remain underfunded, with cross-border philanthropic giving addressing simultaneously climate change and gender equality in developing countries amounting on average to USD 557 million per year in 2021-2022.
Keywords: financing for development, gender, philanthropy
Creation-Date: 2024-08-02
Number: 55
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:55-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: The surge of Green, Social, Sustainability and Sustainability-linked (GSSS) bonds in Latin America and the Caribbean: Facts and policy implications
Abstract: The Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region has significantly increased its issuance of Green, Social, Sustainability, and Sustainability-Linked (GSSS) bonds, growing from 9.3% of total bond issuance in 2020 to almost 35% in 2023. The share of GSSS in sovereign bonds also rose markedly from 36% in 2022 to 50% in 2023. LAC countries are at the forefront globally in Sustainability-Linked Bond (SLB) issuance, leveraging innovative structures to attract a wider pool of investors. However, effective supervision and regulation of GSSS issuances remain a critical challenge: enhanced oversight is needed through sustainable finance frameworks. While the market in LAC has evolved from self-labelling to adopting external reviews, further improvements in pre- and post-issuance evaluations are necessary to ensure meaningful impacts on sustainable and inclusive development. Additionally, harmonising and interoperating national sustainable taxonomies across LAC countries is key to boosting regional and international investor interest.
Classification-JEL: F3; O16; Q01
Keywords: Emerging markets, Financing for development, Green Finance, Green, Social, Sustainability and Sustainability-linked bonds, Latin America and the Caribbean
Creation-Date: 2024-11-19
Number: 56
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:56-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Author-Name: UNHCR
Title: The humanitarian-development-peace nexus and forced displacement: Progress, insights and recommendations for operational practice
Abstract: Despite the international community’s resolve to deal with the human outfall of conflicts, violence, persecution, natural disasters, and climate change, forced displacement is increasing, and durable solutions for the displaced – voluntary return in safety and dignity, local integration, and resettlement – are seldom found. While historically, assisting and protecting the forcibly displaced have mostly been handled by the humanitarian sector, a new way of working gained prominence in 2016, with the objective of strengthening collaboration between humanitarian, development, and peace actors: the humanitarian-development-peace nexus (HDP Nexus). This paper reviews 27 initiatives tackling the challenges of forced displacement in low-income and middle-income countries with an HDP Nexus approach, drawing lessons in terms of the programming, co-ordination, and financing.
Classification-JEL: F22; F35; F5; F53; O1; O2; H84
Keywords: Conflict, Coordination, Development, Development Co-operation, Forced Displacement, HDP Nexus, Human Mobility, Humanitarian, Inclusion, Migration, Official Development Assistance, Peace, Refugees
Creation-Date: 2024-11-25
Number: 57
Handle: RePEc:oec:dcdaab:57-EN