Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christian Morrisson Title: Adjustment and Equity Abstract: • Adjustment does not necessarily increase poverty • Adjusting before a crisis reduces social costs • Refusal to adjust and the suspension of imports leads to self-centred underdevelopment, which is socially much more costly • The choice of macroeconomic stabilisation measures is important: the same result can be obtained with higher or lower social costs • Some structural adjustment measures have beneficial social effects but others, like the reorganisation of public enterprises, involve high costs • Action by donor countries is indispensable to offset the increase in poverty linked to stabilisation measures and to the reduction of employment in public enterprises Creation-Date: 1992-01-01 Number: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: David O'Connor Author-Name: David Turnham Title: Managing the Environment in Developing Countries Abstract: • Environmental policy should be inspired by the recognition that the environment is everyone’s business; all social actors must be involved in environmental management • Policies that implicitly subsidize a wasteful and environmentally destructive use of resources are pervasive: reforms should command a high priority on economic as well as environmental grounds • Compared to regulation, market-based instruments are little used but they can be more efficient; they can also produce revenues to finance environmental improvements • Regulatory effectiveness can be improved by: relying more on preventive measures, including environmental impact assessment; targeting large polluters; strengthening enforcement; and favouring mediation over litigation Creation-Date: 1992-04-01 Number: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Olivier Bouin Title: The Privatisation in Developing Countries: Reflections on a Panacea Creation-Date: 1992-04-02 Number: 3 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Bernhard Fischer Author-Name: Helmut Reisen Title: Towards Capital Account Convertibility Abstract: • Advanced developing countries are increasingly encouraged to remove existing capital controls, but mixed experiences with capital account opening caution that reform must be carefully designed to increase efficiency and growth without compromising stability • A gradual dismantling of capital controls is recommended, based on progress made in tax reform, exchange rate management, enforcement of bank competition and supervision, and solving domestic banks' bad-loan problems Creation-Date: 1992-04-15 Number: 4 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ian Goldin Author-Name: Dominique van der Mensbrugghe Title: Trade Liberalisation: What's at Stake? Abstract: • Trade barriers seriously distort patterns of international trade, allocation of resources, and economic growth. The total economic costs of the barriers are estimated to exceed $475 billion per annum • Partial reform, such as envisaged in the Uruguay Round, would yield benefits of $195 billion per annum, of which over $90 billion would accrue to developing and formerly centrally planned countries • The EC, Japan, and EFTA, stand to gain most from liberalisation • Trade liberalisation will raise rural incomes in developing countries Creation-Date: 1992-06-01 Number: 5 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: David Turnham Title: Towards Sustainable Development in Rural Africa Abstract: . A growing recognition of the need to delimit the role of the government, to promote the market framework, and to rely on the private sector as the engine of growth, offers the prospect of a new beginning in rural development in Africa. . Rural people must take a more dominant role, both in shaping their economic prospects and in assuming the responsibility for a high quality of stewardship of natural resources. . To help to bring about such an empowerment of the people, governments and the donors will need to undertake some drastic reforms in the old systems and habits of governance. Creation-Date: 1993-01-01 Number: 6 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:6-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: David Turnham Title: Employment Creation and Development Strategy Abstract: . Developing countries will account for almost all the increase in the world's labour force over the next 25 years; most countries, especially in Africa, will experience very rapid labour force growth. . Labour-intensive development has been spectacularly successful in some countries and others have begun to emulate them. Nevertheless, many countries still need to rethink policies and programmes in the light of the increasing urgency of employment creation. .The poor and the unemployed have much to gain from labour-intensive development, but fears about the short-term impact of reforms may cause them to oppose change. . Carefully targeted programmes of public works and food security measures implemented early in the reform process, plus improved incentives for farmers, may be essential for the popular support of reform. Creation-Date: 1993-07-01 Number: 7 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:7-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jean-Claude Berthélemy Author-Name: Robert S. McNamara Author-Name: Somnath Sen Title: The Disarmament Dividend: Challenges for Development Policy Abstract: . In 1990-1991, worldwide military expenditure amounted to $950 billion. This bill could be reduced by the year 2000 by over $300 billion.. . Excessive military expenditure jeopardizes development prospects. . Policies to achieve transparency and to strengthen military security arrangements should be a priority. . Excessive military expenditure is stimulated by supply-side pressure on the part of producer countries, including a number of OECD Member countries. . Donors should consider concerted incentive policies such as defence conditionality in economic aid. Creation-Date: 1994-04-01 Number: 8 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:8-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Bernhard Fischer Author-Name: Helmut Reisen Title: Pension Fund Investment from Ageing to Emerging Markets Abstract: • The rapid ageing of populations in the rich economies can be expected to stimulate strong growth in private funded pensions, providing a massive potential of foreign finance for developing countries. • Pension managers can reap big diversification benefits by investing on the emerging stock markets of the younger economies, benefits which are largely unexploited so far. • The authorities in OECD countries should consider removing regulatory constraints imposed on pension assets that deprive retirees from the pension-improving benefits of global diversification. • Policy makers in developing countries should design policies that reassure institutional investors on default risk and stock market illiquidity, if they want to tap a higher share of OECD pension assets. Creation-Date: 1995-01-01 Number: 9 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:9-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christian Morrisson Title: What Institutional Framework for the Informal Sector? Abstract: • Many micro-enterprises are known to the authorities, in particular because they pay taxes. • Intermediate-revenue countries impose certain standards to protect consumers. • Wages regulations are only rarely respected. • The creation and development of micro-enterprises could be assisted by institutional reforms. Creation-Date: 1995-10-01 Number: 10 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Charles P. Oman Title: The Policy Challenges of Globalisation and Regionalisation Abstract: • Globalisation and regionalisation tend to be mutually reinforcing. Policies must ensure that this outcome prevails, for non-OECD and OECD countries alike. • Globalisation can weaken social cohesion and States’ economic policy autonomy. • Post-taylorist “flexible” forms of organisation now drive and shape globalisation. • The crisis of taylorist organisations is an important cause of the “structural” labour-market problems that now plague the United States and Europe; imports from developing countries are not. • Globalisation today does not show any significant acceleration of industrial redeployment from OECD countries. Creation-Date: 1996-06-01 Number: 11 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jean-Claude Berthélemy Author-Name: Aristomene Varoudakis Title: Policies for Economic Take-Off Abstract: . Political commitment is the key ingredient needed for economic take-off and long-term growth. Poor countries will be unable to escape the vicious circle of poverty unless they and the international community join forces. . Inappropriate financial policies can lead to a decline in and poor allocation of savings, subsequently holding back growth. . Trade liberalisation not only strengthens growth, but also enhances the effectiveness of other economic policies. . Basic education is a prerequisite for economic take-off, just as the subsequent training of skilled labour is one of the keys to long-term growth. . Policies aimed at fostering long-term growth must be complementary; mistakes in one area can totally undermine efforts made elsewhere. Creation-Date: 1996-09-01 Number: 12 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:12-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christian Morrisson Title: The Political Feasibility of Adjustment Abstract: In the history of adjustment, concern with the political aspects appeared only after long reflection. At the beginning of the 1980s, given the urgency of the financial crises afflicting many developing countries, the only thought was to restore macroeconomic balances, particularly the balance of payments, by means of short-term measures — budget cuts and tight monetary policy — and through devaluation. Adjustment was limited to a stabilization programme, the sole criterion being the reduction of the external deficit as rapidly as possible. It was soon realised, however, that stabilization is not an end in itself: reducing demand is not enough; it is also necessary to increase supply by improving resource allocation. Under the goading of the international organisations, stabilization measures were therefore supplemented by structural adjustment measures, such as reducing customs duties, deregulating financial markets and eliminating distortions in agricultural prices. This distinction between stabilization and structural adjustment is important from the political standpoint. In fact, a stabilization programme is a kind of emergency treatment.... Creation-Date: 1996-10-01 Number: 13 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:13-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Carliene Brenner Title: Biotechnology Policy for Developing Country Agriculture Abstract: • Biotechnology offers the potential for more environmentally-friendly agriculture but the conditions for developing countries to take advantage of that potential should be created. • Policy intervention is needed to ensure that biotechnology responds to the priorities set for agriculture. • Decisions are urgently needed in two policy areas specific to biotechnology: biosafety and intellectual property rights. • Public funding restrictions demand innovative approaches and public/private partnerships. • Flexibility and long-term commitment are essential if donor-supported biotechnology initiatives are to succeed. Creation-Date: 1997-04-01 Number: 14 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:14-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Monika Queisser Title: Pension Reform: Lessons from Latin America Abstract: • There are benefits from Latin American pension reform, but they have been overestimated. • The approaches taken in second-generation reforms and their still early results hold lessons for OECD and non-OECD countries alike. • A partial shift to funding is feasible and can be financed in different ways; partial funding of pensions can lead to greater risk diversification. • High administrative costs and uniformity of investment portfolios make the new systems inefficient; pension regulation has to be designed and implemented to lessen these negative effects. Creation-Date: 1999-01-01 Number: 15 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:15-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Helmut Reisen Title: After the Great Asian Slump: Towards a Coherent Approach to Global Capital Flows Abstract: • The unprecedented withdrawal of foreign private capital from Asia, more than 10 per cent of GDP in the crisis countries, confronts them with a transfer problem. Creditor governments should induce their home banks into financial rescue operations to reduce moral hazard in private-sector lending, and to encourage Asia’s recovery. • The resolution of Asia’s domestic debt overhang must be the overriding policy concern for Asia’s governments; paying the inevitable fiscal cost in Asia’s restructuring process requires tax-base broadening, supported by easy monetary policy. • Progress towards a less crisis-prone international financial system will hinge on how to correct the excessive risk taking by banks. Regulatory distortions through the Basle Accord which bias bank lending towards the short term should be corrected. • Developing countries should strengthen bank and non-bank balance sheets and raise the quality of inflows; Chile-type regulatory measures, however, will only be effective in an appropriate policy context. Creation-Date: 1999-01-16 Number: 16 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:16-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Hartmut Schneider Title: Participatory Governance: The Missing Link for Poverty Reduction Abstract: • Empowerment of the poor is one ingredient in effective poverty reduction. • A demand-driven participatory approach enhances effectiveness and efficiency. • Accountability is the central lever for participatory governance. • Capacity building is necessary for making participatory governance a reality. Creation-Date: 1999-04-01 Number: 17 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:17-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sébastien Dessus Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Kiichiro Fukasaku Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Raed Safadi Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Multilateral Tariff Liberalisation and the Developing Countries Abstract: • Tariffs still matter. • Full tariff liberalisation to 2010 would generate dynamic welfare gains of $1 200 billion (at 1995 prices), equivalent to 3 per cent of World GDP in 2010, from greater efficiency and higher productivity. • Developing countries stand to gain relatively more from multilateral tariff liberalisation, with aggregate gains amounting to nearly 5 per cent of their GDP in 2010. • The next WTO round will provide an opportunity for members to improve their living standards. Realising this potential, however, poses a major policy challenge to developing countries. Creation-Date: 2001-08-07 Number: 18 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:18-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christian Morrisson Title: Health, Education and Poverty Reduction Abstract: . The poor are the principal beneficiaries of universal access to social services. . Instead of thinking in terms of supply, we need to meet the demand for services from the poor. . Policies should be judged by their outcomes rather than by the amount of resources employed. . Coherent, long-term and participatory policy are needed to escape from the poverty trap. Creation-Date: 2002-02-18 Number: 19 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:19-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea Goldstein Title: The New Regionalism in Sub-Saharan Africa: More than Meets the Eye? Abstract: • Regional integration in sub-Saharan Africa is becoming a vehicle for enhancing private investment through confidence building. Setting clear and easy-to-track priorities is key to achieving these policy goals. • Regional policy harmonisation or joint infrastructure projects are needed to improve access to world markets, increase capital flows and stimulate economic exchanges between African countries. In all these areas, policy reforms at the domestic level are necessary to attract regionwide investment. • Political actors that have most to lose may pose obstacles to regional integration. The international community should support reform efforts and assist reform-minded leaders in overcoming resistance and scepticism. • The removal of remaining trade barriers — extending to agriculture and non-tariff barriers — is by far the single largest contribution that OECD countries can make to sustain African recovery. Creation-Date: 2002-05-06 Number: 20 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:20-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Georg Caspary Author-Name: David O'Connor Title: Beyond Johannesburg: Policies and Finance for Climate-friendly Development Abstract: • Early climate-related actions should be those with a high local economic and/or environmental payoff per unit of impact on greenhouse gases. • Energy, transport and natural resource management policies can often be better designed to realise greenhouse gas reductions at little or no additional cost. • In energy and transport, investment and network planning need to account for likely future emission constraints in order to avoid costly lock-in effects and premature obsolescence of capital stock. • The local air quality and health benefits of climate policy can be sizeable in the megacities of developing countries, probably exceeding those in OECD countries that have already gone some way to delink carbon emissions from local pollution. • A global market for climate stabilisation services is gradually taking shape in which many developing countries could expect to become net suppliers. Creation-Date: 2002-08-01 Number: 21 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:21-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jeremy Heimans Title: Strengthening Participation in Public Expenditure Management: Policy Recommendations for Key Stakeholders Abstract: • Participation by civil society in public expenditure management promises to improve social and economic outcomes while increasing confidence in public institutions. • Participatory budgeting (PB) programmes depend on the effective engagement of three key domestic stakeholders: governments, civil society and legislatures. Participatory budgeting cannot be imposed. • The successful execution of participatory programmes is hampered by serious capacity gaps among key domestic stakeholders. The introduction of PB programmes should be sequenced to reflect different national conditions and policy settings. • Citizen-led participation in budget policy has the potential to improve the effectiveness of nationally driven development strategies such as Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs). • Donors should focus their efforts on investing in increased capacity among all stakeholders, while encouraging political engagement among governments in particular. Creation-Date: 2002-12-18 Number: 22 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:22-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Charles P. Oman Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Steven Fries Author-Workplace-Name: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Author-Name: Willem Buiter Author-Workplace-Name: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Title: Corporate Governance in Developing, Transition and Emerging-Market Economies Abstract: • Sound national systems of corporate governance are essential for all countries, including the poorest, to reap the benefits of globalisation. • “Corporate governance” comprises the institutions that govern the relationship between people who manage corporations and all others who invest resources in them. • The quality of local corporate governance critically affects a country’s ability to achieve sustained real productivity growth and the success of its long-term development efforts. • Pyramidal corporate-ownership structures, cross shareholdings and multiple share classes are widely used by corporate insiders in the developing world to extract corporate-control rents, exploit other investors and resist pressures to improve corporate governance. • The power of corporate insiders and their close relationship with those who exercise political power mean that sound corporate governance requires sound political governance, and vice versa. Creation-Date: 2004-02-24 Number: 23 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:23-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Helmut Reisen Title: Innovative Approaches to Funding the Millennium Development Goals Abstract: • Despite post-Monterrey donor initiatives, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are underfinanced. • The revenue potential, the additionality and the speed of availability of new finance sources, and their political feasibility, are of particular importance. • On these criteria, it is unlikely that global taxes will be introduced in time. • The International Finance Facility, strengthened use of public guarantees and Global Premium Bonds, perhaps in combination, may stand a better chance of providing additional funds for the MDGs. • The most straightforward way to avoid underfunding of the Goals is to raise ODA further. Creation-Date: 2004-04-06 Number: 24 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:24-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Grandes Author-Name: Nicolas Pinaud Title: Which Policies Can Reduce the Cost of Capital in Southern Africa ? Abstract: . Lowering interest rates and, thus, the cost of borrowing in the rand zone (Lesotho, Namibia, Swaziland and South Africa) is a priority to promote investment and economic growth. . Local-currency interest rates in these countries are driven by those on rand-denominated transactions. Reducing the level and volatility of the rand premium would help reduce ?nancing costs in the region. . Policies should promote: enhancing ?nancial-market liquidity; easier access to South African ?nancial markets for African entities; domestic saving capacity; and the improvement of international perception of the rand. . Johannesburg could become a ?nancial “hub” for the region, channelling cheap resources to its neighbours. Creation-Date: 2004-09-15 Number: 25 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:25-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kiichiro Fukasaku Author-Name: Masahiro Kawai Author-Name: Michael G. Plummer Author-Name: Alexandra Trzeciak-Duval Title: Policy Coherence Towards East Asia: Development Challenges for OECD Countries Abstract: OECD countries face at least five major challenges for promoting policies that are consistent with their development goals: . ensuring security and political stability; . anticipating the impacts of their macroeconomic policies on developing-country growth; . increasing both market access and capacity building for developing economies; . supporting governance structures that help maintain financial stability; . improving aid effectiveness. Creation-Date: 2005-05-16 Number: 26 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:26-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Johannes Jütting Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Christian Morrisson Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Changing Social Institutions to Improve the Status of Women in Developing Countries Abstract: Deeply rooted social institutions – societal norms, codes of conduct, laws and tradition – cause gender discrimination. Religion per se does not systematically define such discrimination. All dominant religions show flexibility in interpreting the role of women in society. The Millennium Development Goals demand change in gender-discriminating social institutions, which should be added to the seven strategic priorities identified by the UN Task Force on Education and Gender Equality. Donors must redesign their strategies to focus not only on improving women’s capacities and capabilities, but also and concurrently on lowering men’s resistance against reforms that improve gender equality. Creation-Date: 2005-07-22 Number: 27 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:27-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jeff Dayton-Johnson Author-Name: Louka T. Katseli Title: Migration, Aid and Trade: Policy Coherence for Development Abstract: In November 2005, Glenys Kinnock, Co-President of the ACP EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly, reported that “there are more nurses from Malawi in Manchester than in Malawi and more doctors from Ethiopia in Chicago than Ethiopia.”1 These Africans had been lured North by work permits targeted at health-care workers, in short supply in the United Kingdom and the United States. On the face of it, this is reasonable policy making: the African health care workers in Manchester and Chicago clearly prefer their new situation to the one they left, and the general public in Manchester and Chicago benefit from the increase in the availability of health-care services. At the same time, however,... Creation-Date: 2006-09-01 Number: 28 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:28-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jeff Dayton-Johnson Title: Natural Disaster and Vulnerability Abstract: The tsunami disaster in the Indian Ocean on 26 December 2004, to which more than 225 000 deaths had been attributed by the United Nations’ six-month review in June 2005, elicited a worldwide humanitarian relief effort unprecedented in its scale; individuals, firms, non-governmental organisations and governments rapidly marshalled billions of dollars of assistance. Even as reconstruction was barely underway, however, many observers could not escape concluding that many of the dead, the injured, the displaced, were victims primarily because they... Creation-Date: 2006-09-01 Number: 29 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:29-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Louka T. Katseli Author-Name: Robert E.B. Lucas Author-Name: Theodora Xenogiani Title: Policies for Migration and Development: A European Perspective Abstract: Managing migration has become a priority for policy makers both in developed and developing countries; it is a difficult challenge indeed. Large immigration or emigration flows relative to domestic population’s impact on almost all aspects of an economy and society: family structures, community life, educational and health systems, labour markets, security systems, governance and institutions. Despite the inherent difficulties in policy making, there is a growing awareness that if management can be improved, important gains for both migrant-receiving (“host”) and migrant-sending (“home”) countries may be generated. Effective management can furthermore mitigate the risks associated with migration.... Creation-Date: 2006-10-01 Number: 30 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:30-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Cohen Author-Name: Pierre Jacquet Author-Name: Helmut Reisen Title: After Gleneagles: What Role for Loans in ODA? Abstract: Suppose a DAC donor earmarks $1 billion of taxpayers’ money for official development assistance (ODA). The donor may use two instruments as an outright grant or in combination with a market loan to produce a concessional loan of $2 billion with a percentage grant element of 50 per cent. Many nowadays think the choice should be clear: provide grants only, leave loans to the market. The purpose of this Policy Brief is to qualify and inform this choice.... Creation-Date: 2006-12-01 Number: 31 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:31-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Cohen Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Thibault Fally Author-Workplace-Name: PARIS-Jourdan Sciences Economiques, unité mixte CNRS-ENPC-ENS Author-Name: Sébastien Villemot Author-Workplace-Name: PARIS-Jourdan Sciences Economiques, unité mixte CNRS-ENPC-ENS Title: Commodity Funds: How To Fix Them? Abstract: Poor countries are and will remain for some time vulnerable to external shocks, whether to export prices or from natural disasters. The lowest-income countries have a higher incidence of shocks than other developing countries and tend to suffer larger damages when shocks occur. For the poorest countries, the average number of disasters between 1997 and 2001 has been one every 2.5 years. Commodity price shocks are also more severe for poor countries. Low-income countries experience this type of shock on average every 3.3 years. About 26 highly-indebted countries have an export concentration of more than 50 per cent in three or fewer commodities, while 62 per cent of the total exports of the least developed countries are unprocessed primary commodities. Exogenous shocks on commodity prices have significant direct adverse effects on growth and the multiplier effects of negative terms of trade shocks can also be large. Collier and Sewn (2001) show, for a sample of cases where the direct income loss averaged 6.8 per cent of GDP, the total correlated loss of income amounted to about twice that much, to 14 per cent of GDP. Research shows that these negative shocks increase the incidence of poverty. The shocks also have a significant impact on fiscal and external balances. An IMF study shows that terms-of-trade shocks and adverse weather conditions have played an important role in exacerbating debt problems3. Creation-Date: 2007-02-01 Number: 32 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:32-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Denis Drechsler Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Felix Zimmermann Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: New Actors in Health Financing: Implications for a Donor Darling Abstract: With concern about how to finance the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) widespread, recent donor pledges to raise aid volumes are welcome. However, aid alone will not suffice – bringing in new actors and sources of development finance will be essential. In many developing countries, this is already happening, creating new opportunities and challenges for their governments and donors.... Creation-Date: 2007-12-01 Number: 33 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:33-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Javier Santiso Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Banking on Development. Private Financial Actors and Donors in Developing Countries Abstract: A large, untapped reservoir of potential partnerships between private financial institutions (banks, asset managers, private equity firms, etc.) and aid donors remains to be fully exploited. Banks, private equity and asset management firms are important parts of a broad set of private actors in the field. Private financial institutions take increasingly into account variables other than financial ones to assess their investment decisions around the world. The OECD Global Forum on Development could host a market place for ideas for improving and promoting donor-private financial institutions partnerships: an Innovation Laboratory on Development Finance. An OECD Development Finance Award hosted by the OECD Global Forum on Development should be created Creation-Date: 2008-03-11 Number: 34 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:34-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Annette Scheunpflug Author-Name: Ida McDonnell Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Building Public Awareness of Development: Communicators, Educators and Evaluation Abstract: The Millennium Development Goals, the aid effectiveness agenda, and global interdependence have contributed to more demand and a sense of urgency for greater public awareness and learning about these promises, and challenges, in OECD countries. Donors and practitioners could make greater use of evaluations, and their findings, to increase the effectiveness and results of public communication, advocacy and education about global development. The first step is to understand the evaluation process and respect its rigours. The second is to acknowledge and learn how to deal with the political nature of evaluation, the third is to understand its limitations. DAC members, along with their partners, should work together to strengthen evaluation of public awareness and learning by creating a space (e.g. website) to share perspectives, experiences and results from evaluation; pooling resources for scientific research on the long-term impact of public awareness raising activities; building a stronger knowledge base for what works and what doesn’t work in this sector; and finally, working together to develop minimum standards for the evaluation of communication, advocacy and education about global development. Creation-Date: 2008-07-23 Number: 35 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:35-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jeff Dayton-Johnson Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Kiichiro Fukasaku Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Making the Most of Aid: Challenges for Africa's Agribusiness Abstract: Aid and trade policies – in OECD countries and in developing countries – might reinforce each other to promote development, or they might be substitutes: the sign of the correlation between trade and aid flows depends on the context. East Asia’s rapid growth demonstrates the important development impact of the trade-aid link. While aid has played a strong complementary role for trade development in Viet Nam, for example, the current impasse of African cotton producers is emblematic of trade and aid policies working at cross purposes. The experience of six African countries reviewed in this brief highlights the case for development assistance that aims to eliminate bottlenecks preventing a greater and deeper African participation in the global trading system. The scaling-up of aid, macroeconomic stability and trade expansion are compatible and the ongoing international “aid for trade” initiative will remain critically relevant for African development in the coming decades. Creation-Date: 2008-08-01 Number: 36 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:36-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Gøril Bjerkhol Havro Author-Name: Javier Santiso Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: To Benefit from Plenty: Lessons from Chile and Norway Abstract: It might seem obvious discovering an asset such as oil or copper would be wonderful news for the country making the find. Yet the opposite is often true. The windfall can bring poverty, civil strife, corruption, inequality, slower growth and undemocratic practices. The phenomenon is known as the resource curse. This study of the paradox of plenty looks at the actions that can be taken to ensure that underground assets are used to bring overall benefits to the host country. Two complementary countries that have escaped the resource curse and prospered are examined in detail. Norway found oil and grew rich thanks to policy decisions and institutions that used the discovery wisely. Chile has vast deposits of copper and a very different history but also managed to avoid the pitfall of excessive reliance on it. Creation-Date: 2008-09-08 Number: 37 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:37-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Helmut Reisen Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: How to Spend It: Commodity and Non-Commodity Sovereign Wealth Funds Abstract: Sovereign wealth funds have become important players in global financial markets. But their investments have repeatedly raised concerns, such as fear of industrial espionage or geopolitical threats. This paper argues that the principal motivation for setting up SWFs should put such concerns into the appropriate perspective. Development economics can explain both the funding sources and the motives that have led to the recent SWF boom, thus helping to prevent the imposition of investment restrictions in OECD countries. Creation-Date: 2008-09-11 Number: 38 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:38-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Charles P. Oman Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Christiane Arndt Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Measuring Governance Abstract: The use of governance indicators, as applied to developing countries, has grown spectacularly in recent years. Following the maxim that you cannot manage what you cannot measure, international investors and official development aid agencies, together with academics and the media, have turned widely to using quantitative governance indicators for both analytical and decision-making purposes – with far-reaching consequences for developing countries… Creation-Date: 2010-10-27 Number: 39 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaab:39-EN