Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Shujiro Urata Title: Towards an East Asia Free Trade Area Abstract: The inaugural Policy Insight, "Towards an East Asian Free Trade Area", by Shujiro Urata, looks at the progress towards and consequences of an East Asian FTA, not only for the region itself, but also the world economy and for non members of the FTA. It discusses a topic of immediate relevance to current evolutions in the world trading system, particularly with regard to the position of China and the dynamic economies of the region. Creation-Date: 2004-03-01 Number: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jude Fransman Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Henri-Bernard Solignac Lecomte Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Mobilising Public Opinion against Global Poverty Abstract: Citizens in OECD countries quite unambiguously support more solidarity and justice at the international level; however, despite the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by their governments in 2000, they remain insufficiently informed and educated about global development challenges. With increased understanding of the issues, citizens could provide greater support for more efficient and coherent development policies as well as for more funding. This requires new efforts by national authorities to report on desirable outcomes and on the results and effectiveness of international development policies towards achieving them. Creation-Date: 2004-04-01 Number: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Charles P. Oman Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Daniel Blume Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Corporate Governance: A Development Challenge Abstract: The quality of local corporate governance is critically important for the success of long-tem development efforts throughout the developing world today. Creation-Date: 2005-01-01 Number: 3 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kiichiro Fukasaku Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Alexandra Trzeciak-Duval Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Policy Coherence of OECD Countries Matters: Evidence from East Asia Abstract: The East Asian development experience is still not well understood – especially the region’s clustered, sequential development process and neighbourhood effects linking economies at different levels of industrial development. Until now, the development impact of OECD-country policies had never been analysed systematically from this perspective. How have different policy vectors transmitted by OECD countries, notably in the areas of trade, investment and aid, contributed to the development of the region? Creation-Date: 2005-01-01 Number: 4 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Johannes Jütting Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Elena Corsi Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Albrecht Stockmayer Title: Decentralisation and Poverty Reduction Abstract: Decentralisation has become a key issue in development policy in the past two decades. Whereas the advantages and risks of transferring power and resources to local tiers of government have been debated for quite some time, it is only very recently that the linkages between decentralization and poverty reduction have been addressed. This Policy Insight highlights key determinants for a pro-poor decentralisation process and discusses major lessons learnt for donors. Creation-Date: 2005-01-31 Number: 5 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Nicolas Pinaud Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Lucia Wegner Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: African Economic Performance in 2004: A Promise of Things to Come? Abstract: Against a backdrop of sustained global growth and high commodity prices, Africa has experienced its best economic performance in many years. While recent economic performance is not merely driven by favourable external factors, African economies still lack proper “shock-absorbers” to withstand internal (e.g. drought and floods, political instability, HIV-Aids, etc.) and external (e.g. volatility of commodity prices and exchange rates) shocks alike. They remain strongly vulnerable. In this context, creating the conditions for the development of indigenous drivers of economic activity (starting with a thriving local private sector) is a top priority. Creation-Date: 2005-05-01 Number: 6 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:6-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Céline Kauffmann Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Financing SMEs in Africa Abstract: Limited access to finance is a major obstacle to development of SMEs in Africa as their inherent higher perceived risk makes financial institutions reluctant to lend to them and adequate financial instruments lack. Creation-Date: 2005-05-01 Number: 7 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:7-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Céline Kauffmann Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Energy and Poverty in Africa Abstract: Access to energy is essential for economic, social and political development. Despite its enormous potential in fossil and renewable energy sources, Africa suffers from major energy deficits. The continent’s resources are underexploited or exported in raw form or wasted in the course of extraction or transport. As a result, supplies available for local populations are largely insufficient and energy consumption is essentially reliant on biomass. Creation-Date: 2005-05-01 Number: 8 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:8-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ulrich Hiemenz Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Adaptive Capacity and Inclusive Development: Results of the OECD Development Centre 2003-2004 Programme of Work Abstract: The Centre has highlighted in particular four areas where OECD countries can make a difference: maintaining a stable macroeconomic environment with affordable interest rates; helping to mitigate risks; enhancing trade opportunities through improving the coherence of their own policies ;and increasing financial flows for achieving the MDGs. Creation-Date: 2005-06-01 Number: 9 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:9-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Malcom MacLachlan Author-Name: Stuart C. Carr Title: The Human Dynamics of Aid Abstract: International development assistance from richer to poorer (“developing”) economies accounts for major flows of capital, human resources and technical assistance. While the net direction of these flows remains a topic of hot debate, there have been several barriers identified to the efficient use of aid within developing countries, many of which revolve around difficulties with achieving “good governance” in recipient countries. Creation-Date: 2005-06-01 Number: 10 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Denis Drechsler Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Johannes Jütting Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Private Health Insurance for the Poor in Developing Countries? Abstract: The financing of health care is a major challenge for developing countries, especially since deficiencies in national health systems specifically harm the poor. Innovative financing mechanisms, such as private health insurance, offer benefits and risks. Their implementation requires caution on the part of policy makers who need to consider adequate regulation in order to optimise health outcomes. Creation-Date: 2005-08-01 Number: 11 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Felix Zimmermann Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: The International Aid System: A Question of Perspective Abstract: Donors, aid agencies and recipient governments are having a hard time implementing their promises on aid. Options based on a better understanding of their diverse priorities would help make the aid system more effective. Policy makers pursuing poverty reduction and other development goals should look beyond aid to other policies and financial flows, while shifting towards more appropriate decision-making structures. Creation-Date: 2005-08-01 Number: 12 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:12-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ida McDonnell Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Henri-Bernard Solignac Lecomte Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: MDGs, Taxpayers and Aid Effectiveness Abstract: MDGs and new aid-effectiveness targets are an opprtunity for donors to explain what they do before growing scepticism erodes taxpayer support for aid. Creation-Date: 2005-09-01 Number: 13 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:13-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Lucia Wegner Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Privatisation: A Challenge for Sub-Saharan Africa Abstract: Thirty-eight sub-Saharan African countries have implemented privatisations programmes. The privatisation process is still far from complete and has led to mixed results. The lessons learned from past privatisations allow the identification of elements that could contribute to future success. Creation-Date: 2005-12-01 Number: 14 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:14-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Johannes Jütting Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Christian Morrisson Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Culture, Gender and Growth Abstract: While the overall picture for gender equality is still gloomy, recent changes in family institutions in come countries provide an enlightening example. Creation-Date: 2005-11-01 Number: 15 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:15-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Johannes Jütting Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Christian Morrisson Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Jeff Dayton-Johnson Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Denis Drechsler Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: The Gender, Institutions and Development Data Base Abstract: This policy insight introduces the Gender, Institutions and Development Data Base: a new tool to determine and analyse obstacles to women's economic development. Creation-Date: 2006-03-01 Number: 16 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:16-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Juan Ramón de Laiglesia Title: Do Institutions Block Agricultural Development in Africa? Abstract: A coherent institutional framework that supports investment, exchange and representation mechanisms is a key precondition for agricultural development. The importance of customs and traditions for the process of agrarian transformation has been overlooked. Changes in formal institutions must be complementary to cultural norms and accommodate or foster the evolution of customary practices. Creation-Date: 2006-04-01 Number: 17 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:17-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Hiroko Uchimura Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Johannes Jütting Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Decentralisation in Asian Health Sectors: Friend or Foe? Abstract: Decentralising health services – the transfer of power and responsibility from the central to the local level – should help the poor if local resources, accountability and governance are in good shape. The process in China and India had negative effects because local governments remained under-funded and health was not seen as their priority. Contrary to this, decentralisation in Indonesia and the Philippines produced better health outcomes because they reformed healthcare funding. This is key to successful pro-poor decentralisation. Creation-Date: 2006-05-01 Number: 18 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:18-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea Goldstein Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Nicolas Pinaud Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Helmut Reisen Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: The Rise of China and India: What's in it for Africa? Abstract: China’s and India’s strong appetite for energy and metal has boosted international prices and the volume and value of African exports. China in particular has become the main trade partner for a number of African countries providing cheap manufactured goods and reducing Africa's dependence from its traditional trading partners. Despite the push for exports, terms of trade and growth that the Asian giants provide to Africa, risks for sustainable poverty reduction are visible in higher raw material dependence and rent-seeking activities. Creation-Date: 2006-05-01 Number: 19 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:19-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Lucia Wegner Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Henri-Bernard Solignac Lecomte Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: African Economic Outlook 2006: Moving Towards Political Stability? Abstract: The focus on war and anecdotal evidence hides real progress towards more stable and open political systems in Africa. This is demonstrated by a new indicator based on a systematic screening of political events and decisions over the last ten years. The diagnosis for 2004 and 2005 is more positive than may have been thought. Creation-Date: 2006-05-01 Number: 20 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:20-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea Goldstein Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Céline Kauffmann Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Is More Money Enough to Fix Africa's Transport Infrastructure? Abstract: Transport infrastructure has been dangerously neglected in recent times. Lack of transport infrastructure impedes economic integration and poverty reduction. Involving the private sector in financing the transport infrastructure is proving harder than anticipated. Creation-Date: 2006-05-01 Number: 21 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:21-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Céline Kauffmann Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Nicolas Pinaud Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Lucia Wegner Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: African Economic Outlook 2006: A Two-speed Continent? Abstract: Africa’s economic progress now seems on a firm footing after a third straight year of satisfactory performance in 2005, with overall growth of 5 per cent, average per capita income up 3 per cent and inflation steady at under 10 per cent. Two-thirds of the 30 countries surveyed in the Africa Economic Outlook report showed a net growth ininvestment that was by far the best in seven years. Creation-Date: 2006-05-01 Number: 22 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:22-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Javier Santiso Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: China: A Helping Hand for Latin America? Abstract: China’s trade impact on Latin America is positive via an export boom and indirectly better terms of trade. Its emergence is also a wake up call for the region: more reforms are needed, especially in infrastructure, in order to maintain Latin America’s comparative advantage. The Chinese windfall brings risks of exclusion in a “raw materials corner” out of global value chains. Creation-Date: 2006-06-01 Number: 23 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:23-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Denis Cogneau Author-Name: Sylvie Lambert Title: Aid and Coherence of OECD Country Policies Abstract: Foreign aid flows disproportionately to the poorest among the developing countries. Countries that account for the poorest fifth of world’s population receive more than a fifth of aid spending from OECD countries. Similarly, the benefits of trade flow likewise to more prosperous countries: the poorest countries export very little to the OECD and consequently earn very little in export earnings. Creation-Date: 2006-08-01 Number: 24 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:24-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Javier Santiso Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Democracy in (Latin) America Abstract: Latin American Countries vary widely in their institutional capacity to conduct economic policy analysis. Capacity for policy analysis is a necessary condition for economic reform but capacity for implementation is also needed. The point of contact between these two capacities - to analyse and to implement - is undoubtedly one of the central levers on which international co-operation can act. Creation-Date: 2006-09-01 Number: 27 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:27-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Javier Santiso Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Dragons and Elephants in Latin America Abstract: China's growing influence on Africa and on Latin America has, to some extent, overshadowed the rise of another emerging market giant in the East: India. This other Asian emerging presence is also symbolic of the rapid redesigning of the global economic map. Europe, Japan and the United States are seeing their positions as omnipotent economic centres declining, opening new opportunities and threats for developing areas of the world. Creation-Date: 2006-09-01 Number: 28 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:28-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Louka T. Katseli Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Theodora Xenogiani Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Migration, a Negative or a Positive Driver for Development? Abstract: The effects of migration on development depends on who leaves, where they go, and how home countries adjust to their leaving. Migration and development policies are comlements, not substitutes. Smart visa policies, coupled with capacity building at home can maximise the positive impact of migration Creation-Date: 2006-09-01 Number: 29 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:29-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Claudia Behrendt Title: The Cotton Sector in Mali: Realising its Growth Potential Abstract: How can Mali and the donor community enhance competitiveness of the Malian cotton sector and realise its growth potential? Mali is already promoting the abolition of cotton export subsidies in Northern nations in the current WTO Doha Round. To enhance the cotton sector’s competitiveness and growth, strengthening cotton farmers’ skills, developing infrastructure and investing in research and development is also key. Creation-Date: 2006-10-01 Number: 30 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:30-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Lucia Wegner Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Microfinance: How Bankers Could Buy Back Their Soul Abstract: In order for microfinance institutions to reach more poor people they should become an integral part of the financial sector, and develop as sound domestic intermediaries. They should go commercial, broadening their client basis and scaling up their loans to small enterprises. Will it mean that they will loose their soul? Actually no; on the contrary, they will inject more soul into formal banking practices. Creation-Date: 2006-11-01 Number: 31 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:31-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Charles P. Oman Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Christiane Arndt Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Governance Indicators for Development Abstract: The use of governance “indicators” is booming. These indicators are supposed to quantify the quality of a country’s governance institutions by considering, for example, the extent of corruption in the economy, the quality of public and private regulatory systems, the prevalence of “rule of law”, the level of political stability, and the effectiveness of government. Creation-Date: 2006-11-01 Number: 33 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:33-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Johannes Jütting Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Denis Drechsler Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Indra de Soysa Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: The Importance of Traditions for Development: Why Sometimes “Good Enough Is Enough” Abstract: Sustainable development requires well co-ordinated and functioning formal and informal institutions. In developing countries, courts, regulations and formal conventions are often observed in the breach or fail to function. By default, informal institutions – tradition, culture, family structures and general social norms – play a crucial role. Trust, solidarity and social cohesion make up the tripod of community identity which can even promote development, as the Nobel Committee recognised by awarding its 2006 Peace prize to the micro credit pioneering Grameen Bank and its founder Muhammed Yunus. Creation-Date: 2006-12-01 Number: 34 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:34-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christian Morrisson Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Juan Ramón de Laiglesia Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Culture, Family Ties and the Saving Hand Abstract: Different cultures entail both a great diversity of household structures and different saving patterns. The diversity of family relations and saving patterns creates different incentives for physical and human capital accumulation. Policies can alter saving incentives and create the conditions for household structures themselves to change. Creation-Date: 2006-12-01 Number: 35 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:35-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Hélène Djoufelkit-Cottenet Title: How to Lend to African Countries after a Decade of Debt Relief? Abstract: The total amount of debt relief accorded to African countries in the framework of the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative is expected to reach $43 billion concerning 33 countries. The 15 African countries presently qualified for this Initiative will benefit from restored creditworthiness. Moreover, faced with considerable financing needs, African countries are prepared to take on new debts. Development partners can support this process of re-indebtedness provided that they employ extremely concessional, even counter-cyclical lending instruments, and also by strengthening co-ordination within the Debt Sustainability Framework. Creation-Date: 2007-01-01 Number: 36 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:36-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sebastián Nieto Parra Author-Workplace-Name: Institut d’Etudes Politiques Author-Name: Javier Santiso Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: In Search of a Better World: Financial Markets and Developing Countries Abstract: Bond financing has replaced bank loans and other sources of capital flows as a major source of funding for emerging markets. This shift has been particularly impressive in Latin America. Disentangling the dynamics of emerging bond markets and the information flow about them has attracted the attention of the OECD. Are decisions about bond market investments based on good and neutral information, or is something else driving investors’ choices? Creation-Date: 2007-02-01 Number: 37 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:37-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Javier Santiso Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: The Democratic Banker Abstract: The Democratic Banker (03/2007) (Other Languages : FR / ES) Policy Insights No.38 by Javier Santiso Banks contribute not only to the economic development of emerging countries but also to political development. International bank flows in an emerging country tend to grow during the three years immediately following transition to a democratic regime. New instruments are needed to continue to confirm bank preference for democratic regimes. For instance, it would be useful to have an indicator to measure the level of banking activity in countries that respect human rights. Creation-Date: 2007-03-01 Number: 38 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:38-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Hans J. Blommestein Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Javier Santiso Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Successful Emerging Domestic Bond Markets in the Global Financial Landscape Abstract: Risk-based public debt management and liquid domestic bond markets are important mutually reinforcing strategies for emerging financial markets and developing countries in general. Creation-Date: 2007-04-01 Number: 39 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:39-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Felix Zimmermann Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Denis Drechsler Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Facing Complexity in Development Finance: Challenges for a Donor Darling Abstract: Despite growing aid volumes, financing development is becoming more difficult, not less. Better information on private finance flows will help developing-country governments craft more effective policies. Without stronger government leadership, well-intentioned but diverging donor approaches risk cancelling each other out. Creation-Date: 2007-04-01 Number: 40 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:40-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Céline Kauffmann Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Access to Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa Abstract: Africa is unlikely to reach the drinking water and sanitation Millennium Development Goals. Disparities among countries are large, and the deficit in sanitation is greater than that for drinking water. Serious reforms in institutions, legal frameworks, and policies are needed. Creation-Date: 2007-04-01 Number: 41 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:41-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Georg Caspary Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Céline Kauffmann Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Facing Pro-poor Design of Subsidies for Drinking Water and Sanitation Services in Africa Abstract: Limited capacity to pay, large infrastructure needs and a huge backlog in the construction of sanitation facilities make recourse to cross-subsidies and government-funded subsidies a necessity in Africa. * This Policy Insights introduces the African Economic Outlook 2007. Creation-Date: 2007-05-01 Number: 42 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:42-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Yoshiko Matsumoto-Izadifar Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Africa's Private Sector: Ready to Seize Business Opportunities? Abstract: The recent expansion of African horticultural exports has proven that business is changing on the continent. The experience of Senegal and Mali suggests that the two countries are facing major challenges in strengthening policy co-ordination, improving business environment and realising market opportunities. Deepening public-private dialogue will help address these challenges. * This Policy Insights introduces the African Economic Outlook 2007. Creation-Date: 2007-05-01 Number: 43 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:43-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Cohen Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Pierre Jacquet Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Helmut Reisen Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Forgive Debt, but Keep Lending Abstract: Cancelling of poor-country debt does not mean that the best way to give aid is through grants only. Aid through loans may often prove superior, provided that it maintains debt sustainability. A new scheme for soft loans is suggested, with higher interest rates and cancellation provisions if bad shocks occur, to minimise moral hazard and strengthen debt sustainability Creation-Date: 2007-04-01 Number: 44 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:44-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea Goldstein Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Federica Marzo Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Politics in Africa in 2006: Fewer Bullets, More Ballots? Abstract: The long-term decline in political instability continued in 2006 and armed conflicts, though still widespread, have diminished. Multiparty elections have taken place in several African countries and progress towards participative democracy is encouraging. Progress in economic governance is still insufficient, with corruption continuing to hamper socio-economic development. Creation-Date: 2007-05-01 Number: 45 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:45-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Federico Bonaglia Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Nicolas Pinaud Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Lucia Wegner Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Africans Need not Miss Out on the Benefits of Globalisation Abstract: Strong commodity prices are driving Africa’s growth, which should be about 6 % in 2007 and 2008. External vulnerability is a function of its limited integration into international trade and investment flows. Africa should mobilise external sources more strategically. In this respect, aid for trade can be import. * This Policy Insights introduces the African Economic Outlook 2007. Creation-Date: 2007-04-01 Number: 46 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:46-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kenneth G. Ruffing Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Africa in 2007: Multifaceted Growth Abstract: Growth will accelerate for net oil exporters and weaken slightly for oil importers, strengthening the trends projected in African Economic Outlook 2006. For the oil importers, moreover, inflation is moving to double-digit levels. Budget deficits in oil-importing countries appear to have stabilised. The current account deficits of these same countries have increased from 2 % in 1998-2004, to about 4 % since 2005. * This Policy Insights introduces the African Economic Outlook 2007. Creation-Date: 2007-04-01 Number: 47 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:47-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Federico Bonaglia Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Kiichiro Fukasaku Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Private Sector Development in Poor Countries: Seeking Better Policy Recipes? Abstract: Private business activity, by creating and using “ideas”, drives economic growth in both rich and poor countries. Creating an enabling business environment is necessary but not sufficient for fostering the private sector in poor countries. Open dialogue, transparency, accountability and evaluation make private sector development policies more effective. * This Policy Insights introduces the Business for Development: Fostering the Private Sector report. Creation-Date: 2007-05-01 Number: 48 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:48-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Federico Bonaglia Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Andrea Goldstein Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: More than T-shirts: The Integration of Developing Country Producers in Global Value Chains Abstract: Technological change and organisational advancements have made possible the greater participation of developing country producers in international trade, in a wide range of goods and services. However, firms based in industrial countries often determine the scope for insertion and upgrading of those producers in global value chains (GVCs). * This Policy Insights introduces the Business for Development: Fostering the Private Sector report. Creation-Date: 2007-05-01 Number: 49 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:49-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Cohen Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Thibault Fally Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Sébastien Villemot Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: In Favour of a Fund to Stabilise Commodity Exporters' Income Abstract: Poor countries will remain vulnerable to external shocks from export prices or from natural disasters for some time. Indeed, the lowest income countries have an even higher incidence of such adverse events than other developing countries and tend to suffer larger damages when they occur. Creation-Date: 2007-05-01 Number: 50 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:50-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Charles P. Oman Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Waldo Tapia Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Has Pension Reform Failed Latin America? Abstract: Pension reform in Latin America has helped deepen capital markets, but with mixed results in terms of increasing national savings. Private pension funds have a still untapped potential to help to improve corporate governance of the companies in which they invest. Creation-Date: 2007-10-01 Number: 51 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:51-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Juan Ramón de Laiglesia Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Telecommunications in Latin America: Can Multinationals Fill the Gaps? Abstract: Foreign investment in telecommunications in Latin America has amounted to over $110 billion since 1990, more than for all other developing countries combined. Only one in four of the poorest Latin Americans has a telephone line; competitive markets and policies promoting access can help narrow the connectivity gap between rich and poor. Creation-Date: 2007-10-01 Number: 52 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:52-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Rolando Avendaño Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Gøril Bjerkhol Havro Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Latin America's Asian Opportunity Abstract: Growing trade with China and India offers new export opportunities for Latin America. Latin American countries need to invest in infrastructure and innovation. * This Policy Insights is based on the Latin American Economic Outlook 2008. Creation-Date: 2007-10-01 Number: 53 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:53-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Pablo Zoido Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Does Taxation Rhyme with Democracy? Abstract: Latin America has put its faith in democracy and the market economy. Efficient, fair and equitable fiscal policy can help foster development and consolidate democracy. * This Policy Insights is based on the Latin American Economic Outlook 2008. Creation-Date: 2007-10-01 Number: 54 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:54-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Javier Santiso Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Africa: A New Frontier for Emerging Markets? Abstract: Fast-growing African countries are attracting private equity and risk capital as never before. The conditions attracting private investors are likely to improve. Creation-Date: 2007-12-01 Number: 55 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:55-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jante Parlevliet Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Johannes Jütting Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Theodora Xenogiani Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Informal Employment: Can We Tame the Beast? Abstract: Informal employment persists, even when the economy is growing. Understanding the phenomenon is necessary to “tame the beast” of informality. Coherent policies are needed to create decent jobs and provide social protection Creation-Date: 2008-01-01 Number: 56 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:56-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Helmut Reisen Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: From Old-Donor Debt Relief to Emerging Lenders in Africa Abstract: China helps growth and debt sustainability in Africa through debt relief, infrastructure investment and higher exports. China and other emerging lenders should engage in a debt transparency initiative that considers such growth effects. This will encourage emerging lenders to co-operate with the ‘international community’ on Africa’s debt sustainability. Creation-Date: 2008-01-01 Number: 57 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:57-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Javier Santiso Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Sovereign Development Funds Abstract: Financial actors from developing countries are playing with other OECD financial giants as equals through their Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs). SWFs could become major actors of development finance if they chose to allocate 10 per cent of their portfolio to emerging and developing economies over the next decade, generating inflows of $1 400 billion, more than all OECD countries’ aid to developing economies put together. Creation-Date: 2008-02-01 Number: 58 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:58-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Helmut Reisen Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: How to Spend It: Sovereign Wealth Funds and the Wealth of Nations Abstract: Development economics can explain both saving sources and motives that have led to the recent SWF boom, thus helping avoid investment restrictions in OECD countries. As the economics underlying funds from oil exporting countries are different from the economics of East Asian funds, so are the appropriate policy answers. Creation-Date: 2008-02-01 Number: 59 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:59-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Dickinson Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Private Equity: An Eye for Investment under African Skies? Abstract: Private equity is the African investment story to watch. African countries have made serious efforts to attract foreign investment. Global downturn may yet put successes at risk. Creation-Date: 2008-04-01 Number: 60 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:60-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christian Kingombe Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Evaluating the Effects of Vocational Training in Africa Abstract: More and better data are needed to monitor and evaluate the impact of vocational training on economic growth and poverty reduction. Labour market observatories can help align training systems to labour market needs. Analysis of youth unemployment is essential before investing in expensive training schemes. Creation-Date: 2008-04-01 Number: 61 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:61-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Lucia Wegner Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Investing in Africa's Youth Abstract: African countries face high youth unemployment and a skills shortage. Technical and vocational systems in Africa are poorly funded and managed. Skill-development strategies need to be integrated into poverty-reduction strategies and focused on sectors with promising employment prospects. Creation-Date: 2008-04-01 Number: 62 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:62-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Federica Marzo Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: More Trees Have Fallen…But the Forest is Still Growing: Recent Trends in African Politics Abstract: Political and social troubles worsened in 2007, but the long term trend is positive. Progress towards democracy continues, despite some severe setbacks. Democratic institutions need to foster dialogue and social cohesion. Creation-Date: 2008-04-01 Number: 63 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:63-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kenneth G. Ruffing Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Africa in 2008: Breaking Down the Growth Abstract: Growth will accelerate for net oil exporters and weaken slightly for oil importers. Inflation is rising due to increases in the price of food imports and rising oil prices. The current-account deficits of oil-importing countries are increasing. Creation-Date: 2008-04-01 Number: 64 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:64-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Audrey Verdier-Chouchane Title: Combating Under-five Mortality in Africa Abstract: Reducing under-five mortality rates in Africa by two-thirds is urgent. HIV-AIDS, malaria, lack of basic health services and conflict are hampering progress. Preventable diseases take a heavy toll on the under-fives. Preventing the deaths of children is a matter of political will. Creation-Date: 2008-04-01 Number: 65 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:65-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Denise Wolter Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Higher Food Prices: A Blessing in Disguise for Africa? Abstract: Higher food prices are likely to stay; emergency aid can only be a short-term solution. Making African agriculture a profitable business could turn a food-price curse into a blessing. African governments and donors should promote the commercialisation of food crops. Creation-Date: 2008-05-01 Number: 66 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:66-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Loukas Balafoutas Title: Households in Transition: The BSEC-CA Experience Abstract: Households in the Black Sea Economic Co-operation (BSEC) and Central Asia (CA) regions have adopted coping strategies to withstand negative income shocks during the transition. The most common strategies include family and community support, emigration, and a wide range of activities in the informal sector. Some strategies persist today and are embedded in the new economic environment. Creation-Date: 2008-06-01 Number: 67 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:67-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Loukas Balafoutas Author-Name: Kiichiro Fukasaku Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Transition, Globalisation and Labour in the Black Sea Economic Co-operation and Central Asian Regions Abstract: Globalisation has brought benefits to the economies in the Black Sea Economic Co-operation (BSEC) and Central Asia (CA), but compounded volatility and uncertainty associated with the transition to market economy. Labour markets have been put under pressure, as BSEC-CA countries compete on the international arena. One important form of labour market adjustment has been a large amount of migration flows within the BSEC-CA region and to the neighbouring countries. Creation-Date: 2008-06-01 Number: 68 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:68-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Denis Drechsler Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: International Labour Mobility Opportunity or Risk for Developing Countries? Abstract: Migration can strengthen the development process in sending countries. Potential gains from migration are currently insufficiently utilised. More coherence between various policy domains – in particular related to migration, human resource development and the labour market – is a critical component of an improved migration management. Creation-Date: 2008-06-01 Number: 69 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:69-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Denis Drechsler Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Theodora Xenogiani Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: The Two Faces of Informal Employment in Romania Abstract: Informal employment is a widespread phenomenon in Romania and a key challenge for the country’s development. Policies should target two distinct groups: those who voluntarily opt out of the formal system and those with no alternative. Transforming people’s attitudes towards the state and strengthening their trust in public institutions is key. Creation-Date: 2008-07-01 Number: 70 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:70-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Felix Zimmermann Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Home-owned and Home-grown: Development Policies that Can Work Abstract: “Ownership” makes aid work better when recipients can choose between policy options. Governments need to encourage home-grown development strategies and free local policy debates. Policy conditions on aid don’t work. Creation-Date: 2008-07-01 Number: 71 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:71-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Helmut Reisen Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: En Route to Accra: The Global Development-Finance Non-System Abstract: New actors and instruments have increased the complexity of the international development-finance architecture Efficient aid delivery confronts challenges: multilateral duplication, mission creep and loss of leverage. Specific measures of multilaterals’ contributions to the MDGs could promote accountability and reduce complexity. Creation-Date: 2008-08-01 Number: 72 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:72-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Dirk-Jan Koch Author-Workplace-Name: Radboud University Title: A Paris Declaration for International NGOs? Abstract: International NGOs want official donors to co-ordinate and harmonise their activities and to become more accountable to recipients. International NGOs are donors in their own right, and their own adherence to aid effectiveness principles leaves much to be desired. International NGOs need a Paris-like Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. Creation-Date: 2008-08-01 Number: 73 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:73-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Mold Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Felix Zimmermann Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: A Farewell to Policy Conditionality? Abstract: The idea of local “ownership” of development policies is now popular among the donor community, but without a reduction of conditionality on aid disbursements, enhanced ownership will be difficult to achieve. While there are still strong reasons for attaching certain kinds of conditionality to aid, policy conditionality has been shown to be largely ineffective and often counterproductive. Donors insisting on policy conditions may in any case soon find themselves sidelined, as developing countries find alternative official and private sources of finance with fewer strings attached. Creation-Date: 2008-08-01 Number: 74 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:74-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Gøril Bjerkhol Havro Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Javier Santiso Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: The Curse of Raw Materials? Abstract: The “raw materials curse” is far from being an inevitability, as shown by Norway and Chile. Both examples offer valuable lessons to developing countries on how to sensibly manage mining and oil resources. Following Norway’s example, Chile could build upon its experience and become a key player in the field of technological assistance, particularly through the creation of a World Copper Institute. Creation-Date: 2008-09-01 Number: 75 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:75-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sebastián Nieto Parra Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Javier Santiso Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Are the Financial Markets Politically Correct? Abstract: Are the financial markets politically correct? In other words, do they have preferences when it comes to political regimes or partisans? This issue has often been explored with regard to foreign direct investment (FDI) or public development aid, but rarely in relation to portfolio flows in emerging countries. Creation-Date: 2008-09-01 Number: 76 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:76-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jeff Dayton-Johnson Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Taxes and Spending in Latin America: First Stability, Now Development Abstract: Latin America has not neglected fiscal policy. Since the end of the debt crisis of the 1980s, governments in the region have tightened their belts assiduously. Fiscal deficits have fallen from 11 per cent of public revenues in the 1970s and 1980s, to only 8 per cent since 2000. The year-to-year volatility of taxes, spending and deficits – long a feature of fiscal policy making in the region with harmful effects for economic performance – has likewise fallen: an index of deficit volatility calculated by the OECD Latin American Economic Outlook 2009 shows a fall of a third from 1990-94 to 2000-06, with Latin America standing just 6 per cent above the volatility levels in OECD countries in the latter period. Creation-Date: 2008-10-01 Number: 77 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:77-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sebastián Nieto Parra Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Public Debt Management and Political Cycles: Challenges for Latin America Abstract: Over the last five years, most Latin American governments have made considerable strides in managing the composition of their public debt, while reducing their foreign-currency exposure. Issuing public debt in local currency is not new for Latin America; what is new, however, is the widespread issuing of local currency debt abroad. Indeed, while five years ago all Latin American sovereign external debt was denominated in foreign currency, today half the debt of countries like Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Uruguay is issued in local currencies. Creation-Date: 2008-10-01 Number: 78 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:78-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Barbara Castelletti Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Taxes in Latin America: Do Wealth and Inequality Matter? Abstract: To meet pressing development challenges, Latin American states need fiscal resources. The good news is that in the last decade, favourable macroeconomic conditions and the design of better tax systems pushed up fiscal revenues in Latin America. Notably, tax revenues have increased by close to 1.8 per cent annually between 1990 and 2006, reflecting a widespread strengthening of taxes levied on income, profits and capital gains and general goods and services. Creation-Date: 2008-10-01 Number: 79 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:79-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Pablo Zoido Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Public Spending on Education in Latin America: Does It Pay? Abstract: Education is one of the most important drivers of economic growth. The benefits of education go beyond the academic, contributing to economic objectives such as growth and productivity, as well as to social goals such as health and social cohesion. In a highly competitive, globalised world economy, public spending on education is more important than ever. Creation-Date: 2008-10-01 Number: 80 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:80-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Juan Ramón de Laiglesia Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Living with Duality: Fiscal Policy and Informality in Latin America Abstract: Although hard to measure, informality is by all accounts high in Latin America: about half of the region’s working population can be considered informal. In Mexico, the only Latin American country that belongs to the OECD, up to 60 per cent of non-agricultural workers – almost 22 million people – are employed informally or self-employed. These working people have opted out or have been shut out of the formal system of taxes and social protection. In that sense, they bear witness to a broken social contract between citizens and the state. Creation-Date: 2008-10-01 Number: 81 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:81-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Denis Drechsler Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Wikigender: Initiating Dialogue on Gender Equality Abstract: Have you ever wondered how many women are in paid employment compared to men? We know they get unequal wages, but just how unequal is their pay? Meanwhile, who are the managers, and what is their gender makeup? Are women and men entering the higher levels of state in equal numbers? Creation-Date: 2008-12-01 Number: 82 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:82-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Helmut Reisen Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: The Fallout from the Financial Crisis (1): Emerging Markets under Stress Abstract: The contagion of the global credit crisis from the industrialised countries to the emerging markets has taken some time to develop. Then, in October 2008, it spread rapidly, afflicting all emerging markets, without any distinction or regard to their so-called “fundamentals”. For believers in “decoupling”, the high growth rates, massive foreign exchange (FX) reserves, balanced budgets and rising consumerism in the emerging markets at first reassured investors. It is now clear that the diagnosis of emerging-market policy performance suffered from hyperbole. In the end, all emerging market asset classes were hit: stocks, bonds and currencies. Creation-Date: 2008-12-01 Number: 83 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:83-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Annalisa Prizon Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: The Fallout from the Financial Crisis (2): External Debt Sustainability Should More Be Done for the Poor? Abstract: Since the credit crisis first erupted, relatively little attention has been given to the consequences of the financial crisis on low-income countries’ indebtedness. Although in recent years developing countries as a group have benefited from increasing private flows (particularly FDI and remittances), many low-income countries are still heavily dependent on external official aid and debt flows. Creation-Date: 2008-12-01 Number: 84 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:84-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Mold Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Dilan Ölcer Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Annalisa Prizon Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: The Fallout from the Financial Crisis (3): Will Aid Budgets Fall Victim to the Credit Crisis? Abstract: The financial crisis should give a new impetus to governments’ efforts to improve aid effectiveness. Over the last few months, the governments of OECD countries have pledged trillions of dollars in loans, guarantees, capital injections, and other assistance in their coordinated effort to prop up the global financial system. In comparison, annual aid flows, currently standing at around $100 billion, are just “a drop in the ocean”, in the words of Robert Zoellick, President of the World Bank. Creation-Date: 2008-12-01 Number: 85 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:85-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Mold Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: The Fallout from the Financial Crisis (4): Implications for FDI to Developing Countries Abstract: Foreign direct investment (FDI) has been one of the principal beneficiaries of the liberalisation of capital flows over recent decades, and now constitutes the major form of capital inflow for many developing countries, including low-income ones like Chad, Mauritania, Sudan and Zambia. But while there are reasons to celebrate this success, the current financial turmoil does not bode well for the sustainability these flows in 2009. Creation-Date: 2008-12-01 Number: 86 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:86-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Zimmerman Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: The Fallout from the Financial Crisis (5): The End of Public Support for Development Aid? Abstract: Over the past 20 years, public attitudes towards aid in OECD countries have remained steadily positive throughout economic ups and downs. At the same time, polling data shows that voters continue to strongly support aid to developing countries, despite the financial crisis. Creation-Date: 2008-12-01 Number: 87 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:87-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Dilan Ölcer Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Helmut Reisen Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Extracting More From EITI Abstract: The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI, www.eitransparency.org) aims to improve transparency and accountability by the full publication and verification of company payments and government revenues. The revenues flowing from natural resources extraction are huge. EITI is one of the international soft-law tools most supported by the international community to curb corruption and help the 3.5 billion people – half the population of the planet – living in resource-rich countries to benefit from the sale of their natural resources. Almost six years after the initiative was launched, the results are elusive for several countries. Figure 1 below shows that governments’ public endorsement of the EITI principles does not, on average, improve the perception of corruption levels in their countries. Moreover, according to the World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators, corruption control in EITI countries is worse than in non-EITI resource-rich countries. EITI countries’ scores deteriorated between 2002 and 2007. While these corruption indices are not limited to extractive industries, given their importance in the countries concerned, one would expectmore visible improvements in these indicators. Creation-Date: 2009-02-01 Number: 88 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:88-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sebastián Nieto Parra Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Sovereign Debt Crises and Early Warning Indicators: The Role of the Primary Bond Market Abstract: During the 1990s and the 2000s a variety of crises affected the stability of international capital markets: from the European Monetary System crisis in 1992-93 and the emerging market crises to today’s financial crisis have been present in the arenas of capital markets. These crises stimulated the theoretical and empirical literature on the economics of the crises in several ways, among other things on the determinants of a crisis, its impact on domestic output, and policy implications. In most of the recent crises public sector financing difficulties combined with currency problems dominated the collapse of these countries. Both unsustainable fiscal and monetary policies were important factors behind these crises (...) Creation-Date: 2009-02-01 Number: 89 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:89-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kensuke Tanaka Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Regional Integration in Southeast Asia: Better Macroeconomic Co-operation Can Mitigate Risks Abstract: The ten member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have created one of the most dynamic developing regions. They have unveiled the Blueprint for the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) to achieve a “single market” by 2015. More recently, the full ratification of the ASEAN Charter in December 2008 has provided an institutional framework for what had been de facto regional integration underway since the 1980s. Realising the end goal of economic integration enshrined in the association’s blueprint and in the charter poses a major challenge to the region facing the global economic downturn. This Policy Insight suggests possible ways forward. Creation-Date: 2009-02-01 Number: 90 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:90-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ángel Melguizo Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Social Protection for All: How to Cover Middle-Sector Workers with Informal Jobs Abstract: Informality remains pervasive in Latin American and Caribbean labour markets. Many "middle-sectors workers" (around the middle of the income distribution) are employed informally and contribute irregularly to a public or private pension. Governments should consider extending social pensions and stimulating (even financially, via defined matching contributions) individual savings. Creation-Date: 2010-11-01 Number: 91 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:91-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christian Daude Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Education Policies for Upward Social Mobility in Latin America Abstract: Income is very unequally distributed in Latin America - but so too are opportunities for upward mobility. Early childhood development is a powerful mechanism to level the social playing field. More and better secondary education is key. Better administration of schools, combining greater flexibility with more accountability, a modern system of evaluation and incentives for school administrators and teachers are important ingredients for reforms. Creation-Date: 2010-11-01 Number: 92 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:92-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Pietikäinen Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Latin America's Middle Sectors: Key Players in a Renewed Social Contract? Abstract: A strengthened social contract in Latin American countries relies on the improved quality of public services such as health and education, which would build a constituency for a broader tax base. Latin American middle-income sectors express strong support for democracy but they are critical of how it works, largely due to the low quality of public services. Fiscal policy is at the heart of the state's relationship with its citizens - all the more so in Latin America, given the weak social contracts and the consolidation of its democracies. Creation-Date: 2010-11-01 Number: 93 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:93-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ana Santillana Title: Should ASEAN Countries Embrace Carbon Labelling as a Means to Reduce Emissions? Abstract: ASEAN countries should play a more active role in the international standard-setting process for carbon labelling. Fragmented, bottom-up approaches to carbon labelling may lead to a proliferation of different labelling schemes, acting as a constraint to ASEAN exports. Carbon labelling should be part of ASEAN countries’ environmental sustainability plans. Creation-Date: 2011-06-01 Number: 94 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:94-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Alexis Maingard Author-Name: Laura Recuero-Virto Title: The Privatisation of Infrastructure: One Size Does Not Fit All Abstract: There is no unique model of reform for infrastructure that is equally applicable to all countries. Fixed-line privatisation has often failed due to weak economic and institutional endowments. Governments and International Financial Institutions (IFIs) should consider alternative options to privatisation to increase fixed-line performance. Creation-Date: 2011-09-01 Number: 95 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:95-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Jankowska Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Arne Nagengast Author-Name: José Ramón Perea Title: The Middle-Income Trap: Comparing Asian and Latin American Experiences Abstract: Chinese Taipei; Hong Kong, China; Korea and Singapore (the East Asian Newly Industrialised Countries or NICs) have been successful in attaining income convergence with high-income countries while Latin American countries remain caught in the Middle-Income Trap. The East Asian NICs pursued export-led growth by targeting strategic industries which facilitated gradual diversification and upgrading into new products that required similar skills and inputs. Comparing the experience of the NICs to Latin American economies reveals that successful diversification and upgrading of a country’s export structure requires coherent and complimentary policies in the areas of education, infrastructure, innovation and access to finance. Creation-Date: 2012-05-01 Number: 96 Handle: RePEc:oec:devaac:96-EN