Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Stéphane Willems Title: Key features of domestic monitoring systems under the Kyoto protocol Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2000-01-04 Number: 2000/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2000/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Name: Martina Bosi Title: Options for project emission baselines Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2000-01-04 Number: 2000/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2000/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Baron Title: Market power and market access in International GHG emissions trading Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2000-01-04 Number: 2000/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2000/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Baron Title: Market access issues in international GHG emissions trading Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2000-01-04 Number: 2000/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2000/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Baron Title: An assessement of liability rules for international GHG emissions trading Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2000-01-04 Number: 2000/5 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2000/5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: S. Willems Title: Framework for baseline guidelines Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2001-01-07 Number: 2001/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2001/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: D. Violette Author-Name: C. Mudd Author-Name: M. Keneipp Title: An initial view on methodologies for emission baselines: Energy efficiency case study Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2001-01-07 Number: 2001/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2001/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: D. Salon Title: An initial view on methodologies for emission baselines: Transport case study Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2001-01-07 Number: 2001/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2001/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: G. McGlynn Author-Name: P. Crist Author-Name: L. Fulton Author-Name: M. Crass Title: Good practice greenhouse abatement policies: Transport Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2001-01-07 Number: 2001/5 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2001/5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Title: Forestry projects: Permanence, credit accounting and lifetime Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2001-01-07 Number: 2001/7 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2001/7-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Title: An initial view on methodologies for emission baselines: Cement case study Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2001-01-07 Number: 2001/8 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2001/8-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Martina Bosi Title: Fast-tracking small CDM projects: Implications for the electricity sector Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2001-01-07 Number: 2001/9 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2001/9-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Martina Bosi Title: An initial view on methodologies for emission baselines: Electricity generation case study Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2001-01-07 Number: 2001/10 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2001/10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jan-Willem Bode Author-Name: Jeroen de Beer Author-Name: Kornelis Blok Author-Name: Jane Ellis Title: An initial view on methodologies for emission baselines: Iron and steel case study Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2001-01-07 Number: 2001/11 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2001/11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Baron Title: The commitment period reserve Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2001-01-07 Number: 2001/12 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2001/12-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: S. Willems Author-Name: J. Pershing Title: Climate relevant policy assessment recent work in the OECD, IEA, NEA and ECMT Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2002-01-04 Number: 2002/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2002/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: S. Kartha Author-Name: M. Lazarus Title: Practical baseline recommendations for greenhouse gas mitigation projects in the electric power sector Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2002-01-04 Number: 2002/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2002/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Title: Developing guidance on monitoring and project boundaries for greenhouse gas projects Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2002-01-04 Number: 2002/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2002/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Martina Bosi Author-Name: A. Laurence Title: Road-testing baselines for greenhouse gas mitigation projects in the electric power sector Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2002-01-04 Number: 2002/5 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2002/5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Baron Author-Name: S. Bygrave Title: Towards international emissions trading: Design implications for linkages Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2002-01-04 Number: 2002/6 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2002/6-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: William Blyth Author-Name: Martina Bosi Title: Linking non-EU domestic emissions trading schemes with the EU emissions trading scheme Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2003-01-01 Number: 2003/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2003/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: S. Willems Author-Name: K. Baumert Title: Institutional capacity and climate actions Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2003-01-06 Number: 2003/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2003/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: C. Philibert Title: Technology Innovation, Development and Diffusion Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2003-01-06 Number: 2003/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2003/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: C. Philibert Author-Name: J. Pershing Author-Name: S. Willems Author-Name: Jan Corfee-Morlot Title: Evolution of mitigation commitments: Some key issues Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2003-01-06 Number: 2003/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2003/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: A. Herold Title: Current status of national inventory preparation in Annex I parties and non-Annex I parties Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2003-01-06 Number: 2003/5 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2003/5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Title: Evaluating experience with electricity generating GHG mitigation projects Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2003-01-06 Number: 2003/6 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2003/6-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Title: Forestry projects: lessons learned and implications for CDM modalities Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2003-01-06 Number: 2003/7 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2003/7-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: R. Baron Author-Name: William Blyth Title: Green investment schemes: Options and issues Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2003-01-06 Number: 2003/9 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2003/9-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: S. Willems Title: Institutional capacity and climate actions: Summary paper Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2004-01-05 Number: 2004/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2004/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: C. Philibert Title: International energy technology collaboration and climate change mitigation Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2004-01-05 Number: 2004/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2004/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: C. Philibert Author-Name: J. Reinaud Title: Emissions trading: Taking stock and looking forward Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2004-01-05 Number: 2004/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2004/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Name: Jan Corfee-Morlot Author-Name: Harald Winkler Title: Taking stock of progress under the clean development mechanism (CDM) Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2004-01-05 Number: 2004/6 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2004/6-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Name: G. Gagnon-Lebrun Title: The CDM portfolio: Update on non-electricity projects Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2004-01-05 Number: 2004/7 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2004/7-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: S. Bygrave Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Martina Bosi Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Linking project-based mechanisms with domestic greenhouse gas emissions trading schemes Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2004-01-05 Number: 2004/8 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2004/8-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Stéphane Willems Title: National approaches to adaptation: Some lessons learnt from recent OECD and UNFCCC workshops Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2005-01-03 Number: 2005/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2005/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Dennis Tirpak Author-Name: Murray Ward Title: The adaptation landscape Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2005-01-03 Number: 2005/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2005/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Cédric Philibert Title: New commitment options: Compatibility with emissions trading Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2005-01-03 Number: 2005/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2005/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Cédric Philibert Title: Climate mitigation: Integrating approaches for future international cooperation Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2005-01-03 Number: 2005/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2005/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Cédric Philibert Title: Approaches for future international co-operation Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2005-01-03 Number: 2005/5 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2005/5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Debra Justus Author-Name: Cédric Philibert Title: International energy technology collaboration and climate change mitigation: Synthesis report Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2005-01-03 Number: 2005/8 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2005/8-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Name: Richard Baron Title: Sectoral crediting mechanisms: An initial assessment of electricity and aluminium Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2005-01-03 Number: 2005/10 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2005/10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Name: Ellina Levina Title: The developing CDM market Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2005-01-03 Number: 2005/11 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2005/11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Martina Bosi Author-Name: Jane Ellis Title: Exploring options for “sectoral crediting mechanisms” Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2005-01-03 Number: 2005/12 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2005/12-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Cédric Philibert Title: Barriers to technology diffusion: The case of solar thermal technologies Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2006-01-04 Number: 2006/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2006/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ellina Levina Author-Name: Helen Adams Title: Domestic policy frameworks for adaptation to climate change in the water sector: Part I: Annex I countries Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2006-01-04 Number: 2006/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2006/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ellina Levina Author-Name: Dennis Tirpak Title: Adaptation to climate change: Key terms Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2006-01-04 Number: 2006/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2006/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Nicolas Lefèvre Author-Name: Philippine de T’Serclaes Author-Name: Paul Waide Title: Barriers to technology diffusion: The case of compact fluorescent lamps Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2006-01-04 Number: 2006/5 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2006/5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Katia Karousakis Title: Joint implementation: Current issues and emerging challenges Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2006-01-04 Number: 2006/6 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2006/6-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Katia Karousakis Title: Initial review of policies and incentives to reduce GHG emissions from deforestation Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2006-01-04 Number: 2006/7 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2006/7-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Title: Issues related to a programme of activities under the CDM Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2006-01-04 Number: 2006/8 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2006/8-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Name: Katia Karousakis Title: The developing CDM market: May 2006 update Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2006-01-04 Number: 2006/9 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2006/9-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Name: Dennis Tirpak Title: Linking GHG emission trading schemes and markets Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2006-01-04 Number: 2006/10 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2006/10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Baron Title: Sectoral approaches to GHG mitigation: Scenarios for integration Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2006-01-04 Number: 2006/11 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2006/11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Baron Author-Name: Jane Ellis Title: Sectoral crediting mechanisms for greenhouse gas mitigation: Institutional and operational issues Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2006-01-04 Number: 2006/12 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2006/12-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Julia Reinaud Author-Name: Cédric Philibert Title: Emissions trading: Trends and prospects Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2007-01-03 Number: 2007/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2007/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Cédric Philibert Title: Technology penetration and capital stock turnover: Lessons from IEA scenario analysis Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2007-01-03 Number: 2007/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2007/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Cédric Philibert Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Name: Jacek Podkanski Title: Carbon capture and storage in the CDM Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2007-01-03 Number: 2007/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2007/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ellina Levina Title: Adaptation to climate change: International agreements for local needs Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2007-01-03 Number: 2007/5 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2007/5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Katia Karousakis Title: Incentives to reduce GHG emissions from deforestation: Lessons learned from Costa Rica and Mexico Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2007-01-03 Number: 2007/7 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2007/7-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Name: Richard Baron Author-Name: Barbara Buchner Title: SD-PAMS: What, Where, When and How? Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2007-01-03 Number: 2007/8 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2007/8-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Name: Sami Kamel Title: Overcoming barriers to clean development mechanism projects Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2007-01-03 Number: 2007/9 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2007/9-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Barbara Buchner Title: Policy uncertainty, Investment and commitment periods Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2007-01-03 Number: 2007/10 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2007/10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Katia Karousakis Author-Name: Bruno Guay Author-Name: Cédric Philibert Title: Differentiating countries in terms of mitigation commitments, actions and support Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2008-01-03 Number: 2008/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2008/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Name: Kate Larsen Title: Measurement, reporting and verification of mitigation actions and commitments Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2008-01-03 Number: 2008/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2008/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Baron Author-Name: Ingrid Barnsley Author-Name: Jane Ellis Title: Options for integrating sectoral approaches into the UNFCCC Abstract: This paper was prepared for the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) for the purpose of providing useful and timely input on specific topics relevant to international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The papers do not represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, rather they are Secretariat information papers intended to help inform countries as well as the UNFCCC audience on key technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. Creation-Date: 2008-01-03 Number: 2008/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2008/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Sara Moarif Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: GHG Mitigation Actions: MRV Issues and Options Abstract: The Bali Action Plan (BAP) language on “measurable, reportable and verifiable” (MRV) greenhouse gas mitigation actions and commitments for a post-2012 climate framework was introduced to apply both to developed countries’ greenhouse gas (GHG) commitments and actions (paragraph 1(b)(i) of the BAP), as well as to “nationally appropriate mitigation actions by developing country Parties in the context of sustainable development, supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity-building” (paragraph 1(b)(ii)). This paper provides an overview of current efforts to assess if GHG mitigation actions underway in different countries and regions are “measurable, reportable and verifiable”. The paper also assesses how such efforts could be improved, explores MRV options for different types of GHG mitigation actions, and highlights decision points needed to establish a post-2012 framework.Several different types of GHG mitigation actions and commitments have been proposed for the post-2012 period. Some of these - such as national-level GHG emission limits - are already being used, with countries therefore already gaining experience with implementing, monitoring, reporting (and potentially reviewing or verifying the effects of) such actions/commitments. The extent of this experience varies both by type of action/commitment, as well as by country and sector. In general, Annex I countries have significant experience with monitoring and reporting national emission levels (reflecting their reporting commitments under the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol). However, official reporting on other GHG-mitigation actions occurs every few years in Annex I countries and only irregularly in non-Annex I countries. Thus, significant new guidance would be needed if post-2012 MRV provisions were to focus on GHG mitigation actions rather than GHG emission levels.In deciding a MRV framework, it will be important to consider measurement, reporting and verification issues separately (as for example some non-supported actions may be reported but not verified). A transition process may also be needed for some countries, in terms of what is to be subject to MRV provisions, and how M, R and V are to be carried out.
Les termes « mesurables, notifiables et vérifiables » (MNV) utilisés dans le Plan d’action de Bali pour qualifier les initiatives et les engagements en matière d’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) envisagés dans le cadre climatique pour l’après 2012 s’appliquent à la fois aux engagements et initiatives d’atténuation des émissions de GES des pays développés (paragraphe 1(b)(i) du Plan de Bali), et aux « mesures d’atténuation appropriées au niveau national de la part des pays en développement parties dans le cadre d’un développement durable, soutenues et rendues possibles par des technologies, des moyens de financement et un renforcement des capacités » (paragraphe 1(b)(ii)). Le présent document passe en revue les efforts déployés actuellement pour évaluer si les initiatives d’atténuation des émissions de GES lancées dans les différents pays et régions sont « mesurables, notifiables et vérifiables ». Il étudie en outre comment ces efforts pourraient être améliorés, considère les options MNV pour différents types d’initiatives d’atténuation et fait ressortir les questions qu’il faudra trancher pour établir un cadre pour l’après-2012. Différents types d’engagements et d’initiatives d’atténuation des émissions de GES ont été proposés pour l’après-2012. Certains, comme les plafonds nationaux d’émissions de GES, sont déjà utilisés, ce qui permet à des pays d’acquérir d’ores et déjà une expérience de la mise en oeuvre, du suivi et de la notification de ces initiatives/engagements (et éventuellement de l’examen ou de la vérification de leurs effets). L’ampleur de ces expériences varie selon le type d’initiative/d’engagement et selon les pays ou secteurs considérés. En général, les pays visés à l’Annexe I ont une grande expérience du suivi et de la notification de leurs émissions nationales (en vertu des engagements de notification souscrits au titre de la CCNUCC et du Protocole de Kyoto). Cependant, les communications officielles sur les autres mesures prises pour atténuer les émissions de GES ne sont présentées qu’à plusieurs années d’intervalle dans le cas des pays visés à l’Annexe I, et de façon sporadique dans celui des autres pays. En conséquence, de nouvelles directives seront nécessaires s’il est décidé qu’après 2012 les dispositions relatives à la MNV s’appliqueront non plus aux niveaux d’émission mais aux initiatives d’atténuation des émissions de GES. Pour établir un cadre MNV, il importera de considérer séparément les questions de mesure, de notification et de vérification (sachant que par exemple, certaines initiatives mises en oeuvre en l’absence de soutien peuvent être notifiées mais pas vérifiées). Un processus de transition pourrait également être nécessaire pour certains pays, portant sur le champ d’application des dispositions relatives à la MNV et les modalités de M, N et V. Classification-JEL: F53; G15; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: action d'atténuation, changement climatique, climate change, gaz à effet de serre, greenhouse gas, measurement, reporting, verification, mesure, notification, vérification, mitigation actions, MNV, MRV Creation-Date: 2009-03-01 Number: 2009/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2009/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Joy Aeree Kim Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Jan Corfee-Morlot Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Philippine de T’Serclaes Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Linking Mitigation Actions in Developing Countries with Mitigation Support: A Conceptual Framework Abstract: The Bali Action Plan introduced the notion of linking GHG mitigation action in developing countries with support for such action, in a "measurable, reportable and verifiable (MRV)" manner. However, it does not specify the relationship or link that may be made between nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) in developing countries and mitigation support. It also remains unclear whether the MRV requirements apply to the link between NAMAs in developing countries and mitigation support, or to one or both of the separate elements. This paper suggests a number of elements for a possible conceptual framework to "link" mitigation actions with mitigation support, including practical considerations for how one might measure, report and verify progress, with a view to understanding the role for such a framework in a post-2012 agreement. The design of a successful and effective linking framework might aim to achieve a number of specific goals. On the action side, a key goal may be to integrate NAMAs in developing countries into national development plans and to address a significant mitigation opportunities. On the support side, important goals are perhaps cost-effectiveness and how to prioritise spending. For a linking framework to successfully address these issues, both actions and support would need to be measurable, reportable and verifiable (MRV). Building on existing systems, a framework for MRV based on both the actual, possible or planned mitigation actions in developing countries as well as on current (public) mitigation support from developed countries could be a good starting point for further development of a linking framework.
Le Plan d'action de Bali a proposé pour la première fois l'idée de relier l'action d'atténuation des GES dans les pays en développement au soutien à cette action, de façon "mesurable, notifiable et vérifiable" (MNV). Toutefois, il ne précise pas la relation ou le lien qu'il est possible d'établir entre les actions d'atténuation appropriées au niveau national (les NAMA) dans les pays en développement et le soutien à l'atténuation. De même, on ignore encore si les exigences en matière de mesure, notification et vérification (MNV) s'appliquent à la relation entre les NAMA dans les pays en développement et le soutien à l'atténuation, ou à l'un de ces deux éléments, ou aux deux séparément. Ce document avance un certain nombre de suggestions pour construire un cadre conceptuel susceptible de "relier" les actions d'atténuation et le soutien à l'atténuation, y compris des considérations pratiques sur la façon de mesurer, de notifier et de vérifier les progrès réalisés, l'objectif étant de se faire une idée précise de la fonction d'un cadre conceptuel de cette nature dans un accord pour l'après 2012. L'élaboration d'un cadre de mise en relation efficace et bien conçu pourrait viser un certain nombre d'objectifs précis. S'agissant des actions, un objectif essentiel serait d'intégrer aux plans nationaux de développement les NAMA dans les pays en développement et de prendre en compte les possibilités d'atténuation significative. Du côté du soutien, les objectifs importants sont peut-être de rechercher un bon rapport coût-efficacité et de définir comment hiérarchiser les dépenses par ordre de priorité. Pour que le cadre de mise en relation soit efficace à ces égards, tant les actions que le soutien devraient être mesurables, notifiables et vérifiables (MNV). Dans le prolongement des systèmes existants, un bon point de départ pour poursuivre l'élaboration de ce cadre de mise en relation serait peut-être un cadre de MNV établi sur la base des actions d'atténuation effectives, possibles et prévues dans les pays en développement d'une part, et du soutien (public) à l'atténuation actuellement apporté par les pays développés d'autre part. Classification-JEL: F53; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: atténuation, changement climatique, climate change, developing countries, gaz à effet de serre, greenhouse gas, mitigation, pays en développement Creation-Date: 2009-05-01 Number: 2009/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2009/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Baron Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Barbara Buchner Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Sectoral Approaches and the Carbon Market Abstract: Sectoral approaches are proposed as a means to broaden the global scope of greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation to developing countries. Market mechanisms are put forward in that context to create incentives for mitigation in developing countries beyond the existing Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and to encourage mitigation at least possible cost. The introduction of new, sector-based, market mechanisms is only one of many proposals discussed by UNFCCC Parties in the context of a post-2012 international climate policy framework, as a possible means to support mitigation actions in developing countries. This paper considers the carbon market aspects of sectoral approaches to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in developing countries. It discusses three general ways to link sectoral goals with the carbon market: (i) intensity goals, based on a GHG performance per unit of output; (ii) fixed emission goals, with an ex-post issuance of credits or trading with an ex-ante allocation of allowances; and (iii) technology-based sectoral objectives. This paper explores the domestic policy implications of moving from a single project approach (i.e., CDM), to a multi-plant, sector-wide carbon market mechanism implied by sectoral crediting and trading. It also touches on possible transition issues, especially from intensity-based emission goals to fixed ones. The paper concludes that sector-based market mechanisms, regardless of the design option chosen, will require some significant upfront effort both nationally and internationally to set appropriate baselines and ensure adequate measurement, reporting and verification in order to generate economically valuable and environmentally-credible credits. Technology diffusion goals may be supported by other means than the carbon market if developing GHG baselines for such activities were too difficult. Sectoral approaches also imply some significant policy effort in countries that adhere to them, to ensure that the baselines are exceeded so that carbon market revenues are generated, and that these revenues represent effective incentives for entities to pursue GHG mitigation, wherever it is most cost-effective to do so.
Des approches sectorielles sont proposées afin d'élargir les possibilités d'atténuation des gaz à effet de serre (GES) à l'échelle mondiale en y associant les pays en développement. Les mécanismes du marché sont mis en avant, dans cette optique, pour créer d'autres incitations à l'atténuation dans les pays en développement, en plus de celles du mécanisme pour un développement propre (MDP) existant ; il est suggéré aussi d'encourager l'atténuation au moindre coût possible. L'adoption de nouveaux mécanismes du marché de portée sectorielle n'est qu'une proposition parmi beaucoup d'autres que les Parties à la CCNUCC ont examinées en prévision du cadre international dans lequel s'inscrira la politique climatique après 2012 : leur mise en oeuvre pourrait faciliter les actions d'atténuation dans les pays en développement. Ce document aborde les aspects qui se rapportent au marché du carbone dans les approches sectorielles visant à réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) dans les pays en développement. Il analyse trois moyens de relier, de façon générale, les objectifs sectoriels et le marché du carbone : (i) des objectifs d'intensité, fondés sur le bilan de GES par unité de production ; (ii) des objectifs d'émission fixes, assortis de la délivrance ex post de crédits ou de l'échange de quotas alloués ex ante ; et (iii) des objectifs sectoriels en fonction des technologies. Ce document étudie les conséquences, pour les politiques nationales, du passage d'une approche axée sur des projets pris isolément (par exemple, dans le cadre du MDP) à un marché du carbone incluant de nombreuses installations et dont le périmètre est déterminé par l'attribution de crédits et la réalisation d'échanges au niveau sectoriel. Sont examinés aussi les problèmes de transition qui pourraient surgir, en particulier si des objectifs d'émission fixes remplacent les objectifs basés sur l'intensité. Ce document conclut que la mise en place de mécanismes de marché sectoriels nécessitera, quel que soit l'agencement choisi, certains travaux importants au départ, à l'échelon national aussi bien qu'international, pour définir les niveaux de référence appropriés et veiller à l'adéquation des procédures de mesure, de notification et de vérification, en vue de générer des crédits économiquement avantageux et crédibles sur le plan environnemental. Si la mise au point des niveaux de référence des GES pour les activités du marché du carbone pose trop de difficultés, d'autres moyens peuvent favoriser la réalisation des objectifs de diffusion des technologies. Par ailleurs, les autorités des pays qui adhèreront aux approches sectorielles devront s'assurer, par un important effort, que les niveaux de référence pourront être dépassés, afin que le marché du carbone dégage des recettes qui représentent de réelles incitations à l'atténuation des GES, chaque fois que ce sera la solution la plus efficace par rapport aux coûts. Classification-JEL: F53; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: approche sectorielle, atténuation, carbon market, changement climatique, climate change, gaz à effet de serre, greenhouse gas, marchés du carbone, mitigation, sectoral approach Creation-Date: 2009-06-01 Number: 2009/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2009/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Sara Moarif Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Joy Aeree Kim Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Reporting and Recording Post-2012 GHG Mitigation Commitments, Actions and Support Abstract: The Bali Action Plan (BAP) indicated the importance of “measurable, reportable and verifiable” (MRV) greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation actions and commitments, as well as support for GHG mitigation actions, in the post-2012 climate framework. Negotiations underway for this framework have highlighted the benefits of, and interest in, expanding current MRV-related provisions, including to develop a more comprehensive and timely picture of countries’ mitigation efforts and support. Establishing some form of reporting or recording mechanism that could be used to centralise and track information on country mitigation actions, commitments and support could fill this gap. This mechanism could focus on current efforts, or also include information on future or planned efforts. Such a mechanism could take different forms, including a stand-alone electronic registry where actions (and potentially also commitments and support) could be reported ex post. Alternatively, information on actions and commitments could be recorded ex ante as an integral appendix of a post-2012 climate agreement. This paper explores the possible purposes, coverage and form of such a reporting/recording mechanism (subsequently referred to as a NAMAs registry); what information it could include in terms of actions, commitments and support; and the institutional implications of different design options. It thus focuses on the measurable and reportable components of MRV, rather than on verification.
Le Plan d’action de Bali a attesté l’importance des engagements et des initiatives « mesurables, notifiables et vérifiables » en faveur de l’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES), et du soutien apporté à ces mesures, dans le cadre climatique de l’après-2012. Les négociations engagées pour définir ce cadre, en montrant les effets positifs des dispositions actuelles pour une action mesurable, notifiable et vérifiable, et l’intérêt qu’elles suscitent, visent d’ailleurs à en étendre la portée, afin notamment d’avoir, à tout moment, une image plus complète des efforts d’atténuation des pays et du soutien dont ces efforts bénéficient. Il pourrait être utile dans ce contexte de créer un mécanisme de notification ou de consignation permettant de centraliser l’information et de suivre les initiatives, engagements et mesures de soutien des pays en faveur de l’atténuation. Ce mécanisme pourrait s’intéresser aux efforts actuels et inclure des informations sur les efforts futurs ou prévus. Différentes formes sont envisageables, comme celle d’un registre électronique indépendant dans lequel les mesures (et éventuellement les engagements et les soutiens) seraient consignées après coup. Les informations sur les mesures et les engagements pourraient également être consignées au préalable, en appendice d’un accord climatique pour l’après-2012. Le présent document étudie les différentes finalités, applications et formes possibles d’un tel mécanisme de notification/consignation (appelé registre des NAMA) ; les informations qu’il pourrait contenir en termes de mesures, d’engagements et de soutien ; et les implications institutionnelles des différentes conceptions envisagées. Il met donc davantage l’accent sur les éléments mesurables et notifiables de l’effort d’atténuation que sur la vérification. Classification-JEL: F53; G15; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: action d'atténuation, changement climatique, climate change, gaz à effet de serre, greenhouse gas, measurement, mesure, mitigation actions, MNV, MRV, NAMA, NAMA, notification, registre, registry, reporting, verification, vérification Creation-Date: 2009-10-01 Number: 2009/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2009/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: André Aasrud Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Richard Baron Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Barbara Buchner Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Kevin McCall Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Sectoral Market Mechanisms: Issues for Negotiation and Domestic Implementation Abstract: This paper reviews proposals for the design of sectoral and related market mechanisms that are being debated both in the UNFCCC negotiations and in different domestic legislative contexts. Decisions on the design and scope of the mechanisms in the UNFCCC negotiations would affect the future supply of credits, while developed countries’ legislations could influence demand. National actions to establish carbon markets may also constrain or enable international developments and options, as domestic policies may establish conditions or restrictions on the import of “international” offset credits or linkages with other national or regional carbon markets. The paper also addresses the possible principles and technical requirements that Parties may wish to consider, as the foundations for further elaboration of the mechanisms. Beyond principles, a number of elements of a more technical nature need to be sorted out to set up new market mechanisms, such as: eligibility for participation by developed countries, as buyers; technical definition of baselines, including guidance on a process to agree to baseline levels, and possible revisions; length of the crediting period and frequency of issuance of credits; new trading units and registries; and national authorities for the new mechanisms. In the case of trading, a compliance reserve and liability rules may be topics for discussion as well. The third issue explored by this paper is domestic implementation of sectoral market mechanisms by host countries, and how the transition between current and future mechanisms could be managed. Transition issues including the situation of existing CDM projects vis-à-vis broader crediting mechanisms and also sectoral trading must be clarified. Domestic policy implementation in developing countries is of paramount importance to ensure the effectiveness of possible new international market mechanisms. Several illustrations are offered to show how a mix of policies could be used to outperform a baseline to generate credits, and how credit revenues could be used to further support domestic policy implementation. Among the options discussed are subsidies to low-carbon technologies (e.g. feed-in tariffs), mandated performance standards, and an entity level baseline-and-crediting system.
4 RÉSUMÉ Ce document passe en revue les propositions concernant la conception de mécanismes de marché sectoriels et apparentés dont il est actuellement débattu aussi bien dans les négociations de la CCNUCC que dans différentes instances législatives nationales. Les décisions qui seront prises lors des négociations de la CCNUCC à propos de l'agencement et du champ d'application de ces mécanismes devraient influer sur les quantités de crédits disponibles à l'avenir, tandis que les législations des pays développés pourraient influencer la demande. Les actions engagées au niveau national pour mettre en place des marchés du carbone peuvent elles aussi limiter ou faciliter les évolutions et les possibilités au niveau international, dans la mesure où les politiques nationales peuvent imposer des conditions ou des restrictions à l'importation de crédits de compensation "internationaux", ou établir des liaisons avec d'autres marchés du carbone nationaux ou régionaux. Ce document traite également des principes et des exigences techniques que les Parties pourraient juger souhaitable d'examiner, et qui serviront de bases pour affiner encore les mécanismes. Pour mettre en place de nouveaux mécanismes de marché, il faudra clarifier non seulement les principes, mais aussi un certain nombre d'éléments de nature plus technique, notamment : l'admissibilité des pays développés en tant qu'acheteurs ; la définition technique des niveaux de référence, y compris les directives à suivre pour les approuver et les révisions possibles ; la durée de la période de comptabilisation des crédits et la fréquence de la délivrance de crédits ; les nouvelles unités et les nouveaux registres utilisés pour les échanges ; ainsi que les autorités nationales compétentes à l'égard des nouveaux mécanismes. En ce qui concerne les échanges, la notion de réserve de quantités attribuées pour la période d’engagement et les règles en matière de responsabilité mériteraient également discussion. Le troisième aspect étudié dans ce document concerne la mise en oeuvre par les pays hôtes sur leur territoire de mécanismes de marché sectoriels, et les solutions possibles pour gérer la transition entre les mécanismes actuels et ceux de demain. Cette transition soulève des questions qu'il faut éclaircir, notamment la situation des projets existants qui relèvent du MDP au regard des mécanismes d'attribution de crédits de plus vaste portée, ainsi que les échanges sectoriels. La mise en oeuvre des politiques à l'échelon national dans les pays en développement revêt une importance primordiale pour assurer l'efficacité des nouveaux mécanismes de marché internationaux qui pourraient voir le jour. Ce document propose plusieurs exemples qui mettent en lumière comment une panoplie de mesures pourrait être utile pour dépasser les niveaux de référence afin de générer des crédits, et comment les revenus associés aux crédits pourraient servir à étayer encore plus la mise en oeuvre des politiques nationales. Parmi les mesures envisageables analysées figurent les subventions aux technologies à faible émission de carbone (par exemple les tarifs de rachat), les normes obligatoires de résultats et un système applicable au niveau des entités d'attribution de crédits par rapport à un niveau de référence. Classification-JEL: F53; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: approche sectorielle, atténuation, carbon market, changement climatique, climate change, gaz à effet de serre, greenhouse gas, marchés du carbone, mitigation, sectoral approach Creation-Date: 2009-10-01 Number: 2009/5 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2009/5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jan Corfee-Morlot Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Bruno Guay Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Kate Larsen Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Financing Climate Change Mitigation: Towards a Framework for Measurement, Reporting and Verification Abstract: The current monitoring, reporting and review framework under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has a number of strengths and weaknesses. Weaknesses include inconsistent and/or incomplete self reporting of financial support; infrequent reporting; limited and incomplete information on multilateral development banks and other non-UNFCCC funds; lack of primary data on financial flows under KP mechanisms (CDM); and lack of verification procedures. This paper aims to facilitate a discussion about a possible framework to measure, report and verify (MRV) mitigation support. It considers the main pathways through which mitigation support to developing countries may flow as well as the availability and suitability of information in this area to provide a basis to measure, report and verify mitigation support. A strengthened framework for reporting could be developed and layered into the existing system, e.g. via National Communications. Data gaps and reporting frequency could be corrected through improvements in National Communication guidelines and the development of a common reporting format. The UNFCCC could also collaborate with other institutions to develop and draw on more standardised data from other sources and to assure that information across sources is comparable and publicly available. A key aspect would be to provide a monitoring system that covers not just public but also private finance in mitigation specific as well as mitigation relevant areas. The absence of verification procedures in the current UNFCCC monitoring and review system for mitigation support should also be addressed. The Convention does not lay out specific guidelines for the review of mitigation support reported in National Communications and reported information is not formally cross checked with alternative information sources. Parties could agree to the elaboration of guidelines for review and verification to help determine whether Parties have employed agreed methods for self assessment and reporting on technology transfer, capacity building and financing, and whether reporting is conducted in a transparent manner. In addition, standardised reporting by recipient countries about funds received, use and usefulness of funds could also be an important addition to provide information for verification with information on contributions to mitigation support.
Le dispositif actuel de surveillance, de notification et d'examen mis en oeuvre en vertu de la Conventioncadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC) présente des atouts et des faiblesses. Parmi les faiblesses, citons les autodéclarations de soutien financier incohérentes et/ou incomplètes, les rapports peu fréquents, les informations limitées et incomplètes sur les banques multilatérales de développement et les autres fonds gérés en dehors de la CCNUCC, l’insuffisance des données primaires sur les flux financiers relevant des mécanismes du protocole de Kyoto (MDP) et l'absence de procédures de vérification. Ce document vise à faciliter le débat sur un éventuel cadre de mesure, de notification et de vérification (MNV) du soutien à l’atténuation. Il examine les principaux canaux par lesquels peut circuler ce soutien apporté aux pays en développement au titre de l'atténuation, ainsi que les informations dont on dispose dans ce domaine et leur validité, afin d'établir des bases pour mesurer, déclarer et vérifier le soutien à l’atténuation. Un cadre renforcé de notification pourrait être créé et s’imbriquer dans le dispositif existant, notamment en mettant à profit les communications nationales. Des améliorations des directives pour l'établissement des communications nationales et un cadre commun de notification permettraient de remédier aux lacunes dans les données et aux problèmes de fréquence des rapports. La CCNUCC pourrait par ailleurs collaborer avec d’autres institutions pour produire et exploiter des données plus normalisées en provenance d’autres sources ainsi que pour assurer la comparabilité des informations des différentes sources et le libre accès à ces données. À cet égard, il serait essentiel de prévoir un système de suivi des financements publics, mais aussi privés, qui relèvent strictement de l’atténuation ainsi que de domaines connexes. Il faudrait aussi remédier au fait que le dispositif actuel de suivi et d’examen du soutien à l’atténuation mis en oeuvre en vertu de la CCNUCC ne comporte pas de procédures de vérification. La Convention n'énonce pas de directives visant particulièrement l’examen du soutien déclaré au titre de l’atténuation dans les communications nationales, et les informations communiquées ne sont pas recoupées en bonne et due forme avec celles émanant d’autres sources. Les Parties pourraient convenir d’élaborer des directives pour l’examen et la vérification qui permettraient plus aisément de savoir si les Parties appliquent les méthodes convenues pour évaluer elles-mêmes et déclarer les transferts de technologie, le renforcement des capacités et les financements, et si les déclarations sont réalisées de façon transparente. De plus, la notification uniformisée des fonds reçus, de leur utilisation et de leur utilité, faite par les pays bénéficiaires, pourrait procurer des informations complémentaires importantes pour vérifier celles concernant les apports de soutien à l'atténuation. Classification-JEL: F53; G15; H87; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: changement climatique, climate change, climate finance, financement climatique, gaz à effet de serre, greenhouse gas, measurement, mesure, mitigation support, MNV, MRV, notification, reporting, soutien à l'atténuation, verification, vérification Creation-Date: 2009-10-01 Number: 2009/6 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2009/6-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christa Clapp Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Katia Karousakis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Barbara Buchner Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Jean Chateau Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: National and Sectoral GHG Mitigation Potential: A Comparison Across Models Abstract: Determining comparability of effort between mitigation actions and targets proposed by different countries is an ongoing issue for international climate negotiations. A number of indicators have been proposed to reflect comparability of effort and differences in national circumstances; key amongst these are greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (per capita), GDP per capita, as well as GHG mitigation potential. This paper focuses on mitigation potential to provide a comparative assessment between six OECD member economies: Australia, Canada, the EU, Japan, Mexico and the US. GHG mitigation potential is defined to be the level of GHG emission reductions that could be realised, relative to the projected emission baseline in a given year, for a given carbon price. Data for the selected countries were obtained across the time horizon of 2005-2050 from a total of 19 models, including models that are used to inform climate policy-makers in each of these economies. The paper examines the implications of model structure, and assesses how baseline scenarios vary between the models, before analysing the GHG mitigation potential estimates. GHG mitigation potential is compared for carbon prices of USD 20, 50 and 100/tCO2e. For an assumed carbon price of USD 50/tCO2e, mitigation potential in Japan is estimated to be relatively lower than for the other five economies, ranging from 5-20% emission reduction from baseline in 2020. Although noticeably fewer models report data for Mexico at this price level, the models show deeper potential reductions in the range of 25-37% at the same carbon price. Mitigation potential estimates for Australia, Canada and the US show a wider range of 14-39% reduction relative to 2020 baselines. The EU shows a relatively tighter range of 16-29% emission reductions to 2020. The results of this study show greater emission reduction potentials in the year 2050 than in the year 2020 across the six economies examined, reflecting structural and technical changes that occur over time, including the availability of carbon capture and storage from 2030. In general, the paper finds closer agreement across the models for mitigation potential in 2020 than for later years, reflecting greater uncertainty as projections extend into the future.
La question de la comparabilité des objectifs fixés par les différents pays en matière d’atténuation, et des mesures prises pour les atteindre, reste d’actualité dans les négociations internationales sur le climat. Une série d’indicateurs ont été proposés pour évaluer la possibilité de comparer les efforts déployés et les disparités dues aux spécificités nationales ; parmi ces indicateurs figurent, au premier chef, les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) par habitant, le PIB par habitant et le potentiel d’atténuation des GES. La présente étude s’intéresse principalement à ce dernier facteur et livre une comparaison entre six économies de l’OCDE : Australie, Canada, États-Unis, Japon, Mexique et Union européenne. Par potentiel d’atténuation, on entend le niveau de réduction des émissions de GES qu’il a été possible d’atteindre, par rapport aux quantités d’émissions prévues dans le scénario de référence pour une année donnée, et pour un prix donné du carbone. Les données relatives aux pays choisis ont été obtenues pour la période 2005-2050, à partir de 19 modèles au total, dont certains servent à informer les responsables des politiques climatiques de ces économies. Le document examine les implications de la structure des modèles, ainsi que les variations entre les scénarios de référence des différents modèles, avant d’analyser les estimations du potentiel d’atténuation des GES. La comparaison entre les potentiels d’atténuation des GES se fonde sur des prix du carbone fixés à 20, 50 et 100 USD/t éq. CO2. Pour un prix établi à 50 USD/t éq. CO2, on estime que ce potentiel est plus faible au Japon que dans les cinq autres économies, où la réduction des émissions devrait se situer en 2020 entre 5 et 20 % par rapport au scénario de référence. Les modèles fournissant des données sur le Mexique -- sensiblement moins nombreux pour ce niveau de prix -- font apparaître des possibilités de réduction plus importantes, comprises entre 25 et 37 % pour un prix identique du carbone. Les estimations effectuées pour l’Australie, le Canada et les États-Unis révèlent une fourchette plus large, le potentiel de réduction allant de 14 à 39 % par rapport aux scénarios de référence pour 2020. S’agissant de l’UE, l’éventail est relativement plus resserré, puisque les réductions se situent entre 16 et 29 % à l’horizon 2020. Les conclusions de cette étude font ressortir un potentiel de réduction des émissions plus élevé en 2050 qu’en 2020 pour les six économies considérées, en raison d’évolutions structurelles et techniques intervenant au fil du temps, et notamment grâce à la possibilité de piéger et de stocker le carbone à partir de 2030. De manière générale, le document montre que les modèles relatifs au potentiel d’atténuation présentent davantage de points communs en 2020 que dans les années ultérieures, signe que les incertitudes sont plus marquées dès lors que les projections portent sur des périodes plus éloignées. Classification-JEL: F53; G15; H87; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: baselines, changement climatique, climate change, comparability, gaz à effet de serre, greenhouse gas, mitigation potential Creation-Date: 2009-11-01 Number: 2009/7 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2009/7-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Sara Moarif Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Gregory Briner Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Core Elements of National Reports Abstract: The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol established reporting requirements for Parties. This has resulted in comprehensive and timely information on national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from Annex I Parties, periodic reporting of other information from Annex I Parties and irregular provision of GHG emissions and other information from non-Annex I Parties. Thus, the current reporting framework does not enable a complete or up-to-date assessment of current global GHG emissions, goals, projected future emission trends or mitigation actions and their effects. This paper explores options for the functions, form, timing and content of future national reports under the UNFCCC, focusing on national communications. It suggests that reporting guidelines for future national communications could be “tiered”. This could allow countries to produce national communication “updates” on a frequent (e.g. biennial) basis – focusing the information in these updates on information of most relevance to the international community. “Full” national communications would also continue to be produced, but less frequently than “updates”. Different tiers could be established according to the type of country (e.g. Annex I or non-Annex I); type of mitigation pledge (e.g. nation-wide emissions limit, sectoral goal, mitigation action); and/or the frequency with which changes in particular parameters occur. Such a tiered approach could also provide flexibility for countries to improve the content and frequency of information that they report as their capacities allow. “Updates” to national communications, containing more targeted information on key elements, could be more user-friendly and could focus on the core elements in which national and international users are interested. Streamlined “updates” to national communications could therefore focus on parameters that either change frequently and/or are not currently reported or systematically included in national communications or other climate reports under the UNFCCC. This includes: regular information on historical GHG emissions (including calculation methodology and transfers of units) for many countries, as well as on financial support from Annex I countries; short or medium-term mitigation goals and strategies (e.g. to 2020); progress in implementing such goals and strategies; and improved information on financial needs in terms of GHG mitigation and adaptation activities (by non-Annex I countries). Classification-JEL: F53; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: climate change, greenhouse gas, measurement, reporting, verification, mitigation Creation-Date: 2010-06-01 Number: 2010/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2010/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christa Clapp Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Gregory Briner Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Katia Karousakis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Low-Emission Development Strategies (LEDS): Technical, Institutional and Policy Lessons Abstract: The term low-emission development strategies (LEDS) first emerged under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2008 and its possible role in a future climate framework continues to be debated. Though no formally agreed definition exists, LEDS are generally used to describe forward-looking national economic development plans or strategies that encompass low-emission and/or climate-resilient economic growth. LEDS can serve multiple purposes but are primarily intended to help advance national climate change and development policy in a more co-ordinated, coherent and strategic manner. A LEDS can provide value-added to the myriad of existing climate change and development related strategies and reports that already exist by providing integrated economic development and climate change planning. This paper outlines how the concept of LEDS has evolved in the climate policy discourse and explores how it could usefully add to the large number of existing strategies, action plans, and reporting documents that are already available. The paper outlines gaps that LEDS could fill, the elements it could contain, and how LEDS can be prepared to ensure that they are effective and efficient in delivering their intended goals. To derive early lessons and insights on experiences, challenges, and approaches adopted in the preparation of national climate change strategies and LEDS, this paper examines seven countries in detail: Guyana, Indonesia, Israel, Mexico, Nigeria, Thailand and the UK. Each country will face its own specific challenges in preparing a LEDS. Common challenges are likely to include: advancing agreement across government on priority policies; obtaining and analysing reliable data on mitigation costs and climate change impacts; identifying and addressing barriers to implementation; and limited financial and human resources. Despite these challenges, the process of preparing a LEDS can facilitate working towards agreement across government on economic development and climate change priorities, and can help attract political support and funding, both domestically and from the international community.
La notion de Stratégie de développement à faible taux d’émission (SDFTE) est apparue pour la première fois en 2008 dans les travaux de la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC), et le débat se poursuit quant au rôle qui pourrait être le sien à l’avenir dans le contexte de la lutte contre le changement climatique. Bien qu’aucune définition n’ait été formellement entérinée, l’expression désigne généralement des plans ou stratégies nationaux de développement économique axés sur la prospective et sur une croissance économique à faible taux d’émission et/ou résiliente face au changement climatique. Les SDFTE peuvent servir des objectifs multiples, mais elles visent en premier lieu à faire avancer, de façon plus coordonnée, cohérente et stratégique, les politiques nationales de développement et de lutte contre le changement climatique. Une telle stratégie peut apporter une valeur ajoutée à la multitude de stratégies et de rapports déjà consacrés au changement climatique et au développement économique, en permettant une planification intégrée dans ces domaines. Ce document montre l’évolution du concept de SDFTE dans la réflexion sur le changement climatique et s’interroge sur la manière dont il pourrait compléter utilement les nombreux programmes d’action, stratégies et rapports qui existent déjà. Il expose les lacunes qu’une SDFTE pourrait combler, ainsi que les éléments qu’elle pourrait contenir, et donne des pistes pour garantir sa pertinence et son efficacité au regard des objectifs fixés. Sept pays font l’objet d’un examen détaillé – Guyane, Indonésie, Israël, Mexique, Nigéria, Royaume-Uni et Thaïlande – afin de dégager une première série d’observations et d’enseignements sur les expériences, les enjeux et les approches liés à la définition de stratégies nationales face au changement climatique et de stratégies de développement à faible taux d’émission. Les pays ne seront pas confrontés aux mêmes difficultés lors de la mise au point d’une SDFTE mais certaines d’entre elles devraient être largement partagées : concertation gouvernementale sur les actions prioritaires ; obtention et analyse de données fiables sur les coûts d’atténuation et les effets du changement climatique ; identification et levée des obstacles à la mise en oeuvre ; ressources financières et humaines limitées. En dépit de ces difficultés, le processus d’élaboration d’une SDFTE pourra faciliter la concertation au sein des gouvernements quant aux priorités à établir en matière de développement économique et de changement climatique, et favorisera l’obtention d’un soutien politique et financier, tant au plan national qu’à l’échelle de la communauté internationale. Classification-JEL: F53; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: adaptation, atténuation, changement climatique, climate change, gaz à effet de serre, greenhouse gas, low emissions development strategy, mitigation, stratégies de développement à faible intensité d'émissions Creation-Date: 2010-11-01 Number: 2010/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2010/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: André Aasrud Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Richard Baron Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Katia Karousakis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Market Readiness: Building Blocks for Market Approaches Abstract: Market-based mechanisms offer a number of advantages to other regulatory approaches for GHG mitigation such as technology or performance standards and feed-in tariffs. Advantages include their ability to attain an emissions goal at lower cost and to create incentives for innovation among sources covered by the mechanism (i.e. static and dynamic efficiency). Beyond these critical cost benefits, these mechanisms provide a potential revenue source for governments. This paper examines essential elements of “market readiness” for possible new mechanisms, looking at the necessary technical, policy and institutional frameworks that a country and/or its entities need to develop market mechanisms for accessing private and public financing for low-carbon development. The three main categories of market readiness building blocks covered in the paper are: i) technical readiness, including coverage of emitters, monitoring and verification and establishing registries; ii) policy readiness, including setting clear goals, choosing appropriate instruments and distributing benefits; and iii) institutional and legal readiness, including establishing responsibility for collection of emissions data, issuance of allowance and credits, and handling legal compliance issues. Whilst some of these elements of readiness will be developed in parallel, the paper suggests a phased approach beginning with assessing mitigation potential and feasibility studies of different policy instruments, then establishing the technical framework before the necessary legal and institutional framework, and finally entering a piloting phase with a critical review process. The establishment of existing market mechanisms such as the EU ETS and the CDM provide some lessons on the capacity building challenges encountered in developing market tools, and the time it took to overcome these. However, with the prospects of a more bottom-up and fragmented carbon market post-2012, efforts to harmonise and develop international minimum requirements for some of the market readiness building blocks such as MRV and transaction registries may be required. Such harmonisation efforts would facilitate market access and integration, as well as the development of an international post-2012 accounting framework.
Les mécanismes de marché présentent divers avantages que n’offrent pas d’autres approches réglementaires de l’atténuation des émissions de GES comme les normes technologiques et de performance ou les tarifs d’achat. Ils permettent notamment d’atteindre un objectif de réduction des émissions à moindre coût et de créer des incitations à l’innovation pour les sources auxquelles ils s’appliquent (efficacité statique et dynamique). Outre ces effets déterminants sur les coûts, ces mécanismes peuvent produire des recettes publiques. Le présent document examine les composantes essentielles qui font qu’un marché est « prêt » à accueillir d’éventuels nouveaux mécanismes, en s’intéressant aux cadres institutionnels, opérationnels et techniques dont un pays, et/ou ses entités, doit disposer pour mettre au point des mécanismes de marché permettant d’accéder aux financements publics et privés nécessaires à un développement à faibles émissions de carbone. Le document distingue trois catégories de conditions à remplir pour appliquer des mécanismes de marché, axées sur : i) le niveau de préparation technique - identification des émetteurs, suivi, vérification et établissement de registres ; ii) le niveau de préparation opérationnel - fixation d’objectifs clairs, choix des instruments les plus adaptés et répartition des avantages ; et iii) le niveau de préparation institutionnelle et juridique - définition des responsabilités en matière de collecte d’informations sur les émissions, octroi de quotas et de crédits et gestion des questions de conformité aux prescriptions juridiques. Bien que certains de ces éléments soient appelés à évoluer en parallèle, le document suggère une approche en plusieurs étapes dont la première consistera à évaluer le potentiel d’atténuation et à réaliser des études de faisabilité des différents instruments ; le cadre technique sera ensuite défini avant d’en venir au nécessaire cadre juridique et institutionnel puis à la phase finale d’expérimentation, qui donnera lieu à un examen critique. L’établissement des mécanismes de marché existants tels que le SCEQE et le MDP a fourni des précédents sur les écueils, en termes de renforcement des capacités, rencontrés lors du développement d’instruments de marché et sur le temps nécessaire pour les surmonter. Néanmoins, les perspectives pour l’après-2012 allant plutôt dans le sens d’un marché du carbone plus décentralisé et fragmenté, il pourrait être nécessaire d’harmoniser les exigences minimales internationales pour certains des éléments renseignant sur le niveau de préparation d’un marché (MNV et registres de transactions par exemple), et de les développer. Un tel effort d’harmonisation faciliterait en effet l’intégration et l’accès au marché, ainsi que le développement d’un cadre de comptabilité international pour l’après 2012. Classification-JEL: F53; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: changement climatique, climate change, finance, financement, gaz à effet de serre, greenhouse gas, low-carbon development, market-based mechanisms, mitigation potential, mécanismes de marché, policy instrument, Politique, potential d'atténuation, stratégies de développement à faible intensité d'émissions Creation-Date: 2010-11-01 Number: 2010/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2010/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Sara Moarif Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Gregory Briner Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Barbara Buchner Author-Workplace-Name: Climate Policy Initiative Author-Name: Eric Massey Author-Workplace-Name: S&A Associates Title: Options to Revise Reporting Guidelines for Annex I and non-Annex I National Communications Abstract: This paper outlines options for new reporting guidelines for national communications from Annex I and non-Annex I countries, both for “full” national communications and biennial “updates”. These reports can facilitate the sharing of information between Parties and may be used to assess the implementation of actions and progress towards the Convention’s objectives. There are significant gaps in the current climate reporting framework. These gaps are particularly marked for non-Annex I countries in terms of GHG emissions and trends, mitigation and adaptation actions. There are also gaps in terms of the effect of mitigation actions and support provided and received for climate-related activities, including for technology transfer and capacity building. This paper suggests that: (i) national communications be produced more frequently while their focus is streamlined; (ii) reporting guidelines be revised to improve transparency about mitigation commitments/actions/targets that countries have indicated to the international community as well as other obligations taken under the UNFCCC and subsequently; (iii) standard reporting formats be used for more of the information in national communications; (iv) a flexible reporting framework be established for non-Annex I countries, where the information in (and possibly timing of) national reports is “tiered” according to national circumstances; (v) an increased emphasis be placed on reporting of “key” issues; (vi) information routinely provided on adaptation measures and policies be formalised; (vii) reporting on “support” be increased and its structure improved; and (viii) in reports from non-Annex I countries, the provision of information that is already routinely provided be formalised.
Ce document présente les options possibles pour la définition de nouvelles directives concernant les communications des pays qui figurent à l’annexe I et de ceux qui n’y figurent pas, qu’il s’agisse des communications nationales intégrales ou des mises à jour bisannuelles. Ces rapports peuvent faciliter l’échange d’informations entre les Parties et contribuer à l’évaluation des actions menées et des progrès accomplis dans le sens des objectifs de la Convention. Le cadre en place pour la notification des informations climatiques présente des lacunes non négligeables ; celles-ci sont particulièrement importantes dans les pays non visés à l’annexe I, pour ce qui concerne la situation actuelle et l’évolution des émissions de GES, ainsi que les mesures d’atténuation et d’adaptation. On relève également des insuffisances quant à l’impact des mesures d’atténuation et du soutien fourni ou reçu à l’appui d’activités en rapport avec le changement climatique, notamment des transferts de technologie et du développement des capacités. Différentes modifications sont proposées : (i) augmentation de la fréquence des communications nationales et rationalisation des sujets abordés ; (ii) révision des directives axée sur une amélioration de la transparence quant aux engagements/actions/objectifs d’atténuation dont les pays ont informé la communauté internationale et quant aux autres obligations découlant de la CCNUCC ou d’engagements postérieurs ; (iii) présentation standardisée d’une plus grande proportion des informations figurant dans les communications nationales ; (iv) établissement d’un modèle de notification adaptable pour les pays non visés à l’annexe I, selon lequel les informations contenues dans les rapports nationaux (voire le calendrier de ces derniers) seraient différenciées par « niveaux » en fonction de la situation du pays concerné ; (v) importance accrue accordée à la communication d’informations sur les questions « essentielles » ; (vi) présentation systématique des informations couramment soumises sur les mesures et politiques d’adaptation ; (vii) amélioration des comptes rendus sur le soutien et de leur structure ; (viii) présentation systématique des informations qui sont déjà couramment communiquées dans les rapports des pays non visés à l’annexe I. Classification-JEL: F53; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: changement climatique, climate change, gaz à effet de serre, greenhouse gas, measurement, mesure, notification, et vérification, reporting and verification Creation-Date: 2010-11-01 Number: 2010/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2010/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Prag Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: André Aasrud Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Christina Hood Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Keeping Track: Options to Develop International Greenhouse Gas Unit Accounting after 2012 Abstract: This paper examines environmental and institutional implications of the use of tradable GHG units under different international accounting scenarios in the post-2012 international climate change policy framework. A range of possible scenarios is presented based on analysis on various building blocks for emissions accounting. On one side continuation of a Kyoto Protocol type accounting approach is considered with allocation of centrally-administered emissions allowances for Annex I countries. On the other side, a less centralised system is presented based on emission reduction pledges by countries. Aspects of these two scenarios are then combined to identify common elements in a middle ground scenario. The middle ground scenario presented would not use centrally-allocated emissions allowances but would retain some level of commonly-agreed accounting rules to ensure shared understanding of the content and scope of pledges, and to provide a stable platform for international use of offset units. The middle-ground scenario also envisages a role for UNFCCC bodies to set standards for new credit-based market mechanisms, and suggests that the existing International Transaction Log might be modified to track new unit types in addition to existing Kyoto Protocol units. Transparent tracking of units would help to minimize the risk of “double counting” of emissions reductions towards the emissions objective of more than one country.
Ce document examine les implications environnementales et institutionnelles de l’utilisation d’unités de GES négociables selon différents scénarios de comptabilité internationale, dans le cadre de l’action internationale relative au changement climatique pour l’après-2012. Il présente une série de scénarios possibles en s’appuyant sur l’analyse de différents éléments à prendre en considération pour comptabiliser les émissions. D’une part, il envisage le maintien d’une méthode de type « Protocole de Kyoto », avec l’attribution de quotas d’émissions gérés de manière centralisée pour les pays de l’annexe I. D’autre part, il expose un système moins centralisé, reposant sur les engagements de réduction des pays. Différents aspects de ces deux scénarios sont ensuite combinés pour dégager des éléments communs et définir un scénario intermédiaire. Celui-ci ne comporterait pas de quotas d’émissions attribués de manière centralisée, mais conserverait un certain nombre de règles comptables agréées conjointement, afin de garantir une interprétation commune de la teneur et de la portée des engagements et à asseoir l’utilisation internationale des unités de compensation sur des bases solides. Le scénario intermédiaire prévoit également que les organes de la CCNUCC fixent des normes concernant les nouveaux mécanismes de marché fondés sur le principe des crédits-carbone, et envisage la modification du Registre international des transactions (RIT) qui existe actuellement de façon à permettre, outre le suivi des unités découlant du Protocole de Kyoto, celui des nouveaux types d’unités. Un suivi transparent des unités de GES contribuerait à limiter le risque de « double comptabilisation » des réductions d’émissions pour atteindre les objectifs dans plus d’un pays. Classification-JEL: F53; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: changement climatique, climate change, comptabilisation des émissions, emissions accounting, greenhouse gas units, market mechanisms, mécanismes de marché, unités de gaz à effet de serre Creation-Date: 2011-05-01 Number: 2011/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2011/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Gregory Briner Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Sara Moarif Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Barbara Buchner Author-Workplace-Name: Climate Policy Initiative Title: Frequent and Flexible: Options for Reporting Guidelines for Biennial Update Reports Abstract: The Cancun Agreements outlined the list of topics to be included in biennial reports and indicated that guidelines for them were to be developed, but provided limited guidance on their structure and content. This paper proposes a structure for biennial reports for both developed and developing countries under the UNFCCC, and outlines possible reporting formats by which countries could submit this information. The paper suggests that: (i) a similar structure is developed for biennial reports from both developed and developing countries; this would ensure consistency of information presented within different countries’ reports, and would also facilitate international assessment and review (IAR) and international consultations and analysis (ICA); (ii) three main sections are included for biennial reports from all Parties: GHG inventory information; progress on mitigation and mitigation actions; and financial, technology and capacity building support; in addition, a section on emissions projections would be mandatory for developed countries and optional for developing countries; (iii) biennial reports focus on key information where possible, with fuller descriptions and background information reported either in annexes (in the case of national inventory reports from developing countries) or less frequently via other reporting mechanisms under the UNFCCC (such as national communications). This paper also proposes that flexibility be maintained in the reporting guidelines for biennial reports. This could be achieved through the use of “reporting levels” which reflect the different national circumstances and levels of reporting experience between Parties (particularly within the group of developing country Parties). Parties could choose the most appropriate level for each section of their report according to their goal type or reporting capacity, and “move up” levels as and when they can (as is currently the case for GHG inventory calculations). A limited number of levels are suggested for developed countries, as in many cases reporting to the highest level is already mandatory for these countries. For developing countries there could be greater flexibility and a higher number of reporting levels, reflecting the broad range of national circumstances and reporting capacities within this group. The introduction of reporting levels into guidelines would allow countries to provide information at a level that is consistent with their current capabilities, and to improve their reporting over time.
Les accords de Cancun ont défini la liste des points qui devront être traités dans les rapports biennaux, et indiqué que des directives seraient élaborées à cet effet, mais peu d’indications ont été données quant à la structure et au contenu de ces rapports. Le présent document propose une structure qui pourrait être utilisées par les pays développés et par les pays en développement dans le cadre de la CCNUCC, ainsi que des modèles de présentation qui pourront les aider à rendre compte de ces informations. Il est suggéré : (i) d’élaborer une seule et même structure pour les rapports biennaux des pays développés et en développement ; cela permettrait d’harmoniser les informations contenues dans les rapports des différents pays et faciliterait en outre les processus d’évaluation et d’examen internationaux et les consultations et analyses internationales ; (ii) d’inclure trois grandes sections dans les rapports biennaux de toutes les Parties : informations sur les inventaires de GES ; progrès réalisés en matière d’atténuation et activités d’atténuation ; et appui dans les domaines du financement, de la technologie et du renforcement des capacités ; d’inclure en outre une section sur les projections des émissions qui serait obligatoire pour les pays développés et facultative pour les pays en développement ; (iii) de privilégier dans les rapports biennaux, dans la mesure du possible, les informations essentielles et de présenter des descriptions plus complètes et des informations générales soit en annexe (dans le cas des rapports nationaux d’inventaire des pays en développement) soit moins fréquemment, par le biais d’autres mécanismes de notification de la CCNUCC (communications nationales, par exemple). Le présent document propose en outre de maintenir une certaine flexibilité dans les directives relatives à la présentation des rapports biennaux. Pour ce faire, des « niveaux de notification » correspondant aux différentes situations nationales et degrés d’expérience en matière de notification des Parties (en particulier à l’intérieur du groupe des pays en développement parties) pourraient être utilisés. Les Parties pourraient choisir le niveau le plus approprié pour chaque section du rapport, en fonction du type d’objectif visé ou de leur capacité de notification, et « passer au niveau supérieur » le moment venu (ce qui se fait déjà pour les calculs des inventaires de GES). Le nombre de niveaux serait restreint pour les pays développés, étant donné que ces pays ont déjà dans bien des cas l’obligation de se conformer au plus haut niveau de notification. Une plus grande flexibilité et des niveaux de notification plus nombreux pourraient être prévus pour les pays en développement, pour rendre compte de la diversité des situations nationales et des capacités de notification à l’intérieur de ce groupe. L’introduction de niveaux de notification dans les directives devrait permettre aux pays de fournir des informations à un niveau adapté à leurs capacités du moment, qu’ils pourront améliorer ultérieurement. Classification-JEL: F53; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: changement climatique, climate change, gaz à effet de serre, greenhouse gas, measurement, mesure, notification, et vérification, reporting and verification Creation-Date: 2011-05-01 Number: 2011/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2011/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Barbara Buchner Author-Workplace-Name: Climate Policy Initiative Author-Name: Jessica Brown Author-Workplace-Name: Overseas Development Institute Author-Name: Jan Corfee-Morlot Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Monitoring and Tracking Long-Term Finance to Support Climate Action Abstract: The Cancún Agreements formalise a collective commitment by developed countries to provide new and additional funding for action on climate change in developing countries both in the short- and longer-term. This collective financial commitment requires a system to measure, report and verify (MRV) the relevant financial flows across a variety of sources. However, the existing effort to track climate finance lacks transparency, comparability and comprehensiveness. The paper highlights the relevant information that needs to be tracked in order to build a comprehensive MRV system for climate finance, proposing both improvements to current reporting and tracking systems as well as new reporting approaches for a more robust and inclusive MRV system. The paper suggests tracking information along a multi-dimensional structure. This structure is aspirational, to be achieved and added to over time. Certain elements of it might not be feasible in the near term but could be developed with a targeted effort. For example, while not a priority in the near-term it is important to recognise the growing importance of South-South financial flows to support climate action and to anticipate adding reporting on this in future. Of course such a system must also be built up slowly, allowing reporting countries to build capacity to provide higher quality and more complete information over time. In particular, the paper outlines two strawman proposals for reporting on climate finance that integrate existing and new UNFCCC vehicles for reporting or recording information, (i.e. national communications and biennial reports, the registry) as well as drawing on other reporting systems. These are: (i) reporting through limited sources; or (ii) reporting through expanded sources, building on broader institutional collaboration and non-party reporting. Both ‘strawman’ proposals foresee an important oversight role from the UNFCCC to serve as recipient of all data, and to co-ordinate the verification and review and/or international consultation and analysis process. Both options advance a more comprehensive system for storing and accessing data on international climate finance and will facilitate comparison and integration of data across sources.
Les Accords de Cancún officialisent l’engagement collectif des pays développés d’assurer par des ressources nouvelles et additionnelles le financement de l’action nécessaire face au changement climatique dans les pays en développement, tant à court qu’à long terme. Cet engagement financier collectif nécessite un mécanisme qui permette de mesurer, de notifier et de vérifier (MNV) les flux financiers visés en provenance de multiples sources. Or, l’effort en cours pour suivre le financement climatique manque de transparence, de comparabilité et d’exhaustivité. Le document met en évidence les informations qu’il importe de suivre afin d’établir un mécanisme MNV complet pour le financement climatique, proposant tout à la fois des réformes des systèmes de notification et de suivi en vigueur et des méthodes nouvelles de notification pour un mécanisme MNV plus robuste et plus exhaustif. Le document conseille de suivre les informations selon un schéma pluridimensionnel. Ce schéma est un idéal, à réaliser peu à peu. Certains éléments, sans être réalisables à court terme, peuvent progresser au moyen d’un effort ciblé. Par exemple, bien que ce ne soit pas un objectif prioritaire à court terme, il importe de prendre conscience de l’importance croissante des flux financiers Sud-Sud à l’appui de l’action climatique, et de prévoir le développement d’un système de notification en la matière. Naturellement, ce système doit lui aussi se mettre en place progressivement, pour que les pays déclarants puissent se doter des moyens de fournir avec le temps des informations plus précises et plus complètes. En particulier, le document présente, pour l’information sur le financement climatique, deux propositions de départ qui réunissent les instruments existants et nouveaux de la CCNUCC visant la notification ou l’enregistrement des informations (à savoir les communications nationales et les rapports bisannuels, le registre) et qui s’inspirent aussi d’autres systèmes de notification. Il s’agit de présenter des rapports à partir (i) d’un nombre de sources limité ; ou (ii) de sources plus nombreuses, en s’appuyant sur une collaboration institutionnelle élargie et la déclaration par des tiers. Ces deux propositions de départ donnent un important rôle de surveillance à la CCNUCC qui sera destinataire de toutes les données et coordonnera la vérification, ainsi que l’examen ou la consultation et l’analyse internationales. Ces deux options mettent en avant un système plus complet de stockage et de recherche des données sur le financement climatique international, et elles faciliteront la comparaison et l’intégration des données des différentes sources. Classification-JEL: F30; F53; G15; H87; Q54; Q56 Keywords: adaptation, adaptation, atténuation, changement climatique, climate change, finance, financement, investissement, investment, mitigation Creation-Date: 2011-05-01 Number: 2011/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2011/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Gregory Briner Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Yamide Dagnet Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Energy & Climate Change Author-Name: Nina Campbell Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Design Options for International Assessment and Review (IAR) and International Consultations and Analysis (ICA) Abstract: In 2010, the international community took steps to improve the system of reporting and verification under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Parties to the UNFCCC decided at the sixteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP 16) to enhance reporting for all countries and to conduct “international assessment and review” (IAR) of certain information from developed countries and “international consultations and analysis” (ICA) of biennial update reports from developing countries. This is a step change from the existing reporting and review system – particularly for developing countries, since information from these countries is currently reported on an infrequent basis and is not reviewed. Establishing a system that combines improved reporting with some form of international verification could improve the quality of information available internationally and increase confidence in the integrity of the information reported. This would help to build trust between countries and potentially also increase the level of ambition of mitigation actions. Further decisions need to be made by Parties in order to determine the scope, inputs, process, outputs and frequency of IAR and ICA, as the decisions agreed at COP 16 (known as the “Cancun Agreements”) provide limited guidance on these items. This paper outlines key questions to help guide such decisions and provides suggestions for the possible design and function of IAR and ICA. It outlines how they could build on existing review processes under the UNFCCC and draw on lessons from other multilateral review processes. The challenge for the international community will be to ensure that IAR and ICA are useful processes, both nationally and internationally, while minimising the resource requirements needed to implement them. Classification-JEL: F53; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: climate change, greenhouse gas, measurement, reporting and verification Creation-Date: 2011-11-01 Number: 2011/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2011/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Prag Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Christina Hood Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: André Aasrud Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Gregory Briner Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Tracking and Trading: Expanding on Options for International Greenhouse Gas Unit Accounting after 2012 Abstract: The use of tradable greenhouse gas (GHG) units to meet emissions reduction goals is likely to continue after 2012 as many countries have expressed support for using market mechanisms to promote and enhance the cost-effectiveness of mitigation. Most such mechanisms would use tradable GHG units but it is not yet clear how such units will be accounted for and recognised as contributions toward national pledges or targets. This paper examines the systems and processes that may be required to achieve effective use of tradable GHG units by first considering what international framework would be required to provide a reliable, functional platform for use of tradable GHG units. One effective system would be for national emissions to be reported using common inventory accounting rules, with subsequent additions and deductions according to net flows of tradable units. The paper then analyses more detailed options for two core aspects of GHG unit accounting: governance of international crediting mechanisms and systems for tracking international unit transactions. For crediting mechanisms, three options are presented for deciding which units may be eligible to count towards national emissions targets: i) only units issued from a centralised mechanism regulated by the UNFCCC would be eligible, ii) units issued from country-led systems would be eligible provided that they are verified to meet internationally-agreed eligibility criteria and iii) a transparency approach whereby all units would be accepted provided that countries meet minimum disclosure requirements. For unit tracking systems, three further options are presented: i) a continuation of the existing International Transaction Log (ITL) that performs both technical and policy-related checks, ii) a ITL or similar tool that performs only technical compatibility checks, and iii) a decentralised system with no central hub. Accounting issues related to domestic emissions trading system units are also explored, notably in cases where such units are traded internationally. The paper concludes that only certain combinations of the various options presented would lead to a viable system that is both practical and provides sufficient assurance of the environmental integrity of units.
L'utilisation d'unités négociables de gaz à effet de serre (GES) pour atteindre les objectifs de réduction des émissions se poursuivra vraisemblablement après 2012 dès lors que de nombreux pays se sont déclarés favorables au recours à des mécanismes du marché pour favoriser et renforcer l'efficacité par rapport aux coûts de l'atténuation. Pour la plupart, ces mécanismes devraient s'appuyer sur des unités négociables de GES, mais il n'apparaît pas encore clairement comment ces unités seront comptabilisées et admises en tant que contributions à la réalisation des engagements ou des objectifs nationaux. Ce document se penche sur les systèmes et les procédures qui peuvent s'avérer nécessaires pour que l'utilisation des unités négociables de GES donne de bons résultats, en commençant par analyser dans quel cadre international il serait souhaitable de mettre en place une plate-forme fiable et fonctionnelle à cette fin. Il serait efficace, par exemple, d'appliquer des règles communes de comptabilisation des inventaires pour notifier les émissions nationales, auxquelles des unités viendraient ultérieurement s'ajouter ou se soustraire en fonction des flux nets d'unités négociables. Ce document analyse ensuite des possibilités plus détaillées concernant deux aspects essentiels de la comptabilisation des unités de GES : la gouvernance des mécanismes internationaux d’attribution des crédits et les systèmes de suivi des transactions internationales portant sur ces unités. S'agissant des mécanismes d'attribution des crédits, trois possibilités sont présentées pour décider à l'aune de quelles unités il pourrait être admissible de mesurer la réalisation des objectifs nationaux d'émission : i) seules seraient admises les unités délivrées par un mécanisme centralisé réglementé par la CCNUCC, ii) les unités délivrées par des systèmes placés sous la houlette de pays seraient admises sous réserve de vérification au regard de critères d'admissibilité arrêtés d'un commun accord au niveau international, et iii) une approche axée sur la transparence selon laquelle toutes les unités seraient acceptées à condition que les pays respectent des exigences minimales de divulgation d’informations. Quant aux systèmes de suivi, trois autres possibilités sont décrites : i) le maintien du Relevé international des transactions (RIT) existant qui effectue aussi bien les vérifications techniques que celles relatives aux politiques, ii) un RIT ou dispositif équivalent qui effectue seulement les vérifications de compatibilité technique, et iii) un système décentralisé sans aucune plaque tournante. Les questions de comptabilité qui se posent eu égard aux unités utilisées dans le cadre de systèmes nationaux d'échange de droits d'émission sont étudiées également, notamment dans les cas où ces unités font l'objet d'échanges internationaux. Ce document conclut que seules certaines combinaisons des différentes possibilités analysées constitueraient un système viable, à la fois pratique et susceptible de garantir suffisamment l'intégrité environnementale des unités. Classification-JEL: F53; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: changement climatique, climate change, crediting mechanism, emissions reduction goal, greenhouse gas units, market mechanisms, mécanismes d'attribution des crédits, mécanismes de marché, objectif de réduction des émissions, système de suivi, unit tracking, unités de gaz à effet de serre Creation-Date: 2011-11-01 Number: 2011/5 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2011/5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christa Clapp Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Julia Benn Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Jan Corfee-Morlot Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Tracking Climate Finance: What and How? Abstract: Developed countries have committed under the international negotiations to jointly mobilising USD 100 billion per year by 2020 for climate change mitigation and adaptation in developing countries. Yet consistent and comprehensive data to track this commitment are currently lacking. Such data will also help governments and the private sector understand how much and what type of climate finance is flowing today, so as to be able to evaluate progress and effectiveness of international climate finance flows. Estimates based on available data are highly uncertain and incomplete, highlighting several challenges in establishing a robust tracking system. A more political question is what should be the internationally agreed definition of “climate finance” or, absent agreement on that, what types of flows or activities might count towards the USD 100 billion? On the more technical side, challenges include clearly defining flows and sources of international climate finance, determining the cause and effect of flows, and establishing the boundaries of finance flowing towards climate change action. This paper considers what data are currently available to track climate finance, and demonstrates the complex nature of financial flows through examples across international and domestic as well as public and private flows. The examples highlight questions on how to count and track climate finance.
Les pays développés se sont engagés dans le cadre de négociations internationales à mobiliser ensemble 100 milliards de dollars par an d’ici à 2020 au service de l’atténuation du changement climatique et de l’adaptation à ses effets dans les pays en développement. Cependant, des données cohérentes et détaillées permettant de suivre l’application de cet engagement font aujourd’hui défaut. Ces informations aideraient aussi les pouvoirs publics et le secteur privé à connaître le volume et la nature des financements actuellement consacrés au domaine du climat, ce qui leur permettrait d’évaluer les progrès et l’efficacité des flux internationaux de financement climatique. Les estimations établies à partir des données disponibles sont très incertaines et incomplètes, d’où il ressort plusieurs problèmes auxquels se heurte la mise en place d’un solide système de suivi. Une question de caractère plus politique est celle de savoir en quels termes il convient de définir d’un commun accord à l’échelon international le « financement climatique » ou, à défaut d’accord sur cette définition, quels types de flux ou d’activités pourraient entrer en ligne de compte dans ces 100 milliards de dollars. Sous un angle plus technique, la difficulté consiste notamment à définir précisément les flux et les sources de financement climatique international, à mettre en évidence les causes et les effets des flux, ainsi qu’à déterminer les limites du financement de l’action pour le climat. Ce rapport examine quelles données sont aujourd’hui disponibles pour assurer un suivi du financement climatique, et fait apparaître la complexité des flux financiers au travers d’exemples de flux internationaux et intérieurs, ainsi que publics et privés. Ces exemples mettent en relief les questions que soulèvent les modalités de comptabilité et de suivi du financement climatique. Classification-JEL: F30; F53; G15; H87; Q54; Q56 Keywords: adaptation, adaptation, atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, changement climatique, climate change, finance, financement, greenhouse gas mitigation, investissement, investment Creation-Date: 2012-05-01 Number: 2012/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2012/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Prag Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Gregory Briner Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Crossing the Threshold: Ambitious Baselines for the UNFCCC New Market-Based Mechanism Abstract: At COP 17 in Durban, countries defined a new market-based mechanism to promote cost-effective mitigation actions, guided by a set of principles previously agreed at COP 16. These principles include “stimulating mitigation across broad segments of the economy”, “ensuring a net decrease and/or avoidance of global greenhouse gas emissions” and “assisting developed countries to meet part of their mitigation targets”. This paper explores the use of ambitious crediting baselines for groups of emitters as the basis for a new market mechanism that meets the principles listed above. It focuses on how to define groups of emitters and explores different approaches for building ambition into baselines including using emissions projections and performance benchmarks. Potential elements of a process for setting baselines for subsequent international recognition are also presented. The paper builds on extensive previous analyses carried out on emissions baselines for market mechanisms, taking into account recent developments in the international negotiations.
Lors de la COP 17, à Durban, les pays ont défini un nouveau mécanisme de marché pour promouvoir les mesures d’atténuation offrant un bon rapport coût / efficacité. Cette action s’inscrit dans la continuité des principes convenus lors de la COP 16 et qui visent à « stimuler l’atténuation dans de vastes secteurs de l’économie », « contribuer à une diminution nette et/ou à la prévention des émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre » et « aider les pays développés à atteindre une partie de leurs objectifs d’atténuation ». Le présent document envisage, pour fixer les crédits des groupes d’émetteurs, de retenir des niveaux de base ambitieux comme fondement d’un nouveau mécanisme de marché qui soit conforme aux principes énumérés précédemment. Il s’interroge également sur la manière de définir les groupes d’émetteurs et envisage différentes approches pour rendre ces niveaux de base plus ambitieux, notamment en exploitant les projections en matière d’émissions et les critères de performance. Sont aussi présentés les éléments possibles d’un processus qui aboutirait à fixer des niveaux de base en vue de leur reconnaissance internationale. Le document s’inspire des nombreuses analyses déjà réalisées sur les niveaux de base d’émissions dans une perspective de mécanisme de marché, et il prend en compte les dernières évolutions résultant des négociations internationales. Classification-JEL: F53; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: atténuation, baselines, changement climatique, climate change, mitigation, new market mechanism, niveaux de base, nouveau mécanisme de marché Creation-Date: 2012-05-01 Number: 2012/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2012/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Prag Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Gregory Briner Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Christina Hood Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Making Markets: Unpacking Design and Governance of Carbon Market Mechanisms Abstract: Carbon market mechanisms such as emissions trading systems and crediting mechanisms can have multiple objectives. A key goal is to lower the cost of achieving greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions. Market mechanisms can also catalyse investment in low carbon technologies and practices, provide local environmental and health benefits, contribute to fostering innovation, provide a source of government revenue and facilitate more ambitious mitigation action in future. They can therefore play an important role in the diverse policy toolkit needed to address the global issue of climate change. This paper identifies the key design elements of market mechanisms and examines the governance structures and decision-making processes used to create tradable GHG units in existing systems both inside and outside of the UNFCCC. The analysis explores the potential involvement of international, national and sub-national regulatory bodies in the governance and decision-making processes and the possible role that internationally-agreed standards could play in providing confidence in the quality of GHG units.
Les mécanismes de marché appliqués au carbone, par exemple les systèmes d’échange de droits d’émission ou les mécanismes d’attribution de crédits, peuvent avoir plusieurs finalités. Abaisser le coût de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) est notamment un objectif essentiel. De plus, les mécanismes de marché peuvent catalyser l’investissement dans les technologies et les pratiques à faible émission de carbone, procurer des avantages pour l’environnement et la santé au niveau local, contribuer à stimuler l’innovation, représenter une source de recettes publiques et faciliter une action d’atténuation plus ambitieuse à l’avenir. Ils peuvent donc jouer un rôle important dans les diverses boîtes à outils dont les pouvoirs publics ont besoin pour faire face au problème mondial du changement climatique. Ce document met en évidence les principales caractéristiques des mécanismes de marché et examine les structures de gouvernance ainsi que les processus décisionnels qui interviennent dans la création des unités négociables de GES utilisées dans les systèmes existants, que ceux-ci relèvent ou non de la CCNUCC. Il analyse aussi la possible participation d’organismes réglementaires internationaux, nationaux et infranationaux ainsi que le rôle que pourraient jouer des règles internationalement admises pour inspirer confiance dans la qualité des unités de GES. Keywords: atténuation, carbon market, changement climatique, climate change, marchés du carbone, mitigation, new market mechanism, nouveau mécanisme de marché Creation-Date: 2012-11-01 Number: 2012/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2012/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christa Clapp Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Andrew Prag Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Projecting Emissions Baselines for National Climate Policy: Options for Guidance to Improve Transparency Abstract: Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions baselines are reference emissions levels. This paper focuses on projected forward-looking baselines that can be used both to inform national climate policy and to set goals that are defined relative to a business-as-usual (BaU) scenario. As some developing countries have defined national mitigation goals for 2020 in this way, the underlying assumptions and methodologies used in setting these emissions baselines are relevant for assessing the magnitude of both the country's expected total emissions reductions and the global aggregate emissions mitigation effort. Currently, there is limited international guidance available on setting national GHG baselines. The resulting variance and lack of transparency makes it difficult to understand emissions pledges defined as relative to BaU, and difficult to compare emissions scenarios across countries. Moving towards international guidance on setting baselines could improve transparency, clarity and comparability, while still allowing countries to maintain diversity in approaches. This paper discusses good practice and presents options for how guidance might be developed for key elements of baseline setting. The options are presented as “tiers” that move from less detailed to more detailed guidance. The first tier describes guidance that would leave maximum flexibility for individual countries, whilst encouraging transparency. The second tier offers more detailed guidance for countries with greater domestic resources and capabilities. Countries could adhere to the tiers according to their capabilities, although they would be encouraged to follow the more detailed approach. The proposed tiers represent different levels of detail, rather than accuracy or data quality. More detailed guidance does not necessarily lead to “better” baselines, though it may help to improve understanding of different baselines.
Le présent document porte sur les projections des niveaux de référence des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES), qui peuvent être utilisées à la fois pour éclairer l’élaboration des politiques climatiques nationales et pour fixer des objectifs par rapport à un scénario au fil de l’eau ou scénario de référence. Étant donné que certains pays en développement ont défini de cette façon leurs objectifs nationaux de réduction des émissions à l’horizon 2020, les hypothèses retenues et les méthodologies employées pour déterminer ces niveaux de référence sont importantes pour évaluer l’ampleur des réductions d’émissions ambitionnées par ces pays et celle de l’effort global mondial d’abaissement des émissions de GES. À l’heure actuelle, il existe peu d’orientations internationales pour la définition des niveaux de référence des émissions nationales de GES. Les disparités et le manque de transparence qui en résultent font qu’il est difficile de comprendre les engagements en matière d’émissions qui sont définis par rapport à un scénario de référence, ainsi que de comparer les scénarios d’émission entre pays. La mise au point d’orientations internationales pour l’établissement des niveaux de référence pourrait améliorer la transparence, la clarté et la comparabilité, sans obliger les pays à renoncer à la diversité de leurs approches. Ce document examine les bonnes pratiques et présente des options pour l’élaboration d’orientations concernant les éléments clés de la définition des niveaux de référence. Ces solutions envisageables sont présentées sous formes de “couches”, qui correspondent à des orientations plus ou moins détaillées. Ainsi, la première couche permettrait aux pays de conserver une marge de manoeuvre maximale tout en favorisant la transparence. La deuxième comporte des indications plus détaillées à l’intention des pays dotés de ressources et de capacités plus importantes. Les pays pourraient adhérer à l’une ou l’autre en fonction de leurs capacités, même s’ils seraient encouragés à opter pour la deuxième. La différence entre les deux couches concerne le niveau de détail plutôt que la précision ou la qualité des données. Des orientations plus détaillées ne garantissent pas l’obtention de “meilleurs” niveaux de référence, mais elles peuvent aider à mieux comprendre les différences entre ces niveaux. Classification-JEL: Q47; Q54; Q58 Keywords: climate change, emissions baselines, emissions projections, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2012-11-01 Number: 2012/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2012/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Prag Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Christina Hood Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Pedro Martins Barata Author-Workplace-Name: Get2C Title: Made to Measure: Options for Emissions Accounting under the UNFCCC Abstract: Mitigation pledges put forward by countries under the UNFCCC process are "made to measure" in that they are tailored to fit each country's individual circumstances. However, the pledges also need to be made to be measured so that we have a full understanding of how the various commitments add up to an aggregate global mitigation effort. The Kyoto Protocol provides the only existing international emissions accounting framework, but it applies only to developed countries with specific commitments. This paper assesses what would be required, in addition to existing reporting requirements, to build a robust emissions accounting framework under the UNFCCC applicable to a broad range of Parties. The paper first identifies necessary building blocks for an emissions accounting framework and assesses progress made in agreeing international reporting processes. It then looks in detail at the two most challenging areas for emissions accounting. The first area is accounting for flows of tradable units from market-based mechanisms, including international flows between linked domestic trading systems as well as from offset crediting mechanisms. The second area is accounting for emissions and removals from the forestry and land-use sectors, which have characteristics that make emissions accounting challenging: the need to distinguish anthropogenic emissions from natural variations, to deal with long time-frames and to measure sinks as well as sources of emissions. Finally, options are presented for how these issues might be taken forward in the negotiations, and how negotiators can build on recent progress made on reporting formats.

Options sur mesure pour comptabiliser les émissions dans le cadre de la CCNUCC
Établis « sur mesure » en ce sens qu’ils sont adaptés à la situation particulière de chaque pays, les engagements de réduction des émissions pris dans le cadre du processus de la CCNUCC doivent aussi se prêter à la mesure, pour permettre de comprendre pleinement les différents engagements qui concourent à l’effort mondial global de réduction des émissions. Le seul cadre international de comptabilisation des émissions qui existe est celui du Protocole de Kyoto, mais il vaut uniquement pour les pays développés ayant pris des engagements spécifiques. Ce document se propose d’évaluer quels éléments seraient nécessaires, en plus des obligations de notification existantes, pour constituer un cadre de comptabilisation des émissions solide et applicable à un large éventail de Parties dans le contexte de la CCNUCC. Il commence par mettre en évidence les éléments de base nécessaires à un cadre de comptabilisation des émissions et analyse les progrès intervenus dans la définition de processus de notification internationaux. Ensuite, les deux aspects les plus délicats de la comptabilisation des émissions sont examinés en détail. Le premier est la comptabilisation des flux d’unités négociables issues des mécanismes fondés sur le jeu du marché, dont les flux internationaux entre systèmes d’échange nationaux couplés et les unités provenant de systèmes de crédits de compensation. Le second est la comptabilisation des émissions et des absorptions des secteurs de la foresterie et de l’utilisation des terres, dont les caractéristiques imposent de distinguer les émissions anthropiques des variations naturelles, de prendre en compte des horizons temporels longs et de mesurer les puits en plus des sources d’émission. Pour finir, le document présente des solutions envisageables pour faire avancer les négociations sur ces questions et permettre aux négociateurs de s’appuyer sur les progrès intervenus récemment dans le domaine des cadres de présentation. Classification-JEL: Q23; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: changement climatique, climate change, comptabilisation des émissions, emissions accounting, forestry, land-use change, market-based mechanisms, modification de l’affectation des sols, mécanismes de marché, sylviculture, UNFCCC, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2013-12-20 Number: 2013/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2013/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Randy Caruso Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Comparing Definitions and Methods to Estimate Mobilised Climate Finance Abstract: At the 16th Conference of the Parties (COP) in 2010, developed countries formalised a collective climate finance commitment made previously in Copenhagen of “mobilising jointly USD 100 billion per year by 2020 to address the needs of developing countries...from a wide variety of sources, public and private, bilateral and multilateral, including alternative sources” (UNFCCC, 2010). However, there is currently no definition of which “climate” activities, flows, or other interventions could count towards the USD 100 billion; what “mobilising” means; or even which countries are covered by this commitment. The paper examines different definitions used by 24 key actors in climate finance to quantify the level of private climate finance mobilised by their interventions, as well as the methods used to track such private climate finance. Key findings are that i) methodologies to assess and estimate mobilisation vary widely, and ii) considerable risk of double-counting exists.
A la 16e Conférence des Parties (CdP) tenue en 2010, les pays développés ont formalisé un engagement financier collectif pour le climat précédemment souscrit à Copenhague de « mobiliser collectivement 100 milliards USD par an d’ici à 2020 pour répondre aux besoins des pays en développement ...de diverses sources, publiques et privées, bilatérales et multilatérales, y compris de sources alternatives (CCNUCC, 2010). Cependant, il n’existe pas actuellement de définition des activités, flux ou autres interventions « climatiques » qui seront comptabilisés dans ces 100 milliards USD ; que signifie « mobiliser » ; voire, quels sont les pays concernés par cet engagement. Ce document se penche sur les différentes définitions utilisées par les 24 acteurs principaux du financement climatique pour quantifier le niveau des financements climatiques privés mobilisés par leurs interventions, ainsi que les méthodes employées pour suivre ces financements climatiques privés. Il ressort de ce rapport deux grandes constatations i) les méthodologies d’évaluation et d’estimation des fonds mobilisés sont très disparates, et ii) il existe d’énormes risques de double comptage. Classification-JEL: F21; F53; G23; O13; O16; O19; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: climate finance, financement climatique, leverage, MNV, mobilise, mobiliser, MRV, stimuler, suivi, tracking Creation-Date: 2013-05-01 Number: 2013/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2013/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Gregory Briner Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Andrew Prag Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Establishing and Understanding Post-2020 Climate Change Mitigation Commitments Abstract: A new international climate change agreement that will have legal force and be applicable to all countries is being negotiated under the auspices of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The agreement is to be adopted by 2015 and come into effect from 2020. An effective agreement would include quantitative mitigation commitments from all major emitters and result in concrete actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while catalysing long-term transformations to low-carbon and climate-resilient economies. The aim of this paper is to explore what mitigation commitments put forward under the 2015 agreement might look like, what guidance might be agreed regarding the type of commitments proposed, and which “rules of the game” would need to be agreed before draft commitments for the post-2020 period are put forward. The paper outlines what ex-ante information would need to be provided in order to understand commitments, and explores whether guidance could take the form of “bounded flexibility” for the various dimensions describing mitigation commitments in order to provide a basis for post-2020 emissions accounting and tracking progress. It also describes possible stages of the process for establishing commitments for the 2015 agreement.
Un nouvel accord international relatif au changement climatique, qui aura valeur juridique et s’appliquera à tous les pays, est en cours de négociation sous les auspices de la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC). Son adoption doit intervenir en 2015 au plus tard, et son entrée en vigueur en 2020. Pour porter ses fruits, cet accord devrait comporter des engagements quantitatifs d’atténuation pris par tous les gros émetteurs et donner lieu à des actions concrètes visant à réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre tout en catalysant des transformations à long terme qui aboutiront à des économies sobres en carbone et résilientes face au changement climatique. Ce rapport a pour objectif d’analyser à quoi pourraient ressembler les engagements d’atténuation qui seront proposés dans le cadre de l’accord de 2015, quelles orientations pourraient être décidées concernant le type d’engagements proposés, et quelles « règles du jeu » devraient être établies d’un commun accord avant que des engagements préliminaires ne soient formulés pour la période postérieure à 2020. Il décrit les informations à fournir au préalable pour que les engagements soient bien compris, et aborde la question de savoir si les orientations pourraient prendre la forme d’une « flexibilité encadrée » pour rendre compte des différents aspects des engagements d’atténuation afin de jeter les bases de la comptabilisation des émissions et du suivi des progrès réalisés après 2020. Il expose également les différentes étapes possibles du processus d’établissement des engagements en vue de l’accord de 2015. Classification-JEL: F53; O44; Q54; Q56 Keywords: atténuation, CCNUCC, changement climatique, climate change, gaz à effet de serre, greenhouse gas, mitigation, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2013-10-01 Number: 2013/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2013/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Randy Caruso Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Stephanie Ockenden Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Exploring Climate Finance Effectiveness Abstract: Ensuring that climate finance is used effectively will help to maximise its impact. The effectiveness of climate finance can be defined as the extent to which an activity attains its stated aims. These aims can vary, depending on the source of climate finance and how it is channelled. There are therefore different views on what “effective” climate finance is, as well as on how this effectiveness can be assessed. This paper explores how different communities view climate finance effectiveness; the policies or institutional pre-conditions that facilitate effectiveness; and how effectiveness is currently monitored and evaluated. The paper concludes by discussing the conflicts and trade-offs encountered in assessing effectiveness and a possible way forward in balancing multiple views and priorities.
En veillant à ce que le financement climatique soit rationnellement utilisé, on contribuera à maximiser son impact. L’efficacité du financement climatique peut se définir comme étant le degré de réalisation des objectifs déclarés d’une activité donnée, lesquels peuvent varier en fonction de la source et des circuits de financement. Par conséquent, les avis divergent sur ce que signifie un financement climatique « efficace », ainsi que sur la façon dont cette efficacité peut être évaluée. Ce rapport étudie comment différents milieux ou communautés considèrent l’efficacité du financement climatique, ainsi que les politiques ou les préalables institutionnels qui la favorisent et les méthodes actuellement utilisées pour assurer le suivi et l’évaluation de cette efficacité. Il conclut par une analyse des contradictions rencontrées et des arbitrages à opérer lors de l’évaluation de l’efficacité, et propose une voie à suivre pour concilier les multiples points de vue et priorités à considérer. Classification-JEL: F21; F35; F55; F64; F65; G23; O2; O44; Q54; Q56 Keywords: aid effectiveness, climate finance effectiveness, efficacité de l’aide, efficacité du financement climatique, mobilisation, mobilise, monitoring and evaluation, suivi et évaluation Creation-Date: 2013-10-01 Number: 2013/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2013/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Takayoshi Kato Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Pieter Pauw Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Randy Caruso Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Scaling up and replicating effective climate finance interventions Abstract: There is widespread recognition that climate finance needs to be scaled up from its current levels. However, there is no clear view on how developed countries can efficiently and effectively mobilise further climate finance to meet the needs of developing countries. Developed countries have committed to mobilise USD 100 bn per year of climate finance for developing countries by 2020 from a variety of sources. These include both public and private finance, thus the private sector is likely to play a significant role in the mobilisation of climate finance to meet this commitment. This paper explores how scale-up and replication of effective climate finance interventions efficiently mobilise private climate finance. The interventions examined in the paper have already been, or are being, scaled up or replicated. Scaling-up and replication of such climate finance interventions could be an efficient way to increase the private sector’s interest in mobilisation of climate finance, and thus to make progress towards the USD 100 bn per year goal by 2020. The paper draws lessons from selected mitigation and available adaptation case studies at project- and programme-levels as well as from experience with international climate funds. The paper examines three key aspects needed to scale up and replicate climate finance. The first is the institutional structures and decision-making framework of the climate finance source, its aims, the scale at which it operates and how barriers to scaling-up and replication have been addressed. Second, the paper explores how demonstrating effective low-carbon, climate-resilient technologies and systems can facilitate scale-up and replication. Third, the paper discusses the influence of policies to enhance domestic enabling environments for scaling-up and replication.

Montée en puissance et réitération des interventions efficaces de financement climat
Il est largement admis qu’une augmentation des financements climatiques est indispensable. Cependant, on ne voit pas bien comment les pays développés peuvent mobiliser, de manière efficace et rentable, davantage de financements de ce type pour répondre aux besoins des pays en développement. Les pays développés se sont engagés à mobiliser 100 milliards USD par an provenant de diverses sources d’ici à 2020 pour financer la lutte contre le changement climatique dans les pays en développement. Comme il s’agit aussi bien de financements publics que privés, le secteur privé jouera probablement un rôle important dans le respect de cet engagement. Ce rapport étudie comment la montée en puissance et la réitération des interventions efficaces en matière de financement climat permettent de lever des fonds privés de façon efficiente pour financer des actions climatiques. Les interventions qui y sont analysées ont d’ores et déjà été appliquées de nouveau ou à plus grande échelle : donner plus d’ampleur à ce type d’opérations ou les réitérer pourrait donc être un moyen efficient d’intéresser davantage le secteur privé et de progresser vers la mobilisation de 100 milliards USD par an visée à l’horizon 2020. Ce rapport dégage les enseignements à tirer de certaines études de cas portant sur l’atténuation et l’adaptation au niveau de projets ou de programmes, ainsi que de l’expérience acquise avec les fonds internationaux pour 3 le climat. Il aborde trois aspects déterminants et nécessaires pour donner plus d’ampleur aux opérations de financement climatique et les multiplier. Le premier concerne l’architecture institutionnelle et le cadre décisionnel de la source de financement climat, ses objectifs, l’échelle à laquelle elle opère et les moyens mis en oeuvre pour surmonter les obstacles qui empêchaient de passer à une échelle supérieure et de reproduire les opérations. Le rapport explique en deuxième lieu comment cela est facilité par la démonstration de technologies et de systèmes bas carbone, résilients au changement climatique et performants, pour ensuite aborder, en troisième lieu, l’influence des politiques qui améliorent les conditions nationales favorables à l’augmentation de ces financements et à la reproduction des opérations. Classification-JEL: F21; F35; F55; F63; F64; F65; G23; O2; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: augmentation, cadres institutionnels, climate finance, climate funds, conditions favorables, enabling environments, financement climatique, fonds pour le climat, institutional frameworks, mobilise, mobiliser, replication, réitération, scaling up Creation-Date: 2014-05-01 Number: 2014/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2014/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christina Hood Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Gregory Briner Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Marcelo Rocha Author-Workplace-Name: Fábrica Éthica Brasil Title: GHG or not GHG: Accounting for diverse mitigation contributions in the post-2020 climate framework Abstract: It is likely that a diverse range of nationally-determined mitigation contributions will be communicated by Parties under the 2015 climate change agreement. An effective post-2020 accounting framework to understand and track implementation of these mitigation contributions will therefore need to accommodate a range of contribution types and varying national capacities. With Parties now undertaking domestic preparations for developing intended mitigation contributions for the 2015 agreement, three key issues are: (i) what up-front information should be provided alongside intended mitigation contributions to facilitate understanding of the intended contributions and their expected impacts on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions levels; (ii) what accounting rules or guidance for post-2020 mitigation contributions (if any) would it be helpful to agree or develop before 2020, to facilitate understanding of intended contributions and their expected impacts on GHG emissions levels; and (iii) the timing of key decisions on accounting issues, taking into account the agreed timetable for communication of intended mitigation contributions. This paper explores these questions in greater detail and highlights issues that Parties may wish to consider when preparing and communicating their mitigation contributions. Providing Parties with some structure for the framing of intended mitigation contributions could help simplify domestic preparations for these intended contributions, in particular for those Parties with lower institutional capacity.

GES ou non : comptabiliser les diverses contributions à l'atténuation dans le cadre d'action climatique de l'après 2020
De très diverses contributions en matière d’atténuation, déterminées au niveau national, seront sans doute communiquées par les Parties dans le cadre de l’accord de 2015 sur le changement climatique. Pour bien comprendre et suivre la mise en oeuvre de ces contributions en matière d’atténuation, le cadre comptable en vigueur après 2020 devra prendre en compte tout un éventail de types de contributions et de capacités nationales. Alors que les Parties se préparent au niveau national pour établir les contributions qu’ils prévoient en matière d’atténuation en vue de l’accord de 2015, trois questions essentielles se posent : (i) quelles sont les informations préalables qui devraient accompagner les contributions prévues en matière d’atténuation pour faciliter l’interprétation de ces contributions et la compréhension de leurs effets attendus sur les niveaux d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) ; (ii) quelles règles comptables ou orientations à cet égard y aurait-il (éventuellement) intérêt à approuver ou concevoir avant 2020 pour les contributions en matière d’atténuation postérieures à 2020 afin de faciliter l’interprétation de ces contributions et la compréhension de leurs effets attendus sur les niveaux d’émissions de GES ; et (iii) à quel moment faudra-t-il prendre les décisions clés sur les aspects comptables, en tenant compte du calendrier convenu pour la communication des contributions prévues en matière d’atténuation ? Ce rapport étudie ces questions en détail et fait ressortir les aspects que les Parties souhaitent peut-être prendre en considération dans la préparation et la communication de leurs contributions en matière d’atténuation. Il serait utile de fournir aux Parties, sous une forme ou une autre, un cadre dans lequel définir les contributions prévues en matière d’atténuation afin de simplifier leurs préparatifs à l’échelon national concernant ces contributions, en particulier pour les Parties disposant de moyens institutionnels moins importants. Classification-JEL: F53; Q23; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: 2015 agreement, accord de 2015, atténuation, CCNUCC, changement climatique, changement d'affectation des terres, climate change, comptabilité des émissions, double comptage, double counting, emissions accounting, foresterie, forestry, gaz à effet de serre, greenhouse gas, land-use change, market mechanisms, mitigation, mécanismes de marché, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2014-05-01 Number: 2014/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2014/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Gregory Briner Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Takayoshi Kato Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Takashi Hattori Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Built to Last: Designing a Flexible and Durable 2015 Climate Change Agreement Abstract: The aim of this paper is to explore what a flexible and durable 2015 climate change agreement could look like and propose pragmatic options for the design of such an agreement. A durable 2015 climate change agreement would continue to be ambitious, fair and effective in 2020 and beyond. An agreement that is designed to be durable could also help to encourage widespread participation by governments, as well as improve the credibility of the agreement for investors. To achieve these objectives, a degree of flexibility could be included in the mitigation and other provisions of the 2015 agreement. If so, a balance may need to be struck between (i) providing enough flexibility for countries to feel comfortable participating in the agreement, (ii) providing predictability regarding the provisions of the agreement and the actions that governments intend to take, and (iii) the collective level of ambition of the agreement. Success will be needed on all fronts if the agreement is to be durable. Building some flexibility into the design of the 2015 agreement could make it more durable in the face of new scientific discoveries, external changes and shocks, as well as evolving country circumstances. The focus of this paper is on the mitigation part of the 2015 agreement. The paper outlines possible processes for consultations and updating of mitigation contributions. It also discusses the possible structure of the 2015 agreement and the implications of different mitigation contribution types for the flexibility and durability of the agreement.

Construit pour durer : concevoir un accord climatique de 2015 souple et pérenne
Ce rapport a pour objet d’envisager à quoi pourrait ressembler un accord souple et pérenne sur le changement climatique à conclure en 2015 et propose des options pragmatiques pour le concevoir. Un accord climatique pérenne signé en 2015 devrait demeurer ambitieux, juste et efficace en 2020 et au-delà. Conçu pour durer, il pourrait aussi encourager une large participation des gouvernements et bénéficier d’une plus grande crédibilité aux yeux des investisseurs. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, les dispositions de l’accord de 2015 visant l’atténuation et d’autres aspects pourraient ménager une certaine marge de manoeuvre, auquel cas il faudrait trouver un équilibre entre : (i) une flexibilité suffisante pour que les pays participant à l’accord se sentent à l’aise, (ii) la prévisibilité des dispositions de l’accord et des actions prévues par les gouvernements, et (iii) le degré d’ambition collective de l’accord. C’est sur tous les fronts qu’il importe d’obtenir de bons résultats pour assurer la pérennité de l’accord. Prévoir une certaine souplesse dans l’accord de 2015 dès sa conception permettrait de prolonger sa validité même si de nouvelles découvertes scientifiques, des changements et des chocs extérieurs ou l’évolution des situations nationales modifient la donne. Ce rapport est axé sur le volet atténuation de l’accord de 2015. Il décrit les processus de consultation et de mise à jour des contributions à l’atténuation qui pourraient y être inscrits. Il examine en outre la structure possible de l’accord de 2015 et les conséquences des différents types de contributions en matière d’atténuation pour sa flexibilité et sa pérennité. Classification-JEL: F53; O44; Q54; Q56 Keywords: 2015 agreement, accord de 2015, atténuation, CCNUCC, changement climatique, climate change, gaz à effet de serre, greenhouse gas, mitigation, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2014-05-01 Number: 2014/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2014/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Gregory Briner Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Takayoshi Kato Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Susanne Konrad Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Christina Hood Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Taking Stock of the UNFCCC Process and its Inter-linkages Abstract: Governments are currently negotiating the elements of a new climate change agreement to be adopted at the forthcoming COP 21 conference in Paris in 2015. The aim of this paper is to take stock of existing UNFCCC institutions and arrangements and the inter-linkages between them in the areas of mitigation, adaptation and loss and damage, means of implementation, and measurement, reporting and verification (MRV), with a view to informing discussions on the possible elements of a 2015 agreement. A pragmatic agreement would focus on using existing institutions and arrangements more effectively, before creating new ones. Some institutions and arrangements have been established only recently, and time is needed before their effectiveness can be fairly assessed.

Point sur le processus de la CCNUCC et ses liens d'interdépendance
Les gouvernements négocient actuellement les éléments d’un nouvel accord sur le changement climatique devant être adopté à la 21e Conférence des Parties (CdP 21) qui se tiendra à Paris en 2015. Ce document a pour objet de dresser l’inventaire des institutions et mécanismes existants de la CCNUCC et d’examiner leurs liens dans les domaines de l’atténuation, de l’adaptation, des pertes et préjudices, des moyens de mise en oeuvre et de la mesure, notification et vérification (MNV), en vue d’éclairer les débats consacrés aux éléments possibles d’un accord en 2015. Un accord pragmatique serait axé sur les moyens d’utiliser plus efficacement les institutions et mécanismes existants avant d’en créer de nouveaux. Certaines institutions et certains mécanismes n’ont été mis en place que récemment, et il faut du temps pour évaluer équitablement leur efficacité. Keywords: adaptation, adaptation, atténuation, CCNUCC, changement climatique, climate change, climate finance, finance climat, gaz à effet de serre, greenhouse gas, mitigation, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2014-05-01 Number: 2014/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2014/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christina Hood Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Gregory Briner Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Energy Sector Transformation: Issues and Options for the UNFCCC Negotiations Abstract: A key element in the success of limiting mean global surface temperature rise to below 2°C will be transformation of the energy sector globally. In addition to implementing already-available options for more efficient use of energy and low-emissions energy supply, action is needed now to put in place the conditions for longer-term structural change to low-emissions energy systems. This transformational change will involve linkages between actions, institutions, and processes, both inside and outside the UNFCCC framework. This paper explores how the 2015 climate agreement, along with the nationally-determined contributions that Parties make under it, could drive energy sector transformation in addition to tracking greenhouse gas outcomes.

La transformation du secteur de l'énergie : enjeux et options à débattre lors des négociations de la CCNUCC
Un facteur essentiel pour parvenir à limiter l’augmentation de la température moyenne à la surface du globe à 2°C sera la transformation du secteur de l’énergie dans le monde entier. En plus de mettre en oeuvre des solutions déjà disponibles permettant d’utiliser plus efficacement l’énergie et d’obtenir des approvisionnements énergétiques à faibles émissions, il faut agir dès aujourd’hui afin de créer les conditions propices à la mutation structurelle qui aboutira, à plus long terme, à la mise en place de systèmes énergétiques à faibles émissions. Les transformations nécessaires mettront en relation des actions, des institutions et des processus, à la fois dans le cadre de la CCNUCC et hors de ce cadre. Ce rapport analyse comment l’accord de 2015 sur le climat, ainsi que les contributions déterminées au niveau national que les Parties apporteront à ce titre, pourraient non seulement permettre de suivre les résultats obtenus concernant les gaz à effet de serre, mais aussi être les moteurs de la transformation du secteur de l’énergie. Classification-JEL: F53; O31; Q42; Q48; Q54 Keywords: adaptation, adaptation, atténuation, CCNUCC, changement climatique, climate change, climate finance, finance climat, gaz à effet de serre, greenhouse gas, mitigation, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2014-11-01 Number: 2014/5 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2014/5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Gregory Briner Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Susanne Konrad Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Planting the Foundations of a Post-2020 Land Sector Reporting and Accounting Framework Abstract: Land management faces a series of daunting challenges in the 21st century. These include contributing to the global mitigation effort and adaptation needed to prevent dangerous climate change, while providing enough food for a population of 9 billion by 2050 as well as shelter and livelihoods for rural populations and various ecosystem services. The existing mitigation reporting and accounting arrangements for the land sector are complex, not applicable to all Parties, and provide limited scope for pursuing more costeffective accounting approaches that would enable developing countries to address conflicting policy objectives such as addressing climate change while increasing agricultural output. This paper has two aims. The first is to lay out possible elements of a long-term vision for the post-2020 reporting and accounting framework for emissions and removals from the land sector, building on existing experience with reporting and accounting as well as previous studies. The second is to identify possible steps that could be taken at COP 20 in 2014, COP 21 in 2015, and in 2016-2020 to put Parties on a pathway towards realising this vision.

Jeter les bases d'un cadre de déclaration et de comptabilisation post-2020 dans le secteur foncier
La gestion des terres est confrontée à une série de défis redoutables au XXIe siècle. Elle doit en effet contribuer à l’effort mondial d’atténuation et d’adaptation nécessaire pour prévenir une évolution dangereuse du climat, tout en assurant une production alimentaire suffisante pour nourrir 9 milliards de personnes en 2050, et en fournissant un habitat et des moyens de subsistance aux populations rurales ainsi que divers services écosystémiques. Les dispositifs existants de déclaration et de comptabilisation des mesures d’atténuation dans le secteur foncier sont complexes, ne sont pas applicables à toutes les Parties et n’offrent guère de possibilités de mettre en oeuvre des méthodes comptables plus efficaces et économes, qui permettraient aux pays en développement de concilier des objectifs contradictoires consistant, par exemple, à faire face au changement climatique tout en augmentant leur production agricole. Ce document a deux objectifs. Le premier consiste à énoncer les éléments possibles d’une vision à long terme du cadre de déclaration et de comptabilisation des émissions et des absorptions du secteur foncier, en s’appuyant sur l’expérience acquise en matière de déclaration et de comptabilisation ainsi que sur des études antérieures. Le second est de définir les mesures qui pourraient être prises à la COP 20 en 2014, à la COP 21 en 2015 et en 2016-2020 afin d’indiquer aux Parties la voie à suivre pour concrétiser cette vision. Classification-JEL: F53; O44; Q24; Q54; Q56 Keywords: CCNUCC, changement climatique, changement d’affectation des terres, climate change, comptabilité en matière d’atténuation, forestry, forêts, land use, land-use change, UNFCCC, utilisation des terres Creation-Date: 2014-11-01 Number: 2014/6 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2014/6-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Takayoshi Kato Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Christa Clapp Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: The Role of the 2015 Agreement in Mobilising Climate Finance Abstract: Shifting public and private investment from “brown” to “green” is an essential part of climate change. The post-2020 climate agreement to be agreed at COP 21 in December 2015 has the potential to play a significant role in signalling the importance of such a shift. This paper explores how the 2015 agreement could spur further mobilisation of climate finance by examining the current state of play regarding existing financing environments and mechanisms. These include examining the existing international institutional arrangements under the UNFCCC to see how balanced financing, co-ordination, streamlining and complementarity between institutions could be achieved. The paper also highlights the key role that in-country enabling environments can play in further mobilising public and private climate finance, and discusses how the 2015 agreement could enhance both “pull” and “push” factors for mobilisation. In addition, the paper also discusses how the agreement could facilitate the broad use of a spectrum of financial instruments and the further development of an enhanced system for measurement, reporting and verification of climate finance.

Le rôle de l'accord de 2015 dans la mobilisation de financements climatiques
Faire passer les investissements publics et privés du « brun » au vert » est un aspect essentiel de la lutte contre le changement climatique. L’accord sur le climat post-2020 qui doit être adopté à la COP21, en décembre 2015, peut jouer un grand rôle dans ce contexte en mettant en lumière l’importance d’une telle réorientation des investissements. Ce rapport étudie comment l’accord de 2015 pourrait stimuler une mobilisation accrue de financements climatiques. Pour ce faire, il dresse un état des lieux des environnements et des mécanismes de financement existants, en passant en revue les dispositifs institutionnels internationaux en vigueur dans le cadre de la CCNUCC afin de déterminer comment obtenir des financements équilibrés, une coordination, une organisation efficace et une complémentarité entre les institutions. Le rapport met également en évidence l’importance d’un environnement propice à l’intérieur des pays pour intensifier la mobilisation de financements climatiques publics et privés, et examine dans quelle mesure l’accord de 2015 pourrait renforcer les facteurs d’attraction et d’incitation en matière de mobilisation des capitaux. Le rapport décrit également comment l’accord pourrait faciliter un large recours à toute une panoplie d’instruments financiers et faire progresser la mise au point d’un système amélioré de mesure, de notification et de contrôle des financements climatiques. Classification-JEL: F53; O44; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: 2015 agreement, accord de 2015, CCNUCC, changement climatique, climate change, climate finance, financement climatique, mobilisation, mobilisation, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2014-11-01 Number: 2014/7 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2014/7-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jennifer Helgeson Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: The role of the 2015 agreement in enhancing adaptation to climate change Abstract: Adaptation responses are needed to address the existing levels of climate variability and to prepare for future climate impacts. There is wide agreement that adaptation is an important issue and would benefit from being enhanced through more effective action and better planning. The prominence of adaptation in the UNFCCC negotiations has increased, in part as the scientific evidence has become clearer that climate change is occurring and its impacts are projected to grow in future. Efforts to enhance adaptation actions and increase resilience are thus expected to play a key role in the post-2020 climate agreement to be agreed at COP21 in December 2015. This paper explores how the 2015 agreement can help to foster enhanced policies and co-ordinate planning for greater resilience and adaptation capabilities at the national level. The paper considers the technical advantages and disadvantages of selected adaptation-related concepts that have been put forward in the negotiations. These include proposals for global or national goals; developing or improving adaptation institutions or planning; enhancing information availability; and facilitating or enhancing adaptation finance. Many of these proposals have the potential to improve sub-national, national and international planning about and responses to climate adaptation. However, the actual impact of these proposals is likely to vary significantly depending on how they are implemented on the ground.

Le rôle de l'accord de 2015 dans l'amélioration de l'adaptation au changement climatique
Des mesures d’adaptation sont nécessaires pour répondre à la variabilité climatique actuelle et se préparer aux conséquences des évolutions à venir. De l’avis général, l’adaptation revêt une grande importance et gagnerait à être intensifiée en améliorant l’efficacité des mesures et la planification. L’adaptation occupe une place plus importante dans les négociations de la CCNUCC, en partie parce que les données scientifiques attestent aujourd’hui plus clairement l’existence du changement climatique et que les projections indiquent que ses impacts iront croissant. Les initiatives visant à intensifier les efforts d’adaptation et renforcer la résilience devraient par conséquent jouer un rôle clé dans l’accord climatique pour l’après-2020 qui sera conclu à la COP21 en décembre 2015. Ce document montre comment l’accord de 2015 peut contribuer à améliorer les politiques et à coordonner les activités de planification pour renforcer la résilience et les capacités d’adaptation au niveau national. Il passe en revue les avantages et inconvénients techniques de différents concepts proposés durant les négociations autour de l’adaptation : établissement d’objectifs mondiaux ou nationaux ; développement ou amélioration des institutions ou de la planification de l’adaptation ; meilleure disponibilité de l’information ; et facilitation ou amélioration du financement de l’adaptation. Bon nombre de ces propositions pourraient permettre d’améliorer la planification infranationale, nationale et internationale des réponses en matière d’adaptation climatique. L’impact réel de ces propositions pourrait cependant être très différent selon la façon dont elles seront mises en oeuvre sur le terrain. Classification-JEL: F53; O33; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: 2015 agreement, accord de 2015, adaptation, adaptation, CCNUCC, changement climatique, climate change, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2015-05-01 Number: 2015/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2015/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sara Moarif Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Strategic Review: Implications of Proposals to Date for Mitigation Contributions Abstract: Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) produced a negotiating text in February 2015, which forms the basis for negotiations toward a climate change agreement scheduled for adoption at the 21st Conference of the Parties in December 2015. This document aims to better understand proposals in the Geneva negotiating text related to the notion of strengthening nationally determined contributions (NDCs) over time, contained under the headings “strategic review of implementation”, “aggregate ambition assessment” and “enhanced ambition mechanism”. This paper focuses on how key elements of these proposals might apply to mitigation contributions or the mitigation component of NDCs: The document examines the main proposals in terms of their relevance, coherence, assumptions, scope, and feasibility, in the context of a cycle of mitigation contributions that seek to become more ambitious over time. It also explores whether the proposals are likely to be effective in achieving their foreseen outcomes, the majority of which involve changes to NDCs. In general, it finds that there is significant overlap between proposals for various “review” processes in different parts of the Geneva negotiating text, as well as overlap with monitoring, reporting and verification processes under the UNFCCC. The document also presents some broad messages on the subject of “strategic review” expressed during the CCXG Global Forum in March 2015. It is currently unclear what a review or assessment process would comprise, largely because it relates to an overarching process – a cycle of contributions – for which there is not yet an agreed vision or scope.

L'Examen Stratégique: conséquences des propositions sur les contributions d'atténuation
Les Parties à la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC) ont produit en février 2015 un texte de négociation. Celui-ci constitue la base des négociations en vue d’un accord sur le changement climatique, dont l’adoption est prévue à l’occasion de la 21ème Conférence des Parties qui se réunira en décembre 2015. Ce document a pour objectif de permettre de mieux comprendre certaines propositions formulées dans le texte de négociation de Genève, relatif à la notion du renforcement progressif des contributions déterminées au niveau national, présentées sous les intitulés « examen stratégique de la mise en oeuvre », « évaluation de l’ambition globale » et « mécanisme pour l’amélioration de l’ambition ». Ce rapport épluche les principaux éléments de ces propositions et comment ils pourraient être appliqués aux contributions en matière d’atténuation (ou à la composante atténuation des contributions déterminées au niveau national). Il examine la pertinence, la cohérence, les hypothèses, la portée et la faisabilité des principales propositions, dans le contexte d’un cycle de contributions à l’atténuation qui se veut de plus en plus ambitieux au fil du temps. Il s’efforce également de déterminer si les propositions ont des chances d’être efficaces et atteindre les résultats qu’elles prévoient, qui impliquent pour la plupart des modifications des contributions déterminées au niveau national. D’une manière générale, ce document conclut qu’il existe des recoupements importants entre les propositions visant les divers processus d’« examen » décrits dans les différentes parties du texte de négociation de Genève, ainsi qu’un chevauchement avec les procédures de suivi, de communication des informations et de vérification relevant de la CCNUCC. Y sont présentés aussi quelques messages à caractère général sur la problématique de l’« examen stratégique », exprimés en mars 2015 au forum mondial du CCXG par des participants divers. Pour l’heure, il n’apparaît pas clairement de quoi le processus d’examen ou d’évaluation sera constitué, surtout parce qu’il dépend d’un processus prédominant – le cycle des contributions –pour lequel l’ambition ou la portée n’a pas encore été définie d’un commun accord. Classification-JEL: F53; H87; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: 2015 agreement, accord de 2015, atténuation, CCNUCC, changement climatique, climate change, gaz à effet de serre, greenhouse gas, mitigation, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2015-05-01 Number: 2015/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2015/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Sara Moarif Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Yoko Nobuoka Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Marta Pellegrino Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Jennifer Helgeson Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Assessing Options to Increase Climate Support Abstract: Climate support will be an important element in reaching a post-2020 climate agreement at COP 21 in December 2015. To further increase and mobilise the levels of climate support post-2020, a number of proposals have been made in the negotiating text produced in the Geneva session of the Ad-hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in February 2015. This paper explores the advantages and disadvantages of several of these proposals, focusing on those that are clear and specific. The paper assesses proposals on mobilising climate finance using the following criteria: (i) the level of financial flows that they could generate; (ii) how much of this could be mobilised in the UNFCCC context; (iii) the ease of implementation of the proposal; (iv) if and how such increased mobilisation could be monitored; and (v) whether the proposal would fill a specific gap in the context of climate support within the UNFCCC. The paper undertakes a similar assessment for proposals in the Geneva text on enhancing the level of technology development and transfer, as well as capacity building. It discusses whether the proposals could potentially increase technology development and transfer, capacity building and development, as well as whether they are likely to do so in practice, based on current experience and ease of implementation. The proposals vary significantly in the amount of climate support they could mobilise (or enhance, in the case of technology and capacity building), for a range of reasons. These include the particular wording of the proposals, their sensitivity to national implementation, uncertainty in measuring progress towards objectives, and in some cases the limited role the UNFCCC plays as an institution in a given area of climate support.

Évaluation des options envisageables pour accroître le soutien en faveur de l'action climatique
Le soutien en faveur de l’action climatique sera un élément important pour parvenir à un accord sur le climat pour l’après-2020 lors de la Conférence des Parties (COP21) de décembre 2015. Afin de renforcer l’appui financier et de mobiliser le niveau de soutien nécessaire à l’action climatique pour l’après-2020, un certain nombre de propositions ont été formulées dans le texte de négociation établi lors de la session du Groupe de travail spécial sur la plate-forme de Durban de la Convention-cadre des Nations unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC) tenue à Genève en février 2015. Ce rapport étudie les avantages et les inconvénients de plusieurs de ces propositions, en mettant l’accent sur celles qui sont précises et spécifiques. Les auteurs évaluent les propositions portant sur la mobilisation de financements climatiques au regard des critères suivants : (i) volume des ressources financières qu’elles pourraient permettre d’obtenir ; (ii) proportion de ces ressources pouvant être mobilisée dans le cadre de la CCNUCC ; (iii) facilité de mise en oeuvre de la proposition ; (iv) possibilité de suivi de cette mobilisation supplémentaire, et modalités de ce suivi ; et (v) capacité de la proposition à combler un manque spécifique dans le contexte du soutien climatique au titre de la CCNUCC. Le rapport livre une évaluation analogue des propositions contenues dans le texte de Genève portant sur la mise au point et le transfert de technologies, ainsi que sur le renforcement des capacités. Les auteurs examinent si les propositions formulées recèlent le potentiel d’intensifier la mise au point et le transfert de technologies, le développement et le renforcement des capacités, et sont susceptibles de le faire concrètement, en fondant leur analyse sur l’expérience actuelle et la facilité de mise en oeuvre de la proposition. L’ampleur du soutien que ces propositions pourraient mobiliser (ou accroître, en ce qui concerne la technologie et le renforcement des capacités) varie considérablement selon les propositions, et ce pour différentes raisons, notamment : la formulation particulière de la proposition ; sa sensibilité à une mise en oeuvre dans un contexte national ; le degré d’incertitude qu’elle présente s’agissant de la mesure les progrès accomplis au regard des objectifs ; et, dans certains cas, le rôle limité que joue la CCNUCC, en tant qu’institution, dans un domaine donné du soutien à l’action climatique. Classification-JEL: F53; O19; O30; O44; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: 2015 agreement, accord de 2015, capacity building, CCNUCC, changement climatique, climate change, climate finance, financement climatique, renforcement des capacités, technology transfer, transferts de technologie, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2015-05-01 Number: 2015/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2015/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christina Hood Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Liwayway Adkins Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Ellina Levina Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Overview of INDCs Submitted by 31 August 2015 Abstract: In 2015, Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) communicated their Intended Nationally-Determined Contributions (INDCs) for the Paris climate agreement. This publication summarises the key information communicated in the mitigation components of INDCs that were submitted by 31 August 2015, and analyses the implications of this information for the clarity, transparency and understanding of individual and collective mitigation efforts.

Tour d'horizon des CPDN soumises au 31 août 2015
En 2015, les Parties à la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC) ont communiqué leurs contributions prévues déterminées au niveau national (CPDN) dans l’optique de l’accord de Paris sur le climat. Cette publication fait la synthèse des informations relatives à l’atténuation des CPDN soumises au 31 août 2015, et elle en analyse les implications pour la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension des efforts individuels et collectifs de lutte contre le changement climatique. Classification-JEL: F53; O19; O30; O44; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: atténuation, CCNUCC, climat, climate, mitigation, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2015-09-01 Number: 2015/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2015/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Yoko Nobuoka Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Sarah Pyndt Andersen Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Encouraging Increased Climate Action by Non-Party Stakeholders Abstract: Limiting the increase in global average temperature to below 2°C compared to pre-industrial levels will require ambitious mitigation action by a broad range of actors including Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), i.e., national governments, and non-party stakeholders (NPS). This paper focuses on three types of NPS, namely, sub-national governments, the private sector and financial institutions, and examines how the 2015 agreement could help the NPS encourage increased mitigation actions as well as the financing for such actions. The paper identifies five barriers that can prevent NPS from enhancing their actions and assesses how the current process under the UNFCCC is addressing these barriers for the pre-2020 period. It also explores options to establish or enhance links between the UNFCCC and NPS in the 2015 agreement for post-2020, in order to further address the barriers and enhance actions by NPS.

Encourager les acteurs non-Parties à la CCNUCC à renforcer leur action climatique
L’objectif de contenir l’élévation de la température moyenne de la planète en dessous de 2°C par rapport aux niveaux préindustriels exigera des actions d’atténuation ambitieuses de la part d’un large éventail d’acteurs. Ceci inclus notamment les Parties à la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC), c’est-à-dire les administrations nationales, ainsi que les acteurs non-Parties à la CCNUCC. Ce rapport, qui est axé sur trois catégories d’acteurs non-Parties – les administrations infranationales, le secteur privé et les institutions financières –, examine par quels moyens l’accord de 2015 pourrait contribuer à encourager les acteurs non-Parties à renforcer les actions d’atténuation ainsi que leur financement. Il recense cinq obstacles susceptibles d’empêcher les acteurs non-Parties de renforcer leurs actions et évalue la façon dont le processus en cours dans le cadre de la CCNUCC s’attaque à ces obstacles pour la période pré-2020. L’étude explore aussi les moyens envisageables pour établir ou consolider les liens entre la CCNUCC et les acteurs non-Parties dans le cadre de l’accord de 2015 pour la période post-2020, dans le but de lever les obstacles et d'accroitre l’action climatique des acteurs non-Parties. Classification-JEL: F53; H72; O19; O44; Q54; Q58; R11 Keywords: 2015 agreement, accord de 2015, atténuation, CCNUCC, changement climatique, climate change, mitigation Creation-Date: 2015-10-01 Number: 2015/5 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2015/5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sara Moarif Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Establishing Cycles for Nationally Determined Mitigation Contributions or Commitments Abstract: Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are currently negotiating a climate change agreement scheduled for adoption at the 21st Conference of the Parties in December 2015. At the centre of the new agreement are nationally determined contributions (NDCs). These are the objectives and actions relating to mitigation or other aspects of climate change responses that countries are willing to put forward internationally and be bound by in some way. This paper seeks to clarify and discuss ideas contained in the draft agreement and draft decision text for the 2015 agreement that may serve to enhance the dynamism and ambition of nationally determined mitigation contributions or commitments (NDMCs). Provisions for ambition and dynamism are included in the procedures framing NDMCs, namely common, regular communications and the requirement that NDMCs become more ambitious over time. Several multilateral processes are also proposed, which might influence the ambition of NDMCs in terms of their content and implementation. The paper discusses proposals for a clarification exercise, a regular global stocktake, and individual assessment and review processes contained with the transparency system and a potential facilitative compliance and implementation system. There are implementation challenges associated with all proposals, though overall these could encourage countries to maximise effort, and provide an opportunity for countries to revise and update their contributions and commitments at regular intervals.

Établissement de cycles pour les contributions ou les engagements en matière d'atténuation déterminées au niveau national
Les Parties à la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC) négocient actuellement un accord climatique qui devrait être adopté à la 21e Conférence des Parties en décembre 2015. Au centre de ce nouvel accord figurent les contributions déterminées au niveau national (CDN). Il s’agit des objectifs et mesures ayant trait à l’atténuation ou d’autres aspects des actions que les pays sont disposés à proposer au niveau international pour faire face au changement climatique, et pour lesquels ils sont prêts à prendre une forme d’engagement. Ce document vise à clarifier et examiner les idées contenues dans le projet d’accord et le texte du projet de décision concernant l’accord de 2015, qui pourraient servir à renforcer le dynamisme et l’ambition des contributions ou engagements en matière d’atténuation déterminés au niveau national. Des dispositions relatives au niveau et au rythme des efforts sont inscrites dans les procédures encadrant l’établissement de ces contributions ou engagements, à savoir des communications régulièrement présentées par toutes les Parties, et l’obligation de relever progressivement le niveau d’ambition des contributions. Plusieurs processus multilatéraux sont aussi proposés, qui pourraient influer sur le degré d’ambition des contributions ou engagements en matière d’atténuation, en termes de contenu et de mise en oeuvre. Ce document examine diverses propositions : un exercice de clarification, un bilan régulier à l’échelle mondiale, et des processus d’évaluation et de révision individuels liés au cadre de transparence et à un mécanisme potentiel de facilitation du respect et de la mise en oeuvre. Si des difficultés de mise en oeuvre sont associées à toutes ces propositions, dans l’ensemble, celles-ci pourraient inciter les pays à pousser leurs efforts au maximum, et leur offrir l’occasion de réviser et d’actualiser leurs contributions et engagements à intervalles réguliers. Classification-JEL: F53; H87; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: 2015 agreement, climate change, greenhouse gas, mitigation, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2015-11-01 Number: 2015/6 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2015/6-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Sara Moarif Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Identifying and addressing gaps in the UNFCCC reporting framework Abstract: There are many reasons why the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) reporting framework requests information from countries. These include understanding and tracking progress with individual or collective commitments or pledges, providing confidence and enhancing accountability in quantified information measured and reported, and providing background information on the scope and ambition of national climate responses. This paper highlights the gaps, inconsistencies and uncertainties in the current reporting framework, which was developed for both long-standing obligations and mitigation pledges for the period to 2020. The paper also identifies possible improvements in the UNFCCC reporting framework in the context of the post-2020 transparency framework and nationally determined contributions (NDCs) for the post-2020 period.

Recenser et combler les lacunes du cadre de notification d'informations de la CCNUCC
La Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC), qui invite les pays à lui communiquer des informations, vise plusieurs objectifs : mieux cerner les progrès accomplis dans la mise en oeuvre des engagements individuels ou collectifs et en assurer le suivi ; accroître la confiance dans les informations chiffrées communiquées par les pays et renforcer la transparence ; et fournir des renseignements sur le champ d’application et le niveau d’ambition des mesures climatiques nationales. Ce document met en évidence les lacunes, incohérences et incertitudes de l’actuel cadre de notification qui a été élaboré pour rendre compte à la fois des obligations de longue date des pays et de leurs engagements d’atténuation jusqu’en 2020. Il identifie aussi les améliorations qui pourraient être apportées au système de notification de la CCNUCC en ce qui concerne le cadre de transparence et les contributions déterminées au niveau national pour la période de l’après-2020. Classification-JEL: F39; H39; O20; Q54; Q56 Keywords: adaptation, adaptation, changement climatique, climate change, emissions, reporting, transparence, transparency, émissions Creation-Date: 2015-11-01 Number: 2015/7 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2015/7-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Takayoshi Kato Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Communicating progress in national and global adaptation to climate change Abstract: The Paris Agreement, adopted by the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), reinforces the international framework for adaptation action by establishing a global adaptation goal. Under the Paris Agreement, countries have also agreed to an enhanced transparency framework for action, which includes adaptation. The Agreement also requests each Party to submit and update an “adaptation communication” as appropriate. This paper explores what elements of countries’ adaptation responses and progress could be reported under the Paris Agreement so as to better communicate efforts towards enhanced adaptation and resilience. The paper also highlights the potential benefits both at a national and an international level from identifying and collating adaptation-related information. Finally the paper outlines a possible structure of an adaptation communication, and identifies options and associated information needs for the adaptation-related components of the global stocktake agreed to in the Paris Agreement.

Communiquer sur les progrès accomplis au plan national et international en matière d'adaptation au changement climatique
L'Accord de Paris, adopté par les Parties à la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur le changement climatique (CCNUCC), renforce le cadre international des efforts d'adaptation en établissant un objectif mondial d'adaptation. Au sein de l’Accord, les pays sont également convenus d'un cadre de transparence renforcé pour l'action, qui comprend l'adaptation. Aux termes de l'Accord, chaque Partie devrait aussi, selon qu'il convient, présenter et actualiser une « communication relative à l'adaptation ». Le présent rapport passe en revue les éléments des mesures d'adaptation et des progrès accomplis par les pays qui pourraient être notifiés au titre de l'Accord de Paris, afin d’améliorer la communication sur les efforts déployés en faveur de l'adaptation et de la résilience. Ce rapport montre les retombées positives que pourraient avoir l’identification et le rassemblement des informations sur l'adaptation au plan tant national qu’international. Il propose enfin une structure pour une communication relative à l'adaptation, et recense les options envisageables pour la composante adaptation du bilan mondial prévu dans l'Accord de Paris, ainsi que les besoins d'information correspondants. Classification-JEL: F53; O29; Q54; Q58 Keywords: adaptation, climate change, transparency, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2016-06-07 Number: 2016/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2016/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Gregory Briner Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Sara Moarif Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Unpacking provisions related to transparency of mitigation and support in the Paris Agreement Abstract: The agreement of an enhanced transparency framework was a key outcome of the COP 21 climate change conference in Paris. This enhanced transparency framework will play an important role in tracking progress towards the individual and collective goals agreed at COP 21 and in understanding achievement of nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement. This paper unpacks the transparency-related provisions within the Paris Agreement and Decision 1/CP.21 relating to mitigation and support. It also explores the relationship between the existing and future transparency framework, information required to track progress towards nationally determined contributions for mitigation, and fulfilling reporting provisions on finance provided, mobilised and received.

Les dispositions en matière de transparence des mesures d'atténuation et de l'appui dans l'Accord de Paris
L’accord sur un cadre renforcé de transparence a constitué un résultat essentiel de la Conférence de Paris sur le climat (COP21). Ce cadre de transparence jouera un rôle important en permettant de suivre les progrès accomplis au regard des objectifs individuels et collectifs convenus lors de la COP21, et en permettant la compréhension des contributions déterminées au niveau national des Parties au titre de l’Accord de Paris. Le présent document éclairci les dispositions de cet accord et de la décision 1/CP.21 en matière de transparence des mesures d’atténuation et de l’appui. Il étudie aussi le rapport entre le cadre de transparence actuel et futur, les informations requises pour suivre les progrès accomplis dans la mise en oeuvre des contributions déterminées au niveau national pour l’atténuation, et le respect des dispositions relatives à la notification des moyens de financement fournis, mobilisés et reçus. Classification-JEL: F53; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: climate change, climate finance, mitigation, transparency, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2016-06-07 Number: 2016/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2016/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Name: Sara Moarif Title: Enhancing transparency of climate finance under the Paris Agreement: Lessons from experience Abstract: An enhanced transparency framework will be a central component of the post-2020 international climate policy regime under the Paris Agreement. This paper explores the issue of transparency of climate finance information in the context of climate finance goals under the United Nations’ Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The transparency framework of the Paris Agreement covers only a subset of climate finance, i.e. finance provided and mobilised by developed countries for developing countries, climate finance provided and mobilised by “other” countries for developing countries, as well as climate finance received by developing countries. This paper focuses on data collection, reporting and review of these elements, and explores how the transparency of information on climate finance provided and mobilised could be improved from current arrangements in order to meet the aims set out in the Paris Agreement. Classification-JEL: F53; O44; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: climate change, climate finance, transparency, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2017-05-03 Number: 2016/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2016/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Gregory Briner Author-Name: Sara Moarif Title: Enhancing transparency of climate change mitigation under the Paris Agreement: Lessons from experience Abstract: An enhanced transparency framework will be a central component of the post-2020 international climate policy regime under the Paris Agreement, underpinning the dynamic process of updating nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and providing input to the global stocktakes of progress towards the long-term goals of the Paris Agreement. The enhanced transparency framework will apply to all Parties, with flexibility in light of capacities. This paper highlights lessons learned from the existing transparency framework for mitigation that can help inform the development of modalities, procedures and guidelines for the enhanced transparency framework under the Paris Agreement. It outlines how clearer and more detailed reporting guidelines could be developed for communication of the mitigation components of NDCs and reporting on progress in their implementation and achievement, based on NDC type. Classification-JEL: F53; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: climate change, mitigation, transparency, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2017-05-03 Number: 2016/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2016/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Gregory Briner Author-Name: Sara Moarif Title: Possible structure of mitigation-related modalities, procedures and guidelines for the enhanced transparency framework Abstract: Article 13 of the Paris Agreement, agreed at the 21st Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in December 2015, calls for the adoption of an enhanced transparency framework for both mitigation action and support. This note presents a possible structure for the modalities, procedures and guidelines for the mitigation-related aspects of the enhanced transparency framework. The scope of the note includes reporting, technical expert review and multilateral consideration of progress, taking into account lessons learned from experience with reporting, review and other relevant processes under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol. The note aims to serve as a helpful reference for UNFCCC transparency negotiators, by flagging issues that will need to be addressed when Parties develop modalities, procedures and guidelines in this area, and by providing links to existing provisions or guidance for each topic. Classification-JEL: F53; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: climate change, mitigation, transparency, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2017-05-03 Number: 2016/5 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2016/5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sara Moarif Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Information needed to facilitate the clarity, transparency and understanding of mitigation contributions Abstract: Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change are currently developing the operational elements of the Paris Agreement, including guidance for information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding (CTU) when Parties communicate their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). Drawing on Party submissions from 2016 and April 2017, and discussions held during the CCXG Global Forum on the Environment and Climate Change in March 2017, this paper synthesises and discusses views on guidance for CTU in four areas: the purpose of the guidance; where further guidance is needed; the elements of the guidance; and the relationship between guidance for CTU and other operational elements of the Paris Agreement. The paper then suggests ways for Parties to consider selected issues, namely: the structure and content of the guidance; its status; the scope of NDCs; and links between sets of guidance, including timing issues. Classification-JEL: F53; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: accounting, climate change, mitigation, nationally determined contributions (NDCs), transparency, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2017-06-01 Number: 2017/01 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2017/01-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Manasvini Vaidyula Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Information needs for the 2018 facilitative dialogue: Issues and options Abstract: Decision 1/CP.21 adopting the Paris Agreement established a mandate for a facilitative dialogue to be convened among Parties in 2018. This mandate established two main objectives of the 2018 facilitative dialogue (FD2018): to take stock of collective progress made towards long-term climate goals and to inform preparation of nationally determined contributions. Proposal(s) from the COP22 and COP23 presidencies on how the dialogue should be conducted are expected to be made by COP23. This paper “unpacks” the two main objectives of the FD2018 into distinct components, and examines the implications of addressing different components on the information needs of the FD2018. The paper also examines different types of information that could be required for FD2018 and their availability. Finally, the paper looks at other collective review or stocktake processes that have been carried out under the U.N. to identify relevant lessons for the FD2018, particularly regarding inputs and associated outputs. Classification-JEL: F53; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: 2018 facilitative dialogue, climate, information needs, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2017-06-01 Number: 2017/02 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2017/02-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Lola Vallejo Title: Insights from national adaptation monitoring and evaluation systems Abstract: Adaptation monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is an important step of the process of adapting to climate change, by enabling Parties to learn from climate risks and the effectiveness of adaptation measures, and increase accountability. While relatively few countries have designed and implemented a national M&E system for adaptation, a number of countries have indicated in their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) that they are developing one or plan to do so.National systems for M&E of adaptation are tailored to domestic circumstances, priorities and capacities. Several bilateral and multilateral support channels aim to address information gaps and capacity and resource constraints, which can be limiting factors to building national M&E systems for adaptation. The processes and results of such systems may help provide relevant information to assess progress towards the global goal on adaptation under the UNFCCC. Classification-JEL: F53; H43; O22; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: adaptation, climate, national monitoring and evaluation, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2017-06-01 Number: 2017/03 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2017/03-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Manasvini Vaidyula Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: 2018 facilitative dialogue: Identifying options for outputs and outcomes, and key questions for modalities Abstract: Discussions relating to the 2018 Facilitative Dialogue (FD2018), mandated under the Paris Agreement, are on-going. These discussions are on the scope, inputs, and modalities of the FD2018 as well as any outputs or outcomes from the FD2018. While the mandate of the FD2018 does not explicitly call for outputs or outcomes, identifying outcomes and outputs ex ante could be useful in focusing discussions and inputs to the facilitative dialogue, as well as in shaping its modalities. The objective of this paper is to highlight the implications of agreeing and identifying specific outputs and outcomes ex ante, and exploring what type of outputs and outcomes would best serve the interests of the FD2018. This document also identifies key questions that could guide decision-making on what modalities would be appropriate for the FD2018; however, identification of options for specific modalities of FD2018 are out of the scope of this paper. Classification-JEL: F53; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: 2018 facilitative dialogue, climate, modalities, outcomes, outputs, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2017-11-03 Number: 2017/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2017/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christina Hood Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Carly Soo Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Accounting for mitigation targets in Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement Abstract: Accounting for Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement is needed to allow Parties to track individual progress towards their own mitigation-related NDC targets, understand others’ NDC targets and their progress toward them, and assess collective progress towards the long-term mitigation goal. This paper aims to assist Parties and stakeholders in framing thinking around the nature of accounting for mitigation targets given the diversity of target types in NDCs, and also to discuss how accounting guidance could be applied at various stages in the NDC cycle. It provides a summary and unpacking of the key accounting provisions under the Paris Agreement and Decision text, discusses the implications of the range of NDC target types, then discusses the particular issues of accounting for co-operative approaches and for the land sector. It then explores how accounting guidance may be applied within the NDC cycle. Classification-JEL: F53; O44; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: accounting, carbon pricing, climate change, mitigation, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2017-11-03 Number: 2017/5 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2017/5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Lola Vallejo Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Sara Moarif Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Aidy Halimanjaya Author-Workplace-Name: Universitas Padjadjaran SDGs Center Title: Enhancing mitigation and finance reporting: Building on current experience to meet the Paris Agreement requirements Abstract: The future enhanced transparency framework outlined in the Paris Agreement and its accompanying Decision is to build on, enhance and eventually supersede the existing measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) system established under the Cancún Agreements. This paper explores the issues of “building on” and “enhancing” as they relate to the biennial reporting of information on mitigation and finance, by drawing lessons from the existing MRV system and examining the Paris Agreement’s provisions. It examines four areas: greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories, reporting on progress with the mitigation component of nationally determined contributions (NDCs), finance provided and mobilised, and financial support received and needed. The paper also highlights the challenges met by Parties while reporting information for these areas to date, and provides suggestions on how forthcoming modalities, procedures and guidelines (MPGs) might reduce these difficulties. Classification-JEL: F53; O44; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: climate change, climate finance, mitigation, transparency, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2017-11-03 Number: 2017/6 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2017/6-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Justine Garrett Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Sara Moarif Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Reporting on capacity-building and technology support under the Paris Agreement: Issues and options for guidance Abstract: The enhanced transparency framework for climate action and support envisaged by the Paris Agreement is to “build on and enhance” current transparency arrangements under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This paper draws lessons from current reporting by Annex I and non-Annex I countries both within and outside the UNFCCC reporting framework to provide options that might inform the development of modalities, procedures and guidelines (MPGs) for reporting of technology transfer and capacity-building support under the Paris Agreement. The paper offers six options for consideration by Parties, with an emphasis on reporting by developing country Parties, given that very limited guidance has been available to these Parties to date. The options include how Parties might provide more guidance for reporting separately on financial, technology and capacity-building support; frame reporting of support needs and support received in the context of nationally determined contributions (NDCs); and facilitate more consistent use of key terminology and clearer reporting. Classification-JEL: F53; O44; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: capacity building, climate change, technology transfer, transparency, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2018-04-27 Number: 2018/01 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2018/01-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Manasvini Vaidyula Author-Name: Christina Hood Title: Accounting for baseline targets in NDCs: Issues and options for guidance Abstract: Many Parties to the Paris Agreement have expressed greenhouse gas mitigation targets relative to a baseline scenario, or “baseline targets”. Baseline targets in nationally determined contributions (NDCs) could potentially change over time including to update assumptions of emission drivers or reflect improved methodologies. This paper examines issues that can arise under Articles 4 and 6 of the Agreement when baseline targets are updated, such as potential implications of using consistent methodologies throughout the NDC implementation period. The paper also examines transparency-related issues, e.g. information needed for accounting that would be reported and reviewed under Article 13 of the Agreement. Past baseline and reference scenario reporting experience highlights relevant lessons for accounting for baseline targets, including on transparent reporting of baseline scenarios. The paper identifies reporting and accounting guidance options, including when certain types of updates could be applied to baseline targets, that could help Parties address some of these issues. Keywords: accounting, baseline targets, guidance, mitigation, NDC, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2018-04-27 Number: 2018/02 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2018/02-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Sina Wartmann Author-Name: Sara Moarif Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Marcia Rocha Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Operationalising selected reporting and flexibility provisions in the Paris Agreement Abstract: An enhanced transparency framework is a central component of the Agreement, and will apply to all Parties, with flexibility for developing country Parties that need it in the light of their capacities. This paper examines how such flexibility might be operationalised when reporting information under the future enhanced transparency system for greenhouse gas inventories and for progress towards the mitigation component of NDCs under Article 4. The paper also highlights how improvements over time in reporting of adaptation, and support needed and received could be encouraged. For each individual reporting element in these four areas, the paper identifies possible ways that countries with a range of different capacity levels could provide information for specific elements under the four reporting areas examined in the paper. Classification-JEL: F39; H39; O20; Q54; Q56 Keywords: climate change, Enhanced Transparency Framework, flexibility, nationally determined contribution, Paris Agreement and Article 13, reporting, transparency Creation-Date: 2018-11-27 Number: 2018/03 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2018/03-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Manasvini Vaidyula Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Marcia Rocha Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Tracking progress towards NDCs and relevant linkages between Articles 4, 6 and 13 of the Paris Agreement Abstract: Article 13.7b of the Paris Agreement mandates all Parties to regularly provide information necessary to track progress made in implementing and achieving their nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under Article 4. This information provided by Parties shall also undergo a Technical Expert Review (Article 13.11). This paper examines the information needed to track progress towards different types of NDCs and explores current experiences and the associated challenges relevant to reporting this information. The paper also identifies issues and options for how this information could be reviewed and how this review could facilitate reporting improvements. The paper identifies key linkages between Articles 4, 6 and 13 of the Agreement related to reporting and reviewing information to track progress. The paper highlights that the relevant linkages need to be taken into account when developing guidance under these Articles to ensure an internally-consistent tracking progress system. Classification-JEL: F53; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: Article 13, Article 4, Article 6, linkages, mitigation, NDCs, Paris Agreement, Technical Expert Review, tracking progress, transparency, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2018-11-27 Number: 2018/04 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2018/04-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Marcia Rocha Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Reporting Tables – potential areas of work under SBSTA and options - Part I: GHG inventories and tracking progress towards NDCs Abstract: The Modalities, Procedures and Guidelines (MPGs) adopted at COP24 in Katowice lay out rules for reporting and review under the Enhanced Transparency Framework of the Paris Agreement. The Katowice decision on the MPGs requests the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) to develop Common Reporting Tables (CRTs) for the reporting of national GHG inventories and Common Tabular Format (CTFs) for information necessary to track progress towards NDCs, to be adopted by 2020. This paper analyses potential issues and options Parties may wish to consider when developing CRTs and CTFs. The widespread use of CTFs for tracking progress towards NDCs can potentially facilitate comparability and aggregation of data and information on collective progress in the future. This paper also develops options for CTFs for reporting on information necessary to track progress made in implementing and achieving NDCs and provides worked examples showing how these options could be used for different types of NDC targets. Creation-Date: 2019-06-18 Number: 2019/01 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2019/01-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Chiara Falduto Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Reporting Tables - potential areas of work under SBSTA and options - Part II: Financial support provided, mobilised and received Abstract: The Modalities, Procedures and Guidelines (MPGs) adopted at COP24 in Katowice lay out rules for reporting and reviewing information under the Enhanced Transparency Framework of the Paris Agreement. The Katowice decision on the MPGs requests the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) to develop Common Tabular Formats (CTFs) for the reporting of information on, inter alia, financial support provided, mobilised and received. This paper analyses key issues and options that Parties may wish to consider when developing CTFs for reporting on these elements. The widespread use of CTFs for climate finance reporting could potentially facilitate comparability and aggregation of data and information on financial support in the future. This paper also develops options for CTF tables for the three areas of financial support analysed. Creation-Date: 2019-06-18 Number: 2019/02 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2019/02-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Luca Lo Re Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Manasvini Vaidyula Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Markets negotiations under the Paris Agreement: A technical analysis of two unresolved issues Abstract: This paper provides a technical analysis of two specific unresolved issues in the negotiations of rules for Article 6 of the Paris Agreement: (i) accounting methods for single- and multi-year NDCs under Article 6.2 and (ii) the implications of a potential transition of activities and units from the Kyoto Protocol mechanisms to the Article 6.4 mechanism. The paper first describes the accounting methods under consideration in Article 6.2 discussions and highlights that different methods can have different implications for environmental integrity, particularly if used by Parties with single-year NDCs. The paper then presents different options of transition of activities and units from the Clean Development Mechanism to the Article 6.4 mechanism. The analysis highlights that a potential full transition of activities could inhibit or delay new investments in mitigation activities, and that the supply of units could be several times larger than demand in 2020, leading to a significant carry-over. Creation-Date: 2019-06-18 Number: 2019/03 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2019/03-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Marcia Rocha Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Chiara Falduto Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Key questions guiding the process of setting up long-term low-emissions development strategies Abstract: The Paris Agreement states that all countries should strive to formulate and communicate long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies (LT-LEDS) and the Paris Agreement’s accompanying decision invites countries to communicate a LT-LEDS by 2020. LT-LEDS are a fundamental tool available to countries to envision low-emission development in alignment with broader sustainability, socio-economic and climate change adaptation goals. This document aims to support countries’ efforts in the development of LT-LEDS, as it provides points of reflection for the establishment of an effective process for developing LT-LEDS. The document discusses potential elements to be included in a LT-LEDS; identifies and explores potential linkages between Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and LT-LEDS; examines governance options for setting up a LT-LEDS process and analyses countries’ experience to date in developing LT-LEDS. The paper also provides a set of guiding questions useful for the development of LT-LEDS. Classification-JEL: Q56; Q58; F53; Q54 Keywords: climate change, decarbonisation, LT-LEDS, NDCs, Paris Agreement, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2019-11-29 Number: 2019/04 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2019/04-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Luca Lo Re Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Manasvini Vaidyula Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Andrew Prag Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Designing the Article 6.4 mechanism: Assessing selected baseline approaches and their implications Abstract: Different options of methodological approaches for setting emission baselines are currently under consideration in the international climate negotiations. This paper examines options for baseline approaches for the Article 6.4 mechanism, and draws lessons from how baselines have been used for other market mechanisms. The paper highlights that the different approaches being discussed offer advantages and disadvantages in the context of Article 6.4. Moreover, the paper points out that a one size- fits-all approach to setting baselines is unlikely to be appropriate for the new mechanism, given the variety of possible mitigation activity types and contexts. In particular, analysis of Clean Development Mechanism projects shows that a single baseline approach led to wide variations in baseline levels, implying the need to revise some methodologies if they are to be applied to Article 6.4. The paper also discusses benefits and implications for host Parties participating in the Article 6.4 mechanism, which may affect how Parties achieve their NDCs. Classification-JEL: F53; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: Article 6, baselines, carbon markets, CDM, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2019-11-29 Number: 2019/05 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2019/05-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Marcia Rocha Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Reporting progress towards Nationally Determined Contributions: Exploring possible common tabular formats for the structured summary Abstract: Common Tabular Formats (CTFs) for the reporting of information necessary to track progress towards Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, including on the use of cooperative approaches, are to be adopted by COP26. This paper explores concrete examples and worked examples for the structured summary of information to track progress, including on information on cooperative approaches. This paper finds that the structured summary would be more likely to meet the principles established in the Paris Agreement and related decisions, including the Modalities, Procedures and Guidelines (MPGs), if it was separated into CTFs for reporting on tracking progress indicators and a CTF for reporting on the use of cooperative approaches. Classification-JEL: F53; Q54; Q56; Q58 Creation-Date: 2020-06-12 Number: 2020/01 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2020/01-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Chiara Falduto Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Marcia Rocha Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Aligning short-term climate action with long-term climate goals: Opportunities and options for enhancing alignment between NDCs and long-term strategies Abstract: The Paris Agreement and its accompanying decision call for Parties to strive to formulate mid-century communicate long-term low-greenhouse gas emission development strategies (LT-LEDS) by 2020. Moreover, the Paris decision requests Parties to communicate a new or updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) by 2020. This paper finds that there is potential for these long-term strategies to guide short- and mid-term action and feed into future NDC submissions. This paper highlights that long-term strategies can substantially shape countries’ short- and mid-term priorities, policies and investment pipelines, leading to significant cost reductions in the long-term. Linking NDCs to long-term mitigation strategies will be key in ensuring efficient use of resources, particularly crucial for responding to climate change amidst and following the COVID-19 crisis. Classification-JEL: F53; Q54; Q56; Q58 Creation-Date: 2020-06-12 Number: 2020/02 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2020/02-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Chiara Falduto Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Sina Wartmann Author-Name: Marcia Rocha Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Reporting national GHG inventories through Common Reporting Tables (CRTs): An assessment of CRT reporting options through worked examples Abstract: The Modalities, Procedures and Guidelines (MPGs) included in Decision 18/CMA.1 adopted at COP24 in 2018 require all Parties to the Paris Agreement to report national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories using “common reporting tables” (CRTs). The same decision requests the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) is to develop CRTs for consideration and adoption by COP26. This paper focuses on key issues related to the potential structure of the CRTs and approaches to filling them in. The paper assesses different CRT reporting scenarios through worked examples. Overall, the paper finds that all the tables contained in the set of Common Reporting Formats (CRFs) currently in use by Annex I Parties provide a valuable starting point for the development of CRTs. A number of improvements and adjustments, however, need to be applied to current CRFs to better reflect reporting guidance outlined in the MPGs. This paper finds that it is important to ensure that the CRTs are designed in a way that allows for a reporting that is as standardised as possible. This may include allowing for the use of standardised reporting elements (e.g. notation keys) and amending the tables according to a new, commonly agreed structure to allow for the reporting of new reporting elements. Using a common format while also facilitating standardised reporting can positively affect a number of processes, including the technical expert review and automated processing of information, thereby promoting transparency, comparability and consistency of GHG-inventory reporting. Classification-JEL: F53; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: climate change, emissions, GHG inventories, reporting, transparency Creation-Date: 2020-12-11 Number: 2020/03 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2020/03-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Simon Buckle Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Aimée Aguilar Jaber Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Marcia Rocha Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Brilé Anderson Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Petter Bjersér Title: Addressing the COVID-19 and climate crises: Potential economic recovery pathways and their implications for climate change mitigation, NDCs and broader socio-economic goals Abstract: This paper provides decision-makers with a framework for prioritising different economic, social and environmental goals and analysing the options available to achieve them. To this end, it develops three stylised COVID-19 recovery pathways (“Rebound”, “Decoupling” and “Wider well-being”) that differ in the extent to which they encompass greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions and the integration of mitigation and wider well-being outcomes or, broadly equivalently, SDGs. A number of real-world examples of COVID-19 recovery measures in the surface transport and residential sectors were identified, and the paper maps these measures onto these three stylised pathways. The paper finds a wide divergence in the environmental and social impacts of COVID-19 recovery measures developed to date, with several countries putting in place measures that correspond to all three pathways. The nature and pace of economic recovery in different countries and in aggregate will have important implications for existing, updated and new Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement, and the paper also highlights the possible impact of the COVID-19 recovery measures being put in place on NDCs– including on the ambition of both current and future NDCs. The paper concludes that it will be important for governments to improve their understanding of the impact of their recovery measures across multiple policy dimensions (economic, social, environmental) as well as across different time periods (short and long-term) and spatial scales. Classification-JEL: A13; D62; D63; E61; H54; Q01; Q52; Q54 Keywords: beyond growth, Climate change, inequality, NDCs, net-zero economy, residential, SDGs, sustainable recovery, transport, wider well-being Creation-Date: 2020-12-18 Number: 2020/04 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2020/04-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Chiara Falduto Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Sina Wartmann Title: Towards common GHG inventory reporting tables for Biennial Transparency Reports: Experiences with tools for generating and using reporting tables under the UNFCCC Abstract: Under the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) of the Paris Agreement, Parties will be required to report information on national GHG inventories using a set of Common Reporting Tables (CRTs). The CRTs can provide an important source of data at the international and national levels. While a final set of tables has not yet been agreed upon, there is an emerging convergence around the view that the Common Reporting Format (CRF) tables that Annex I Parties currently use to report national GHG inventories could serve as a starting point for the development of CRTs. To support ongoing discussions, this paper provides details on the structure and functions of the existing CRF tables and the CRF Reporter software used to generate the tables, as well as some countries’ experiences with using this current system. To facilitate the transition towards reporting using CRTs, the paper also provides an overview of other tools that could support countries in reporting GHG inventories through CRTs and outlines a set of key issues that could be considered in the transparency negotiations. The paper concludes that the use of CRF tables and a CRF Reporter reduces the reporting burden on Parties – and that this could also be a significant benefit of CRTs and a CRT reporter. The paper also highlights that countries’ experience shows that effective IT arrangements can facilitate the reporting process but that as developing countries have no prior experience with the use of CRF tables and the CRF Reporter, the transition to a new CRT system may need capacity-building support, including for setting up suitable IT arrangements. Classification-JEL: F53; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: Enhanced Transparency Framework, GHG inventories, Paris Agreement, reporting, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2021-04-23 Number: 2021/01 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2021/01-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Luca Lo Re Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Operationalising the Article 6.4 mechanism: Options and implications of CDM activity transition and new activity registration Abstract: This paper identifies and analyses options for the design of the Article 6.4 mechanism in two key areas. These are the possible transition of eligible activities registered under the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to the Article 6.4 mechanism; and the registration of new activities under the Article 6.4 mechanism. The paper outlines possible transition options and potential implications for four issues relating to host Party approval of activities and to the use, review and revision of baseline methodologies and accreditation standards. The paper also highlights the steps needed to register new or transitioned activities under the Article 6.4 mechanism, and how co-ordination between different actors can facilitate a transition. The paper concludes that there are options available to ensure that the Article 6.4 mechanism can be implemented within a few years of a formal agreement on the rules, modalities and procedures for Article 6, and can build on the significant experience gained with the CDM. The paper highlights different ways that this CDM experience can be built on, and outlines the varying administrative and environmental implications of doing so. Classification-JEL: F53; Q29; Q49; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: Article 6, carbon markets, CDM, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2021-05-31 Number: 2021/02 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2021/02-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sirini Jeudy-Hugo Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Luca Lo Re Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Chiara Falduto Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Understanding countries’ net-zero emissions targets Abstract: This paper analyses net-zero emissions targets adopted in law, proposed in legislation, or reflected in policy documents in 51 countries and the EU to better understand their characteristics, similarities and differences. It examines countries’ experiences with translating net-zero targets into near-term plans and analyses four case studies to show how countries develop and implement different pathways to net-zero. This paper also explores the potential role and associated risks, both for individual countries and globally, of using international carbon markets to help achieve countries’ net-zero targets. The paper concludes that countries are adopting diverse approaches to their net-zero targets and many details are currently unclear, including the balance between emission reductions, removals and the use of international carbon markets in reaching countries’ net-zero targets, and how this may change over the next few decades. The paper concludes that greater clarity on the scope, coverage and detail, in particular how countries plan to meet their net-zero commitments, is important to improve understanding of countries’ net-zero targets, how they interact with each other, and their overall implications for achieving the global temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. Classification-JEL: Q54; Q56; Q58; F53 Keywords: carbon markets, Climate change, LT-LEDS, NDCs, net-zero, Paris Agreement Creation-Date: 2021-10-27 Number: 2021/03 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2021/03-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Chiara Falduto Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Katia Simeonova Title: Understanding reporting and review under Articles 6 and 13 of the Paris Agreement Abstract: Reporting and review requirements under the Paris Agreement include provisions under Article 13 relating to the implementation and achievement of Parties’ Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Draft texts relating to Article 6.2 relating to Parties’ use of cooperative approaches also include provisions on reporting and review. This document identifies and analyses issues related to the interplay of relevant reporting and review requirements under both Article 13 and Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, as it is important to improve complementarity and ensure consistency between the two sets of reporting and review provisions, as well as to meet the already-agreed principles governing transparency. Regarding reporting, the document highlights options for improving the clarity of the provisions concerning the timing, content, and frequency of the three required types of information under Article 6.2 guidance (i.e., the initial report, annual information, and regular information). Regarding Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMOs), this document highlights several issues relating to timing and vintages that would need to be addressed to facilitate ITMO reporting and review implementation. Regarding review provisions, this document finds that draft A6.2 guidance could usefully provide further detail on some substantive aspects of the Article 6 review process, such as, e.g., clarifying roles of the Party, the TER team, and the secretariat in the review process. Classification-JEL: F53; Q29; Q49; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: Article 6, carbon markets, Enhanced Transparency Framework, Paris Agreement, reporting, review Creation-Date: 2021-10-27 Number: 2021/04 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2021/04-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sirini Jeudy-Hugo Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Leon Charles Title: Translating outputs to outcomes under the global stocktake of the Paris Agreement Abstract: This paper explores modalities, enablers, and political moments that could help to translate the outputs of the global stocktake (GST) into an outcome that informs and enhances national and international actions as intended in the Paris Agreement. How to move from the collective outputs of the GST to desired outcomes is critical but not straightforward. Drawing on lessons learnt from previous international assessment and review processes under the UNFCCC and beyond, this paper sets out insights on modalities, outputs and enabling factors that could help ensure the GST leads to action on the ground. The paper concludes that achieving the outcomes of the GST requires a well-designed process that effectively engages Parties and non-Party stakeholders in separate but sequenced technical and political discussion tracks. The paper also finds that specific, actionable outputs that target different actors can facilitate subsequent follow-up. The paper identifies different enabling factors that could support the translation of GST outputs formulated at the collective level into national processes to update and enhance actions and support. It also highlights the importance of leveraging different political moments and building linkages with parallel processes, both within and outside the UNFCCC context, to maintain momentum on the GST and ensure operational action follows over time so that collective efforts are in line with the long-term goals of the Paris Agreement. Classification-JEL: Q54; Q56; Q58; F53 Keywords: Climate change, Global stocktake, LT-LEDS, NDCs, Outcomes, Outputs, Paris Agreement, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2022-05-31 Number: 2022/01 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2022/01-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Luca Lo Re Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Federico De Lorenzo Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: How national governments can facilitate increased mitigation action from non-Party Stakeholders: Insights from urban renewable electricity and REDD+ Abstract: Greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation actions will need to be accelerated and scaled up at both national and sub-national levels in order to meet the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement. National governments can play an important role in enabling GHG mitigation actions by non-Party stakeholders (NPS), and in enhancing the interaction between national policies and NPS actions. This paper explores actions national governments could take to facilitate NPS mitigation action in two sub-sectors with large mitigation potential and where NPS play a key role in the successful implementation of mitigation activities. These sectors are renewable electricity generation and procurement in cities and Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation in sub-national jurisdictions. This paper outlines some institutional, regulatory, financial and technical barriers faced by NPS in implementing GHG mitigation activities in these sub-sectors and highlights some examples of national policies and measures that have allowed specific NPS to overcome these barriers. The paper also showcases examples of enabling policy frameworks at the national level that could encourage the replication of such mitigation actions by NPS. An important, common element for successful replication of mitigation activities is for national governments to facilitate co-ordination with NPS; to improve consistency between national and sub-national policies; to identify and clarify responsibilities between different actors; and to regularly review and potentially revise national policies that may unintentionally create barriers to NPS mitigation actions. Classification-JEL: H70; K32; O13; Q15; Q28; Q54 Keywords: climate change, mitigation, non-party stakeholders, REDD+, renewable electricity Creation-Date: 2022-05-31 Number: 2022/02 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2022/02-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Luca Lo Re Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Sandra Greiner Title: The birth of an ITMO: Authorisation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement Abstract: “Authorisation” is a new but as yet undefined component of the guidance for implementation of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. Authorisation is important as it triggers both corresponding adjustments and reporting requirements. This paper identifies and analyses open questions related to what is authorised, by what process, for what purpose, the format and timing of authorisation, and how any ex-post changes to authorisation can be made. The answers to these questions can affect the attractiveness for Parties and the private sector to participate in Article 6 cooperation. The paper also outlines areas of Article 6.2 guidance that could be usefully clarified at the international level, and implications of different options for the domestic implementation of Article 6 authorisation provisions, drawing from examples of a few frontrunner Parties who have already established bilateral agreements and domestic structures for international cooperation under Article 6. The paper concludes that some of the open questions could be clarified at the international level, such as how to report any changes to authorisations and if the authorisation needs to be provided concurrently by the participating Parties. Other questions could be clarified at the national level by the participating Parties providing the authorisation. These include whether participating Parties can choose to include additional elements in their authorisations, and which roles authorised entities could play. Classification-JEL: F53; Q29; Q49; Q54; Q56; Q58 Keywords: Article 6, Carbon markets, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2022-11-02 Number: 2022/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2022/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sirini Jeudy-Hugo Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Sofie Errendal Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Izumi Kotani Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Adaptation in the global stocktake: Options to deliver on its mandate Abstract: This paper explores what the first global stocktake (GST1) under the Paris Agreement could usefully do in relation to two elements of its mandate on adaptation, namely, to review the adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation, and to enhance the implementation of adaptation action. This paper also discusses potential outputs from GST1, and how they could facilitate the intended outcomes of the process on adaptation, taking into account a learning-by-doing approach. This paper highlights that a comprehensive collective assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation requires data that is currently not available for various reasons. Nonetheless, this paper finds that the GST’s ability to incorporate learning and its scope for continuous improvement provides an important opportunity to develop, apply and refine approaches and methodologies over time to better address the GST’s mandate on adaptation in subsequent cycles. The paper concludes that the GST1 process could help to inform and enhance Parties’ adaptation efforts by identifying priority data needs and gaps, increasing understanding of different approaches to assessing adaptation actions, identifying enabling factors for effective adaptation, and building linkages with parallel processes including on the Global Goal on Adaptation. In this way, the GST1 could play an important role in helping to set a foundation for improved approaches and data on adaptation over time that can feed into future GSTs and support the long-term goals of the Paris Agreement. Classification-JEL: F53; Q54; Q56; Q58; O29 Keywords: Adaptation, Climate change, Global stocktake, Monitoring and evaluation, Paris Agreement, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2022-11-02 Number: 2022/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2022/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sirini Jeudy-Hugo Author-Name: Leon Charles Title: Towards a successful outcome of the first global stocktake of the Paris Agreement Abstract: The first global stocktake (GST1) of collective progress towards the goals of the Paris Agreement will conclude at COP28. How the final stage of GST1 is organised, who is involved and how the final outputs are structured can influence the success of the process. This paper explores how to organise the final component of GST1 and how to design related outputs to be impactful. This paper sets out how to build broad, high-level momentum behind GST1 by structuring activities in 2023 and beyond into four phases of: i) awareness building; ii) socialisation; iii) decision-making; and iv) follow-up. This paper highlights the importance of technical outputs that are fit for purpose and identifies potential options for structuring technical outputs from GST1 to target different actors, including negotiators, policy makers, practitioners, and a broader audience beyond the UNFCCC process. The paper also sets out how to design a package of political outputs from GST1 to include different mutually supportive elements, including negotiated, consultative, and non-negotiated elements, which could play distinct roles and engage different actors. The paper underlines the importance of efforts to monitor how GST1 outputs are taken forward by different actors after COP28. This follow-up could build on existing provisions and establish new processes where needed, to help assess the success of the GST1 exercise and inform subsequent GST cycles. Classification-JEL: Q54; Q56; Q58; F53 Keywords: Climate change, Global stocktake, NDCs, Outcomes, Paris Agreement Creation-Date: 2023-05-26 Number: 2023/01 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2023/01-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Name: Luca Lo Re Author-Name: Sofie Errendal Title: Making the Mitigation Work Programme fit for purpose: Options for forms, focus and information that would lead to successful implementation Abstract: Parties established the Mitigation Work Programme (MWP) at COP26 to ”urgently scale up mitigation ambition and implementation” to help reach the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. At COP27, Parties further fleshed out the MWP, which will be operationalised each year between 2023-2026 via at least two global dialogues, other dialogues and investment-focused events. This paper outlines key questions that could shape the aims, scope, focus, format, and participation in the dialogues, as well as the possible interplay between the MWP global dialogues and investment-focused events by drawing on experiences with other processes and events inside and outside the UNFCCC. This paper also provides lessons from examples in three sub-sectors where mitigation actions have been rapidly scaled up. This paper highlights several open questions related to the substance, process, and timing of the global dialogues and the investment-focused events, as well as potential linkages between these. The paper also discusses possible implications of different choices on these open questions. Decisions on the scope, format, and aims of the MWP dialogues will influence their impacts and the relevance of these dialogues to different countries and stakeholders. Yet, dialogues and events under the MWP will face trade-offs between concentrating on short- versus longer-term issues and outcomes and on choosing a broad or narrow focus. Such choices will impact how many countries the event or dialogue is relevant to. In addition, there are various ongoing initiatives and events outside the UNFCCC that are relevant to the aims of the MWP and that the MWP could usefully learn from. Careful mapping and co-ordination are needed to ensure that the MWP builds on, rather than duplicates, existing initiatives and events within and beyond the UNFCCC. Classification-JEL: F53; H70; Q54; Q56; Q58; E22 Keywords: climate change, global dialogues, investment-focused events, Mitigation work programme, Paris Agreement, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2023-05-26 Number: 2023/02 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2023/02-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sirini Jeudy-Hugo Author-Name: Sofie Errendal Title: Towards an impactful Mitigation Work Programme under the UNFCCC Abstract: The Mitigation Work Programme (MWP) was established at COP26 to urgently enhance mitigation ambition and implementation in this critical decade. This paper explores how the MWP could build on and amplify relevant existing efforts, within and outside the UNFCCC, to trigger the rapid scale up of mitigation efforts required to keep the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement within reach. As a multilateral platform backed by the legitimacy and convening power of the UNFCCC, the MWP could help to raise awareness of available tools and solutions, build momentum behind relevant ongoing mitigation-related initiatives without being prescriptive, and deliver more effective, targeted mitigation efforts across all fronts in the near-term. This paper also outlines potential options for the annual decision on the MWP which provides an important opportunity to maintain attention on the need to urgently scale up mitigation efforts and encourages learning-by-doing. The annual MWP decision could be structured around different mutually supportive elements including lessons learned from the MWP’s first year, follow-up from MWP activities and related mitigation commitments at previous COPs, synergies with other UNFCCC processes, and how to complement the global stocktake. Classification-JEL: D63; F53; H70; O29; Q49; Q54; Q56; Q58; E22 Keywords: climate change, global dialogues, international co-operation, investment-focused events, just energy transition, Mitigation Work Programme, non-Party stakeholders, Paris Agreement, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2023-11-17 Number: 2023/03 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2023/03-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sirini Jeudy-Hugo Author-Name: Luca Lo Re Author-Name: Coline Pouille Author-Name: Sofie Errendal Title: Insights for designing mitigation elements in the next round of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) Abstract: The Paris Agreement is underpinned by Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) in which Parties set out how they plan to support the Agreement’s long-term temperature goal. Parties are to submit their next NDCs by early 2025, informed by the first global stocktake (GST1). The GST1 sets out key signals and a series of mitigation focused calls in line with 1.5°C pathways that can guide the next generation of NDCs. This paper explores how Parties can prepare enhanced NDCs that take forward GST1 outcomes on mitigation and relevant provisions on NDCs, building on lessons learned from successive NDCs and available follow-up opportunities to support this process. Insights from experiences highlight the interlinkages between enhancing NDC ambition and implementation. Ambitious NDCs underpinned by robust implementation plans and accompanying investment plans can ensure NDCs are action oriented, implementation ready and investable. At the same time, adopting whole-of-government, whole-of-society approaches to NDCs can foster a sense of national ownership and increase social acceptance, leading to more ambitious NDCs and support subsequent implementation. The paper also explores potential guidance that could be relevant for negotiations on NDC features in 2024. While recognising the nationally determined character of NDCs, Parties could use these negotiations to provide clarity on new issues that have emerged since the Paris Agreement was adopted and on existing elements that could benefit from clarification. When addressing negotiations on NDC features, Parties may also want to consider a longer-term perspective beyond the next NDCs and links with other relevant negotiation processes on reporting and transparency. Classification-JEL: F53; Q56; Q58; Q54 Keywords: Climate change, Global stocktake, NDCs, Paris Agreement, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2024-05-27 Number: 2024/01 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2024/01-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Chiara Falduto Author-Name: Jolien Noels Author-Name: Raphaël Jachnik Title: The New Collective Quantified Goal on climate finance: Options for reflecting the role of different sources, actors, and qualitative considerations Abstract: At the UNFCCC COP21 in 2015, Parties decided that a New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) on climate finance shall be set prior to 2025, from a floor of USD 100 billion per year, taking into account the needs and priorities of developing countries. The ad-hoc work programme on the NCQG commenced at the beginning of 2022 and will conclude in 2024. In this context, the present paper puts forward key findings that can help to inform the final months of international discussions relating to the NCQG. First, the paper provides a stocktake of available evidence highlighting that climate action in developing countries requires significant levels of financing that can be met from a wide, and complementary, range of existing and potential new sources. Second, the paper considers how the NCQG could reflect various individual elements, grouped in three clusters: international public finance, private finance, and domestic efforts. Without pre-empting the future structure of the NCQG, the discussion in this paper illustrates how to potentially reflect both the importance of international public finance as well as the need to scale up private finance, while also recognising the magnitude and effectiveness of such finance depends on the domestic context and actions by all Parties. Third, the paper explores issues relating to tracking and assessing progress towards the future goal. These indicate that while certain elements can be tracked in monetary terms, others would require a different type of quantified indicators or qualitative information. These considerations also highlight that although data and information stemming from the Paris Agreement’s Enhanced Transparency Framework will be central, further sources will be needed for such progress assessments to be as comprehensive and policy relevant as possible. Classification-JEL: F35; F63; F64; Q01; Q54; Q56 Keywords: climate change, Climate finance, New collective quantified goal, Paris Agreement, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2024-05-27 Number: 2024/02 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2024/02-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sirini Jeudy-Hugo Author-Name: Luca Lo Re Author-Name: Coline Pouille Author-Name: Heeweon Hyun Title: Considerations for informing, implementing, and investing in the next nationally determined contributions (NDCs) Abstract: Under the Paris Agreement, Parties are to put forward their next nationally determined contributions (NDCs) in February 2025. The outcomes of the first global stocktake (GST1) provides key signals to inform this next round of NDCs, including the adoption of economy-wide emission reduction targets, as well as global calls to achieve net-zero emissions in the energy sector by mid-century and halt deforestation and forest degradation by 2030. This paper explores how Parties can take forward these global calls in their next NDCs. Information provided by Parties in their NDCs and biennial transparency reports (BTRs) on their responses to the global energy and forestry calls will be important for assessing collective ambition and progress towards the GST1 mitigation outcomes. Drawing on lessons from experiences, this paper also explores how to gear the next NDCs towards implementation and investment. Underpinning NDCs with more granular information, whether in the NDC or in subsequent documents, establishing robust whole-of-government approaches and inclusive stakeholder engagement processes, can help to meet the needs of different actors, unlock finance and investment, and support the delivery of climate actions. Classification-JEL: F53; H87; Q54; Q56; Q58; O44 Keywords: BTRs, Climate change, Deforestation, Global stocktake, NDCs, Paris Agreement, Transparency, UNFCCC Creation-Date: 2024-10-29 Number: 2024/03 Handle: RePEc:oec:envaab:2024/03-EN