Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Arthur Mickoleit Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Greener and Smarter: ICTs, the Environment and Climate Change Abstract: Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are a key enabler of “green growth” in all sectors of the economy. They are a key part of government strategies for a sustainable economic recovery. This report looks at how ICTs can improve their own environmental performance, and how they can be used to improve environmental performance throughout the economy and society. Direct environmental impacts of ICTs are considerable in areas such as energy use, materials throughput and end-of-life treatment. Government “green ICT” policies can be instrumental in promoting life-cycle approaches for improved R&D and design of ICT goods, services and systems. Innovative ICT applications enable sustainable production and consumption across the entire economy. The potential for improving environmental performance targets specific products, but also entire systems and industry sectors, e.g. construction, transport, energy. Creation-Date: 2010-09-01 Number: 2010/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2010/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Environmental Claims: Findings and Conclusions of the OECD Committee on Consumer Policy Abstract: The Committee on Consumer Policy launched a project to examine ways to enhance the value and effectiveness of green claims in April 2009. In support of the work, a workshop with representatives from government, business and civil society was held in April 2010. This report presents the findings and conclusions of the Committee’s work. Creation-Date: 2011-03-01 Number: 2011/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2011/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Nils Axel Braathen Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Interactions Between Emission Trading Systems and Other Overlapping Policy Instruments Abstract: Well designed emission trading systems are environmentally effective and economically efficient instruments to address emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. This paper discusses interactions that can occur when a cap-and-trade based emission trading system is combined with overlapping policy instruments (environmentally related taxes, subsidies, ‘command-and-control regulations, information instruments, etc.), addressing emissions stemming from the same sources. Creation-Date: 2011-06-01 Number: 2011/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2011/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Jobs Potential of a Shift Towards a Low-Carbon Economy Abstract: The greening of the labour market will create new opportunities for workers, but also new risks that could undermine political support for green growth policies. Accordingly, labour market and skills policy should also seek to maximise the benefits of green growth for workers while assuring that unavoidable adjustment costs are shared fairly. This report aims to provide guidance for how best labour market and skill development policy can contribute to a fast, efficient and fair transition to a low carbon and resource efficient economy, particularly in developed countries. This paper represents the final OECD report for the European Commission project on “The jobs potential of a shift towards a low-carbon economy” (VS/2010/0618 – S12.576453). Creation-Date: 2012-06-01 Number: 2012/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2012/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Green Growth and Environmental Governance in Eastern Europe, Caucasus, and Central Asia Abstract: The report takes stock of the latest developments in the overall economic and social conditions in EECCA countries, market signals and environmental governance arrangements that may facilitate the shift towards green growth, and discusses possible barriers and measures to overcome them. At the same time, the report delineates the possible elements of a more coherent and effective reform agenda. In such a way the report aims to serve as background and a starting point for follow up development of green growth policies in EECCA. Creation-Date: 2012-07-01 Number: 2012/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2012/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea Beltramello Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Market Development for Green Cars Abstract: This report presents and analyses policies, programmes and approaches for the development, market introduction and diffusion of green cars. It reviews government policies in a number of OECD countries as well as a selection of non-OECD economies. The report attempts to provide: i) a better understanding of the growing market for green vehicles; ii) new analytical instruments to identify policies and approaches that could be designed and put in place, notably with the aim of fostering the uptake of green cars; and iii) to the extent possible, insights into the efficiency and effectiveness of existing policies, as well as guidance on how to assess the impact of future measures. Creation-Date: 2012-09-01 Number: 2012/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2012/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea Beltramello Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Linda Haie-Fayle Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Dirk Pilat Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Why New Business Models Matter for Green Growth Abstract: New business models can make an important contribution to the transition to green growth. While some new business models involve large firms, others are small start-up firms that seek to exploit technological or commercial opportunities that have been neglected or not yet explored by more established firms. New firms tend to engage in more radical innovation than existing firms, and scaling up new business models can therefore help reduce environmental pollution, optimise the use of natural resources, increase productivity and energy efficiency, and provide a new source of economic growth. Although the market for green goods and services is growing, the development of new business models is affected by a range of barriers, many of which can be addressed by well-designed policies. Creation-Date: 2013-02-26 Number: 2013/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2013/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: What Have We Learned from Attempts to Introduce Green-Growth Policies? Abstract: Long-term projections suggest that without policy changes, the continuation of business-as-usual economic growth and development will have serious impacts on natural resources and the ecosystem services on which human well-being depends. This highlights the necessity for both developed and developing countries to move to a new growth path that is consistent with the protection of the environment and a sustainable use of scarce natural resources, while still achieving sizeable gains in living standards and reducing poverty... Creation-Date: 2013-03-27 Number: 2013/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2013/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Building Green Global Value Chains: Committed Public-Private Coalitions in Agro-Commodity Markets Abstract: In this paper we explore why and how the private sector is working in partnerships with the public sector on building green global value chains. The findings and insights are based on the experiences of the companies associated in the Dutch Sustainable Growth Coalition and five years of intensive work of driving green growth in supply chains through IDH The Sustainable Trade Initiative. The Sustainable Trade Initiative was set up with support of the Dutch and Danish governments to build coalitions of companies, governments and NGOs that would transform markets towards sustainability at scale. This paper provides key lessons how to drive such change effectively. Creation-Date: 2013-04-11 Number: 2013/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2013/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Bernard Sinclair-Desgagné Author-Workplace-Name: HEC Montreal Title: Greening Global Value Chains: Implementation Challenges Abstract: The objective of this paper is to highlight some of the most important implementation issues associated with the greening of global value chains (GVCs). Special attention is given to how public policies and business strategies can support each other in meeting the challenge, particularly in developing countries. Creation-Date: 2013-05-06 Number: 2013/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2013/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Matthieu Glachant Author-Workplace-Name: MINES ParisTech Title: Greening Global Value Chains: Innovation and the International Diffusion of Technologies and Knowledge Abstract: The objective of the paper is to lay out the state of knowledge on the role of innovation and the diffusion of technologies in the greening of global value chains as well as some of the main policy issues and key research gaps1. A special emphasis will be put on developing countries in which innovation, skills and technological absorptive capacities tend to be lower while green technologies are urgently needed. The structure of the paper is extremely simple. In a first part, we give some concepts and definitions on technology, innovation, and the channels of technology diffusion. In a second part, we use various statistics (green patents, trade flows, and foreign direct investments) and illustrative examples to describe how technology and knowledge is created today and disseminated across countries. For data reasons, we mostly focus on climate-mitigation technologies, but there are good reasons to think that other green technologies do not significantly differ from the “average” climate mitigation technology. Then, we list and discuss key policy challenges (the role of environmental policies, intellectual property rights, capacity building, etc.). The conclusion summarizes the main lessons. Creation-Date: 2013-05-06 Number: 2013/5 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2013/5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Nancy Kamp-Roelands Author-Workplace-Name: Ernst & Young Title: Private Sector Initiatives on Measuring and Reporting on Green Growth Abstract: Green growth gains momentum, not only for governments but for companies as well. They see increasingly the opportunities that come along with ‘green growth’ as well as the relevance of mitigating environmental and social risks to which they are exposed. This paper’s central message is that high quality information is necessary to support decisions that drive green growth. Creation-Date: 2013-04-11 Number: 2013/6 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2013/6-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Steve Bass Author-Workplace-Name: International Institute for Environment and Development Author-Name: Shannon Siyao Wang Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Tadele Ferede Author-Workplace-Name: Addis Ababa University Author-Name: Daniel Fikreyesus Author-Workplace-Name: Echnoserve Title: Making Growth Green and Inclusive: The Case of Ethiopia Abstract: Ethiopian society, economy and environment are so intimately interlinked that systematic attention is essential if clashes are to be resolved and synergies realised. For example, the majority of poor people are principally dependent on agriculture but, in turn, society is dependent on farmers managing land well to sustain water supplies, biodiversity and other environmental services. Such relationships are dynamic and increasingly intense: climate change, rising population, resource scarcities and price volatilities put them all under pressure. An integrated perspective that works operationally is needed – one that makes economic, social and environmental sense and that inspires stakeholders. The holistic approach that the Ethiopian Government has recently developed aims to tackle the problems inherent in growth paths that produce environmental problems, and to realise potentials from investing in Ethiopia’s natural assets. For example, the country’s agricultural products and potential for green hydroelectric power are unique attributes that could drive development in ways that are environmentally sound and provide new jobs and satisfying livelihoods... Creation-Date: 2013-06-05 Number: 2013/7 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2013/7-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Essam Yassin Mohammed Author-Workplace-Name: International Institute for Environment and Development Author-Name: Shannon Wang Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Gary Kawaguchi Author-Workplace-Name: Pannasastra University of Cambodia Title: Making Growth Green and Inclusive: The Case of Cambodia Abstract: Developing countries have collectively displayed relatively high growth rates in the last decade. Although large disparities still persist in standards of living, low and middle income countries averaged economic growth of 6.2% between 2000 and 2008, pulling 325 million people out of poverty (World Bank, 2010). Global growth has been accompanied by environmental degradation and in some cases there are growing numbers of people still living in poverty. Key questions for development planning today in countries include: Can developing countries strike a balance between economic growth, societal well-being and environmental protection? Can inclusive, green growth be a way forward? This report presents a case study on Cambodia designed to answer these questions. The case study draws on several sources of information to compile a “snapshot” of the situation today. In particular, qualitative information was gathered through a two-day, multi-stakeholder workshop and through bilateral interviews conducted with relevant actors from both public and private sectors. It also draws on relevant literature to present a balanced picture of the state of play on green growth in Cambodia. Creation-Date: 2013-08-12 Number: 2013/8 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2013/8-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Cristina Martinez-Fernandez Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Samantha Sharpe Author-Workplace-Name: University Technology Sydney Author-Name: Merritt Hughes Author-Workplace-Name: University of Massachusetts Author-Name: Carmen Avellaner de Santos Title: Improving the Effectiveness of Green Local Development: The Role and Impact of Public Sector-Led Initiatives in Renewable Energy Abstract: This report presents a snapshot of the global renewable energy industry and investigates what this global industry can mean for local development. This industry is rapidly growing in response to countries’ activities to reduce their carbon emissions. The deployment of renewable energy is seen as a key development opportunity for rural regions and a way for governments to give substance to “green growth” claims. The paper suggests that local governments and other institutions will be central agents in the success of the transition of regional areas to low-carbon economies. Creation-Date: 2013-11-26 Number: 2013/9 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2013/9-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Greener Skills and Jobs for a Low-Carbon Future Abstract: Green skills, that is, skills needed in a low-carbon economy, will be required in all sectors and at all levels in the workforce as emerging economic activities create new (or renewed) occupations. Structural changes will realign sectors that are likely to decline as a result of the greening of the economy and workers will need to be retrained accordingly. The successful transition to a low-carbon economy will only be possible if workers can flexibly adapt and transfer from areas of decreasing employment to new industries. This paper suggests that the role of skills and education and training policies should be an important component of the ecological transformation process. Creation-Date: 2013-12-03 Number: 2013/10 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2013/10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Thai-Thanh Dang Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Annabelle Mourougane Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Adjusting Productivity for Pollution in Selected Asian Economies Abstract: Multifactor productivity (MFP) is increasingly used in economic policy, not least to compute potential output. Most measures are based on a standard production function combining labour and capital, but do not incorporate the negative by-products of the production process such as air pollution that could have deleterious effect on health and productivity in the medium to long term (see for instance OECD (2014)). The failure to account for the costs of environmental damages and the benefits associated with emission reduction impart a bias to standard measures of MFP. Ignoring these dimensions can give a misleading idea of growth prospects over the medium to long term... Creation-Date: 2014-08-21 Number: 2014/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2014/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Thai-Thanh Dang Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Annabelle Mourougane Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Estimating Shadow Prices of Pollution in Selected OECD Countries Abstract: Now that pollution is reaching worrisome levels in some countries and at the global level, there is a growing consensus that it needs to be explicitly considered as a by-product of the production process and incorporated in economic decisions. But this is not easy in the absence of markets and observable prices. Shadow prices of pollution, the opportunity cost of abating pollution in the form of reduced output, have to be estimated using specific techniques and serve several purposes. It’s a signal firms have to take into consideration when they decide upon their investment decisions. Shadow prices can also inform policymakers when they set policies. They can be used to assess policy ex ante by comparing the marginal benefits of environment policies with the cost they involve for private firms. These prices can be seen as benchmark for allowance price in emission market-based schemes or can be useful in designing optimal environmental tax schemes. The indicator can also be used ex post and can be considered as a policy indicator of pollution regulation and compliance to these regulations. More generally such prices are used each time there is a need to value pollution... Creation-Date: 2014-08-21 Number: 2014/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2014/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Juan Casado Asensio Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Shannon Wang Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Katlego Moilwa Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Anna Drutschinin Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Green Development Co-Operation in Zambia: An Overview Abstract: Embracing green growth can secure strong, stable and sustainable development. Green growth recognises and integrates the value of natural capital into economic decision-making and development planning, which is critical to avoid natural capital depletion, the worst of climate change and social and national security risks (OECD, 2013). This is particularly true for developing countries, because of their dependence on natural assets and acute exposure and vulnerability to environmental risks, ranging from air, water and soil pollution, as well as natural resource scarcity and extreme weather events exacerbated by climate change. A green growth policy framework recognises and aims to address both micro- and macro-level pressures that countries face to grow their economies, while also managing environmental risks. In poorer developing countries, micro-level pressures may include lack of access to basic services such as shelter, fuel, water; while macro-level pressures are threats to stable livelihoods due to... Creation-Date: 2014-12-23 Number: 2014/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2014/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: David Banister Author-Name: Philippe Crist Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Stephen Perkins Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Land Transport and How to Unlock Investment in Support of “Green Growth” Abstract: “Green growth” and transport combines several different concepts that are central to sustainable mobility, including sustainable economic activity, reduced environmental impact and sustained growth in high quality jobs. It attempts to balance the importance of economic growth, with environmental damage and social priorities through assessing positive actions that can be taken by a wide variety of public and private stakeholders. It has arisen out of the concern over the use of non-renewable resources in transport, increasing emissions of carbon and other pollutants, and the expected levels of growth in mobility over the next 40 years. But it also acknowledges the importance of transport to the economy, and its role in helping to create jobs, improving levels of productivity and output, and in promoting agglomeration benefits. This means that transport should be efficient, but at the same time make less demand on the environment through less use of resources, through recycling and reuse of materials, and through embracing a life cycle perspective... Creation-Date: 2015-02-23 Number: 2015/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2015/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Schreyer Author-Name: C. Obst Title: Towards Complete Balance Sheets in the National Accounts: The case of Mineral and Energy Resources Abstract: Despite its importance, regular measurement of the value of natural resources at national level is still in its infancy and often disconnected from valuation approaches for other assets. We show that there exists a consistent approach towards valuation that applies to subsoil assets and produced capital alike. We further align accounting in physical and monetary terms and construct standard volume and price indexes of energy and mineral resources with an application to Australia. Finally, we examine the link between our measure of subsoil wealth and indicators of sustainability. Overall, this paper demonstrates how the bodies of work on capital theory, index number measurement and growth accounting on the one hand, and valuation and measurement of natural resources on the other can be aligned. From a practical accounting perspective this alignment should aid in the implementation of broader measures of wealth at national level which are required for policy and analysis.
En dépit de leur importance dans l’estimation des richesses d’un pays, les ressources naturelles commencent à peine à être prises en compte de façon systématique et sont bien souvent évaluées indépendamment des autres actifs. Dans ce rapport, nous verrons qu’il existe une approche cohérente pouvant s’appliquer aussi bien à l’évaluation des richesses du sous-sol qu’à celles du capital produit. Nous combinerons comptabilités physique et monétaire et définirons un indice des prix et du volume de l’énergie et des ressources naturelles avec une application à l’Australie. Enfin, nous examinerons le lien entre notre mesure des richesses du sous-sol et les indicateurs de développement durable. Nous démontrerons qu’il est possible d’aligner, d’un côté, les travaux sur la théorie du capital, la mesure des indices et la comptabilité de la croissance et, de l’autre, la valorisation et la mesure des ressources naturelles. Concrètement, cet alignement devrait permettre de mesurer plus précisément l’étendue des richesses au niveau national, et donc offrir une meilleure analyse servant de base aux politiques mises en place. Creation-Date: 2015-04-07 Number: 2015/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2015/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jay Turner Author-Workplace-Name: Washington University (St. Louis) Title: Air Pollution Exposure Indicators: Review of Ground-Level Monitoring Data Availability and Proposed Calculation Method Abstract: This paper identifies opportunities to refine OECD’s indicators of air pollution and population exposure to air pollution, and their periodic production for OECD and G20 countries. First, a comprehensive review is conducted of the publicly available ground-level air monitoring data for the selected countries, including their geographic coverage, data quality, comparability, etc. Second, the paper evaluates the potential applications of ground monitoring measurements for the construction of policy-relevant and internationally comparable indicators across OECD and G20 countries. Given the limited public availability of data and the incomplete geographic coverage in countries outside of Europe and North America, this paper concludes that such data are not suitable for the development of the OECD indicators of air pollution and population exposure to air pollution that need to be harmonised across countries and over time. A hybrid approach is instead recommended as a superior alternative that draws on both satellite data combined with a chemical transport model calibrated using ground-based measurements.
Ce rapport étudie les possibilités d’affiner les indicateurs de l’OCDE concernant la pollution de l’air et l’exposition de la population à la pollution de l’air, et leur production régulière pour les pays de l’OCDE et ceux du G20. Il propose pour commencer un examen très complet des données publiques de surveillance de l’air au niveau du sol disponibles dans les pays étudiés, en s’intéressant notamment à leur couverture géographique, la qualité des données, leur comparabilité, etc. Il évalue ensuite les possibilités de construire, à l’aide des mesures au sol, des indicateurs pertinents pour l’action publique et comparables dans les pays de l’OCDE et du G20. Après avoir constaté que les données publiques étaient limitées et que leur couverture géographique était incomplète dans les pays hors zones Europe et Amérique du Nord, le rapport conclut que ces données ne conviennent pas pour élaborer les indicateurs de l’OCDE concernant la pollution de l’air et l’exposition de la population qui doivent être harmonisés entre pays et au cours du temps. Il recommande d’opter plutôt pour une approche hybride, basée sur des données satellitaires conjuguées à un modèle de transport chimique étalonné à l’aide de données relevées au niveau du sol, qui semble offrir une meilleure alternative. Classification-JEL: I18; O18; Q53; R11 Keywords: ambient air pollution, ground monitoring, outdoor air pollution, ozone, ozone, particulate matter, particules, pollution de l’air ambiant, pollution de l’air extérieur, surveillance au sol Creation-Date: 2016-08-13 Number: 2016/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2016/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Alexander Mackie Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Ivan Haščič Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Miguel Cárdenas Rodríguez Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Population Exposure to Fine Particles: Methodology and Results for OECD and G20 Countries Abstract: This paper presents progress in elaborating an indicator of population exposure to PM2.5 with the objective to produce internationally harmonised indicators for all OECD and G20 countries. The paper takes stock of the various methodological options, including those based on data from ground-based monitoring, remote sensing, and a hybrid approach. A calculation methodology is described and examples of the indicator are presented for all OECD and G20 countries for the 1990-2013 time period. Possible next steps are identified with the aim of updating the indicator on a regular basis.
Ce document présente l’état d’avancement des travaux de développement d’un indicateur de l’exposition de la population aux PM2.5 dont l’objectif est de produire des indicateurs harmonisés au plan international pour les pays de l’OCDE et du G20. Il fait le bilan des différentes options méthodologiques, notamment de celles qui s’appuient sur des données de surveillance au sol, sur des données de télédétection, et sur une approche hybride. Une méthode de calcul est décrite et des exemples sont présentés pour tous les pays de l’OCDE et du G20 pour la période 1990-2013. Le document expose les étapes suivantes envisagées pour assurer une mise à jour régulière de l’indicateur. Classification-JEL: I18; O18; Q53; R11 Keywords: ambient air pollution, ground monitoring, human exposure, l'exposition humaine, outdoor air pollution, pollution de l’air ambiant, pollution de l’air extérieur, remote sensing, surveillance au sol, télédétection Creation-Date: 2016-08-13 Number: 2016/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2016/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Vasco Diogo Author-Workplace-Name: Spatial Information Laboratory, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Author-Name: Eric Koomen Author-Workplace-Name: Spatial Information Laboratory, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Title: Land Cover and Land Use Indicators: Review of available data Abstract: This paper identifies opportunities to refine OECD’s indicators of land cover and land use and their regular production for all OECD and G20 countries. A comprehensive review is conducted of the available datasets at the global, regional and national levels, including data derived from remote sensing as well as those complemented with administrative and survey data. The datasets are assessed in terms of their geographic coverage, periodicity, spatial resolution, data reliability and comparability. The paper discusses the potential use of such datasets for the production of indicators that are harmonised across countries and over time. It is found that data on land cover are widely available and that many OECD countries have good-quality national land cover datasets, in some cases consistently over time. However, considerable differences have been found among the land cover products reviewed in terms of their geographic coverage, spatial, temporal and thematic resolution. For eight countries, no country- or region-specific data could be found (including Israel, Korea, Colombia, Costa Rica, India, Indonesia, the Russian Federation and Saudi Arabia). On the other hand, data on land use seem to be much scarcer, available only for Australia, European countries, Japan and the United States. The paper concludes with a discussion of selection guidelines for, and examples of, potentially suitable datasets in terms of their geographic coverage and the temporal, spatial and thematic resolution.
Ce rapport identifie les possibilités d’affiner les indicateurs de l’OCDE sur l’occupation et l’utilisation des terres, ainsi que leur production régulière pour tous les pays de l’OCDE et ceux du G20. Il propose un examen complet des ensembles de données disponibles au niveau mondial, régional et national, incluant les données de télédétection et les informations complétées par des données administratives et tirées d’enquêtes. Les sources de données sont évaluées par rapport à leur couverture géographique, périodicité, fiabilité et comparabilité de l’information. Le rapport étudie l’utilisation potentielle de ces ensembles de données pour produire des indicateurs harmonisés entre pays et dans le temps. On constate que les données sur la couverture du sol sont largement disponibles et que de nombreux pays de l’OCDE ont des données nationales de bonne qualité, parfois même consistantes dans le temps. Néanmoins, des différences importantes persistent parmi les produits de couverture du sol examinés, en particulier la couverture géographique, la résolution spatiale et thématique et la précision des données. Pour huit pays (Israël, la Corée, la Colombie, le Costa Rica, l’Inde, l’Indonésie, la Fédération de Russie et l’Arabie saoudite), aucune donnée nationale ou régionale n’a pu être trouvée. Les données sur l’utilisation des terres semblent en revanche bien plus rares et ne sont disponible que pour l’Australie, les pays européens, le Japon et les États-Unis. Ce rapport conclut avec une discussion sur les méthodes de sélection, ainsi que des exemples de sources de données potentiellement adéquates en termes de couverture géographique, de résolution temporelle, spatiale et thématique. Classification-JEL: Q56; Q57; R11; R52 Keywords: données satellitaires, land cover, land use, occupation des terres, remote sensing, satellite data, télédétection, utilisation des terres Creation-Date: 2016-09-22 Number: 2016/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2016/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Miguel Cárdenas Rodríguez Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Ivan Haščič Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Martin Souchier Title: Environmentally Adjusted Multifactor Productivity: Methodology and Empirical results for OECD and G20 countries Abstract: This paper further refines the OECD framework for measuring the environmentally adjusted multifactor productivity growth that seeks to incorporate environmental services in productivity analysis. Compared to standard productivity measurement, this framework allows accounting also for the use of natural capital (currently including 14 types of fossil fuels and minerals) and the emission of pollutants as negative by-products (currently including 8 types of greenhouse gases and air pollutants). An updated series of the indicator is presented, with a geographic coverage extended to all OECD and G20 countries for the 1990-2013 time period. The indicators presented here allow the sources of economic growth to be better identified, and growth prospects in the long run to be better assessed.
Le présent rapport affine le cadre de mesure de la croissance de la productivité multifactorielle corrigée des incidences environnementales utilisé par l’OCDE pour incorporer les services environnementaux dans l’analyse de la productivité. Comparé à la mesure classique de la productivité, ce cadre permet également de tenir compte de l’utilisation du capital naturel (actuellement 14 types de combustibles fossiles et minéraux) et des émissions de polluants en tant que sous-produits négatifs (actuellement 8 types de gaz à effet de serre et polluants atmosphériques). Une série actualisée de cet indicateur, dont la couverture géographique s’étend à tous les pays de l’OCDE et du G20, est présentée pour la période 1990-2013. Ces indicateurs permettent de mieux identifier les sources de croissance économique et de mieux évaluer les perspectives de croissance sur le long terme. Classification-JEL: D24; O44; O47; Q3; Q52; Q53; Q56 Keywords: air pollution, emission shadow prices, green productivity, mesure de la productivité, multifactor productivity, pollution atmosphérique, productivity measurement, productivité multifactorielle, productivité totale des facteurs, productivité verte, total factor productivity Creation-Date: 2016-09-22 Number: 2016/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2016/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Nathalie Cliquot Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Lauren Hermanus Author-Workplace-Name: Western Cape Government Environmental Affairs And Development Planning Author-Name: Rushka Ely Author-Workplace-Name: Western Cape Government Environmental Affairs And Development Planning Title: Boosting Skills for Greener Jobs in the Western Cape Province of South Africa Abstract: The OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Programme recently undertook an international project on ‘Boosting skills ecosystems for greener jobs’ in four countries: Belgium (Flanders), Poland (Pomorskie), Greece (Attica) and South Africa (Western Cape). The project seeks to explore how local areas and industry clusters identify the specific skills needed to support green growth. Furthermore, it considered how related skills policies and practices can be made more effective in supporting and accelerating the transition to a green economy.This report specifically considers the aquaculture sector of the Western Cape Province in South Africa. While this sector is still relatively small in the Western Cape, it presents important new opportunities for the region’s labour market through business growth, innovation, increasing food production, addressing environmental challenges and job creation. Aquaculture has been identified as a priority sector, but does not yet fully benefit from the mechanisms to foster green growth. Creation-Date: 2018-03-16 Number: 2018/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2018/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Miguel Cárdenas Rodríguez Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Ivan Haščič Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Martin Souchier Title: Environmentally Adjusted Multifactor Productivity: Methodology and Empirical results for OECD and G20 countries Abstract: The paper further refines the OECD framework for measuring the environmentally adjusted multifactor productivity growth that seeks to incorporate environmental services in productivity analysis. Compared to standard productivity measurement, this framework allows accounting also for the use of natural capital (currently including 14 types of fossil fuels and minerals) and the emission of pollutants as negative by-products (currently including 8 types of greenhouse gases and air pollutants). An updated series of the indicator is presented, with a geographic coverage extended to all OECD and G20 countries for the 1990-2013 time period. The indicators presented here allow the sources of economic growth to be better identified, and growth prospects in the long run to be better assessed.This paper replaces the 2016 version which contained outdated information on natural capital for a few countries corresponding to an earlier version of the estimations. Figures 1-10, A4.1, A5.1, A5.2, A6.1 have therefore been adjusted, with the only noticeable change being the ranking in the contributions of natural capital to output growth. The main messages and conclusions remain unchanged. Classification-JEL: D24; O44; O47; Q3; Q52; Q53; Q56 Keywords: air pollution, emission shadow prices, exhaustible natural capital, green productivity, growth accounting, multifactor productivity, productivity measurement, total factor productivity Creation-Date: 2018-03-16 Number: 2018/02 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2018/02-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Pierre-Alain Pionnier Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Shunta Yamaguchi Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Compiling mineral and energy resource accounts according to the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) 2012: A contribution to the calculation of Green Growth Indicators Abstract: Statistics on the level and the evolution of stocks of natural assets play a key role in sustainability analyses of economic growth. This paper can be seen as a set of technical guidelines to support the compilation of mineral and energy resource accounts according to the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) 2012. The first part of this paper explains how the coexisting classifications of mineral and energy resources relate to each other and to the classification advocated by the SEEA 2012. It also describes the OECD database on stocks and flows of mineral and energy resources in physical units. Monetary values can be used to compare stocks and flows of heterogeneous assets, and also to characterise the economic benefits of these assets, two tasks that cannot be completed by using physical data only. The valuation of mineral and energy resource stocks poses specific challenges, which are described in the second part of this paper. Creation-Date: 2018-03-16 Number: 2018/03 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2018/03-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ivan Haščič Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Alexander Mackie Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Land Cover Change and Conversions: Methodology and Results for OECD and G20 Countries Abstract: Changes in the biophysical characteristics of natural habitats – that can be measured with data on land cover – are the best proxy to monitor pressures on ecosystems and biodiversity. This paper presents a suite of indicators that track land cover change over time in a globally consistent manner. The indicators, including an OECD Green Growth headline indicator, represent the Organisation's most recent effort to monitor pressures on ecosystems and biodiversity, using state-of-the-art data and techniques. Results are presented for OECD and G20 countries over 1992-2015 using global multi-period datasets. Classification-JEL: Q2; Q24; Q28; Q57; Q58; R11; R14; R52 Keywords: biodiversity, Earth observation, ecosystems, habitat loss, land cover, remote sensing, satellite data Creation-Date: 2018-05-24 Number: 2018/04 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2018/04-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Myriam Linster Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Chan Yang Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: China’s Progress Towards Green Growth: An International Perspective Abstract: This report illustrates China’s progress towards green growth from an international perspective, with focus on industry and the interplay between industrial development and environment. It starts with depicting the structural shifts that the Chinese economy, in particular its industry, has undergone since the early 1990s. It briefly discusses the driving forces behind China’s emergence as global manufacturing powerhouse, and the environmental implications of this rapid phase of industrialisation. It also assesses China’s position vis-à-vis green growth using the OECD green growth measurement framework and indicators.The findings suggest that China has made great strides towards improving the environmental and resource productivity of its economy, but more opportunities can be exploited for greater efficiency gains that are vital to the shift to a low carbon, resource efficient and competitive economy. They also indicate that the policies in place, though showing first results, remain insufficient to cope with increasing environmental pressures and with historical and cumulated pollution loads. Further progress will largely depend on the country’s capacity to integrate environmental aspects into decision-making in all policies and sectors, and at all levels, and ensure that industrial and environmental policy objectives and measures are well aligned and mutually supportive. Creation-Date: 2018-10-19 Number: 2018/05 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2018/05-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ivana Capozza Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Rachel Samson Author-Workplace-Name: Carist Consulting Title: Towards Green Growth in Emerging Market Economies: Evidence from Environmental Performance Reviews Abstract: This paper provides a cross-country review of progress towards green growth in selected emerging market economies that are members or partners of the OECD. It draws on the country studies conducted within the OECD Environmental Performance Review Programme for Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Indonesia, Mexico, Peru, South Africa and Turkey between 2013 and 2019. It presents the main achievements in the countries reviewed, along with common trends and policy challenges. It provides insights into the effectiveness and efficiency of green growth policy frameworks and measures, which may provide useful lessons for other OECD and partner countries. Classification-JEL: O13; O44; Q55; Q56; Q58 Keywords: clean technology, environment and development, environmental policy, environmental taxes and subsidies, green growth, infrastructure, natural resources Creation-Date: 2019-03-15 Number: 2019/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2019/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Alexander Mackie Author-Name: Ivan Haščič Title: The distributional aspects of environmental quality and environmental policies: Opportunities for individuals and households Abstract: This paper reviews the empirical evidence on the socioeconomic distribution of exposure to a selection of common environmental risks such as air and noise pollution and natural hazards, and of access to amenities such as green space. It finds that there are many examples where disadvantaged groups within countries, regions or cities are exposed to greater environmental risks, and ultimately greater potential harm or damages, or have poorer access to amenities than more advantaged groups. However, this pattern is not ubiquitous, there are examples in the literature where no difference, or the opposite difference is observed. Next, the paper reviews the empirical literature on the distributional effects of environmental policies. It concludes that although the evidence on the direct effects of environmental policy varies by policy instrument type, the general lesson is that well-designed environmental policy reforms incorporating appropriately targeted compensation schemes (e.g. within existing social welfare systems) can neutralise direct negative distributional outcomes and generate progressive outcomes overall. Creation-Date: 2019-03-29 Number: 2019/02 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2019/02-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Shashwat Koirala Title: SMEs: Key drivers of green and inclusive growth Abstract: Small and medium-sized enterprises (“SMEs”) are important stakeholders for both environmental and economic policymaking. Among OECD countries, they represent roughly 99.7% of all enterprises and 60% of total employment. Simultaneously, while their individual environmental footprint is small, on aggregate, SMEs contribute up to 70% of industrial pollution in Europe. Thus, they have tremendous potential as drivers of green and inclusive growth. Through a comprehensive literature review, this issue paper assesses the trade-offs and synergies between SMEs’ ability to deliver green growth – through greening processes like eco-innovation and adoption of green measures - and their ability to contribute to inclusive growth – through job creation and inclusive business models. This issue paper also reviews relevant policy measures that can help SMEs navigate the opportunities and challenges in delivering green and inclusive growth. Creation-Date: 2019-03-29 Number: 2019/03 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2019/03-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Enrico Botta Title: A review of “Transition Management” strategies: Lessons for advancing the green low-carbon transition Abstract: The paper discusses the implications of the low-carbon transition for workers and the relevant lessons-learnt in previous industrial restructuring experiences. The evidence suggests that, while climate policies are likely to have a modest impact on aggregate employment, workers in certain regions and industries can be more severely affected. The transition may also have gender-differentiated impacts: men represent the largest share of the workforce of most negatively affected industries (e.g. coal-mining) while the growth of the renewable power generation sector, which exhibits a relatively more gender-balanced workforce, suggests that female employment may increase in the traditionally male-dominated energy sector. Lessons from the case-studies underline that a suite of polices is necessary to manage the structural adjustment process, including structural reforms and skills policies. Importantly, the low-carbon transition differentiates itself from previous restructuring experiences because of its policy-driven nature and the possibility to finance structural adjustment measures through carbon-pricing revenues. Creation-Date: 2019-04-02 Number: 2019/04 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2019/04-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Assia Elgouacem Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Håvard Halland Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Enrico Botta Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Gurtegh Singh Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: The fiscal implications of the low-carbon transition Abstract: Fossil fuels play an important role in the budget of several governments. On the one hand, half of the countries identified as resource-rich derived 50% or more of their government revenue from fossil-fuel resources. On the other hand, fossil fuel consumption in road transport is an important tax base for several countries. This fiscal entanglement creates specific challenges for countries in preparing for a low carbon future. In addition to the traditional challenges of volatility and unpredictability of resource revenues, resource-rich countries are increasingly exposed to the risk of stranded assets. While energy demand is estimated to grow under current and announced policies, a dramatic reshuffle in the world energy mix will need to take place. In this context, this paper reviews the evidence on the role of fossil fuels in government budget (section 2) and the best practice for the management of resource revenues, including the role of sovereign wealth funds and strategic investment funds (section 3). Section 4 discusses the role of green tax reform in preparing the tax system for the low-carbon transition. Creation-Date: 2020-01-31 Number: 2020/01 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2020/01-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Chris Bataille Author-Workplace-Name: Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales Title: Low and zero emissions in the steel and cement industries: Barriers, technologies and policies Abstract: This paper discusses the main barriers and possible solutions to the decarbonisation of steel and cement industries. First, the paper details the economic, regulatory, technological and political economy barriers that impede a low carbon transition. Then, it addresses the role of material efficiency and enhanced recycling in greening these industries, and reviews the emerging and near commercial low- and zero- emissions production technologies. Finally, the policy packages that could contribute to trigger demand and supply decarbonisation of steel and cement are discussed. Creation-Date: 2020-01-31 Number: 2020/02 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2020/02-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Mike Holland Author-Workplace-Name: Imperial College Title: Reducing the health risks of the copper, rare earth and cobalt industries: Transition to a circular low-carbon economy Abstract: This paper considers the health and environmental burdens and impacts of the extraction and refining of selected metals (copper, rare earth elements and cobalt) and how impacts can be reduced through the transition to a circular, low-carbon economy. Performance in the global industry is extremely variable. Some businesses operate to high standards within a framework that facilitates the re-use and recycling of metals and other materials. Others cause significant harm to workers (including child labour) and the people and environment around their facilities. Mining for metal ore remains a highly hazardous occupation in some countries. Pollutant emission standards vary substantially between regions. Life cycle analysis has repeatedly demonstrated the benefits of recycling metals. The report includes a number of recommendations to policy makers and the metals and manufacturing industries. Creation-Date: 2020-01-31 Number: 2020/03 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2020/03-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The inequalities-environment nexus: Towards a people-centred green transition Abstract: The COVID-19 crisis has amplified the urgency of addressing together the dual challenges of inequality and environmental degradation. This paper contributes to the debate on the inequalities-environment nexus by analysing the consequences of the environmental degradation and of environmental policies on four well-being dimensions: health, income and wealth, work and job quality, and safety. The analysis shows that the impacts of environmental degradation tends to be concentrated among vulnerable groups and households. At the same, the benefits and costs of environmental policies are also likely to be unevenly distributed across households. In this context, policy packages for an inclusive green transition should aim at: (i) mitigating the possible regressive impact of pricing environmental externalities, (ii) investing in human capital and upgrading skills to facilitate labour reallocation, (iii) addressing systemic inequalities with sectoral and place-based policies, (iv) ensuring efficient and responsive governance. The paper concludes by highlighting the need for an effective framework to measure progress towards a people-centred green recovery, and possible areas of future work. Keywords: green transition, inequalities Creation-Date: 2021-03-15 Number: 2021/01 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2021/01-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Enrico Botta Author-Name: Matthew Griffiths Author-Name: Takayoshi Kato Title: Benefits of regional co-operation on the energy-water-land use nexus transformation in Central Asia Abstract: The “energy, water and land use nexus” approach has been attracting attention of policy makers, development practitioners and academia in Central Asia as a tool to facilitate regional and cross-sectoral co-operation for climate action and resource security. However, further work is still needed to better understand economic and non-economic benefits of the nexus approach, and integrate it into policy processes in the countries. Based on desk research and consultations with stakeholders in Central Asia, this paper aims to highlight several possible action points for promoting the energy-water-land use nexus approach in the face of a changing climate in the region. Classification-JEL: Q01; Q15; R11 Keywords: energy, land use, water Creation-Date: 2022-05-27 Number: 2022/01 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2022/01-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Miguel Cárdenas Rodríguez Author-Name: Florian Mante Author-Name: Ivan Haščič Author-Name: Adelaida Rojas Lleras Title: Environmentally adjusted multifactor productivity: Accounting for renewable natural resources and ecosystem services Abstract: Multifactor productivity is a comprehensive measure of productivity where the underlying production function accounts for multiple factor inputs, traditionally labour and produced capital. While single-factor productivity is intuitively simple, such measure offers a biased picture of the economy because it attributes all variation in output growth to a single factor input (e.g. consumption of fossil fuels or material resources) while the role of other factors is ignored. Multifactor productivity aims at addressing this shortcoming, and as such it is a valuable component of the OECD set of Green Growth headline indicators. This paper presents further progress in measuring the EAMFP and related growth accounting indicators in 52 countries for 1996-2018. An important novelty is the inclusion of renewable natural resources such as land, timber and fisheries, and ecosystem services such as coastal and watershed protection. Exploratory results on accounting for renewable energy resources are also included. Classification-JEL: D24; O44; O47; Q2; Q3; Q5; Q52; Q53; Q56 Keywords: air pollution, costs, ecosystem services, environmental accounting, exhaustible resources, forest, fossil fuels, greenhouse gases, income, indicators, land, minerals, multifactor productivity, natural capital, pollution, prices, production, renewable energy, renewable resources Creation-Date: 2023-11-20 Number: 2023/01 Handle: RePEc:oec:envddd:2023/01-EN