Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Anselm Eisentraut Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Sustainable Production of Second-Generation Biofuels: Potential and Perspectives in Major Economies and Developing Countries Abstract: Global biofuel production has been increasing rapidly over the last decade, but the expanding biofuel industry has recently raised important concerns. In particular, the sustainability of many first-generation biofuels – which are produced primarily from food crops such as grains, sugar cane and vegetable oils – has been increasingly questioned over concerns such as reported displacement of food-crops, effects on the environment and climate change. In general, there is growing consensus that if significant emission reductions in the transport sector are to be achieved, biofuel technologies must become more efficient in terms of net lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions while at the same time be socially and environmentally sustainable. It is increasingly understood that most first-generation biofuels, with the exception of sugar cane ethanol, will likely have a limited role in the future transport fuel mix. The increasing criticism of the sustainability of many first-generation biofuels has raised attention to the potential of so-called second-generation biofuels. Depending on the feedstock choice and the cultivation technique, second-generation biofuel production has the potential to provide benefits such as consuming waste residues and making use of abandoned land. In this way, the new fuels could offer considerable potential to promote rural development and improve economic conditions in emerging and developing regions. However, while second-generation biofuel crops and production technologies are more efficient, their production could become unsustainable if they compete with food crops for available land. Thus, their sustainability will depend on whether producers comply with criteria like minimum lifecycle GHG reductions, including land use change, and social standards. Creation-Date: 2010-02-01 Number: 2010/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2010/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: William Blyth Author-Workplace-Name: Oxford Energy Associates Title: The Economics of Transition in the Power Sector Abstract: Power generation from fossil fuel is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions, representing 41% of global energy-related CO2 emissions. Combined with the fact that there are a number of low-carbon technologies available for generating electricity, the sector is therefore a key policy target for delivering near-term and long-term reductions in emissions. This report identifies the importance of these risk factors in the economics of transition by illustrating the case of investment in the power sector. To a great extent, the transition to a lowcarbon power sector means dealing with coal plants, which is the largest contributor, accounting for 73% of global power sector CO2 emissions, and particularly those from the United States, Europe and China, which contribute 17%, 9% and 24% respectively of global power sector CO2 emissions. Creation-Date: 2010-01-01 Number: 2010/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2010/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Alexandra Niez Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Comparative Study on Rural Electrification Policies in Emerging Economies: Keys to successful policies Abstract: Brazil, China, India and South Africa have each worked to improve access to electricity services. While many of the challenges faced by these countries are similar, the means of addressing them varied in their application and effectiveness. This report analyses the four country profiles, determining the pre-requisites to successful rural electrification policies. Creation-Date: 2010-03-01 Number: 2010/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2010/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kieran Clarke Author-Workplace-Name: Australian Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism Author-Name: Dagmar Graczyk Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: India's Downstream Petroleum Sector: Refined Product Pricing and Refinery Investment Abstract: This study provides a holistic examination of pricing and investment dynamics in India’s downstream petroleum sector. It analyses the current pricing practices, highlights the tremendous fiscal cost of current pricing and regulatory arrangements, and examines the sectoral investment dynamics. It also looks at potential paths towards market-based reform along which the Indian government may move, while at the same time protecting energy market access for India’s large poor population. Creation-Date: 2010-03-01 Number: 2010/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2010/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Waide Title: Phase Out of Incandescent Lamps: Implications for International Supply and Demand for Regulatory Compliant Lamps Abstract: Since early 2007 almost all OECD and many non-OECD governments have announced policies aimed at phasing-out incandescent lighting within their jurisdictions. This study considers the implications of these policy developments in terms of demand for regulatory compliant lamps and the capacity and motivation of the lamp industry to produce efficient lighting products in sufficient volume to meet future demand. To assess these issues, it reviews the historic international screw-based lamp market, describes the status of international phase-out policies and presents projections of anticipated market responses to regulatory requirements to determine future demand for CFLs. Creation-Date: 2010-04-01 Number: 2010/5 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2010/5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Samantha Ölz Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Milou Beerepoot Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Deploying Renewables in Southeast Asia: Trends and potentials Abstract: This paper is part of the IEA ongoing analysis of global renewable energy markets and policies. It focuses on six Southeast Asian countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. The report investigates the potentials and barriers for scaling up market penetration of renewable energy technologies in the electricity, heating and transport sectors in the six countries. In addition to analysing the implications of effective policies on renewable energy market growth, it examines how to overcome economic and non-economic barriers that slow investment in renewable energy, and offers policy recommendations to encourage effective and efficient exploitation of renewable energy in Southeast Asia. Creation-Date: 2010-06-01 Number: 2010/6 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2010/6-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Shin-ichi Inage Author-Workplace-Name: Hitachi Title: Modelling Load Shifting Using Electric Vehicles in a Smart Grid Environment Abstract: Electric vehicles (EVs) represent both a new demand for electricity and a possible storage medium that could supply power to utilities. The "load shifting" and “vehicle-to-grid” concepts could help cut electricity demand during peak periods and prove especially helpful in smoothing variations in power generation introduced to the grid by variable renewable resources such as wind and solar power. This paper proposes a method for simulating the potential benefits of using EVs in load shifting and "vehicle-to-grid" applications for four different regions – the United States, Western Europe, China and Japan – that are expected to have large numbers of EVs by 2050. Keywords: technology Creation-Date: 2010-08-01 Number: 2010/7 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2010/7-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Anne-Sophie Corbeau Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Natural Gas in India Abstract: The Indian gas market is expected to be one of the fastest growing in the world over the next two decades. This paper analyses this market, highlighting the current challenges. It first looks at the industry structure, presents the main players from industry as well as government, and gives an overview of the regulatory framework. The issue of pricing remaining crucial for both upstream and downstream development, the paper looks at both supply - domestic production and LNG imports - and demand. Keywords: natural gas Creation-Date: 2010-09-01 Number: 2010/8 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2010/8-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kazunori Kojima Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Lisa Ryan Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Transport Energy Efficiency: Implementation of IEA Recommendations since 2009 and Next Steps Abstract: Transport is the sector with the highest final energy consumption and, without any significant policy changes, is forecast to remain so. In 2008, the IEA published 25 energy efficiency recommendations, among which four are for the transport sector. The recommendations focus on road transport and include policies on improving tyre energy efficiency, fuel economy standards for both light-duty vehicles and heavy-duty vehicles, and eco-driving. Implementation of the recommendations has been weaker in the transport sector than others. This paper updates the progress that has been made in implementing the transport energy efficiency recommendations in IEA countries since March 2009. Many countries have in the last year moved from "planning to implement" to "implementation underway", but none have fully implemented all transport energy efficiency recommendations. The IEA calls therefore for full and immediate implementation of the recommendations." Creation-Date: 2010-09-01 Number: 2010/9 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2010/9-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Philippine de T’Serclaes Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Money Matters: Mitigating Risk to Spark Private Investments in Energy Efficiency: Mitigating Risk to Spark Private Investments in Energy Efficiency Abstract: Scaling-up investment in energy efficiency is essential to achieving a sustainable energy future. Despite energy efficiency’s recognised advantages as a bankable investment with immense climate change mitigation benefits, most of the energy efficiency potential remains untapped and the investment gap to achieve climate goals is tremendous. This report seeks to improve understanding as to why this is so, and what can be done about it. Creation-Date: 2010-10-01 Number: 2010/10 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2010/10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Michiel Nijboer Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: The Contribution of Natural Gas Vehicles to Sustainable Transport Abstract: The transport sector is currently responsible for 23% of energy-related CO2 emissions, and transport associated CO2 emissions will more than double by 2050. This working paper evaluates the potential costs and benefits of using natural gas as a vehicle fuel for road transportation, as well as the policy related to its market development. Creation-Date: 2010-11-01 Number: 2010/11 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2010/11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: IEA Title: Carbon Capture and Storage: Model Regulatory Framework Abstract: The Model Framework proposes principles for addressing twenty-nine key issues associated with regulating CCS, based on the work of early-movers such as Australia, Europe and the United States, to assist national and regional CCS regulatory framework development. For each issue, an explanation is provided as well as examples of how the issue has been addressed in existing legislation. For CO2 storage issues, base, or “starting point”, model legislative text is also provided, which countries and regions can draw on in developing CCS regulatory frameworks. Creation-Date: 2010-11-01 Number: 2010/12 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2010/12-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christina Hood Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Reviewing Existing and Proposed Emissions Trading Systems Abstract: Putting a price on greenhouse gas emissions is a cornerstone policy in climate change mitigation. To this end, many countries have implemented or are developing domestic emissions trading systems. This paper reviews key design features of mandatory emissions trading systems that had been established or were under consideration in 2010, with a particular focus on implications for the energy sector. Creation-Date: 2010-11-01 Number: 2010/13 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2010/13-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Nathalie Trudeau Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Isabel Murray Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Development of Energy Efficiency Indicators in Russia Abstract: Russia is sometimes referred to as “the Saudi Arabia of energy efficiency”; its vast potential to reduce energy consumption can be considered a significant “energy reserve”. Russia, recognising the benefits of more efficient use of energy, is taking measures to exploit this potential. The president has set the goal to reduce energy intensity by 40% between 2007 and 2020. In the past few years, the IEA has worked closely with Russian authorities to support the development of energy efficiency indicators in Russia, critical to an effective implementation and monitoring of Russia’s ambitious energy intensity and efficiency goals. The key findings of the IEA work with Russia on developing energy efficiency indicators form the core of this report. Creation-Date: 2011-01-01 Number: 2011/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2011/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Nathalie Trudeau Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Cecilia Tam Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Dagmar Graczyk Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Peter Taylor Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Energy Transition for Industry: India and the Global Context Abstract: For India to play its part in helping to realise deep cuts in global CO2 emissions by the middle of the 21st century, it will need to achieve rapid economic development over the next 40 years with only a very small increase in emissions. Currently there is no precedent for such a low-CO2 development path. The challenge for India will be to achieve strong economic growth while improving energy security, but without locking in high emissions. This information paper further develops the analysis presented in the India chapter of ‘Energy Technology Perspectives 2010’ and provides insights on the implications of achieving deep energy and CO2 emission cuts in the industrial sector both for India and globally. It investigates the least-cost combination of options that can significantly reduce energy and CO2 emissions in India’s industrial sector, while enabling the Indian economy to continue to grow and alleviate energy poverty. Creation-Date: 2011-01-01 Number: 2011/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2011/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Julie Jiang Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Jonathan Sinton Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Overseas Investments by Chinese National Oil Companies: Assessing the Drivers and Impacts Abstract: This report examines inaccuracies in some commonly held views of China's National Oil Companies (NOCs). Until now, there has been little analysis to test the widely held presumption that these companies act under the instructions and in close co-ordination with the Chinese government. Nor have critics been challenged on the validity of their concerns about investments made by these NOCs, and how they could be blocking supplies of oil for other importing countries.The IEA analysis, however, finds that contrary to these views, the NOCs actually operate with a high degree of independence from the Chinese government, and their investments have in fact largely boosted global supplies of oil and gas, which other importers rely on. Creation-Date: 2011-02-01 Number: 2011/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2011/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Uwe Remme Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Nathalie Trudeau Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Dagmar Graczyk Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Peter Taylor Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Technology Development Prospects for the Indian Power Sector Abstract: The Indian power sector will face numerous challenges over the next four decades. More than one third of India's population currently do not have access to electricity. Urgent action is needed to overcome this problem of energy poverty. At the same time rapid economic growth is projected to increase electricity demand by fivefold to sixfold between now and 2050. Massive investments will be needed to meet this increased demand, but this will also create unique opportunities to transform the power sector towards a low-carbon future.This Information Paper presents in more detail the analysis for India published in Energy Technology Perspectives 2010. The paper investigates the best way of achieving deep CO2 emission cuts in the Indian power system while allowing the Indian economy to continue growing and meeting the challenge of alleviating energy poverty. It does so from a techno-economic perspective - building on detailed resource and technology data for India - and identifies the key power sector technologies needed for India to realise such a transition. Creation-Date: 2011-02-01 Number: 2011/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2011/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Matthias Finkenrath Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Cost and Performance of Carbon Dioxide Capture from Power Generation Abstract: This working paper evaluates cost and performance trends related to carbon dioxide (CO2) capture from power generation, based on extensive analysis of data from major engineering studies published between 2006 and 2010. Since individual studies use different methodologies and boundary conditions, study estimates for over 50 CO2 capture installations are re-evaluated on a consistent basis and updated to current cost levels. The paper discusses the need for further standardisation of evaluation methodologies and additional data for specific CO2 capture routes. Further analysis for non-OECD countries is considered crucial for global energy scenario models, and for improving the skills and knowledge developing countries need to evaluate the role of CCS in their national energy contexts. Creation-Date: 2011-03-01 Number: 2011/5 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2011/5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Cédric Philibert Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Interactions of Policies for Renewable Energy and Climate Abstract: This paper explores the relationships between climate policy and renewable energy policy instruments. It shows that, even where CO2 emissions are duly priced, specific incentives for supporting the early deployment of renewable energy technologies are justified by the steep learning curves of nascent technologies. This early investment reduces costs in the longer term and makes renewable energy affordable when it needs to be deployed on a very large scale to fully contribute to climate change mitigation and energy security. The paper also reveals other noteworthy interaction effects of climate policy and renewable policy instruments on the wholesale electricity prices in deregulated markets, which open new areas for future research. Creation-Date: 2011-03-01 Number: 2011/6 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2011/6-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Waide Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Conrad U. Brunner Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Energy-Efficiency Policy Opportunities for Electric Motor-Driven Systems Abstract: This paper is the first global analysis of the potential energy savings which could be found in electric motor- driven system (EMDS). EMDS currently accounts for more than 40% of global electricity consumption. Huge untapped energy efficiency potential was found in EMDS; around 25 % of EMDS electricity use could be saved cost-effectively, which would reduce total global electricity demand by about 10%. To date, energy efficiency opportunities with EMDS have been relatively neglected in comparison with other sustainable energy opportunities. It is crucial to scale up operations and resources committed to realizing the vast potential energy savings and this paper proposes a comprehensive package of policy recommendations to help governments achieve these significant energy savings in EMDS. Creation-Date: 2011-05-01 Number: 2011/7 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2011/7-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Hugh Falkner Author-Workplace-Name: Atkins Ltd. Author-Name: Shane Holt Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency Title: Walking the Torque: Proposed Work Plan for Energy-Efficiency Policy Opportunities for Electric Motor-Driven Systems Abstract: Electric motor-driven system (EMDS) accounts for more than 40% of global electricity consumption. This paper sets out an ambitious but achievable target with the global work plan to improve the energy efficiency of EMDS by 10% to 15% based on findings from the working paper ‘Energy Efficiency Policy Opportunities for Electric Motor-Driven System (Waide et al., 2011)’. If governments commit to the proposed work plan immediately, and maintain resourcing levels, the target could be achieved by 2030 and would be equivalent to reducing total global electricity use by around 5%. The proposed work plan of this paper is to align regulatory settings within a globally applicable scheme. The IEA believes its target can only be achieved through global co-operation leading to aligned national policy settings. Creation-Date: 2011-03-01 Number: 2011/8 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2011/8-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kat Cheung Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Integration of Renewables: Status and Challenges in China Abstract: This Working Paper gives an overview of the status and challenges of integrating an increasing share of variable renewables in China, with a focus on areas of generation, power transmission, demand-side management and policy. Some of these areas are intertwined with the nature and design of China’s electricity power market and pricing mechanism, which have an impact on the effectiveness of the country’s targets to accommodate larger shares of renewables. Creation-Date: 2011-05-01 Number: 2011/9 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2011/9-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: James Simpson Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Kyung-Seok Min Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Gas Emergency Policy: Where do IEA Countries Stand? Abstract: Natural gas is of increasing importance in the energy mix of IEA Member countries. And yet this growing reliance on natural gas has been coupled with an increased risk of gas disruptions in recent years. Gas security is now an important policy concern for many IEA Member countries, and the IEA has sought to develop its expertise and analysis in this field.This Working Paper looks at the possible remedies that are available for dealing with gas security concerns, and takes stock of developments in gas emergency policy in IEA Member countries. Creation-Date: 2011-05-01 Number: 2011/10 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2011/10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Steve Heinen Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: David Elzinga Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Seul-Ki Kim Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Yuichi Ikeda Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Impact of Smart Grid Technologies on Peak Load to 2050 Abstract: The IEA’s Smart Grids Technology Roadmap released on 4th April 2011, identified five global trends that could be effectively addressed by deploying smart grids. These are: increasing peak load (the maximum power that the grid delivers during peak hours), rising electricity consumption, electrification of transport, deployment of variable generation technologies (e.g. wind and solar PV) and ageing infrastructure. Along with this roadmap, a new working paper – Impact of Smart Grid Technologies on Peak Load to 2050 – develops a methodology to estimate the evolution of peak load until 2050. It also analyses the impact of smart grid technologies in reducing peak load for four key regions; OECD North America, OECD Europe, OECD Pacific and China. This working paper is a first IEA effort in an evolving modelling process of smart grids that is considering demand response in residential and commercial sectors as well as the integration of electric vehicles. Creation-Date: 2011-08-01 Number: 2011/11 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2011/11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: David Elzinga Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Lew Fulton Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Steve Heinen Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Oscar Wasilik Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Advantage Energy: Emerging Economies, Developing Countries and the Private-Public Sector Interface Abstract: Increased focus has been placed on the issues of energy access and energy poverty over the last number of years, most notably indicated by the United Nations (UN) declaring 2012 as the “International Year of Sustainable Energy for All”. Although attention in these topics has increased, incorrect assumptions and misunderstandings still arise in both the literature and dialogues. Access to energy does not only include electricity, does not only include cook stoves, but must include access to all types of energy that form the overall energy system. This paper chooses to examine this energy system using a typology that breaks it into 3 primary energy subsystems: heat energy, electricity and transportation. Describing the global energy system using these three subsystems provides a way to articulate the differences and similarities for each system’s required investments needs by the private and public sectors. Creation-Date: 2011-09-01 Number: 2011/12 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2011/12-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Douglas Cooke Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Empowering Customer Choice in Electricity Markets Abstract: Timely and effective deployment of demand response could greatly increase power system flexibility, electricity security and market efficiency. Considerable progress has been made in recent years to harness demand response. However, most of this potential remains to be developed. The paper draws from IEA experience to identify barriers to demand response, and possible enablers that can encourage more timely and effective demand response including cost reflective pricing, retail market reform, and improved load control and metering equipment. Governments have a key role to play in developing and implementing the policy, legal, regulatory and market frameworks needed to empower customer choice and accelerate the development and deployment of cost-effective demand response. Creation-Date: 2011-10-01 Number: 2011/13 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2011/13-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Keith Burnard Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Sankar Bhattacharya Title: Power Generation from Coal: Ongoing Developments and Outlook Abstract: Coal is an important source of energy for the world, particularly for power generation. To meet the growth in demand for energy over the past decade, the contribution from coal has exceeded that of any other energy source. Additionally, coal has contributed almost half of total growth in electricity over the past decade. As a result, CO2 emissions from coal-fired power generation have increased markedly and continue to rise. More than 70% of CO2 emissions that arise from power generation are attributed to coal. To play its role in a sustainable energy future, its environmental footprint must be reduced; using coal more efficiently is an important first step. Beyond efficiency improvement, carbon capture and storage (CCS) must be deployed to make deep cuts in CO2 emissions. This report focuses mainly on developments to improve the performance of coal-based power generation technologies, which should be a priority – particularly if carbon capture and storage takes longer to become established than currently projected. A close look is taken of the major ongoing developments in process technology, plant equipment, instrumentation and control. The need for energy and the economics of producing and supplying it to the end-user are central considerations in power plant construction and operation. Economic and regulatory conditions must be made consistent with the ambition to achieve higher efficiencies and lower emissions. In essence, clean coal technologies must be more widely deployed. Creation-Date: 2011-10-01 Number: 2011/14 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2011/14-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: IEA Title: Carbon Capture and Storage and the London Protocol: Options for Enabling Transboundary CO2 Transfer Abstract: The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that 100 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) projects will be required by 2020 and over 3 000 by 2050 if CCS is to contribute fully to the least-cost technology portfolio for CO2 mitigation. For CCS to reach its emissions reduction potential, the 2009 IEA publication Technology Roadmap: Carbon Capture and Storage recommends that international legal obstacles associated with global CCS deployment be removed by 2012 – including the prohibition on transboundary CO2 transfer under the London Protocol. The London Protocol was amended by contracting parties in 2009 to allow for cross-border transportation of CO2 for sub-seabed storage, but the amendment must be ratified by two-thirds of contracting parties to enter into force. It is unlikely that this will occur in the near term; this working paper therefore outlines options that may be available to contracting parties under international law to address the barrier to deployment presented by Article 6, pending formal entry into force of the 2009 amendment. Creation-Date: 2011-10-01 Number: 2011/15 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2011/15-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: IEA Title: Combining Bioenergy with CCS: Reporting and Accounting for Negative Emissions under UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol Abstract: Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) is a carbon reduction technology that offers permanent net removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. This has been termed 'negative carbon dioxide emissions', and offers a significant advantage over other mitigation alternatives, which only decrease the amount of emissions to the atmosphere. The benefits inherent within this technology are currently receiving increased attention from policy makers. To facilitate the development of appropriate policy incentives, this paper reviews the treatment of 'negative carbon dioxide emissions' under current and planned international carbon accounting frameworks. It finds that, while current frameworks provide limited guidance, proposed and revised guidelines could provide an environmentally sound reporting framework for BECCS. However, the paper also notes that, as they currently stand, new guidelines do not tackle a critical issue that has implications for all biomass energy systems, namely the overall carbon footprint of biomass production and use. It recommends that, to the best extent possible, all carbon impacts of BECCS are fully reflected in carbon reporting and accounting systems under the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol. Creation-Date: 2011-12-01 Number: 2011/16 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2011/16-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jessica Jewell Title: The IEA Model of Short-Term Energy Security (MOSES): Primary Energy Sources and Secondary Fuels Abstract: Ensuring energy security has been at the centre of the IEA mission since its inception, following the oil crises of the early 1970s. While the security of oil supplies remains important, contemporary energy security policies must address all energy sources and cover a a comprehensive range of natural, economic and political risks that affect energy sources, infrastructures and services. In response to this challenge, the IEA is currently developing a Model Of Short-term Energy Security (MOSES) to evaluate the energy security risks and resilience capacities of its member countries. The current version of MOSES covers short-term security of supply for primary energy sources and secondary fuels among IEA countries. It also lays the foundation for analysis of vulnerabilities of electricity and end-use energy sectors. MOSES contains a novel approach to analysing energy security, which can be used to identify energy security priorities, as a starting point for national energy security assessments and to track the evolution of a country's energy security profile. By grouping together countries with similar "energy security profiles", MOSES depicts the energy security landscape of IEA countries. By extending the MOSES methodology to electricity security and energy services in the future, the IEA aims to develop a comprehensive policy-relevant perspective on global energy security. Creation-Date: 2011-12-01 Number: 2011/17 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2011/17-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Irene Vos Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: The Impact of Wind Power on European Natural Gas Markets Abstract: Due to its clean burning properties, low investment costs and flexibility in production, natural gas is often put forward as the ideal partner fuel for wind power and other renewable sources of electricity generation with strongly variable output. This working paper examines three vital questions associated with this premise: 1) Is natural gas indeed the best partner fuel for wind power? 2) If so, to what extent will an increasing market share of wind power in European electricity generation affect demand for natural gas in the power sector? and 3) Considering the existing European natural gas markets, is natural gas capable of fulfilling this role of partner for renewable sources of electricity? Creation-Date: 2012-01-13 Number: 2012/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2012/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Julia Reinaud Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Industrial Productivity Author-Name: Amelie Goldberg Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Industrial Productivity Title: The Boardroom Perspective: How Does Energy Efficiency Policy Influence Decision Making in Industry? Abstract: The rationale for an individual company making an investment that will reduce energy consumption varies considerably and depends on a range of factors. This report delves into the major factors or driving forces that decision makers within a large industrial company take into account when deciding to make new investments - the so-called "boardroom perspective". It explores the factors that influence companies to invest in energy savings and proposes a methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of a country's energy efficiency and greenhouse gas mitigation policies mix from this boardroom perspective Creation-Date: 2012-01-10 Number: 2012/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2012/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: IEA Title: The Global Value of Coal Abstract: Public opinion related to the consumption of coal is directed primarily to its environmental impact in light of ongoing efforts to reduce CO2 emissions and tackle global climate change. Nevertheless, the benefits of coal as a widely available and relatively cheap source of energy underscores its important role in energy security, economic development and the alleviation of energy poverty worldwide. Further development and commercial availability of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies will harness the potential of coal and its contribution to sustainable and equal energy spaces. Keywords: CCS, climate change, coal, energy poverty Creation-Date: 2012-01-27 Number: 2012/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2012/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: IEA Title: A Policy Strategy for Carbon Capture and Storage Abstract: Successful deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) is critically dependent on comprehensive policy support. While policy plays an important role in the deployment of many low-carbon technologies, it is especially crucial for CCS. This is because, in contrast to renewable energy or applications of energy efficiency, CCS generates no revenue, nor other market benefits, so long as there is no price on CO2 emissions. It is both costly to install and, once in place, has increased operating costs. Effective, well-designed policy support is essential in overcoming these barriers and the subsequent deployment of CCS technology. This guide for policy makers aims to assist those involved in designing national and international policies around CCS. It covers development of CCS from its early stages through to wide-scale deployment of the technology. The focus is both on incentives for conventional fossil-fuel CCS and for bioenergy with CCS (BECCS). Keywords: BECCS, carbon price, CCS, CO2 emissions, incentives, policy instrument Creation-Date: 2012-01-27 Number: 2012/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2012/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Dennis Best Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Ellina Levina Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Facing China's Coal Future: Prospects and Challenges for Carbon Capture and Storage Abstract: This paper is the first IEA analysis that focuses on country-specific trends, opportunities and challenges for carbon capture and storage (CCS). It follows previous IEA publications on CCS and studies on cleaner coal and advanced coal technologies. The paper benefitted from significant contributions and support from the China Coal Information Institute (CCII) of the State Administration of Work Safety (SAWS), and The Climate Group China. According to IEA analysis, if there are no major policy changes, carbon-intensive coal and other fossil fuels will continue to play a significant role in meeting future energy needs, both in China and globally. CCS is one technological option available to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the use of fossil fuels. CCS offers the opportunity to meet climate change objectives while providing energy security, as part of a portfolio of options including energy efficiency, renewable energy, nuclear energy, more efficient coal technologies and fuel switching from coal to gas. To meet global energy challenges associated with CO2 emissions, development and deployment of all available technologies will be necessary to achieve a more sustainable future. This paper discusses the status of CCS in China, providing updates on past activities in research and development (R&D), on current projects underway, and an overview of potential and challenges for CCS development in China. By exploring China’s energy and emission trends and pathways, this paper analyses China’s current CCS-related activities and policies, and options for financing CCS. The paper also provides perspectives on CCS from various Chinese stakeholders, and examples of key CCS activities with details on specific projects, and information on the regulatory and policy environment, as well as international co-operation related to CCS in China. Creation-Date: 2012-02-15 Number: 2012/5 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2012/5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Douglas Cooke Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Alexander Antonyuk Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Isabel Murray Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Toward a More Efficient and Innovative Electricity Sector in Russia Abstract: Russia is in the process of one of the most ambitious electricity sector reforms ever undertaken, reflecting the importance of an efficient and reliable electricity sector for promoting economic activity, growth and community prosperity. However, the outcome remains uncertain at this stage. Electricity reform is entering a critical phase in Russia. Hence, the IEA is updating its original work [Russian Electricity Reform: Emerging Challenges and Opportunities, see http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/archives/russianelec.pdf]. The new study will outline trends and progress since 2005, and will examine the key remaining challenges drawing on the experience of IEA member countries to inform the analysis as appropriate. It is being undertaken in consultation with key Russian stakeholders to ensure the analysis reflects a sound, evidence-based understanding of the key issues. This paper outlines some key issues and preliminary views emerging from IEA analysis and consultations to date, and is provided to facilitate more effective consultation and dialogue with key stakeholders. The IEA would welcome comments on the issues and questions raised in this document, or any other observations stakeholders may wish to raise that may be of relevance to this study. Please forward any written comments in English or Russian to RERS@iea.org. Comments would be gratefully received before close of business, Monday 30 April 2012. Any other questions in relation to this project should be directed to Douglas Cooke, Project Leader (doug.cooke@iea.org) or Isabel Murray, Russia Programme Manager (isabel.murray@iea.org). Creation-Date: 2012-03-23 Number: 2012/6 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2012/6-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Matthias Finkenrath Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Julian Smith Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Dennis Volk Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: CCS Retrofit: Analysis of the Globally Installed Coal-Fired Power Plant Fleet Abstract: Electricity generation from coal is still growing rapidly and energy scenarios from the IEA expect a possible increase from today's 1 600 GW of coal-fired power plants to over 2 600 GW until 2035. This trend will increase the lock-in of carbon intensive electricity sources, while IEA assessments show that two-thirds of total abatement from all sectors should come from the power sector alone to support a least-cost abatement strategy. Since coal-fired power plants have a fairly long lifetime, and in order to meet climate constraints, there is a need either to apply CCS retrofit to some of today's installed coal-fired power plants once the technology becomes available. Another option would be to retire some plants before the end of their lifetime. This working paper discusses criteria relevant to differentiating between the technical, cost-effective and realistic potential for CCS retrofit. The paper then discusses today's coal-fired power plant fleet from a statistical perspective, by looking at age, size and the expected performance of today's plant across several countries. The working paper also highlights the growing demand for applying CCS retrofitting to the coal-fired power plant fleet of the future.In doing so this paper aims at emphasising the need for policy makers, innovators and power plant operators to quickly complete the development of the CCS technology and to identify key countries where retrofit applications will have the biggest extent and impact. Keywords: 450ppm, Asia, Australia, CCS, CCS ready, CCS retrofit, CCS retrofit potential, China, climate targets, CO2, CO2 emissions, coal, coal-fired power plants, Energy Technology Perspectives, generation capacity, Germany, India, Japan, lock-in, New Policies Scenario, Poland, power plants, Republic of Korea, retrofit, retrofit potential, Russia, South Africa, United States, World Energy Outlook Creation-Date: 2012-03-29 Number: 2012/7 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2012/7-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Lisa Ryan Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Nina Campbell Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Spreading the Net: The Multiple Benefits of Energy Efficiency Improvements Abstract: Improving energy efficiency has long been advocated as a way to increase the productivity and sustainability of society, primarily through the delivery of energy savings. The impact of energy efficiency measures can go far beyond energy savings, and energy efficiency improvements can be an important contributor to economic growth and social development.Benefits attributed to the implementation of energy efficiency measures range from localised benefits, such as energy affordability, improved health, wellbeing and social development, to sectoral benefits, such as industrial productivity, improved asset values and reduced environmental damage. Macroeconomic outcomes such as national competitiveness, jobs, consumer surplus and energy security, as well as poverty alleviation and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation in both developed and developing countries, are further associated with energy efficiency measures. Significant evidence is emerging on the extent to which these outcomes stem from energy efficiency policies. At the same time, evaluation experts are beginning to explore ways to quantify them so that they can be more readily assessed alongside energy savings. Expanding evaluation to such matters could offer a new perspective on energy efficiency measures and, by improving the cost/benefit assessment of energy efficiency programs, could help decision-makers reconcile perceived trade-offs between supporting economic growth and reducing energy use. This paper makes a preliminary assessment of the scope of the most significant of the multiple benefits and discusses the potentially large implications for energy efficiency policy as part of a wider socioeconomic strategy. Creation-Date: 2012-03-29 Number: 2012/8 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2012/8-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sara Bryan Pasquier Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Aurelien Saussay Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Progress Implementing the IEA 25 Energy Efficiency Policy Recommendations: 2011 Evaluation Abstract: Concerns about energy security, climate change and rising energy costs make it imperative for all countries to significantly improve their energy efficiency. To assist them in doing so, the IEA has proposed 25 energy efficiency policy recommendations. These recommendations could, if implemented globally without delay, reduce global CO2 emissions by as much as 7.6 giga tonnes (Gt) CO2/year by 2030 - almost 1.5 times the current annual carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of the United States.Yet are IEA member countries doing enough to capture the full potential benefits from energy efficiency policy? This innovative report provides the second assessment of IEA member countries' progress with implementing energy efficiency policy. Using a rigorous evaluation process, it finds that there have been significant energy efficiency policy developments since the last evaluation conducted in 2009. In particular, IEA member countries have implemented many policies in the transport, appliance and lighting sectors that were only planned in 2009. Nevertheless, IEA member countries still have significant unexploited energy savings opportunities that could be achieved with additional energy efficiency policy implementation. Creation-Date: 2012-03-05 Number: 2012/9 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2012/9-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Anuschka Hilke Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Lisa Ryan Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Mobilising Investment in Energy Efficiency: Economic Instruments for Low‐energy Buildings Abstract: Taxes, loans and grants, trading schemes and white certificates, public procurement and investment in R&D or infrastructure: known collectively as “economic instruments”, these tools can be powerful means of mobilising the finances needed to achieve policy goals by implementing energy efficiency measures. The role of economic instruments is to kick-start the private financial markets and to motivate private investors to fund EE measures. They should reinforce and promote energy performance regulations. Creation-Date: 2012-12-01 Number: 2012/10 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2012/10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Milou Beerepoot Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Ada Marmion Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Policies for Renewable Heat: An Integrated Approach Abstract: The production of heat is responsible for a large share of final energy demand. In 2009, heat accounted for 47% of total energy used worldwide. Expanding the use of modern biomass, geothermal energy, solar energy and ambient energy to produce heat could contribute substantially to meeting energy security objectives and mitigating climate change. Creation-Date: 2012-12-01 Number: 2012/11 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2012/11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Baron Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: André Aasrud Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Jonathan Sinton Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Nina Campbell Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Kejun Jiang Author-Workplace-Name: Energy Research Institute Author-Name: Xing Zhuang Author-Workplace-Name: Energy Research Institute Title: Policy Options for Low‐Carbon Power Generation in China: Designing an Emissions Trading System for China's Electricity Sector Abstract: China faces the dynamic of rapid economic development that drives ever increasing energy use, primarily electricity, and consequently increasing CO2 emissions. It has taken a pledge to curb its emissions intensity, and is exploring various policy approaches to fulfil that aim, including emissions trading. This report explores the conditions needed for effective functioning of a CO2 emissions trading system in China’s electricity generation sector. It is based on extensive discussions with power generation stakeholders and observers of the electricity sector in China, as well as quantitative analyses of the impact of a CO2 emissions trading system (ETS) at plant, company and provincial levels. Creation-Date: 2012-12-01 Number: 2012/12 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2012/12-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Manuel Baritaud Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Securing Power during the Transition: Generation Investment and Operation Issues in Electricity Markets with Low‐Carbon Policies Abstract: At the October 2011 Governing Board Meeting at Ministerial Level, IEA member countries endorsed the IEA Electricity Security Action Plan (ESAP). The proposed electricity security work program reflects the challenge of maintaining electricity security while also seeking to rapidly reduce carbon dioxide emissions of the power systems. In particular, the large-scale deployment of renewables needed to meet low-carbon goals is technically feasible. However, it will lead to more volatile, real-time power flows, which will create new challenges for maintaining electricity security. Creation-Date: 2012-12-01 Number: 2012/13 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2012/13-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sara Bryan Pasquier Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Title: Energy Efficiency Policy Developments Abstract: The purpose of this report is to highlight energy efficiency policy action and planning in IEA member and key non-member countries over the period from September 2011 to September 2012. The report provides an overview of energy efficiency policy developments across the seven sectors covered by the IEA 25 Energy Efficiency Policy Recommendations (25 EEPR) – Crosssectoral activities, Buildings, Appliances and Equipment, Lighting, Transport, Industry and Energy Providers. Creation-Date: 2012-12-01 Number: 2012/14 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2012/14-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: IEA Title: 21st Century Coal: Advanced Technology and Global Energy Solution Abstract: In 2009, the term “21st Century Coal” was jointly coined by the governments of China and the United States to describe the importance of strategic international partnerships to advance development of near-zero emissions (NZE) technology enabling clean energy solutions from coal (OPS, 2009). Coal industry leaders have embraced the concept of “21st Century Coal”, viewing the term in an even broader context as a term which symbolises the future of coal in the world. This future rests on a foundation of several elements, including an uncompromising commitment to safety, modern cutting-edge mining techniques, world-class land restoration practices and a technology path to NZE. Creation-Date: 2013-04-01 Number: 2013/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2013/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Grayson C. Heffner Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency Author-Name: Peter du Pont Author-Workplace-Name: Nexant Inc Author-Name: Greg Rybka Author-Workplace-Name: Nexant Inc Author-Name: Carina Paton Author-Workplace-Name: Nexant Inc Author-Name: Lynn Roy Author-Workplace-Name: Nexant Inc Author-Name: Dilip Limaye Author-Workplace-Name: SRC Global Inc Title: Energy Provider‐Delivered Energy Efficiency: A Global Stock‐taking Based on Case Studies Abstract: Energy providers will play a pivotal role over the coming decades in managing energy demand growth and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The IEA projects that the power sector will deliver up to two-thirds of cumulative emissions reductions under the climate-stabilizing 450 ppm scenario, by switching to less carbon-intensive generation, improving operational efficiency, and reducing demand (IEA 2011a). Reducing electricity end-use demand by itself is expected to account for 1/3 of the GHG emissions reductions through 2025 (See Figure 1). Creation-Date: 2013-04-01 Number: 2013/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:ieaaaa:2013/2-EN