Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: ITF Title: Improving the Practice of Cost Benefit Analysis in Transport Abstract: Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is widely recognized to be helpful, even indispensible, for making good decisions on what transport projects to fund. It essentially aims to figure out which projects offer the best value for money, one of the core criteria for making decisions. However, the practical relevance of cost-benefit analysis does not always live up to its appeal in principle. One problem is that there is disagreement about what to include in both the costs and the benefits side of the analysis, so that value for money is not always a fully transparent concept. A second problem is that value for money is only a partial criterion for decision-making, leading to disagreement about the relative importance of the results from CBA compared to other inputs into the decision-making process. Discussions at the Roundtable aimed to shed light on these conceptual problems by analysing the practice of CBA and comparing approaches to it in different countries. In short the aim was to identify a checklist of items that should be included in a socially relevant cost-benefit analysis, i.e. analysis that can be produced in reasonable time and at reasonable cost but is good enough to help resolve trade-offs. Creation-Date: 2011-01-01 Number: 2011/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen Perkins Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Green Growth and Transport Abstract: Transport figures prominently on green growth agendas. The reason is twofold. First, transport has major environmental impacts in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, local air emissions and noise. And managing congestion more effectively is part of the broader agenda for more sustainable development and better use of resources invested in infrastructure. Second, a large part of public expenditure to stimulate green growth is directed at transport sector industries. This concerns most notably alternative vehicles, and particularly electric cars, a key part of strategies to decarbonise transport. Several countries also financed car scrapping and replacement schemes as a short term response to the 2008 financial crisis. The primary goal here was counter-cyclical stimulus for the car manufacturing industry with, in most cases, a secondary goal of reducing CO2 emissions and fuel consumption through fleet renewal. Some governments also include investment in high speed rail as a central element of longer term green growth policies, aiming at a shift in passenger traffic from cars and short haul aviation to rail. Creation-Date: 2011-02-01 Number: 2011/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: FIT Title: De meilleures réglementations économiques : Le rôle du régulateur Abstract: Des services de transport de qualité apportent beaucoup à la productivité d’une économie et élargissent l’éventail des activités accessibles aux consommateurs. Ils requièrent des infrastructures adéquates et des conditions raisonnables d’utilisation de ces infrastructures. Beaucoup d’infrastructures de transport sont lourdes et présentent une intensité capitalistique élevée, ce qui a pour effet de limiter le nombre de prestataires de services. La structure des coûts et la technologie sont parfois telles que la réglementation économique est le meilleur moyen d’optimiser les résultats. La mise en place des structures de gouvernance appropriées – qui consiste notamment à déterminer quand et comment réglementer – est capitale pour les performances du secteur. Elle fait l’objet du présent document qui fait la synthèse des débats menés au cours de la Table Ronde1 de décembre 2010. Creation-Date: 2011-04-01 Number: 2011/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/3-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: ITF Title: Better Economic Regulation: The Role of the Regulator Abstract: Good transport services contribute strongly to the productivity of an economy and extend the range of activities accessible to consumers. Good services require adequate infrastructure and reasonable usage conditions to that infrastructure. Much transport infrastructure is capital intensive and lumpy. Such cost structures imply that there will be few service providers. In some circumstances the structure of costs and technology is such that economic regulation is the best way to drive efficient outcomes. Achieving the right governance structures – including the question of when to regulate and how to regulate – is central to performance of the sector and the subject of this paper, which summarises discussions at a Roundtable1 held in December 2010. Creation-Date: 2011-04-01 Number: 2011/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Tim Leunig Author-Workplace-Name: London School of Economics Title: Cart or Horse: Transport and Economic Growth Abstract: This paper argues that transport is more cart than horse, in that transport improvements are not the most important driver of economic growth for most countries. Nevertheless there are circumstances in which transport is particularly important. Big transport breakthroughs – such as replacing walking with railways, or creating a highways network for the first time – do have big effects, but these are unlikely to be seen again in developed economies. Instead transport in developed economies is best seen as having a supporting role. If it is neglected, it can constrain growth, as congestion and unreliable transport systems can exact a heavy price. But as long as the transport system is “good enough”, the returns to greater transport investment will be relatively limited. Creation-Date: 2011-04-01 Number: 2011/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ann Frye Author-Workplace-Name: Ann Frye Ltd. Title: Mobility: Rights, Obligations and Equity in an Ageing Society Abstract: Demographic trends worldwide indicate significant increases in the number of older people in the population in the coming years. There is a close link between age and disability, and the longer people live the more likely they are to become disabled to some degree. Disability takes many forms: physical, sensory and cognitive and all potentially affect people’s ability to go out and about independently. Creation-Date: 2011-04-01 Number: 2011/5 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Adriana Lobo Author-Workplace-Name: CTS Mexico Title: Perspectives from Mexico to Achieve More with Less: Alternative Transport Modes and their Social and Environmental Benefits Abstract: The discussion presented below focuses on improving the decision-making process as the true challenge of mobility we face. It proposes a way of thinking about some of the key topics within each of the layers involved in decision-making at the strategic level, including attributes of the transport system and regulatory frameworks. Creation-Date: 2011-05-01 Number: 2011/6 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/6-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: David Metz Author-Workplace-Name: University College London Title: A Delicate Balance: Mobility and Access Needs, Expectations and Costs Abstract: Mobility has been central to economic development and social progress in the modern era. There is emerging evidence, however, that personal daily travel has recently ceased to grow in developed economies. The historic increase in mobility served to enlarge access to desired destinations and allowed more choice of jobs, homes, shops schools etc within acceptable travel times. Access and choice increase in proportion to the square of the speed, whereas choice of any given kind of destination is characterised by declining marginal utility. Accordingly, saturation of daily travel demand is to be expected and is a likely explanation for the observed cessation of per capita growth of personal travel. Creation-Date: 2011-04-01 Number: 2011/7 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/7-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: David Lewis Author-Workplace-Name: HDR Corporation Title: Economic Perspectives on Transport And Equality Abstract: Poverty, inequality and social exclusion are closely tied to personal mobility and the accessibility of goods and services. Evidence of the economic role of transport in promoting better living standards and greater wellbeing can be seen in the effects of both overall public investment in transport infrastructure, and in the impacts of specific transport policies, projects and multi-project plans. Creation-Date: 2011-04-01 Number: 2011/9 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/9-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: ITF Title: Meeting Society's Transport Needs under Tight Budgets Abstract: In the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, both the private and public sectors face stringent constraints in funding for transport infrastructure investment and transport services. At the same time, economic recession highlights the social value of public support for disadvantaged users of transport services and more generally the importance of effective transport systems to efficient labour markets and access to jobs. This drives governments to focus anew on efficiency in the delivery of transport services and infrastructure investments and on efficient targeting of support for public transport. In developing economies these policy concerns are amplified by rapid urbanisation, which makes coordination of transport services across metropolitan areas imperative. Creation-Date: 2011-04-01 Number: 2011/10 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Chantal Duchene Title: Transport et parité des sexes Abstract: Alors que la prise en compte du genre progresse dans différents domaines, elle peine à pénétrer le secteur des transports. Or, que ce soit dans les pays développés ou dans ceux en voie de développement, nos sociétés sont sexuées en ce sens que la place des femmes et des hommes est différente, notamment du fait que les tâches domestiques et de soins aux enfants sont majoritairement supportées par les femmes, réduisant d’autant le temps disponible pour les activités qui leur incombent et les déplacements nécessaires à la réalisation de ces activités. Creation-Date: 2011-04-01 Number: 2011/11 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/11-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Chantal Duchene Author-Workplace-Name: ChD Mobilité Transport Title: Gender and Transport Abstract: While greater account is increasingly being taken of gender in a variety of areas, little progress has been made in this respect in the transport sector. In both developed and developing countries, our societies are gendered in that women and men play different roles, notably because household chores and children are mainly the preserve of women, which reduces the time they have available for activities for which they are responsible and for the trips they need to make in order to perform these activities. Creation-Date: 2011-04-01 Number: 2011/11 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Haixiao Pan Author-Workplace-Name: Tongji University Title: Implementing Sustainable Urban Travel Policies in China Abstract: Urban transport will have a great impact on sustainable development. China is now the leading producer of motorized vehicles, and people have gradually realized that we cannot sustain endless motorization. China has adopted a sustainable development policy for many years, promoting public transport in successive five-year plans. Creation-Date: 2011-05-01 Number: 2011/12 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/12-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Svein Braathen Author-Workplace-Name: Molde University College Title: Air Transport Services in Remote Regions Abstract: The need for public support. The existing programs for public support have been made with reference to the need for essential air transport services for providing local communities with lifeline transport services. However, the criteria for giving public support (via the programs in USA, Canada and Europe) allows for quite wide interpretation of the terms “remote regions” and “lifeline services”. In some places, subsidies are given to routes with quite heavy traffic where the potential for ordinary commercial services could have been offered. In other subsidy programs, air services’ role as lifeline transport can be questioned because there are modes of surface transport that probably can serve these lifeline needs. A clearer set of criteria for “remoteness” and “lifeline services” could perhaps be developed. The allocative efficiency of the services should be focused, i.e. that the level of service are aligned with market needs and regional policy objectives. There should also be a coordinated approach to the funding of services to remote regions across relevant transport modes. Creation-Date: 2011-05-01 Number: 2011/13 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/13-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Víctor Islas Rivera Author-Workplace-Name: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte Author-Name: Salvador Hernández G. Author-Workplace-Name: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte Author-Name: José A. Arroyo Osorno Author-Workplace-Name: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte Author-Name: Martha Lelis Zaragoza Author-Workplace-Name: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte Author-Name: J. Ignacio Ruvalcaba Author-Workplace-Name: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte Title: Implementing Sustainable Urban Travel Policies in Mexico Abstract: This report describes the main challenges to urban travel in Mexico. We focus on some of the basic causes of urban transport problems, and we analyze some urban travel policies that could be considered good practices towards sustainable urban development. Mexico City is the emblematic case. Creation-Date: 2011-05-01 Number: 2011/14 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/14-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kurt van Dender Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Philippe Crist Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: What Does Improved Fuel Economy Cost Consumers and What Does it Cost Taxpayers?: Some illustrations Abstract: “Green growth” is an emerging paradigm that integrates several policy aspirations, including the durability of economic activity, reduced environmental impacts, and sustained growth in high-quality employment in such a way as to foster coherent, cross-sectoral policy design. Focusing on “green growth” highlights the need for governments to assess policies on their long-term economic, environmental and social impacts, recognizing that there can be synergies but also tradeoffs among the broad policy aims. As we hope to show in this paper, an examination of “green growth” policies in the transport sector provides an interesting case in point. Reducing emissions comes at a cost to consumers and taxpayers and if fuel tax revenues decline strongly it may be necessary to review the way the transport sector is taxed and contributes to aggregate tax revenue. Creation-Date: 2011-05-01 Number: 2011/16 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/16-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Cervero Author-Workplace-Name: University of California Berkeley Title: State Roles in Providing Affordable Mass Transport Services for Low-Income Residents Abstract: Governments support urban mass transport services worldwide under the guise of helping the poor and improving the environment. With more and more governments cash-strapped and facing budgetary shortfalls in other vital areas, the fiscal burdens of underwriting public transport have prompted some observers to question such rationales. This paper reviews the role of states in ensuring affordable mass transport services are available to low-income residents. The heavy financial burdens that the poor sometime face in moving about the city and possible ways of reducing these impacts are discussed. Examples of keeping transit fares affordable while also ensuring reasonably cost-effective mass transport services are cited. Because public policy choices that shape mass transport services are informed by technical evaluations, this paper also examines conventional practices regarding how transport proposals are reviewed and assessed. It argues that moving toward a framework that focuses on enhancing accessibility rather than principally mobility would better represent the long-term impacts of capital investments while also promoting the interests of mobility-disadvantaged populations. Creation-Date: 2011-05-01 Number: 2011/17 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/17-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Geetam Tiwari Author-Workplace-Name: Indian Institute of Technology Title: Key Mobility Challenges in Indian Cities Abstract: The existing modal share in Indian cities is in favor of Non-motorized transport (NMT) and public transport. However given the hostile conditions for public transport and increasing risk to pedestrians and cyclists, the use of personal motorized vehicle is increasing. This trend is accompanied with the rise in traffic crashes and deteriorating air quality in cities. Emission levels vary with travel behavior which is dependent on city size, structure and mode choice available. Creation-Date: 2011-05-01 Number: 2011/18 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/18-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Peter White Author-Workplace-Name: University of Westminster Title: Equitable Access: Remote and Rural Communities 'Transport Needs' Abstract: Transport in rural and remote regions receives considerable attention in research, but this is often focussed on specific means of resolving problems in those regions – for example, the role of demand-responsive bus services, or scope for attracting users to rail services. The aim of this paper is to take a broader view, firstly in defining what constitute “rural and remote regions”, and secondly in considering a wide range of public transport options available. Experience in Britain will be taken as a starting point, since extensive research has been conducted here, and rural issues are also a focus of much public debate at present. Findings from other European countries will also be examined. Creation-Date: 2011-05-01 Number: 2011/19 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/19-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Alison Pridmore Author-Workplace-Name: European Commission Author-Name: Apollonia Miola Author-Workplace-Name: European Commission Title: Public Acceptability of Sustainable Transport Measures: A Review of the Literature Abstract: Increasingly, the debate on transport policy involves the challenge of sustainable development. The concept of sustainable transport is derived from the general term of sustainable development. Sustainable transportation can be considered by examining the sustainability of the transport system itself, in view of its positive and negative external effects on: the environment; public health; safety and security; land use; congestion; economic growth; and social inclusion (OECD, 2000). Creation-Date: 2011-05-01 Number: 2011/20 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/20-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Lasse Fridstrøm Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Transport Economics (TØI) Title: A Framework for Assessing the Marginal External Accident Cost of Road Use and its Implications for Insurance Ratemaking Abstract: The external accident cost of road use is a function of the marginal relationship between road use and accidents, as expressed, for instance, by the elasticity. This elasticity is, however, not necessarily constant, but may be assumed to depend on the traffic volume as seen in relation to road capacity. Dense or congested traffic may force speed levels down, decreasing the risk of accidents or at least the average loss incurred given that an accident takes place. Relying on a large econometric accident model based on monthly cross-section/time-series data for all provinces of Norway, we derive non-linear empirical functions describing the relationship between road use and accidents and discuss their implications in terms of accident costs and externalities. The analysis reveals that there is probably a large accident externality generated by heavy vehicle road use, but that the marginal external accident cost of private car use is quite small, perhaps even negative. To the extent that it is positive, it is so in large part on account of public and private insurance. Contrary to what is frequently believed and maintained, auto insurance does not serve to internalise the cost of accidents. In fact, its primary purpose and effect is exactly the opposite. The adverse incentives created by insurance could, however, be mitigated by certain innovative approaches to ratemaking. Such schemes would ideally involve more decision variables than just the decision to drive. Incentives could, in principle, be attached to speeding, route choice, vehicle choice, safety equipment, or time of day/week/year. Creation-Date: 2011-10-18 Number: 2011/22 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/22-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jan Willem Bolderdijk Author-Workplace-Name: University of Groningen Author-Name: Linda Steg Author-Workplace-Name: University of Groningen Title: Pay-as-you-Drive Vehicle Insurance as a Tool to Reduce Crash Risk: Results so far and Further Potential Abstract: In this paper, we provide an extensive summary of a field experiment we have recently conducted on the behavioural effects of pay-as-you-drive (PAYD) vehicle insurance (Bolderdijk et al., 2011a). We start with a review of the rationale for PAYD schemes from a behavioural science perspective. Next, we describe the design of our study, and discuss and elaborate on the main empirical findings. Based on this, we present practical guidelines for policy makers and insurance companies aiming to introduce PAYD schemes as a tool to reduce crash risk, improve traffic safety, and reduce the negative environmental impacts of car use. Creation-Date: 2011-10-26 Number: 2011/23 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/23-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Samantha Cockfield Author-Workplace-Name: Transport Accident Commission Title: Road Safety: The Experience of the Transport Accident Commission in Victoria, Australia Abstract: The Transport Accident Commission of Victoria (TAC) was established, and is governed by, the Transport Accident Act 1986. The TAC administers a comprehensive no-fault compensation scheme for Victorians who are injured or die as a result of a transport accident. The Act also provides the TAC with a role in accident prevention and reducing the cost of transport accidents to the Victorian Community... Creation-Date: 2011-09-20 Number: 2011/24 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/24-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Fronsko Author-Workplace-Name: Transport Accident Commission Title: Road Safety and Insurance Markets Overview Abstract: Road trauma is the biggest killer of young people in the world. Reductions in the incidence and severity of road related trauma is of paramount importance to society, aimed at reducing the personal and economic burden to injured people and flow-on impact to families and the broader community... Creation-Date: 2011-09-20 Number: 2011/25 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/25-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Lars Hultkrantz Author-Workplace-Name: Orebro University Author-Name: Gunnar Lindberg Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Transport Studies Title: Accident Cost, Speed and Vehicle Mass Externalities, and Insurance Abstract: Traffic accidents are a human tragedy that kills 1.2 million people worldwide annually (World Health Organization, 2004). The cost of traffic accidents are huge and recent estimates for US alone suggest the cost to be USD 433 billion in year 2000 or 4.3 percentage of GDP (Parry et al, 2007). A reduction of this cost can be done in two ways, either by reducing the number of accidents or by mitigating the consequences of the existing accidents. Insurance systems can contribute to both. Creation-Date: 2011-09-29 Number: 2011/26 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/26-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Tom Worsley Author-Workplace-Name: University of Leeds Title: The Evolution of London's Crossrail Scheme and the Development of the Department for Transport's Economic Appraisal Methods Abstract: Cost benefit analysis has been used in the United Kingdom for the appraisal of road schemes over the past fifty years. It was less widely used for rail, where most investment was concerned with renewing the existing network. The Central London Rail Study (1988) used cost benefit analysis to address the problem of overcrowding on London.s rail network. The Crossrail scheme proposed in the Study was discontinued because of a recession and because of the priority given the developing links to London.s Docklands. Progress on Crossrail was resumed in 2002 at the same time as the Department.s appraisal methods were being revised to incorporate Wider Economic Benefits. The quantification of these additional benefits, the resolution of a source of funding and the role of the Mayor all influenced the Government.s decision that the scheme should be built. Identification of some of the Wider Benefits poses problems for transport models that are only partially resolved through the use of land use transport interaction models. Although the use of a Gross Value Added metric provides an alternative way of estimating the economic impacts of a scheme, it does not replace cost benefit analysis as a decision aid for government ministers. Creation-Date: 2011-11-24 Number: 2011/27 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/27-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: André de Palma Title: Le Grand Paris : Quels outils, quels enjeux ? Abstract: Le but de cette Table Ronde est d'évaluer les effets économiques des grands projets d'infrastructures de transport. On parle de grands projets pour désigner les bonds qualitatifs, qu'il s'agisse de négocier le tracé d'anneaux autoroutiers ou ferroviaires venant recouper la dispersion des voies de pénétration radiale, ou d'introduire des innovations plus ciblées, qu'elles visent la fréquence, la vitesse ou l'automatisation… Creation-Date: 2011-11-29 Number: 2011/28 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/28-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: André de Palma Author-Workplace-Name: Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan Title: The ‘Grand Paris' Project: Tools and Challenges Abstract: The purpose of this Round Table is to assess the economic effects of major transport infrastructure projects. The term "major projects" is used to designate qualitative leaps, be it the mapping out of new road or rail rings to link disparate radial penetration routes or the introduction of more-targeted innovations tackling frequency, speed or automation… Creation-Date: 2011-11-29 Number: 2011/28 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/28-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Marc Gaudry Author-Name: Emile Quinet Title: Hypothèses de base et questions soumises à examen ? Abstract: Nous proposons une liste de sujets soumis à discussion, relatifs à l’évaluation économique des grands projets d’infrastructure, en nous appuyant particulièrement sur les spécificités du projet « Grand Paris Express » de métro automatique régional. Ces sujets, présentés sous la forme d’affirmations à confirmer et de questions à résoudre, sont articulées autour de trois thèmes : les propriétés des modèles de demande, les effets sur la structure urbaine au sens large et les modifications à apporter aux méthodes d’évaluation usuelles. Creation-Date: 2011-04-01 Number: 2011/29 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/29-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Marc Gaudry Author-Workplace-Name: University of Montreal Author-Name: Emile Quinet Author-Workplace-Name: Ecole des Ponts et Chaussées Title: Maintained Hypotheses and Questions in Search of Answers Abstract: We propose a series of kick-off points related to the economic appraisal of large urban infrastructure projects, taking some account of the specifics raised by the Grand Paris Express (GPE) regional automatic metro. The points, in the form of Maintained Hypotheses or Questions in Need of Answers, are crystallised around three orientations: demand model properties; overall effects on urbanisation; extensions of traditional appraisal. The conclusion contains a list of hard problems dodged and issues ignored in the discussion. Creation-Date: 2011-04-01 Number: 2011/29 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2011/29-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: John Preston Author-Workplace-Name: University of Southampton Title: Integration for Seamless Transport Abstract: The concept of integrated and seamless transport has wide political support but framing effective policies that deliver the desired outcome has proved difficult. This paper builds on and updates earlier work by the author that attempted to analyse the reasons for the relative failure of integrated transport polices with particular reference to experience in the UK. Four main factors are highlighted. The first relates to the difficulties that have been faced in defining the integration concept. It is argued that a ladder of integration can be a useful tool in framing policy. The second relates to difficulties in ‘operationalizing’ the concept and here it is suggested that a ladder of interventions may also be a useful tool. The third is that there has been a lack of practical evidence on the success of integrated policies but it is argued that this evidence base is now emerging. The fourth has been the barriers to behavioural change that integration requires, both for individuals and institutions. Here advances in economic, social and psychological models of behaviour are giving new insights into how these barriers may be overcome. The prospects for the delivery of more integrated and seamless transport, in both the UK and the European Union, are reviewed with reference to recent policy White Papers. Creation-Date: 2012-04-23 Number: 2012/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2012/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Trevor Morgan Author-Workplace-Name: Menecon Consulting Title: Smart Grids and Electric Vehicles: Made for Each Other? Abstract: Electric vehicles (EVs) could play a central role in decarbonising road transport. But this new type of electricity load will need careful management. Although electricity needs for EVs are likely to remain small relative to overall load in most regions for many years to come, they could have a much bigger impact on peak load as motorists seek to recharge their batteries during the evening. Electricity suppliers will need to anticipate the long-term investments that will be needed to respond to this emerging trend... Creation-Date: 2012-04-27 Number: 2012/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2012/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Philippe Crist Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Electric Vehicles Revisited: Costs, Subsidies and Prospects Abstract: This paper compares the lifetime costs of like internal combustion and battery electric vehicle pairs on the market in France and finds that relative costs of electric vehicles remain elevated for consumers and even more so for society under current conditions and typical use scenarios. It also suggests that in those cases where electric vehicles do already compare favourably to internal combustion engine powered cars, subsidies may be superfluous. In the future, a number of simultaneous changes in battery electric vehicles (BEV) and ICE technology, fiscal regimes and prevailing energy prices might reduce and even eradicate the consumer cost differential in favour of ICEs. Reducing the social cost differential between BEVs and ICEs seems more challenging under most scenarios and, when successful, raises the question of how much should society seek to subsidise BEVs in instances where there begins to be a business case for them... Creation-Date: 2012-04-23 Number: 2012/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2012/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Karri Rantasila Author-Workplace-Name: University of Turku Author-Name: Lauri Ojala Author-Workplace-Name: University of Turku Title: Measurement of National-Level Logistics Costs and Performance Abstract: It is necessary to understand logistics performance at the country level in order to better evaluate and target Trade and Transport Facilitation (TTF) policy efforts over time and across countries. Lower costs for logistics reduce the cost of delivering products, thereby encouraging sales, increasing trade, opening new markets and generally encouraging business. Performance evaluation also helps to improve the efficiency of supply chains and the functioning of related infrastructures, services, procedures and regulation... Creation-Date: 2012-05-11 Number: 2012/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2012/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen Perkins Author-Workplace-Name: OCDE Title: Quelles politiques pour des transports sans rupture ? : Aspects institutionnels et réglementaires de la coordination intermodale Abstract: Ce document examine brièvement la question de la coordination intermodale des services de transport du point de vue de ce que l’on peut appeler une « politique de la mobilité fondée sur la diversité ». Il analyse les conditions générales de la concurrence et de la coordination intermodales dans l’optique de l’élaboration de politiques de transport qui tiennent compte à la fois de la grande diversité des besoins et aspirations à la mobilité qui existent au sein des économies de marché et du coût d’opportunité pour la société de méthodes nouvelles aptes à répondre à la demande de mobilité… Creation-Date: 2012-02-14 Number: 2012/5 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2012/5-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen Perkins Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Seamless Transport Policy: Institutional and Regulatory Aspects of Inter-Modal Coordination Abstract: This paper briefly discusses inter-modal coordination of transport services from a perspective of what could be called “diversity-based mobility policy”. It examines the framework conditions for inter-modal competition and coordination under an approach to transport policy making that reflects the broad variety of mobility needs and aspirations in market economies and reflects the social opportunity costs of alternative ways of addressing the demand for mobility... Creation-Date: 2012-05-14 Number: 2012/5 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2012/5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jean Shaoul Author-Workplace-Name: University of Manchester Author-Name: Anne Stafford Author-Workplace-Name: University of Manchester Author-Name: Pam Stapleton Author-Workplace-Name: University of Manchester Title: The Fantasy World of Private Finance for Transport via Public Private Partnerships Abstract: In 1993, the British government turned to the private sector to finance much needed investment in public infrastructure and manage services under its Public Private Partnerships (PPP) policy (Edwards et al., 2004), with transport forming by far the largest component by value of the PPP programme... Creation-Date: 2012-10-26 Number: 2012/6 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2012/6-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Meaney Author-Name: Peter Hope Title: Modèles alternatifs de financement des investissements dans les infrastructures Abstract: Le présent rapport est consacré au financement des projets d’investissement dans les infrastructures (de transport). Ses auteurs examinent de près les défaillances du marché en raison desquelles le secteur privé ne parvient pas à combler à lui seul l’intégralité des besoins en investissement. Ils évaluent ensuite les défaillances de l’État en lien avec ses interventions, et étudient de quelle manière les partenariats public-privé (PPP) peuvent remédier à ces défaillances. Ils étudient par la suite les limites des PPP et présentent le modèle de la base d’actifs régulés (BAR) en tant que solution de financement envisageable, ainsi que ses avantages et ses inconvénients. Creation-Date: 2012-11-14 Number: 2012/7 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2012/7-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Meaney Author-Workplace-Name: Oxera Consulting Ltd, Oxford Author-Name: Peter Hope Author-Workplace-Name: Oxera Consulting Ltd, Oxford Title: Alternative Ways of Financing Infrastructure Investment: Potential for ‘Novel' Financing Models Abstract: This paper examines the issue of financing infrastructure investment projects. It looks closely at what the market failures are that mean the private sector has not been able to cover the investment requirement itself. It will then assess the government failures associated with intervention, and identifies what public-private partnerships (PPPs) offer in overcoming these failures. The limitations of the PPPs are then addressed, and the regulated asset base (RAB) model is introduced as a potential alternative, with an assessment of its advantages and disadvantages... Creation-Date: 2012-10-09 Number: 2012/7 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2012/7-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos Ugarte Author-Name: Gabriel Gutierrez Author-Name: Nick Phillips Title: Feuille de route pour le financement du développement des infrastructures Abstract: Ce document traite des initiatives et procédures nécessaires pour réussir la mise en oeuvre de projets de PPP de grande envergure dans les transports, du point de vue de l’aménageur. Creation-Date: 2012-11-19 Number: 2012/9 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2012/9-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos Ugarte Author-Workplace-Name: Cintra Infraestructuras, S.A. Author-Name: Gabriel Gutierrez Author-Workplace-Name: Cintra Infraestructuras, S.A. Author-Name: Nick Phillips Author-Workplace-Name: Cintra Infraestructuras, S.A. Title: A Roadmap to Funding Infrastructure Development Abstract: This paper discusses the initiatives and procedures necessary for the successful development of large-scale transportation PPP projects from a developer’s point of view... Creation-Date: 2012-10-08 Number: 2012/9 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2012/9-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew G. Karlaftis Author-Workplace-Name: National Technical University of Athens Author-Name: Konstantinos Kepaptsoglou Author-Workplace-Name: National Technical University of Athens Title: Performance Measurement in the Road Sector: A Cross-Country Review of Experience Abstract: Road networks are important lifelines for modern societies. Social prosperity and economic development are directly related to mobility and accessibility of communities and are, therefore, highly dependent upon the existence of high quality road networks. Currently, roadways are the dominant mode of transport, particularly in developed countries. In Europe for instance, over 75% of ground freight transportation is by road, while road passenger transport exceeds 80% (Eurostat, 2012). According to Urban Audit (Urban Audit, 2012), private vehicle usage for work related journeys in major European cities exceeds 40% in most cases, while the same figure for US cities is over 70%. Further, despite worldwide efforts for promoting sustainability and environmentally ‘friendly’ modes, road users tend to increase on a global scale, as developing countries gradually enter the world of motorization (Pucher et al., 2007). Creation-Date: 2012-10-12 Number: 2012/10 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2012/10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jan-Eric Nilsson Author-Workplace-Name: Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute Title: Procurement and Contract Design in the Construction Industry: … Not One Size Fits All Abstract: This paper considers the choice between different approaches to contract for the construction and maintenance of infrastructure projects. The need to control for user costs over the life cycle of an asset is demonstrated to be a core aspect of contract design. The more likely it is that a certain problem in the current infrastructure could be sorted out in several different ways, the more strongly should the tendering agency consider innovative design alternatives such as performance contracts of Public Private Partnerships. It is also demonstrated that contracts which cover both construction and subsequent maintenance must be accompanied by bonuses and penalties for remunerating or punishing the entrepreneur for delivering (or not) appropriate infrastructure quality. Creation-Date: 2012-10-23 Number: 2012/11 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2012/11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Mark O. Harvey Author-Workplace-Name: Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics Title: Optimising Road Maintenance Abstract: Mathematical optimisation models, supported by suitable data, can assist decision making about allocating funds between alternative maintenance tasks and about the size of the maintenance budget. The maintenance optimisation problem is, in essence, to find the optimum balance between the costs and benefits of maintenance, while taking into account various constraints (Dekker 1996). For a given road segment, choices have to be made between alternative treatment types and the times to implement those treatments. Where maintenance funds are limited, there is an additional problem of balancing the competing needs of the different segments. Maintenance tends to be underfunded relative to investment because the smaller, less obvious nature of maintenance works relative to new infrastructure (Semmens 2006, Zeitlow 2006). But deferring maintenance in the short term can be expensive in the long term, a point that can be brought to the attention of decision makers by quantifying the costs of underfunding maintenance. Creation-Date: 2012-10-23 Number: 2012/12 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2012/12-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Phil Goodwin Author-Workplace-Name: University College London Title: Peak Travel, Peak Car and the Future of Mobility: Evidence, Unresolved Issues, and Policy Implications, and a Research Agenda Abstract: In many advanced economies, car use per head, and sometimes total car traffic, has shown low growth. In some countries (and especially cities) it has declined. In a few countries, there have been similar studies of the distance travelled by all modes added together, which has shown a similar trend though with some doubts about how international air travel should be handled. It is generally agreed that the trends in the last few years must be influenced by world economic problems, but some of the possible changes in trend seem to go back ten or twenty years, with signs detectable even longer… Keywords: access, accessibilité Creation-Date: 2012-12-04 Number: 2012/13 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2012/13-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Puentes Author-Workplace-Name: Brookings Institution Title: Have Americans Hit Peak Travel?: A Discussion of the Changes in US Driving Habits Abstract: American driving habits are changing. After decades of steady increases in the amount of driving, the number of vehicles, and the extent of licensed drivers, there now appears to be a shift. The growth is clearly leveling off, and dropping on a per capita basis, even at a time when a vast array of public policies continue to support and encourage driving. Perhaps even more amazing are total aggregate declines in some recent years coupled with drops in licensing, trips, and vehicle purchases. However, this phenomenon is still not well known. When they are recognized, these individual trends are either largely dismissed as economic factors caused by the global recession and stubbornly high unemployment rate. While there is little doubt that the sputtering US economy has major impact, emerging research suggests the changes in US driving habits are also the result of a long-term structural change reflective of a host of shifts in demographics, culture, technology, as well as settlement patterns in US metropolitan areas. A set of public policies also plays a key role. This paper explores those macro forces through an analysis driving trends, a review of existing literature, and discussion what is likely behind these trends as well as implications for public policy. Creation-Date: 2012-12-31 Number: 2012/14 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2012/14-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jan van der Waard Author-Name: Ben Immers Author-Name: Peter Jorritsma Title: Les nouveaux déterminants de la mobilité aux Pays-Bas, en 2012 et au-delà Abstract: Au début de 2011, le Netherlands Institute for Transport Policy Analysis a effectué une analyse de la mobilité, axée sur les tendances récentes. Il en est ressorti qu'après un essor remarquable dans les années 80 et 90, la mobilité des personnes dans son ensemble, au niveau national, n'a pas augmenté depuis 2005. Ce constat concerne en particulier l'usage de la voiture. Abstraction faite de la crise économique vers 2008/2009, on ne distingue pas encore bien pour l'heure les causes de cette évolution… Creation-Date: 2012-12-05 Number: 2012/15 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2012/15-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jan van der Waard Author-Workplace-Name: Netherlands Institute for Transport Policy Analysis Author-Name: Ben Immers Author-Workplace-Name: TRAIL Research School Author-Name: Peter Jorritsma Author-Workplace-Name: Netherlands Institute for Transport Policy Analysis Title: New Drivers in Mobility: What Moves the Dutch in 2012 and Beyond? Abstract: In early 2011, the Netherlands Institute for Transport Policy Analysis performed a mobility analysis, focussing on recent trends. This analysis showed that, following the remarkable growth in the 1980s and 1990s, the total national mobility of people in the Netherlands has not increased since 2005. This particularly appears to apply to car use. Except for the economic crisis around 2008/2009, the reasons for this development remained unclear at the time… Creation-Date: 2012-12-04 Number: 2012/15 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2012/15-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jean-Loup Madre Author-Name: Yves D. Bussière Author-Name: Roger Collet Author-Name: Irving Tapia Villareal Title: Va-t-on vers une inversion de la tendance à toujours plus de mobilité ? Abstract: Dans la plupart des pays industrialisés on assiste depuis le début des années 2000 à une stagnation de la mobilité urbaine et du trafic automobile. En France, le Bilan de la Circulation établi par la Commission des Comptes Transport de la Nation montre une rupture de tendance analogue qui a été confirmée par les Enquêtes Ménages Déplacements (EMD dans la plupart des grandes villes, notamment Lille, Lyon, Strasbourg, puis par l'Enquête Nationale Transport et Déplacements (ENTD) qui permet de l'imputer essentiellement aux habitants des grands pôles urbains et de la resituer dans une vision d'ensemble de la mobilité: les déplacements sont moins fréquents (journée continue) et moins exclusivement automobiles (comportements multi-modaux des jeunes adultes), la motorisation des ménages décroît au coeur de l'agglomération parisienne comme d'ailleurs de celle de Londres... Ce plafonnement de la circulation traduit-il l'approche de la saturation (découplage entre évolutions des trafics et des revenus dans les régions les plus denses ou au-delà d'un certain niveau de vie?) ou plutôt la superposition d'évolutions contraires (poursuite de la croissance chez les ruraux et péri-urbains vs. recul chez les habitants des zones les plus denses) ? S'agit-il d'un phénomène structurel (vieillissement de la population...) ou conjoncturel lié à l'augmentation et à la volatilité du prix des carburants, à la récession ? Nous examinerons ces questions à la lumière de données collectées en France, complétées par quelques données de pays développés pour ensuite les comparer à quelques villes mexicaines, afin d'envisager dans quelle mesure et à quel horizon ces tendances pourraient s'étendre dans les pays du Sud. Creation-Date: 2012-12-04 Number: 2012/16 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2012/16-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jean-Loup Madre Author-Workplace-Name: UPE Author-Name: Yves D. Bussière Author-Workplace-Name: Facultad de Economía Author-Name: Roger Collet Author-Workplace-Name: UPE Author-Name: Irving Tapia Villareal Author-Workplace-Name: UPE Title: Are we Heading Towards a Reversal of the Trend for Ever-Greater Mobility? Abstract: In most industrialised countries, it can be seen that urban mobility and car traffic have stagnated since the early 2000s. In France, the report on traffic conducted by the National Transport Accounts Commission shows a similar break in the trend, which was confirmed by household travel surveys (EMDs) in most major cities, including Lille, Lyon and Strasbourg, and later by the National Transport and Travel Survey (ENTD), which shows that the trend can be attributed primarily to people living in large urban areas and provides an overall view of mobility: trips have become less frequent (with unbroken workdays) and less exclusively taken by car (as more young adults adopt multimodal behaviours), and car ownership is decreasing in the centre of greater Paris, as, for that matter, in the centre of London. Does this levelling-off of traffic suggest that the saturation point is near (with a decoupling of traffic and income trends in the most densely populated areas or above a certain standard of living) or, rather, a cancelling out of opposite trends (continued growth in rural and suburban areas and decline amongst residents of the most densely populated areas)? Is this a structural phenomenon (population ageing, etc.) or a cyclical one linked to rising and volatile fuel prices and the recession? We shall explore these issues in the light of data collected in France, supplemented by selected data from other developed countries, and then move on to a comparison with a number of Mexican cities in order to consider the extent to which, and in what timeframe, these trends could spread southward to the emerging economies. Creation-Date: 2012-12-04 Number: 2012/16 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2012/16-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jeffrey M. Zupan Author-Workplace-Name: Transportation, Regional Plan Association Title: Upgrading to World Class: The Future of the New York Region's Airports Abstract: This paper is intended to serve three purposes. First, it presents a slightly abbreviated version of the summary of the book published by Regional Plan Association (RPA) in January 2011 about the serious capacity and delay problems at the three major airports in New York and what might be done about it. Second, the paper provides information on the response by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the owners and operators of the three airports and what has transpired in the two years since the book was published. Third, the paper discusses some relevant emerging issues that will likely further affect the ability to address the growing problem of capacity and delays at these airports. Creation-Date: 2013-02-01 Number: 2013/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Forsyth Author-Workplace-Name: Monash University Title: Air Capacity for Sydney Abstract: Like most large cities, Sydney has an airport problem. Demand is increasing faster than supply, and additional capacity will be needed if costly rationing, and delays, are to be avoided. However, compared to many cities, the problems facing Sydney are modest. At the moment, demand is only just exceeding capacity. There is a good chance that the available capacity will be rationed efficiently. Options for expanding capacity are being evaluated well. There may be problems in the future- poor options may be chosen over good options. Creation-Date: 2013-02-01 Number: 2013/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Katsuhiro Yamaguchi Author-Workplace-Name: University of Tokyo Title: Evolution of Metropolitan Airports in Japan: Air Development in Tokyo and Osaka Abstract: If one is asked to give an appraisal of airport development in metropolitan areas in Japan, an unsparing critic may not esteem it highly for three reasons. One, because planning for the secondary airport at Tokyo and Osaka was initiated too late to match growth in demand. Two, due to untimely planning, the original airport was exasperated with the noise issue by the time the search for the location of the secondary airport had begun. As a consequence, the location of the secondary airport had to be situated far from the city centre. Three, because improvements to access transport, to overcome the airport’s distant location, were not planned thoroughly enough and have taken too much time to be completed, both the out-of-pocket costs and access time are still unsatisfactory. Creation-Date: 2013-02-01 Number: 2013/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Hans-martin Niemeier Author-Workplace-Name: University of Applied Sciences Title: Expanding Airport Capacity Under Constraints in Large Urban Areas: The German Experience Abstract: Expanding airports is a topic which can easily make it to the first page of the national press. But this is highly unlikely as “bad news” is “good news” and most often failures and scandals make it to the front page. Berlin airport or the on-going failure to open up a nearly-complete new airport has been the front runner in this regard and gained so much international attention that the association of engineers fears that the world wide renowned reputation of German engineering might be seriously damaged. Creation-Date: 2013-03-01 Number: 2013/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Guillaume Burghouwt Author-Workplace-Name: SEO Economic Research Title: Airport Capacity Expansion Strategies in the Era of Airline Multi-hub Networks Abstract: Many major airports are hubs for network carriers at the same time as serving a large local market. The complementarity between these functions is often seen as a prerequisite for viable hub operations, suggesting that spreading the hub network over multiple airports can be very costly and damages the corner stone of the hub operation: the creation of scope and density economies. Creation-Date: 2013-02-01 Number: 2013/5 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen Perkins Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Better Regulation of Public-Private Partnerships for Transport Infrastructure: Summary and Conclusions Abstract: This report is based on discussions at an International Transport Forum Roundtable convened in September 2012 to review experience with the regulation of public private partnerships (PPPs) in the transport sector. Conclusions from the debate are developed with reference to the literature, particularly in relation to managing the risks associated with forecasting traffic. The report focuses on actuarial, structural and behavioural approaches to improving the regulation of PPPs and containing liabilities created by PPPs for public finance. It also examines the potential for private financing of infrastructure by treating packages of transport projects as regulated utilities. The report aims to clarify the objectives of PPPs, their impact on public finance and the different types of risk that need to be managed. Creation-Date: 2013-04-01 Number: 2013/6 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/6-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Katja Funke Author-Workplace-Name: International Monetary Fund Author-Name: Tim Irwin Author-Workplace-Name: International Monetary Fund Author-Name: Isabel Rial Author-Workplace-Name: International Monetary Fund Title: Budgeting and Reporting for Public-Private Partnerships Abstract: Public-private partnerships (PPPs) can appeal to governments because they offer a new way of providing public services that is possibly more efficient than traditional public finance. But they can also appeal to governments because they allow new investments to be undertaken without any immediate increase in reported government spending or debt. This second motive for using PPPs rests largely on an illusion, because in the absence of efficiency gains (which are probably small relative to the total cost of the project), PPPs and publicly financed projects have a similar long-run effect on public finances. In some PPPs, the government defers payment, but ultimately must still pay the full cost of the project. In others, it concedes the right to collect user fees, and thus loses revenue it would have collected if the project had been financed traditionally. Creation-Date: 2013-04-01 Number: 2013/7 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/7-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Bertil Hylén Author-Workplace-Name: VTI Author-Name: Jari Kauppila Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Edouard Chong Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Road Haulage Charges and Taxes: Summary Analysis and Data Tables 1998-2012 Abstract: The International Transport Forum at the OECD has collected data on various taxes and charges levied on road haulage since 1998. The existing International Transport Forum database presents these results for selected years between 1998 and 2008. These data allow for comparison of road freight transport fiscal regimes in different countries in quantitative terms. They have also been used as core information in various international studies. Countries use them as a basis to study cost recovery of road infrastructure by relating all the various taxes and charges levied on transport activities to costs. The 2003 ECMT Report 'Reforming Transport Taxes' developed a methodology for making such comparisons, including in relation to the marginal costs of using infrastructure (infrastructure wear, congestion and environmental and safety externalities). The data can also be used to study the existence of possible discriminatory charges. The impact of charges on competitiveness in road haulage markets can be assessed with the data by modelling trips by Heavy Goods Vehicles (HGVs) of different nationalities on standard hauls throughout Europe and by calculating appropriate indicators. The data have also been used in a recent study to compare the internationalisation of external effects of HGVs using a number of European freight corridors (CTS, 2012). Creation-Date: 2013-04-01 Number: 2013/8 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/8-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kurt van Dender Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Martin Clever Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Recent Trends in Car Usage in Advanced Economies – Slower Growth Ahead?: Summary and Conclusions Abstract: Over the past 10 to 15 years, the growth of passenger vehicle travel volumes has decelerated in several high-income economies and, in some, growth has stopped or turned negative. Drawing from work presented to and discussions at the ITF Roundtable on long-run trends in travel demand, held in November 2012, this paper presents evidence on known causes of this change in growth rates and discusses knowledge gaps, hypothetical explanations and policy implications. Creation-Date: 2013-04-01 Number: 2013/9 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/9-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Mellin Author-Workplace-Name: VTI Author-Name: Asa Wikberg Author-Workplace-Name: VTI Author-Name: Inge Vierth Author-Workplace-Name: VTI Author-Name: Rune Karlsson Author-Workplace-Name: VTI Title: Internalisation of External Effects in European Freight Corridors Abstract: External effects or externalities “consist of the costs and benefits felt beyond or ‘external to’ those causing the effect” (Anderson, 2006). In the case of transportation, the negative externalities (costs) can take the form of air pollution, noise and accidents. Since external effects do not have a market price, external effects are a form of market failure. Wear and tear of the infrastructure is external to individual drivers and operators, and thus also included in the analysis... Creation-Date: 2013-05-01 Number: 2013/10 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Gajendra Haldea Author-Workplace-Name: Planning Commission Title: Public Private Partnership in National Highways: Indian Perspective Abstract: India’s road network of over 4.1 million km is second largest in the world consisting of expressways, national highways, state highways, major district roads and other roads. These roads carry about 65 per cent of freight and 80 per cent of passenger traffic. National highways constitute only 1.7 per cent of the road network, but carry about 40 per cent of the total road traffic. Road Transport has emerged as the dominant segment in India’s transportation sector with a share of 4.7% in India’s GDP in 2009-10. The number of vehicles on Indian roads has been growing at an average pace of 10.16% per annum over the last five years. Hence, development of road network assumes paramount importance in the context of a rapidly growing economy. Creation-Date: 2013-04-01 Number: 2013/11 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Arne Beck Author-Workplace-Name: Civity Management Consultants Author-Name: Heiner Bente Author-Workplace-Name: Civity Management Consultants Author-Name: Martin Schilling Author-Workplace-Name: Civity Management Consultants Title: Railway Efficiency Abstract: Railway efficiency is a topic of interest worldwide for railway managers operating in competitive markets and for fiscally strained governments. Several recent studies indicate that European railways differ in terms of their efficiency. Based on a comparison with some major non-European railway systems, our analysis provides further evidence that significant efficiency gaps exist. Creation-Date: 2013-05-07 Number: 2013/12 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/12-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Philippe Crist Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Jari Kauppila Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: José Vassallo Author-Workplace-Name: Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Author-Name: Butch Wlaschin Author-Workplace-Name: Federal Highway Administration Title: Asset Management for Sustainable Road Funding Abstract: This paper lays out a framework for managing complex asset systems, such as road networks, with a view to optimising life-cycle value of the asset base. It is based on discussions at the International transport Forum Roundtable on Sustainable Road Funding held in Paris 25-26 October 20121 and includes inputs from the ITF working Group on Infrastructure Adaptation to Extreme Weather and Climate Change. Creation-Date: 2013-05-01 Number: 2013/13 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/13-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Rajiv Sharma Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: The Potential of Private Institutional Investors for Financing Transport Infrastructure Abstract: It is widely held that large institutional investors such as pension funds and sovereign wealth funds with long term liabilities and a low risk appetite are ideally suited to invest in transportation infrastructure assets. Despite the theoretical ideal match between a large source of capital and an asset class in need of investment, the uptake of institutional investors has been slow. This has been due to bad experiences with early investments and the uncertainty associated with investing in some transportation infrastructure assets... Creation-Date: 2013-05-28 Number: 2013/14 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/14-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Mike Tretheway Author-Workplace-Name: InterVISTAS Consulting Inc. Author-Name: Kate Markhvida Author-Workplace-Name: InterVISTAS Consulting Inc. Title: Airports in the Aviation Value Chain: Financing, Returns, Risk and Investment Abstract: The global airline industry is slowly returning to profitability, but there is a long and difficult road ahead. According to IATA, the industry raised a profit of $8 billion in 20112 and it is forecasted to make a profit of $11 billion in 2013.3 However, these improved profit margins continue to be razor thin – in the best of times the airline industry earns only a modest 1-2% net profit margin on revenue. Volatile fuel prices, economic downturns, impacts of terrorism and natural disasters (hurricanes, volcanic ash, tsunamis), pandemics and government austerity measures are among the key factors that will continue to affect airline profitability... Creation-Date: 2013-05-28 Number: 2013/15 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/15-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Anderson Author-Workplace-Name: Imperial College Author-Name: Benjamin Condry Author-Workplace-Name: Imperial College Author-Name: Nicholas Findlay Author-Workplace-Name: Imperial College Author-Name: Ruben Brage-Ardao Author-Workplace-Name: Imperial College Author-Name: Haojie Li Author-Workplace-Name: Imperial College Title: Measuring and Valuing Convenience and Service Quality: A Review of Global Practices and Challenges from Mass Transit Operators and Railway Industries Abstract: Origin-destination demand, trip patterns, pricing and transport networks alone cannot explain passenger demand for public transport modes. Other factors of convenience and service quality play a key role in influencing demand and mode choice but they are often more complex and harder to define, measure and value. This paper argues that the good measurement of public transport convenience and service quality is a pre-requisite to its valuation and ensuring more optimal policy and management actions to minimise passengers’ generalised time. The paper focusses necessarily on the urban public transport operator and its measurement of service quality. We review the practical experience gained from over 20 years of international benchmarking with more than 50 metro, bus and suburban rail operators in large cities around the world. Specifically, we review the current standards and practices from the urban railway industry in measuring service quality and provide examples of how such performance in metro operations varies globally. It is demonstrated that current practice in many cities remains too operationally based, despite there being an opportunity for much more customer focused measures of service quality using the greatly increased data availability from new technologies. The experience of the UK railway industry in valuing convenience and service quality is discussed. Here, a common framework for demand forecasting has been developed combining service quality and convenience measures with other service attributes to effectively measure the “attractiveness” of the service to customers. The paper concludes by considering the implications and opportunities for public transport operators, authorities and regulators worldwide in better measuring, valuing and managing public transport convenience in order to better meet mobility needs. Creation-Date: 2013-09-18 Number: 2013/16 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/16-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Eric Kroes Author-Workplace-Name: VU University Amsterdam Author-Name: Marco Kouwenhoven Author-Workplace-Name: VU University Amsterdam Author-Name: Laurence Debrincat Author-Workplace-Name: Syndicat des Transports d’Ile-de-France Author-Name: Nicolas Pauget Author-Workplace-Name: Syndicat des Transports d’Ile-de-France Title: On the Value of Crowding in Public Tansport for Ile-de-France Abstract: Since the mid 90’s, public transport patronage in Île-de-France (the Paris region) has increased substantially: over the last decade alone a 20% growth was observed. This growth, even though it was an aim of the Sustainable Urban Mobility plan adopted in 2000, was not completely anticipated. Consequently, the capacity is no longer sufficient to meet the demand during the peak hours, particularly on several parts of the network in the dense central area of the region. This results in over-crowded vehicles and long waiting times for passengers at rail platforms and bus stops. The lack of maintenance and modernisation of the transport system causes additional operational difficulties. Creation-Date: 2013-09-19 Number: 2013/18 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/18-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Michele Acciaro Author-Workplace-Name: Kühne Logistics University (KLU) Author-Name: Alan McKinnon Author-Workplace-Name: Kühne Logistics University (KLU) Title: Efficient Hinterland Transport Infrastructure and Services for Large Container Ports Abstract: The growth in container volumes and the concentration of container flows on a limited number of hubs, which derives, among other things, from the increasing vessel size, requires the development of new terminal infrastructure at ports able to handle the latest generation of vessels. In addition to the pressure that such vessels impose on the terminal cargo handling capabilities, it is often forgotten, that those larger vessels will also require higher capacity in hinterland transportation or a rationalization and better use of existing transport alternatives. Those ports that are already plagued by inland congestion or that are located in the proximity of densely populated areas, will have to come up with viable alternatives to reduce the impact of congestion and relieve local communities from the negative externalities generated by increasing cargo flows. The development of new terminal infrastructure should then take into account the effects that increasing traffic volumes will have on the existing infrastructure and plan for expansion if necessary. As volumes increase, alternative modes of transport, such as rail or short-sea shipping are being promoted both to reduce both congestion and environmental impacts. In the specific case of Chile and the new development associated with the Puerto de Gran Escala project, it is imperative to carefully plan the development of the hinterland infrastructure. This is not only necessary to ensure that the investment yields adequate economic benefit; it must also maximise the social and environmental sustainability of the project. This paper provides an overview of the state of the art in hinterland transport management, focusing on the challenges that the development of new container terminal infrastructure is likely to bring to the local communities. Recommendation and a set of good practice case studies of good practice are also provided. Keywords: emissions, hinterland transportation, port gate, port hinterland, rail access to terminals Creation-Date: 2013-11-13 Number: 2013/19 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/19-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Alexis Michea Author-Workplace-Name: Ministry of Transport and Telecommunications, Chile Title: Puerto de Gran Escala: The case for a New Container Terminal in Central Chile Abstract: The state-owned sector was modernised in the late 1990s by means of Law 19 542, which divided the large national ports company (Empresa Portuaria de Chile, Emporchi) to create 10 independent port companies (Empresas Portuarias), each with its own board of directors, management, etc. These independent companies have a mandate to ensure efficient port operation and development whilst maintaining a sound financial status. Creation-Date: 2013-10-20 Number: 2013/20 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/20-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Gordon Wilmsmeier Author-Workplace-Name: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Title: Liner Shipping Markets, Networks and Strategies: The implications for Port Development on the West Coast of South America: The case of Chile Abstract: This paper, predominantly on the challenges for port development, in some important sense cannot help but also be about the deeper phenomena of structural change in the maritime industry and geographical shift. The main objective is to analyse the evolution of symptoms of change in the liner shipping industry within South America and more particularly on the West Coast, as these changes are direct drivers of port infrastructure and port system development, which is both economically interesting and a matter of serious policy significance in its own right. Creation-Date: 2013-11-05 Number: 2013/22 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/22-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: David Starkie Author-Workplace-Name: Case Associated Author-Name: George Yarrow Author-Workplace-Name: Case Associated Title: Why airports can face price-elastic demands: margins, lumpiness and leveraged passenger losses Abstract: The extent to which firms face price-elastic demands for their products is important in the application of competition law and in judgments made as to whether they have significant market power. In the context of the airport industry, assessing price-elasticities is complicated by the fact that one major type of consumer of airport services, the air passenger, is not charged directly for use of terminals and airside infrastructure. Instead, the airport derives its revenues from charges to airlines and from the supply of non-aeronautical services. The charges to airlines then become one of many input costs that the airlines recoup from passenger fares, and this intermediation has significant implications for the demand analysis. Creation-Date: 2013-12-05 Number: 2013/23 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/23-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: David Thompson Author-Name: Stephen Perkins Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Kurt van Dender Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Expanding Airport Capacity under Constraints in Large Urban Areas: Summary and Conclusions of the Roundtable held on 21-22 February 2013 Abstract: Expanding airport capacity is difficult in large urban areas. Expansion of existing airports is usually constrained by community agreements on noise and local air pollution and by a shortage of land. Finding sufficient land, at feasible prices, to develop or relocate major airports on green-field sites within a reasonable distance of city centres is often very difficult. Creating land for airports in locations less sensitive to noise and land-use conflicts, for example through offshore or estuarine land reclamation, is expensive and most new sites will require extensive investments in surface transport links to city centres. Furthermore, moving an airport imposes costs on airlines and their users as well as on activities located close to and dependent on proximity to the existing one. In multi-airport regions, options for expansion at one airport will impact the others and airlines, operating in increasingly competitive markets, may respond differently to alternative ways in which the region’s airport capacity might be increased. Creation-Date: 2013-12-10 Number: 2013/24 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/24-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher Nash Author-Workplace-Name: University of Leeds Title: When to Invest in High-Speed Rail Abstract: High speed rail (HSR) is usually regarded as services operating at 250 kmph or more, and these invariably require construction of new purpose-built lines. According to the International Union of Railways (UIC), by 2012, a total of 13 000km of such lines had been built worldwide, half in Europe and half in Asia. China had the largest network at 3 426km, whilst Japan, France and Spain all had over 2 000km. There are plans for a further major expansion, with the European Commission calling for a trebling of the kilometrage in Europe by 2030.Yet high speed rail is an enormous investment, with a typical 500km line costing 6-12Bn euros in 2004 prices (Euros 12-24 Bn per km) (de Rus and Nash, 2009). It is necessary to consider very carefully in what circumstances such an outlay is justified. Creation-Date: 2013-12-13 Number: 2013/25 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/25-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Yves Crozet Author-Workplace-Name: Laboratoire d’économie des transports Title: High-Speed Rail Performance in France: From Appraisal Methodologies to Ex-post Evaluation Abstract: France embarked on high-speed rail travel almost 40 years ago. Today it carries more passengers by far on its high-speed trains than any other European country. Regarded as something of a niche activity initially, high-speed rail has become a national priority in France as evidenced by its 1 900-km network of high-speed lines (LGV). The lines currently under construction will bring this total to 2 600 by 2017. Creation-Date: 2013-12-13 Number: 2013/26 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/26-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Fumio Kurosaki Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Transportation Economics in Japan Title: Shinkansen Investment before and after JNR Reform Abstract: “Shinkansen” refers to Japan’s dedicated high-speed intercity rail system, and it was initially introduced between Tokyo and Shin-Osaka in 1964 prior to other countries. This event accelerated the development of high-speed railways in other countries. In Japan its total length and the number of lines have increased since then contributing to the economic development of the country. As with other conventional railways, Shinkansen was constructed and operated by the Japanese National Railways (JNR). Creation-Date: 2013-12-13 Number: 2013/27 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/27-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jianhong Wu Author-Workplace-Name: Beijing Jiatong University Title: The Financial and Economic Assessment of China's High Speed Rail Investments: A Preliminary Analysis Abstract: China has suffered railway capacity constraints for more than several decades and the need for a large increase in rail capacity has been viewed as the primary challenge. The former Chinese Ministry of Railways believed that building a national wide high speed railway (HSR) network was the most efficient solution to China’s rail capacity problems. By 2012, 9 000 km of HSR line has been completed which accounted more than half of the total in the World and the other 9 000 km HSR line is either under construction or in the planning stage. This paper attempts to discuss the initial operational, financial and economic result of such a large scale HSR investment in China where the establishment of an appraisal system for a HSR project is still underway and the public data in need are not available. Based on some trial studies carried out on several HSR projects, however, the paper shows that except for a limited amount of HSR projects in the most developed areas of the country, the initial financial and economic performance of most HSR lines are generally much poorer than expected. The scale of investment seems to be difficult to justify, given that investment in HSR lines is very expensive, especially for those with design speed of 350 km/h, and the high level of debt funding. Moreover the values of time of the ordinary Chinese are still low by European standards. For a developing country planning HSR projects, one lesson that can be learnt from China is that it would be ideal if a comprehensive appraisal can be taken into account before investing in HSR. Such appraisal includes examination of different options for technical and operational standards, timing of investment, construction scale and pace, train operational scheme and service level, pricing and regional development policy (political consideration). At the very least, a step by step development strategy should be adopted to cope with the huge uncertainties and risks. Creation-Date: 2013-12-19 Number: 2013/28 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/28-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Fabio Croccolo Author-Workplace-Name: Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport, Italy Author-Name: Alessandro VIOLI Author-Workplace-Name: Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport, Italy Title: New Entry in the Italian High-Speed Rail Market Abstract: The purpose of this presentation is to examine a specific rail transport sector, namely high-speed (HS) rail, in Italy. This analysis will cover the main features of the Italian HS system by studying aspects such as: the legislative framework, infrastructure, services, traffic data and market shares, in addition to regulatory matters. Creation-Date: 2013-12-13 Number: 2013/29 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/29-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: John Preston Author-Workplace-Name: University of Southampton Title: The Economics of Investment in High-Speed Rail: Summary and Conclusions Abstract: From its origin with the Tokaido Shinkansen in 1964, High Speed Rail (HSR), defined here as new rail lines capable of operating speeds of 250 kilometres per hour or more, has grown relatively slowly over the last 50 years, with the World HSR network as of late 2013 standing at under 22 000 km. However, the network has been growing rapidly in recent years. With the first opening as recently as 2007, China has already an HSR network of almost 10,000 km. with a further 9 000 km under construction (out of a worldwide total of 14,000 km of line under construction). Creation-Date: 2013-12-13 Number: 2013/30 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/30-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Emile Quinet Title: Prise en compte du développement durable dans l'évaluation des projets : Un point de vue français Abstract: La prise en compte du développement durable dans l’évaluation des projets d’investissement est un sujet d’actualité à la fois en termes de réflexions et au niveau des prises de décisions. Au plan de la réflexion, on mentionnera les nombreuses études et recherches pour évaluer les atteintes à l’environnement et les traduire en termes monétaires, à la fois pour les atteintes qu’on appellera par la suite « de flux » telles que la pollution ou le bruit, et celles qu’on appellera « de stock » qui exercent leurs effets par accumulation sur le long terme telles que le réchauffement planétaire ou la réduction de la biodiversité. En ce qui concerne la prise de décision, on remarque que dans de nombreux pays, on s’efforce de mieux intégrer ces préoccupations dans la conception des projets et dans l’analyse coût-bénéfice auxquels ils donnent lieu. La France n’échappe pas à ce mouvement ; récemment un groupe de travail a été constitué pour mettre à jour les modalités d’évaluation des investissements publics, et les travaux de ce groupe, qui viennent de s’achever, ont accordé une grande place aux considérations de développement durable et de prise en compte du long terme. Le présent texte s’appuie largement sur les travaux de ce groupe de travail. On s’efforcera dans ce qui suit de les analyser au regard des connaissances scientifiques, mais aussi de les replacer dans le contexte institutionnel et politico-administratif français. Creation-Date: 2013-12-05 Number: 2013/31 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/31-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Emile Quinet Author-Workplace-Name: Ecole des Ponts et Chaussées Title: Factoring Sustainable Development into Project Appraisal: A French View Abstract: Factoring sustainable development into the appraisal of investment projects is a topical issue at both the analytical and the decision-making level. In the area of analysis, we find numerous studies and research projects devoted to the assessment of environmental damage and its translation into monetary terms. The analysis concerns both “flow” damage such as pollution and noise, and “stock” damage with long-term cumulative effect, such as global warming and the reduction of biodiversity. In the area of decisionmaking, efforts are being undertaken in many countries to achieve better integration of these concerns in project appraisal and the related cost-benefit analysis. France is no exception: a working party recently set up to revise the methodology for appraising public investment projects has just completed its deliberations. It paid close attention to considerations of sustainable development and the factoring of the long term, and the present paper is based largely on its recommendations. In what follows, we shall endeavour to analyse those recommendations in the light of scientific knowledge and place them in the French institutional and politico-administrative context. Creation-Date: 2013-12-05 Number: 2013/31 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/31-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Svante Mandell Author-Workplace-Name: VTI Title: Carbon Emissions and Cost Benefit Analyses Abstract: New infrastructure projects may affect CO2 emissions and, thus, cost benefit analyses for these projects require a value to apply for CO2. This may be based on the marginal social cost of emissions or on the carbon price resulting from present and future policies. This paper argues that both approaches are necessary, but for cost benefit analysis of infrastructure projects the latter should be the primary tool. A series of complications arise when applying this principle in practice. These are discussed in the paper. Even if the complications make the implementation of the approach difficult, we argue that it is still preferable to a social cost approach. Classification-JEL: H54; Q51; R42 Keywords: carbon value, climate change, cost-benefit analysis, policy Creation-Date: 2013-12-11 Number: 2013/32 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/32-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Hironori Kato Author-Workplace-Name: University of Tokyo Title: Valuation of Urban Rail Service: Experiences from Tokyo, Japan Abstract: Promoting public transportation, which includes rail, metro, bus rapid transit, and bus services is one of the most popular urban transportation policies among transportation authorities in many countries. This popularity may reflect the social requirement to pursue a sustainable transportation system by motivating people to use an environmentally friendly transportation mode. In particular, the modal shift from the automobile to public transportation is highlighted in urban transportation planning because many cities have suffered from serious traffic congestion, which has caused economic losses as well as negative impacts on local, regional, and global environments. In order to attract individuals to use public transportation, the improvement of service is critical. This includes increasing service frequency, decreasing travel time, upgrading station facilities, and introducing higher-capacity vehicles. Creation-Date: 2014-04-14 Number: 2014/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2014/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Wardman Author-Workplace-Name: University of Leeds Title: Valuing Convenience in Public Transport: Roundtable Summary and Conclusions Abstract: The experience of transport systems users, in terms of comfort, reliability, safety and above all convenience, is critical in determining demand for transport services, at least when there is a choice of alternative ways to travel. Convenience is one of the strongest attractions of the private car for passenger transport. For users of public transport, convenience is also clearly important but not always clearly defined and not often measured in designing transport systems or monitoring their operating performance. In many situations, an increase in public transport convenience reduces the unit costs of travel (euros/dollars per hour or cents per minute) and so provides benefits equivalent to an increase in travel speed. This report focuses on convenience and its importance to the user experience. It reviews operational definitions of convenience, evidence for the willingness of users to pay for convenience and the use of indicators to assess and improve the convenience of public transport, with a view to making it more effective and more competitive. Creation-Date: 2014-05-13 Number: 2014/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2014/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Mary R. Brooks Author-Workplace-Name: Dalhousie University Author-Name: Thanos Pallis Author-Workplace-Name: University of Aegean Author-Name: Stephen Perkins Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Port Investment and Container Shipping Markets: Roundtable Summary and Conclusions Abstract: Ports around the globe are planning expansions to respond to the growth of containerised maritime trade and to the development needs of their hinterland economies. Following the dip in trade induced by the 2007-2008 financial crisis, global volumes are on the rise again (Figure 1), driven by growth in the emerging economies. Growth in trade will be supported by the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement signed in Bali in December 2013 and expanding container port capacity is again a pressing issue in many locations. Inadequate container port infrastructure can be a severe logistics bottleneck and a constraint on growth. Efficiency and capacity need to increase in step with demand. At the same time port policy makers and container terminal operators have to match capacity to demand carefully to avoid costly overinvestment, a task complicated by rapid technological change in liner shipping markets with the introduction of larger vessels, rising fuel prices and restructuring through mergers and alliances. Creation-Date: 2014-04-11 Number: 2014/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2014/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Geetam Tiwari Author-Workplace-Name: Indian Institute of Technology Title: Planning and Designing Transport Systems to Ensure Safe Travel for Women Abstract: Safe travel for all road users is a prerequisite for ensuring sustainable and inclusive cities. Providing safe transport system is an objective for sustainable transport, because risk of injuries and deaths from traffic crashes has become a major public health concern worldwide (WHO, 2011). At the same time safety of pedestrians, bicyclists and public transport users also has an impact on the choice of these modes. Risk to pedestrians, bicyclists and public transport users can be reduced by appropriate street designs and neighbourhood environment. Safer pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure results in increased use of these environment friendly modes (Tiwari & Jain, 2012). Safe travel options for women in general and specifically low income women are important for addressing livelihood and poverty issues for a significant proportion of urban population in low income countries like India. In this paper we present data from two Indian cities- Vishakhapattanam( a city in south India with a population of 1.7 million persons) and Delhi the capital city of India having 16.4 million residents to compare the travel patterns of women and men. The household survey in Delhi focused on low income settlements since poverty adds another dimension to gender bias. The survey repeated after ten years shows that the travel patterns remain unchanged. Women travel shorter distances, are dependent on lower cost modes-walking and public transport and perform multi-purpose linked trips. In view of the sustainability requirements, lower mobility of women must be addressed by ensuring safe accessibility to employment opportunities by walking, bicycles and public transport. The paper concludes with possible interventions required to ensure safe and secure travel of women at land use planning level and street design level. Creation-Date: 2014-04-16 Number: 2014/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2014/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Hironori Kato Author-Workplace-Name: University of Tokyo Title: Urban Rail Development in Tokyo from 2000 to 2010 Abstract: Tokyo is well known as a rail-oriented city where the huge traffic demand generated from the megacity is well supported by a sophisticated urban rail system. The results of the 2008 Person Trip Survey show that rail’s modal share was 30% as of 2008; the economy of Tokyo is highly dependent on an efficient urban rail network. As shown in Kato (2014), Tokyo’s urban rail market has unique characteristics: private rail companies provide many of the rail services, the rail network was developed under the guidance of the central government, rail users suffered from chronic traffic congestion for many years, and the rail market has recently been significantly influenced by a rapidly aging demographic. In spite of its uniqueness, the experiences of urban rail development in Tokyo could be useful for other OECD member countries. Creation-Date: 2014-04-16 Number: 2014/5 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2014/5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Alan McKinnon Author-Workplace-Name: Kühne Logistics University (KLU) Title: Building Supply Chain Resilience: A Review of Challenges and Strategies Abstract: For several decades, textbooks, articles and consultancy reports in supply chain management (SCM) have expounded the virtues of low inventory, just-in-time delivery, single-sourcing, centralization and tightly-coupled processes. Heeding their advice, many companies have effectively implemented this ‘lean’ approach and managed to achieve impressive cost savings and productivity gains. Over the same period, they have globalized their sourcing, production and distribution operations, creating complex webs of interdependency between factories, warehouses, freight terminals and shops around the world. This has enabled them to expand their market areas, off-shore their production to low labour cost countries and diversify their supply base, again all in keeping with what is generally considered to be good business practice. Creation-Date: 2014-07-01 Number: 2014/6 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2014/6-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Benedikt Mandel Author-Workplace-Name: MKmetric GmbH Title: Contemporary Airport Demand Forecasting: Choice Models and Air Transport Forecasting Abstract: This paper describes the econometric system approach developed by MKmetric to perform short and long-term air transport demand forecasts while considering various determinants such as socio-economy, policy, infrastructure and land use. The necessities for modelling air transport evoking from a transport system point of view and the changes of the aviation world occurred during the last decade are investigated. Based on these findings the mathematical framework is outlined considering shortfalls of traditional models used in aviation forecasting and restrictions caused by classical functional forms. The increasing gap of information for modelling is described and alternative data sources used for the development of the system approach are listed. As all models are imperfect describing just a part of real life, it sheds a light on the necessity to validate models and the prerequisite of complexity needed to cope with multi-sector scenario simulations for strategic, tactical and operational developments as well as political decisions. Finally some analysis examples demonstrate the power of the approach used focusing on the choice modelling reflecting consumers’ behaviour. Keywords: consumer behaviour Creation-Date: 2014-04-01 Number: 2014/7 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2014/7-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: César Ducruet Author-Name: Hidekazu Itoh Author-Workplace-Name: Kwansei Gakuin University Author-Name: Olaf Merk Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Time Efficiency at World Container Ports Abstract: The ability of ports to ensure efficient cargo transfers is one central dimension of their overall function as transport nodes. Before containerization, such as in the late nineteenth century, large seaports were already competing in their attempt providing fast transit between sea and land, in a context of growing global trades (Marnot, 2012). Such aspects are even more crucial nowadays when the port can be considered as only one element of value-driven supply chains (Robinson, 2002) or as a set of independent terminals operated by global actors (Olivier and Slack, 2006). While port efficiency as a whole may be understood from various perspectives, its influence on trade facilitation (Clark et al., 2004) and regional development (Haddad et al., 2010) has been well underlined. Ways to measure port efficiency and performance are very diverse, but the time factor has been so far largely left aside, especially in international comparative studies of ports. More frequent are case studies of specific aspects such as fast-ship services (De Langen, 1999), broader approaches such as the global synchronization of transport terminals in a context of space/time collapse (Rodrigue, 1999), or operations research about queuing models of vessels in relation to port entrance channels and berth allocation and productivity. Creation-Date: 2014-08-01 Number: 2014/8 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2014/8-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Olaf Merk Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: The Mediterranean Port Economy: The cases of Marseille and Mersin Abstract: Ports are no longer perceived as main drivers of urban economic development. A variety of factors have been identified in the academic literature to contribute to urban economic growth, ranging from human capital, entrepreneurial culture, diversity and infrastructure to planning and governance. Port infrastructure is in many cases not even considered as a potential source of economic development. Whereas efficient ports have contributed to a substantial reduction in transportation costs, and thus stimulated external trade and related economic development, the general perception is that most of the gains of external trade have spread out to other regions than the port area or the port region (e.g. Gripaios and Gripaios, 1995). This is related to de-concentration of logistics activity and “port regionalisation” tendencies (Notteboom and Rodrigue, 2005). In contrast, negative impacts related to ports have unevenly affected port-cities, including socio-economic impacts related to a unskilled workforce needed to sustain a port-industrial complexes that have ceased to be labour-intensive. Economic benefits of ports were less ambiguous in the past, when port-cities dominated trade-oriented emerging capitalist economies, as eloquently described in Braudel (1979). Creation-Date: 2014-08-01 Number: 2014/9 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2014/9-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Alain Bonnafous Author-Workplace-Name: Laboratoire d’économie des transports Title: Permanent Observatories as Tools for Ex-Post Assessment: The French Case Study Abstract: In France, the obligation to conduct an ex-post assessment is relatively recent (1982) but it has in fact revealed some methodological problems that flow from the retrospective nature of the exercise. This report shows that some of those difficulties can be overcome through the establishment of permanent observatories. It presents examples of such observatories, with a particular focus on motorway (“autoroute”, or “freeway” in North American usage) investments. A particular case is then investigated, concerning the socioeconomic observatory on the effects of the Sud-Europe-Atlantique [South-Europe-Atlantic] high-speed train line that is now under construction. This major project (€7.8 billion) has been let under a concession. The concession contract calls for the establishment of an observatory that also covers the construction period and is to remain in operation for 10 years after the line comes into service, or until 2027. Besides an overall presentation of the mechanism, the report deals in particular with the metrological precautions that must be taken in order to monitor the multimodal offer of transport for the areas concerned. One of the key issues here, in fact, is to explain the discrepancies between forecast and projected and actual traffic, an explanation that may be more complete than in the ex-post evaluation procedure. Creation-Date: 2014-12-01 Number: 2014/10 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2014/10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen Fitzroy Author-Workplace-Name: Economic Development Research Group, Inc. Author-Name: Glen E. Weisbrod Author-Workplace-Name: Economic Development Research Group, Inc. Author-Name: Naomi Stein Author-Workplace-Name: Economic Development Research Group, Inc. Title: TPICS TIGER and US Experience: A Focus on Case-based Ex-post Economic Impact Assessment Abstract: This paper presents the results of research recently conducted by the authors on ex-post analysis focused on the long-term economic impacts of transportation system investments in the United States (US). For a variety of reasons, the US has had a tradition of making transport investments to address economic development goals and applying ex-post analysis to assess achievement of economic development impacts. These past studies are reviewed, as are some of the deficiencies and suggested improvements in methods for ex-post analysis. The paper also reviews methods to refine ex-post analysis of economic development in the US via the Transportation Impact Project Case Studies (TPICS) system developed as a national database of land and economic development impact studies. The paper concludes with a series of recommendations for broader distribution and support for the tools and methods developed in TPICS, and an assessment of the challenges facing wider adoption and application of the ex-post analysis in the US context. Specific adoption and implementation issues and opportunities are addressed in the context of the US Department of Transportation’s TIGER (Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery) discretionary grant program. Creation-Date: 2014-10-01 Number: 2014/11 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2014/11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Geraldine Barker Author-Workplace-Name: National Audit Office Author-Name: Grace Beardsley Author-Workplace-Name: National Audit Office Author-Name: Annie Parsons Author-Workplace-Name: National Audit Office Title: The National Audit Office's Value-for-Money Assessment of Transport Investments Abstract: The UK National Audit Office (NAO) scrutinises public spending on behalf of Parliament, helping it to hold government departments to account and helping public bodies improve performance and delivery. We publish around 60 value for money studies each year across a range of government activities, of which, around three of these usually cover transport topics. Our reports look at how government projects, programmes and initiatives have been implemented and make recommendations on how it can be improved. Our value for money work is not strictly ex-post assessment in the usual sense of assessing a programme once it has been in operation for some time. Due to the length of time needed to complete major transport investments and our remit to focus on accountability, we often carry out an assessment of a project before its completion. In some cases, particularly for significant infrastructure investments, a series of value for money reports is appropriate as the programme will develop over time. These tend to focus on how the programme is being delivered, in terms of the planning, procurement or construction phases of infrastructure projects. Creation-Date: 2014-08-01 Number: 2014/12 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2014/12-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel J. Graham Author-Workplace-Name: Imperial College Title: Causal Influence for Ex-post Evaluation of Transport Interventions Abstract: This paper reviews methods that seek to draw causal inference from non-experimental data and shows how they can be applied to undertake ex-post evaluation of transport interventions. In particular, the paper discusses the underlying principles of techniques for treatment effect estimation with non-randomly assigned treatments. The aim of these techniques is to quantify changes that have occurred due to explicit intervention (or ‘treatment’). The paper argues that transport interventions are typically characterized by non-random assignment and that the key issues for successful ex-post evaluation involve identifying and adjusting for confounding factors. In contrast to conventional approaches for ex-ante appraisal, a major advantage of the statistical causal methods is that they can be applied without making strong a-priori theoretical assumptions. The paper provides empirical examples of the use of causal techniques to evaluate road network capacity expansions in US cities and High Speed Rail investments in Spain. Creation-Date: 2014-10-01 Number: 2014/13 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2014/13-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Henrik Pålsson Author-Workplace-Name: Lund University Author-Name: Karl-Johan Lundquist Author-Workplace-Name: Lund University Author-Name: Lars-Olof Olander Author-Workplace-Name: Lund University Author-Name: Fredrik Eng Larsson Author-Workplace-Name: Lund University Author-Name: Lena Hiselius Author-Workplace-Name: Lund University Title: Target: Low-carbon Goods Transportation: A Growth-dynamics Perspective on Logistics and Goods Transportation until 2050 Abstract: The transportation sector is responsible for about 23% of all CO2 emissions globally and 30% in OECD countries with road being the dominating sector for transport emissions (ITF, 2010). National emissions data are rarely disaggregated by freight vs. passenger transport, but an estimate is that goods transportation accounts for 30-40% of the total road sector emissions in most countries (ITF, 2010). In addition, the trend for CO2 emissions from the transportation of goods is on the rise, while the increase in emissions from passenger transport has levelled off and emissions from other sectors have decreased. Internationally, based on traditional projections, transportation of goods is expected to continue increasing in step with the GDP, thus doubling by 2050. This trend contrasts sharply with the climate targets set by the EU, which require dramatic reductions in emissions; by 2050, the EU should cut its emissions to 80% below 1990 levels through domestic reductions alone (EU, 2011). The expected effects of on-going or planned measures will not be sufficient to achieve the EU target. On the contrary, CO2 levels are expected to increase. This is the problem that is the focus of the analysis and discussion in this paper. Creation-Date: 2014-07-01 Number: 2014/14 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2014/14-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Marian Moszoro Author-Workplace-Name: The World Bank Author-Name: Gonzalo Araya Author-Workplace-Name: The World Bank Author-Name: Fernanda Ruiz-Nuñez Author-Workplace-Name: The World Bank Author-Name: Jordan Schwartz Author-Workplace-Name: The World Bank Title: Institutional and Political Determinants of Private Participation in Infrastructure Abstract: We assembled a large panel of project-level technical and financial data and country-level economic, institutional, political, and governance variables to assess the determinants of private financing of infrastructure in emerging markets and developing economies. Controlling for economic characteristics, we find that overall private participation of infrastructure financing increases with freedom from corruption, rule of law, quality of regulations, and decreases with court disputes. We provide plausible explanations of deviations from this pattern when data is disaggregated at the sectoral level. We also found that legal systems—types of democracy or dictatorship—do not play a role in whether the private sector invests in infrastructure. Our results do not vary when controlling for income inequality and across quartiles of experience, country wealth, and wealth per capita. The study shows that upstream “enabling” institutions, policies, and regulations and sector economics need to be addressed simultaneously to facilitate private infrastructure investment financing. Classification-JEL: D73; H54; L33; L51; R42 Keywords: bureaucracy, corruption, regulation, rule of law Creation-Date: 2014-10-01 Number: 2014/15 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2014/15-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Gifford Author-Workplace-Name: George Mason University Author-Name: Lisardo Bolaños Author-Workplace-Name: George Mason University Author-Name: Nobuhiko Daito Author-Workplace-Name: George Mason University Title: Renegotiation of Transportation Public-Private Partnerships: The US Experience Abstract: Public-private partnerships (P3s) typically rely on long-term contracts between participants. When conditions arise that fall outside the expectations embodied in the contract, one party may seek to renegotiate the contract terms. Globally, the frequency of P3 contract renegotiations has been sufficient to raise questions regarding why these events occur and what their consequences are for the projects and society. The literature highlights four relevant causes behind renegotiation occurrences: unexpected exogenous changes, the complexity of the contractual relationship, winner´s curse and rent seeking behavior. This study examines the US experience with highway P3 renegotiations, including four types of event: contract modifications, defaults, bankruptcies and buyouts. While the US highway P3 market has grown gradually, failure to understand renegotiations and their potential consequences may dampen the market and adversely affect national infrastructure investment efforts. The analysis finds that insufficient evidence exists to disentangle the drivers of renegotiation in the US, although exogenous changes and contractual relationship complexity appear to be paramount. The analysis highlights the distinct political and institutional environment that shapes highway P3 renegotiations in the US, suggesting the need for continuing and sensible analysis to effectively manage the undesirable consequences of renegotiations. Creation-Date: 2014-12-01 Number: 2014/16 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2014/16-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: ITF Title: Renegotiations in Public-Private Partnerships: Theory and Evidence Abstract: Public-private partnerships (PPPs) have the potential to increase efficiency and improve resource allocation. However, contract renegotiations are common and make us question the benefits to PPPs. Under current accounting standards, PPPs allow intertemporal reallocations of infrastructure spending that do not occur under traditional methods of procuring infrastructure and which allow governments to escape the constraints of congressional purview. We review the theoretical results in Engel et al. [2009a] as well as data from Colombia, Chile and Peru, comprising 610 highway PPPs and 540 renegotiations processes to verify these predictions. The data and original analysis comes from Bitran et al. [2013], complemented with additional descriptive statistics. The empirical evidence supports the predictions of the theoretical model. Classification-JEL: H21; L51; L91 Creation-Date: 2014-11-01 Number: 2014/17 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2014/17-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: José Luis Guasch Author-Workplace-Name: The World Bank Author-Name: Daniel Benitez Author-Workplace-Name: The World Bank Author-Name: Irene Portabales Author-Workplace-Name: The World Bank Author-Name: Lincoln Flor Author-Workplace-Name: The World Bank Title: The Renegotiation of PPP Contracts: An Overview of its Recent Evolution in Latin America Abstract: This paper analyses the experience, high incidence, lesson learned and reflections on the issue renegotiations in Latin America, based in the evolution of PPP contracts through the last 25 years. The paper also shows how countries via new PPP laws, regulations, norms and specific platforms can reduce the incidence and the incentives to renegotiate contracts. Based in experience in the last two decades, many countries in the region have improved renegotiation practices and regulations/framework through their PPP legislation and associated regulations, such as Peru (2008), Chile (2010), Colombia (2011) or Mexico (2012.) The preliminary findings show advances in the implementation of platforms to address renegotiations and new trends in the renegotiations of contracts particularly in complex projects and where governments are providing financial or credit enhancement, such as sharing risk or co-financing. Keywords: contracts, Latin America Creation-Date: 2014-12-01 Number: 2014/18 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2014/18-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Tom Worsley Author-Workplace-Name: University of Leeds Title: Ex-post Assessment of Transport Investments and Policy Interventions: Roundtable Summary and Conclusions Abstract: Ex-post evaluation can be used to serve multiple purposes at the core of which is the improvement of ex-ante analysis: - It can help policy-makers better identify the kinds of projects that work best in certain situations; - It can identify the effect of concurrent non-transportation investments and their interaction with transportation investments; - It can contribute to establishing the time frames in which we expect to see economic impacts materialize, thereby helping to set realistic expectations for the effect of investments and economic development; - We can make use of findings of ex-post assessments to support communication with the public, improve the information provided, and support consensus-building efforts Creation-Date: 2014-09-01 Number: 2014/19 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2014/19-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Olaf Merk Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Shipping Emissions in Ports Abstract: Shipping could – in one way - be considered a relatively clean transport mode. This is particularly the case if one takes the angle of emissions per tonne-kilometre. Typical ranges of CO2 efficiencies of ships are between 0 and 60 grams per tonne-kilometre, this range is 20-120 for rail transport and 80-180 for road transport (IMO 2009). There is considerable variety between vessel types and CO2 efficiency generally increases with vessel size; e.g. CO2 emissions per tonne-km (in grams per year) for a container feeder ship (with capacity up to 500 TEU) were 31.6, three times higher than the emissions for Post Panamax container ships, with a capacity larger than 4,400 TEU (Psaraftis and Kontovas, 2008). This difference is even larger for dry bulk ships, with a difference of more than a factor 10 between the smallest vessels (up to 5000 dwt) and capsize vessels (> 120,000 dwt). Creation-Date: 2014-12-01 Number: 2014/20 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2014/20-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Luis Martinez Author-Name: Jari Kauppila Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Marie Castaing Gachassin Author-Workplace-Name: University of Paris I Sorbonne Title: International Freight and Related CO2 Emissions by 2050: A New Modelling Tool Abstract: International trade has grown rapidly in the post-war era with trade volume growing twenty-seven fold between 1950 and 2007, three times faster than world GDP growth (WTO, 2007). Growth in trade is expected to outpace the GDP growth also over the next 50 years, according to recent OECD projections. The value of international trade is estimated to grow by a factor of four by 2050 in real terms (Fontagné et al., 2014). Trade patterns will however change due to fragmentation of production processes and integration of emerging markets into global markets. Trade liberalisation, either at global or regional level, will also have an impact on global patterns. Creation-Date: 2014-12-01 Number: 2014/21 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2014/21-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew S. J. Smith Author-Workplace-Name: University of Leeds Author-Name: Christopher Nash Author-Workplace-Name: University of Leeds Title: Rail Efficiency: Cost Research and its Implications for Policy Abstract: In this paper we first consider alternative measures of efficiency. We explain why simple partial productivity measures are inadequate as the basis of overall measures of efficiency, and outline two alternative approaches. The first is technical efficiency – the degree to which output is maximised for a given level of inputs (or conversely inputs are minimised for a given output) – and the second is cost efficiency, the degree to which costs are minimised for a given level of output. Cost efficiency implies technical efficiency but also allocative efficiency – choosing a cost minimising mix of inputs. We explain why we prefer to measure cost efficiency, both in terms of what governments and regulators are interested in and in terms of practical data problems. We then examine applications of cost function analysis to two areas. The first is rail privatisation in Britain. British experience has seen a large increase in traffic, but also a similar increase in costs. We review attempts to understand and explain both the increase in passenger train operating cost and infrastructure cost using cost function analysis. The second is European rail reform. Countries in Europe have adopted a wide variety of approaches to rail reform, and studies using a mix of European and other countries should be able to shed light on the important question of what works best in different circumstances. Finally we consider how efficiency analysis techniques need to develop in future to address current weaknesses and tackle new challenges. Creation-Date: 2014-12-01 Number: 2014/22 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2014/22-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Louis S. Thompson Author-Name: Heiner Bente Author-Workplace-Name: Civity Management Consultants Title: What is Rail Efficiency and How Can it Be Changed? Abstract: Assessing railway efficiency is complex for a number of reasons. Railways produce a wide range of outputs including passenger service, freight service and, in some cases, separated infrastructure access services. Railways that differ in scale or in the mix of these services inherently differ in their apparent “efficiency.” Railway data sets, though probably more detailed than in other modes, are fraught with issues of quality, consistency and cost and asset allocation. Assessing “efficiency” necessarily requires both cross-sectional indices to put each railway into proper context and time series data to show changes in performance over time in response to changes in the railway’s economic and policy environment. This paper assembles a wide database of railway data relating to operating scale and various indices of performance over the period of 1970 to 2011. We show, as expected, that railways differ widely in scale and mix of services, which may partly explain differences in ranking by performance indices. We show also that railway performance has changed greatly over time and that, in some cases, changes in performance can at least partly be attributed to reforms in structure, ownership and management incentives. Creation-Date: 2014-11-01 Number: 2014/23 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2014/23-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Alain Bonnafous Author-Name: Yves Crozet Title: Les indicateurs d'efficience du transport ferroviaire en France Abstract: La France est un acteur clé de l’Europe ferroviaire. Elle occupe, et de loin, la première place pour la grande vitesse ferroviaire (53 milliards de voyageurs-kilomètres en 2013). Grâce à l’importance de ce segment de marché, la France est le pays d’Europe qui affiche chaque année le plus grand nombre de voyageurs-kilomètres (92,4 milliards en 2013). En ce qui concerne le fret, ses 32 milliards de tonnes kilomètres la placent au troisième rang en Europe derrière l’Allemagne et la Pologne (Respectivement 112 et 40 milliards de TK en 2013). Ces résultats sont à mettre en relation avec les politiques publiques conduites en France depuis de nombreuses années dans le domaine du ferroviaire. Creation-Date: 2014-11-01 Number: 2014/24 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2014/24-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Dejan Makovsek Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Stephen Perkins Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Bjorn Hasselgren Author-Workplace-Name: Royal Institute of Technology Title: Public Private Partnerships for Transport Infrastructure :: Renegotiations, How to Approach Them and Economic Outcomes Abstract: The use of public private partnerships (PPPs) for investment in transport infrastructure has a long history, spreading rapidly in Latin America in the 1980s and in the 1990s in the UK. There are many forms of PPP, ranging from the project finance type (e.g. Design, Build, Finance, Maintain, Operate (DBFMO) contracts) to concessions with economic regulation, with the line between partnership and outright privatisation somewhat blurred. PPPs sought to bring efficiency incentives from private sector management into network industries (power transmission, water supply, road and rail infrastructure provision) that bear the hallmarks of natural monopoly and were traditionally managed by the state in many places. Creation-Date: 2014-12-01 Number: 2014/25 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2014/25-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Claudio Ferrari Author-Workplace-Name: University of Genoa Author-Name: Alessio Tei Author-Workplace-Name: University of Genoa Author-Name: Olaf Merk Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: The Governance and Regulation of Ports: The Case of Italy Abstract: Italian ports handled approximately 460 million tonnes of cargo in 2012 according to the last statistical report of the Italian Association of Port Authorities1 (Assoporti, 2014). This is more or less the same amount as the port of Rotterdam alone. The cargo handled at the port of Antwerp – the second largest port in Europe – was equivalent to the amount of the biggest five Italian ports. This picture is illustrative of the current Italian port situation in which 24 Port Authorities (PAs), established by the port law (nr. 84/1994), are considered main national gateways even if most of them are only small ports compared to the main international competitors. Only four out of the 24 PAs surpassed the 30 million tonnes in 2012 and only 2 of them (Genoa and Trieste) have frequently handled more than 50 million tonnes in the last years. On the other hand, in 2012 passenger transit accounted for almost 40 million passengers, due to the role of home ports of some harbours in the cruise sector and few ferry terminals – mainly involved in the traffic to/from the islands – that make the National passenger statistics comparable with the main European competitors. Figure 1 shows the location of the Italian Port Authorities. Creation-Date: 2015-01-01 Number: 2015/1 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2015/1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Alan Khee Author-Workplace-Name: National University of Singapore Author-Name: Jin Tan Author-Workplace-Name: National University of Singapore Title: Assessing the Prospects for an E.U.-ASEAN Air Transport Agreement Abstract: In February 2014, transport officials from the European Union (E.U.) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) met on the sidelines of the Singapore Airshow to discuss a possible comprehensive air transport agreement between both sides. At the meeting’s conclusion, the ASEAN states invited the European Commission to launch the internal processes necessary to secure a mandate to commence negotiations on an agreement. In particular, ASEAN welcomed Vice President of the European Commission and Commissioner for Transport Siim Kallas’ statement that he would propose to the Commission to seek authorization from the Council of the European Union to start negotiations (E.U.-ASEAN Joint Declaration, 2014). Creation-Date: 2015-01-01 Number: 2015/2 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2015/2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Xiaowen Fu Author-Name: Tae H. Oum Title: Dominant Carrier Performance and International Liberalisation: The case of North East Asia Abstract: Numerous studies on the aviation industry have confirmed that significant benefits can be brought by liberalizing the international market. After a comprehensive review of the recent studies on this issue, Fu and Oum (2014) concluded that there is strong evidence that liberalisation introduces substantial economic benefits to the countries involved. In the airline industry, liberalisation has led to increased airline competition, decreased average fares, increased frequency, improved load factor and airline productivity, increased traffic volumes and new route services. These changes not only lead to higher employment and economic output in the aviation industry, but also provide better inputs to other related sectors such as tourism, trade and logistics. Yet despite such well recognized benefits, mostly developed countries have liberalised their air service agreements, notably the United States followed by the EU. As of 2003, 57 liberalisation agreements out of 87 involved the U.S. As of October 2012, over 400 liberalized agreements were reached among 145 economies, among which more than 100 were U.S. open-skies agreements (ICAO 2013). In most other markets, air liberalisation has made limited progress over the past decades, even in regions characterized with strong economic and international trade growth. Creation-Date: 2015-01-01 Number: 2015/3 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2015/3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Guillaume Burghouwt Author-Workplace-Name: SEO Economic Research Author-Name: Pablo Mendes De Leon Author-Name: Jaap De Wit Title: EU Air Transport Liberalisation Process, Impacts and Future Considerations Abstract: The stepwise liberalisation of the EU internal aviation market resulted in 1993 in an open internal market that generated a series of supply side responses, which are partly comparable with the changes demonstrated in the deregulated US domestic air transport market. However, the starting point was quite different between these two markets. For example, until the deregulation in 1978, US legacy carriers operated a domestic crisscross network whereas the two flag carriers, Pan Am and TWA operated at various US gateways in stand-alone international networks based on the bilateral air service agreements concluded between the US and other states. After the deregulation, domestic major carriers transformed their crisscross domestic networks into radial hub and spoke networks (except the Delta hub at Atlanta that already existed before the deregulation). The domestic hubs in these networks also became the launching platforms for international operations when these domestic major carriers started to use their domestic feed for international operations. All in all, the former domestic major carriers became the new flag carriers in international markets, whereas the former two flag carriers went bankrupt due to the lack of domestic feed in order to adequately compete with these new internationally operating airlines. Creation-Date: 2015-01-01 Number: 2015/4 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2015/4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Dejan Makovsek Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: The Regulatory Asset Base Model and the Project Finance Model: A comparative analysis Creation-Date: 2015-02-01 Number: 2015/5 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2015/5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Mike Tretheway Author-Workplace-Name: InterVISTAS Consulting Inc. Author-Name: Robert Andriulaitis Author-Workplace-Name: InterVISTAS Consulting Inc. Title: What Do We Mean by a Level Playing Field in International Aviation? Abstract: The issue of a “level playing field” has re-emerged as a major issue in international aviation. This issue has been around for decades but has been raised in recent policy debates. One policy forum in which this has been raised is the European Commission’s proposed revision to Regulation 868/2004, which some view as a response to allegations by some legacy carriers to the rapid growth of the Middle East carriers such as Emirates, Etihad Airways and Qatar Airways. Another dimension to the concern over the level playing field is the evolution in foreign ownership rules, such as the type of treaty clauses being negotiated by the European Union. Could broader acceptance of service by carriers owned by third-party nationals create conditions for a flag of convenience regime of the kind that characterises parts of maritime liner shipping? The flag of convenience issue has been discussed in the U.S. media with regard to Norwegian Air Shuttle. Norwegian’s long haul services are operated by subsidiaries Norwegian Long Haul AS and Norwegian International Ltd. The former is registered in Norway while the latter is registered in Ireland and operates flights for its parent. Some long haul flights have operated with contract flight attendant labour based in Thailand. Creation-Date: 2015-02-01 Number: 2015/6 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2015/6-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Peter White Author-Workplace-Name: University of Westminster Title: Report on Public Transport Provision in Rural and Depopulated Areas in the United Kingdom Abstract: In drawing lessons from experience in the United Kingdom, it is useful to firstly examine some of the overall differences between the UK and Finland, both in respect of aggregate statistics and structure of the public transport system. The following statistics indicate the main comparisons. In many respects the main indicators are very similar (GDP in PPP terms, overall modal split, car ownership levels), with the very striking difference in population density, that for Finland being less than one tenth of the UK figure. In these circumstances it is not surprising that car ownership per head is somewhat higher (by 18.2%), and likewise total distance travelled per person (by 17.6%). An implication of these contrasts is that even areas regarded as ‘low density’ within the UK might not be classified as ‘low density’ by Finnish standards, and this may affect transferability of results. Creation-Date: 2015-03-01 Number: 2015/7 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2015/7-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Merethe Dotterud Leiren Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Transport Economics (TØI) Author-Name: Kare Skollerud Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Transport Economics (TØI) Title: Public Transport Provision in Rural and Sparsely Populated Areas in Norway Abstract: Norway and Finland share several commonalities, being Nordic democracies with a population of 5.1 and 5.5 million and large rural areas. With decreasing population in rural areas, given aging and structural changes in society, both countries face challenges in trying to keep the costs of passenger transport services down while ensuring an adequate standard of service nationwide. Grappling with similar issues, experiences and information about different policies in Norway may provide useful information to the Finnish Government. This contribution therefore provides some insights into public transport provision in rural and depopulated areas in Norway, how the public authorities have attempted to solve efficiency issues while maintaining good quality services and related experiences sparsely populated rural areas. It includes aspects concerning the market of transport providers, user needs and political barriers of reform. In both Finland and Norway there are many different authorities that are responsible for the administration, procurement and planning of various passenger transport services. In both countries there are concerns with increasing costs and certain public authorities are interested in using coordination among different organisations in order to exploit potential savings, while retaining an adequate level of public services, also in rural areas. This working document includes references to Denmark, as certain Danish municipalities have coordinated their special transport services to a larger extent than in for example Norway. Creation-Date: 2015-03-01 Number: 2015/8 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2015/8-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christophe Saroli Title: Passenger Transport in Rural and Sparsely Populated Areas in France Abstract: Improving mobility is a major issue in sparsely populated areas. The low population density in these localities often means that longer journeys are required to access services, carry out everyday activities or maintain social links. Whole sections of the population – in particular older people, young people, stay-at-home parents in single-car households, and seasonal workers – are effectively handicapped in mobility terms by inadequate public transport provision and an overdependence on people who have cars. Creation-Date: 2015-03-01 Number: 2015/9 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2015/9-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jari Kauppila Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Publicly Funded Passenger Transport Services in Finland Abstract: The share of bus transport of total passenger transport (as a percentage of total inland passenger-kilometres) is slightly above EU average in Finland. Buses account for around 10% of total passenger transport, compared with the EU average of 9% in 2011. The share of rail in total passenger transport, in turn, was 5% in 2011, below the EU average of 7%. Over 590 million passengers used public transport services in Finland in 2011. Buses carried nearly 60% of total number of passengers. However, in passenger-kilometres buses accounted for 41% of the total 11718 million passenger-km, while railways accounted for 34%. Creation-Date: 2015-03-01 Number: 2015/10 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2015/10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ann Frye Author-Workplace-Name: Ann Frye Ltd. Title: Capitalising on the Grey-haired Globetrotters: Economic Aspects of Increasing Tourism among Older and Disabled People Abstract: This paper explores the impact of demographic trends on the market for tourism and considers how the economic power of older tourists is being – or could be – harnessed to maximise the potential both for visitors and domestic populations. The paper also suggests strategies to capitalise more effectively on this significant and growing market for the benefit, not only of the tourism market but also for domestic populations. Creation-Date: 2015-04-01 Number: 2015/11 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2015/11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Dejan Makovsek Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Vincent Benezech Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Stephen Perkins Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Efficiency in Railway Operations and Infrastructure Management Abstract: The ITF has produced a series of reports and discussion papers addressing the interrelated issues of railway structure and performance; see for example Beck et al. (2013), Thompson (2013), ECMT (2007) and, Thompson (2007). The academic literature on this subject is also significant, with good examples in Mizutani et al (2014), Nash et al. (2013), Van de Velde et al. (2012) and Kirchner (2002, 2004, 2007 and 2011). All of these studies have confronted the question of how to measure the performance, or efficiency, of railways both in the sense of how one railway compares with others (cross-section) and how railways have changed as a result of policy interventions (time-series). The purpose of the roundtable discussions was to revisit the issue of how to define and measure efficiency at the proper level of detail and with reasonably available data so that policy makers can benchmark the performance of their railways, evaluate the impact of past changes in railway structure, ownership or regulation and assess the likely outcome of future initiatives. The challenge is inherent in the phrases “proper level of detail” and “reasonably available data”. Creation-Date: 2015-05-01 Number: 2015/12 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2015/12-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Olaf Merk Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Theo Notteboom Title: Port Hinterland Connectivity Abstract: The competitiveness of a seaport depends on the extent the cargo handled in the port can reach its hinterland destination (e.g. Acciaro & McKinnon, 2013). The importance of hinterland connections has been recognised as one of the most critical issues in port competitiveness and development in most ports around the world. Upgrading of facilities and equipment, privatization of port operations and increased sophistication of berth planning have resulted in drastic reduction of ship turnaround times over the last decade. The smoothness of port-hinterland connections has not followed at the same pace. Increasing ship vessel size – and the related emergence of maritime hubs and spokes – will only exacerbate the bottlenecks related to port hinterland connectivity. One of the main issues related to the development of adequate hinterland connections in ports is the need to coordinate multiple actors often with conflicting mandates that constitute the mêlée of private and public institutions governing port hinterland infrastructure development. Creation-Date: 2015-05-01 Number: 2015/13 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2015/13-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Thanos Pallis Author-Workplace-Name: University of Aegean Title: Cruise Shipping and Urban Development: State of the Art of the Industry and Cruise Ports Abstract: Cruise shipping has first established as the transportation of pleasure-seeking upper class travellers on seagoing vessels offering one or more ports of call in the United States and the Caribbean. Today this is a highly efficient global business. Modern specialised ships – radically different from cargo vessels – the use of an increasing number of cruise ports of call and turnaround ports so as to provide their customers excellent in-port and destination experiences, and convenient departures from proximal embarkation cities being fundamental tenets of the industry. Creation-Date: 2015-05-01 Number: 2015/14 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2015/14-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: ITF Title: Tourism Facilitation as part of Transport Policy: Summary of International Experiences Abstract: With over one billion international tourist arrivals per year, forecast to rise to 1.5 billion per year by 2020, transport is an essential component of the tourism system. Transport connects tourism generating regions (both domestic and international) to destinations, and facilitates the internal movement of visitors between attractions, accommodation, and commercial services. The location, capacity, efficiency and connectivity of transport can therefore play a significant role in how a destination develops, significantly influencing the mobility of visitors and the connectivity of tourist experiences within destinations. At the same time the growing number of travellers creates numerous challenges in terms of transport infrastructure and capacity, border crossing, intermodality, information for travellers and inter-operability of technologies with tourism service providers. Creation-Date: 2015-05-01 Number: 2015/15 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2015/15-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Gunnar Lindberg Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Transport Studies Author-Name: Lasse Fridstrøm Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Transport Economics (TØI) Title: Policy Strategies for Vehicle Electrification Abstract: An increase in the market share of electric vehicles is one possible policy strategy for greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement. Many governments have introduced schemes to increase the market uptake – fiscal incentives, subsidies and various regulatory policies such as support for charging stations, free parking facilities or access to restricted road lanes as well as R&D funding. A number of partial studies do exist, but the comprehensive comparative study on the effect of these different incentives has yet to be done. Based on the experience until today it is, however, possible to explore the policy options. Creation-Date: 2015-05-01 Number: 2015/16 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2015/16-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Aimée Aguilar Jaber Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Daniela Glocker Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Shifting towards Low Carbon Mobility Systems Abstract: Private motorised vehicles account today for 90% of total surface transport1 CO2 emissions. Car fleets are growing rapidly in many cities in the developing world, where population and income growth will be concentrated in the coming decades. For example, whilst urban agglomerations with more than 500 000 inhabitants in Latin America, India and China currently account for only about 9% of total global CO2 emissions from motorised passenger surface transport, this share is likely to grow to 20% in the next 40 years. This means that 40% of the total global growth in CO2 emissions related to surface passenger transport will be generated in these cities (ITF, 2015). Creation-Date: 2015-05-01 Number: 2015/17 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2015/17-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Dejan Makovšek Author-Workplace-Name: International Transport Forum Author-Name: Daniel Veryard Author-Workplace-Name: International Transport Forum Title: The Regulatory Asset Base and Project Finance Models: An Analysis of Incentives for Efficiency Abstract: Governments world-wide have sought value for money by augmenting the traditional approach to public infrastructure delivery and management by introducing private capital. Two well established platforms for private capital participation are the Regulatory Asset Base (RAB) Model and the Project Finance Model (broadly termed PPPs). This paper reviews available evidence on the efficiency in delivery and operation of major infrastructure of each platform relative to the traditional approach. Overall the basic concern with the RAB model is that its application might lead to excessive capital expenditures, to strategically inflate the base on which the return is being calculated. By contrast, given the complexity of PPP projects and the inherent uncertainty associated with such long-lived contractual commitments, it is questionable whether competition leads to efficient outcomes. Both approaches have some potential advantages and this paper investigates, whether it is meaningful to merge them. Creation-Date: 2016-02-09 Number: 2016/01 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2016/01-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Marco Kouwenhoven Author-Workplace-Name: Significance Author-Name: Pim Warffemius Author-Workplace-Name: Netherlands Institute for Transport Policy Analysis Title: Forecasting Travel Time Reliability in Road Transport: A new Model for The Netherlands Abstract: In this paper we describe how we included travel time variability in the national Dutch transport forecasting model and what the policy impacts of this new forecasting tool are. Until now, travel time reliability improvements for road projects were included in Dutch cost-benefit analysis (CBA) by multiplying the travel time benefits from reduced congestion by a factor 1.25. This proportionality is based on the linkage between congestion reduction and reliability improvements. However, this treatment of reliability is not useful to evaluate policies that especially affect travel time variability. From the start, this method was provisional and meant to be replaced by a better method capturing travel time variability. For this, we derived an empirical relation between the standard deviation of travel time, mean delay of travel time and length of route. This has been implemented in the national Dutch model as a post processing module. The new travel time reliability forecasting model will be incorporated in the Dutch guidelines for CBA. Creation-Date: 2016-02-23 Number: 2016/02 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2016/02-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Glen E. Weisbrod Author-Workplace-Name: Economic Development Research Group, Inc. Title: Estimating Wider Economic Impacts in Transport Project Prioritisation using Ex-Post Analysis Abstract: Transport project prioritisation and selection processes require consideration of many aspects of costs, intended benefits and other impacts. Economic analysis methods can measure many of those factors, though the analysis methods must be specified in ways that meet the information needs of decision-makers. This paper examines how benefit-cost analysis, economic impact analysis and multi-criteria analysis approaches have evolved and been applied to address the specific form of governmental decision processes that exist in the U.S. and some other countries. It discusses how “ex-post” case studies and associated statistical studies of have been promoted and utilised to both inform and refine “ex-ante” evaluation methods. It concludes by discussing the advantages, limitations and trade-offs involved in the use of this approach for transport project decision-making. Creation-Date: 2016-02-23 Number: 2016/03 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2016/03-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Mogens Fosgerau Author-Workplace-Name: Technical University of Denmark Title: The Valuation of Travel Time Variability Abstract: This paper provides an overview of some alternative conceptual definitions of travel time variability, discusses their implications about behaviour, and puts them into a broader context, including deviations from the underlying assumptions regarding rational behaviour. The paper then discusses the empirical basis for assigning a value to travel time variability. This discussion leads to the conclusion that a fair amount of scepticism is appropriate regarding stated preference data and that attention should turn to the possibilities that are emerging for using large revealed preference datasets. The bottom line is that travel time variability is quantitatively important and cost-benefit analysis should account for it, using the best values we can get, in order not to imply a bias towards project that do not reduce travel time variability. Omitting the cost of travel time variability is not the neutral option. Creation-Date: 2016-02-23 Number: 2016/04 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2016/04-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Anthony J. Venables Author-Workplace-Name: University of Oxford Title: Incorporating Wider Economic Impacts within Cost-Benefit Appraisal Abstract: This paper analyses three main mechanisms through which transport improvements have impacts that deliver real income gain over and above user-benefits. One is economic density and productivity, a second is induced private investment and associated land-use change, and a third is employment effects. There are relatively well-established methodologies for incorporating the first and third of these in cost-benefit appraisal, and these methodologies are reviewed in the paper. For the second, the paper outlines how transport induced investments can create consumer surplus, and describes a method for quantifying this in cost-benefit appraisal. Data issues encountered in implementing these methods are discussed. Creation-Date: 2016-02-23 Number: 2016/05 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2016/05-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Veryard Author-Workplace-Name: International Transport Forum Title: Quantifying the Socio-Economic Benefits of Transport: Roundtable Summary and Conclusions Abstract: Socio-economic cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is a powerful framework that can be very useful to governments making investment decisions. However the standard application of transport CBA has room for improvement. This paper describes efforts to improve the quality of transport CBA and its applicability to decision making. Three areas are addressed in detail: strategies for making the most of CBA, valuing and forecasting reliability benefits, and capturing wider economic impacts. The report is based on the papers and discussions at a Roundtable meeting of 30 experts held in Paris in November 2015. Roundtable participants took the view that a multi-faceted approach is needed to address the shortfalls; CBA theory and practice need to be gradually expanded to incorporate more impacts in the rigorous valuation and forecasting framework; and CBA results need to be more effectively linked to other criteria in the broader decision-making framework, including by bringing in a more diverse evidence base. Creation-Date: 2016-03-31 Number: 2016/06 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2016/06-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Lorenzo Casullo Author-Workplace-Name: International Transport Forum Title: The Efficiency Impact of Open Access Competition in Rail Markets: The Case of Domestic Passenger Services in Europe Abstract: On-track competition in passenger services has traditionally been limited in European railways, with private operators offering marginal services in selected corridors in the UK, Sweden and Germany only. In recent years, a larger scale and more stable wave of open access market entry has occurred in Austria, the Czech Republic and Italy, where open access operators have gained market shares of 20-30% in long-distance corridors.Economic theory suggests that competition can result in productive efficiencies, although theories of competition are potentially outweighed by market characteristics which make monopoly a more efficient market structure when applied to the rail sector. The contestability of rail markets is further hampered by the presence of several barriers to entry as well as expansion.The literature on the efficiency effect of rail policy changes is vast, but the focus to date has been on industry structure and competitive tendering, with non-conclusive results highlighting the importance of tailoring rail policies to the specific characteristics of each network. Studies have not yet attempted to measure the industry efficiency impact of passenger open access operations, neither specifically nor systematically – which is the goal of this paper.Using a difference-in-difference estimator, we find that on-track competition has not, to date, led to major efficiency improvements across the rail systems affected – despite claims that new entrants have lower unit costs compared to incumbents. In the early days of market opening when guarantees of non-discriminatory access have not yet been fully established, on-track competition may be resulting in higher costs than in countries with monopoly passenger services.These results are based on a short timeframe and will need to be tested over a longer period, recognising that competition is a process with no instantaneous effects. An early assessment of market opening policies is crucial to inform future regulatory decisions, at a time of budgetary constraints, forthcoming European reforms under the Fourth Railway Package and growing interest in market entry by new operators. Creation-Date: 2016-03-11 Number: 2016/07 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2016/07-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Dejan Makovšek Author-Workplace-Name: International Transport Forum Author-Name: Marian Moszoro Author-Workplace-Name: University of California Title: Private Sector Participation in Infrastructure: Can the Price of Risk Transfer be Efficient? Abstract: There is a drive towards delivering and operating public infrastructure through public-private partnerships as opposed to traditional approaches. The assessment of the value for money achieved by the two alternative approaches rests on both the cost of financing, and the efficiency in delivery and operation. This paper focuses on the cost of financing, and in particular the cost associated with transferring risk from the public to private sphere. If capital markets are efficient and complete, the cost of private and public financing should be the same, with the relative delivery and operational efficiency remaining as the primary determinant of value for money. However, evidence suggests the risk transfer to a public-private partnership entails an inefficient risk pricing premium. We argue that a high price for public-private partnerships results from large risk transfers, risk treatment within the private sector, and uncertainty around the past and future performance of PPP consortiums. The corollary of the finding is that the efficiency gains from a PPP need to be much higher than previously understood to deliver better value for money than under a traditional approach. Creation-Date: 2016-02-26 Number: 2016/08 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2016/08-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Greg Marsden Author-Workplace-Name: University of Leeds Author-Name: Jillian Anable Author-Workplace-Name: University of Leeds Author-Name: Jeremy Shires Author-Workplace-Name: University of Leeds Author-Name: Iain Docherty Author-Workplace-Name: University of Glasgow Title: Travel Behaviour Response to Major Transport System Disruptions: Implications for Smarter Resilience Planning Abstract: The current focus of transportation policy around disruptive events is to adopt an engineering resilience-oriented approach, which focuses on returning assets to good workable order as soon as possible. This will remain critically important in the future to reduce the scale and severity of disruptive events which are likely to become more commonplace in many locations due to climate change. It is, however, only one part of ensuring that such events have more limited impacts on society and the economy. A broader consideration of societal resilience and responses outside the transport sector is needed. People travel in order to take part in activities (work, education, caring and so on), and a smarter resilience response requires us to better understand these activity patterns and intervene accordingly. There is significant adaptive capacity within society that could be better harnessed to reduce the impacts of disruptive events. The work also shows that many of our assumptions about the short and long run impacts of disruptive events need re-examining to get a fuller picture of the true economic effects of disruptive events on society and the economy. Without this it will be difficult to make the case for many types of resilience investment. This briefing paper presents evidence collected from new studies of behavioural adaptation during disruptive events and uses this to identify four areas for action to improve how we plan for resilience and how we assess the worth of different types of investment strategy:1. The development of Smart Resilience Strategies – which are a combination of transport and non-transport responses which work together to minimize the impacts of temporary infrastructure loss;2. Measures to improve the usefulness, impact and co-ordination of communications with the public and businesses during disruptions, enabling social adaptation and reducing time wasted in unnecessarily perilous and extended journeys;3. A continued programme of developing the capacity of travellers and businesses to adapt to different events through greater multi-modality and an increase in smart and flexible working practices; and4. A reassessment of the approach to understanding the economic impacts of disruptive events which extends well beyond the apparent reductions in flows and increases in journey times observed on the networks and captures the societal and economic impacts in a more holistic way. Creation-Date: 2016-05-09 Number: 2016/09 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2016/09-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Graham Currie Author-Workplace-Name: Monash University Title: Deregulation, Franchising, Outsourcing and Corporatisation in Local Public Transport: International Experience Abstract: This paper explores the experience of developed countries that have introduced greater private sector involvement to traditionally government owned and run urban public transport industries. Such reforms have generally been driven by a desire to reduce taxpayer costs and to improve services for travellers. Reform options of full open competition, alternative tendering models and negotiated performance based contracting are considered. Just as the possible models for reform are diverse, so too have been the outcomes from reforms across different contexts. Case studies from bus reforms in the UK and rail and tram reforms in Melbourne, Australia provide several lessons for other jurisdictions considering reforms in urban public transport. In particular, the evidence suggests that cost savings and service improvements are achievable through corporatisation of public agencies and the introduction of service tendering, though savings tend to be once-off and are subject to excessive optimism. Caution is also urged in the introduction of open competition in markets that are not commercially viable. Performance based contracts that involve arm’s length cooperation between the government and operator, when combined with the threat of competition, can achieve a good balance between the desire for quality and network flexibility from government with the commercial imperatives of the operator. Creation-Date: 2016-09-18 Number: 2016/10 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2016/10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christian Desmaris Author-Workplace-Name: Laboratoire d’économie des transports Title: High Speed Rail Competition in Italy: A Major Railway Reform with a “Win-Win Game”? Abstract: The European railway industry continues to undergo reform and liberalization due to European law incentives. Recent events in Italy give the country a special place in this process: a new competitor has commenced operations in the high-speed rail (HSR) market based on a private initiative. This paper aims to investigate this rail transport innovation looking for the driving forces and obstacles and to identify the main impacts for the Italian consumers. We also try to provide some interesting results helpful for other countries regarding passenger rail reforms. Based on the Italian case, it seems that open access competition in the HSR market is able to produce significant improvements in favour of passengers and also a ‘win-win’ game between all railway actors. Creation-Date: 2016-09-18 Number: 2016/11 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2016/11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Didier van de Velde Author-Workplace-Name: Delft University of Technology Author-Name: Fons Savelberg Author-Workplace-Name: Netherlands Institute for Transport Policy Analysis Title: Competitive Tendering in Local and Regional Public Transport in the Netherlands Abstract: This paper reviews evidence on the performance of urban public transport governance regimes in place in the Netherlands over the past 15 years. The national government decided to move from a system of ad hoc subsidy payments to one with more decentralised government control and tendering, though approaches varied across Jurisdictions. In each jurisdiction, the government agency determines the services required; in major urban areas, services are delivered by the public operators, while elsewhere services are delivered by private operators selected through competitive tendering. The available evidence suggests that the reformed system has delivered good customer satisfaction and cost effectiveness – even in jurisdictions without tendering – though no positive influence of the reform on ridership could be established. Creation-Date: 2016-09-18 Number: 2016/12 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2016/12-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jonas Eliasson Author-Workplace-Name: Royal Institute of Technology Title: Is Congestion Pricing Fair?: Consumer and Citizen Perspectives on Equity Effects Abstract: This paper discusses and analyses whether congestion charges can be considered to be “fair” in different senses to the word. Two different perspectives are distinguished: the consumer perspective and the citizen perspective. The consumer perspective is the traditional one in equity analyses, and includes changes in travel costs, travel times and so on. Using data from four European cities, the analysis shows that high-income groups pay more than low-income groups, but low-income groups pay a higher share of their income. This paper argues that which distributional measure is most appropriate depends on the purpose(s) of the charging system. The citizen perspective is about individuals’ view of social issues such as equity, procedural fairness and environmental issues. This paper argues that an individual can be viewed as a “winner” from a citizen perspective if a reform (such as congestion pricing) is aligned with her views of what is socially desirable. Using the same data set, this paper analyses to what extent different income groups “win” or “lose” from a citizen perspective – i.e., to what extent congestion pricing is aligned with the societal preferences of high- and low-income groups. Creation-Date: 2016-10-13 Number: 2016/13 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2016/13-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Erick Guerra Author-Workplace-Name: University of Pennsylvania Author-Name: Mariel Kirschen Author-Workplace-Name: University of Pennsylvania Title: Housing Plus Transportation Affordability Indices: Uses, Opportunities, and Challenges Abstract: This technical paper provides an overview of the Center for Neighborhood Technology’s (CNT) H+T affordability index and its potential application outside of the United States (US), where it has played a prominent role in documenting the relationship between housing and transportation and in influencing local and national housing policies. After describing the index and its policy use, we detail some of the challenges and opportunities of applying the index in Mexico, apply a modified H+T index to the Mexico City metropolitan area, and examine the effect of accounting for transportation costs on maps and measures of housing affordability. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of some of the opportunities and challenges of applying the H+T index in other OECD nations. The objective is to develop a better understanding of how an H+T index or similar tool could lead to improved public policy throughout the OECD. Creation-Date: 2016-10-13 Number: 2016/14 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2016/14-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ignacio Tiznado-Aitken Author-Workplace-Name: Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Author-Name: Juan Carlos Muñoz Author-Workplace-Name: Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Author-Name: Ricardo Hurtubia Author-Workplace-Name: Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Title: How Equitable is Access to Opportunities and Basic Services Considering the Impact of the Level of Service?: The Case of Santiago, Chile Abstract: Cities face the daily challenge of providing people with access to different activities through their public transport systems. Despite its importance, there is little research on accessibility that focuses on the use of this mode and even less accounting for the impact of level of service (i.e. travel time, waiting time, reliability, comfort and transfers). Thus, the aim of this paper is to propose a methodology to determine how access to opportunities and basic services through public transport systems is distributed in cities, and how the perceived level of service decreases or accentuates the existing gaps. Three indicators are calculated for Santiago based on data from public transport operations, smart card validations and georeferenced information: walking accessibility to public transport stops considering the quality of urban furniture, safety and environment; connectivity provided by the system in each area to the rest of the city considering the level of service through a measure of generalised time (in-vehicle time); and a measure of attractiveness of the destinations, based on number of trips attracted by purpose. The methodology is applied to a case study in Santiago, a highly unequal and segregated city. The results show that the accessibility gap between disadvantaged areas and more wealthy neighborhoods of the city increases if the user's perception of level of service for public transport is considered. We show that the three proposed indicators provide different dimensions of accessibility suggesting how and where to intervene to effectively improve equity. Thus, the indicators could be used to assist the prioritisation and focus of investment plans, the design process of urban policies or transport infrastructure and become a key input for planners and decision-makers. Creation-Date: 2016-10-13 Number: 2016/15 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2016/15-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Camila Rodríguez Hernández Author-Name: Tatiana Peralta-Quiros Title: Balancing Financial Sustainability and Affordability in Public Transport: The Case of Bogotá, Colombia Abstract: In order to meet the challenges of providing affordable public transit services for the urban poor and at a cost that doesn’t impinge on the system’s financial sustainability, cities can consider setting fares at “cost recovery” levels for the majority of the population and targeting subsidies to those who need them most. Bogotá is a case in point—the new public transport system was designed so fares are set close to “cost recovery” levels to aim for greater financial sustainability. To provide affordable services, the city leveraged the adoption of smartcards in its new public transit system and the country’s poverty targeting instruments to implement a pro-poor public transit subsidy. This paper presents a critical analysis of Bogotá’s experience with trying to balance financial sustainability and affordability. The paper describes some of the features of Bogota’s tariff policy, namely, the concept of tariff set at “cost recovery” levels and lessons learnt in trying to achieve financial sustainability. The paper also lays out the rationale, design and implementation of Bogota’s pro-poor public transit subsidy, and the subsidy’s impact on its beneficiaries. Creation-Date: 2016-10-13 Number: 2016/16 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2016/16-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Geetam Tiwari Title: Perspectives for Integrating Housing Location Considerations and Transport Planning as a Means to Face Social Exclusion in Indian Cities Abstract: This paper highlights the urban development in India and implications for low income households living in informal settlements or slums. The paper is divided into four sections. Section 1 describes urban development pattern in India. Section 2 presents a summary of policies since 1950 which have been implemented to address the housing needs of low income households in cities. Section 3 presents impacts of various housing and resettlement policies in selected cities in India. Section 4 summarizes key insights from self-planned low income settlements in cities-the slums, and expert planned low income settlements as part of resettlement policies. Creation-Date: 2016-10-13 Number: 2016/17 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2016/17-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Alan E. Pisarski Author-Workplace-Name: Alan Pisarski Consultancy Title: National Issues in the USA in Economic Development, Mobility, and Income Inequality Abstract: This assessment of the present context for evolving socio-economic patterns and trends in the United States is intended to support consideration of prospects for gains in income shares among the lower income population, recognising that the United States is: a very large heterogeneous population; highly dispersed over a large geographic area; highly technologically developed; and with relatively high incomes by world standards. All of these factors conduce to the need to recognize the characteristics of individual nations as they move toward improved incomes for their populations. The key factor for the future in the US will be better utilisation of the underemployed population to abet the need for skilled workers to support a large aging dependent population, including better education, and greater mobility providing access to employment and to other social and economic opportunities. It is hoped that this assessment adds further dimension to the important challenges addressed here. Creation-Date: 2016-10-13 Number: 2016/18 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2016/18-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Hironori Kato Author-Workplace-Name: University of Tokyo Title: Challenges in Better Co-ordinating Tokyo’s Urban Rail Services Abstract: This paper describes Tokyo’s urban rail market, which has traditionally been privately funded and operated; and discusses policies aimed at better coordinating public transport services. Although the industry has delivered high quality infrastructure and services for most users, the existence of many different private operators and owners of tracks means that services and station facilities are not always well connected to one another. Individual private parties often lack sufficient incentives to invest in connectivity improvements, such as installing elevators in stations or implementing missing connections between lines, since these do not usually directly increase their profits. Three case studies explore different policy responses to the challenge of balancing competing wishes of private actors with the needs of travellers. In all cases the government has intervened through legislation and grants to try to stimulate connectivity investment and to do so in consultation with local communities. The recent government interventions into the Tokyo rail market represent a gradual evolution in market structure with the goal of better meeting social needs. Creation-Date: 2016-09-29 Number: 2016/19 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2016/19-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Bridget R.D. Burdett Author-Workplace-Name: TDG Ltd. Author-Name: Stuart M. Locke Author-Workplace-Name: University of Waikato Author-Name: Frank Scrimgeour Author-Workplace-Name: University of Waikato Title: The Economics of Enhancing Accessibility: Estimating the Benefits and Costs of Participation Abstract: Inclusiveness affects the underlying thinking and consequential analysis of accessibility issues in transport. If the fundamental premise is that all people are equal and should be viewed as stakeholders in matters of public policy then it not only reflects international treaties, such as the Rights of the Child and the Rights of Persons with Disability, it encapsulates these and others in a broader perspective of equality. To claim that inclusiveness in transport policy is a paradigm shift may be an over statement, however, what seems self-evident in our discussion is not reflected in best practice at this time. It is important that some measure of the particular beneficiaries of investment in barrier-free transport is defined. We propose that the use of observable mobility aids, by persons making all manner of trips as pedestrians and public transport users, can be incorporated into cost-benefit appraisal and to inform broader transport planning. The proportion of people using a mobility aid in catchment populations can be estimated so that gaps can be defined between current and desired levels of demonstrated inclusion in transport and especially accessible infrastructure. This indicator is readily operational to estimate benefits and comparative costs of trips not made. These methods ought to be refined to objectively assess accessibility in parallel with other objectives for transport. Creation-Date: 2017-02-28 Number: 2017/01 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2017/01-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Tony Duckenfield Author-Workplace-Name: Steer Davies Gleave Title: The Benefits of Improving Access to the United Kingdom Rail Network via the Access For All Programme Abstract: “Access for All” is a United Kingdom government funded programme to make stations more accessible for people with disabilities by providing step free access along with complementary measures such as improved wayfinding information. Steer Davies Gleave was commissioned to evaluate the programme in a manner consistent with official guidance (“WebTAG”), and to quantify the benefits to rail passengers and train operators. This paper describes what data was collected, how it was collected, how it was analysed and what the results were. It also identifies some important lessons for improving the implementation of the programme, which may have wider applicability. In summary, the programme was shown to have a positive economic case even when only considering the narrow benefits included within WebTAG. Additional benefits were also identified, and it was highlighted that better promotion of the programme would improve its value for money even further. While this particular case study focuses on United Kingdom rail stations, the lessons and methodological approach are applicable more widely. Creation-Date: 2017-02-28 Number: 2017/02 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2017/02-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Daphne Federing Author-Workplace-Name: HDR Corporation Author-Name: David Lewis Author-Workplace-Name: HDR Corporation Title: Towards a Framework for Identifying and Measuring the Benefits of Accessibility Abstract: This paper (i) explains the motivation for articulating the benefits of accessibility; (ii) provides a narrative basis for articulating how accessibility affects economic and social life; and (iii) moves a framework for quantifying the benefits of accessibility. In examining laws, regulations and judicial proceedings in different nations, the paper finds that most view cost as a limiting factor on what public and private entities can be compelled to provide in relation to the accessibility of transportation, the build environment, employment, and services. This is so even in the context of constitutionally and legislatively enshrined human rights. This paper also finds that cost-benefit balancing is emerging as a necessary part of the accessibility governance framework. When addressing the specific application of accessibility rights, governments, regulatory bodies ad courts around the world deal comprehensively with costs but fail to value important categories of benefit, such as the reduction of stigmatic harms, “option” benefits and “existence” value, and capability value. The paper describes progress towards a comprehensive narrative and analytical framework for describing and measuring such benefits. Creation-Date: 2017-02-28 Number: 2017/03 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2017/03-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Markus Rebstock Author-Workplace-Name: University of Applied Sciences Title: Economic Benefits of Improved Accessibility to Transport Systems and the Role of Transport in Fostering Tourism for All Abstract: Accessibility is one of the key aspects of current transport planning, especially in reliance to public transport and pedestrian traffic facilities. This paper deals with this subject by outlining which are or could be the benefits of improved accessibility to the transport system with a special focus on economic benefits and the tourism sector. Therefore selected existing studies will be analysed. Besides the legal background and social aspects of accessibility related to the transport sector will be covered. The first section deals with the legal background and social aspects of accessibility in the transport sector. It shows that nowadays in many countries accessibility of transport systems is not a voluntary task but a task bound by law and that an accessible environment is not only essential for people with disabilities and necessary for up to 40% of the population but also a matter of comfort for all users. The second section outlines which are or could be the economic benefits of improved accessibility to the transport system. Two studies from Norway used the states preference method to monetize and prioritise different universal design measures. In general this method seems to work also as a tool for analyzing economic benefits of accessibility measures. Nevertheless the results of these studies have to be interpreted with extreme caution in order to avoid discrimination. The third section deals with the economic impact of accessible tourism using the example of Europe. The inducible impact of accessible tourism on the transport sector as well as the relevance of passenger transportation for accessible tourism on the transport sector as well as the relevance of passenger transportation for accessible tourism is elaborated. All in all accessible tourism produces a huge economic impact on the tourism sector and beyond, and by improving accessibility in the future a significant raise on of economic benefits is possible. In general traffic is precondition for tourism. Besides tourists spend a significant part of their travel expenses for the journey to the destination and back and for local transportation. This makes it clear that accessible transport systems will directly benefit from an increasing accessible tourism market. Creation-Date: 2017-02-28 Number: 2017/04 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2017/04-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Lorenzo Casullo Author-Workplace-Name: International Transport Forum Author-Name: Nathan Zhivov Author-Workplace-Name: International Transport Forum Title: Assessing Regulatory Changes in the Transport Sector: An introduction Abstract: The specific characteristics of transport services and markets, including their importance in socioeconomic terms, are such that Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) is particularly likely to yield major benefits when applied to transport policy. However RIA in transport is not as widespread as in other sectors given the presence of some major barriers.This paper explains the aspects of a good practice RIA system for transport regulations. It describes the rationale and the benefits of RIA frameworks and provides advice on dealing with the practical realities of implementing RIA in the transport sector. It concludes with recommendations for governments seeking to implement RIA within their jurisdictions. Creation-Date: 2017-05-31 Number: 2017/05 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2017/05-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Norbert Ligterink Author-Workplace-Name: TNO Title: Real-world Vehicle Emissions Abstract: Real-world vehicle emissions differ from the legislative emissions limits for a number of reasons. Emissions can be substantially lower but in most cases emissions in real driving conditions are higher than the type-approval values. This is especially the case for NOx emissions from diesels. Between Euro 1 and Euro 5 standards the European NOx limit decreased by a factor of five but real-world NOx emissions have remained more or less constant. High real-world NOx emissions from light and heavy-duty diesels are the main cause of high NO2 concentrations in cities. Some Euro 6 vehicles now show real-world NOx emissions close to the limit, but many vehicle models still exceed the limit by a factor of eight in real-world driving conditions. This report outlines the main reasons for the deviations and discusses the implications for managing air pollution. The European situation is taken as example. Creation-Date: 2017-05-31 Number: 2017/06 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2017/06-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Tom Cohen Author-Workplace-Name: UCL Centre for Transport Studies Author-Name: Clémence Cavoli Author-Workplace-Name: UCL Centre for Transport Studies Title: Automation of the Driving Task: Some possible consequences and governance challenges Abstract: The possible consequences of the advent of fully automated vehicles (AVs) for personal transport are assessed. A shared-user model is considered preferable to an owner-user model; public-sector intervention is considered necessary to secure the successful integration of AVs with mass transit. Interurban expressways are found to offer a better opportunity than urban roads of capturing the vehicles' potential traffic and safety benefits. AVs' performance in a mixed-fleet scenario is highly dependent on segregation from other road users, but segregation poses significant challenges.The governance of a range of themes (such as demand management and security) is considered. In each case, challenges to achieving a socially desirable outcome are identified. Both laissez-faire and more interventionist styles of governance with respect to AVs present problems but laissez faire may carry greater risk. Decisions on governance should be based on meaningful dialogue with those who stand to be affected. Creation-Date: 2017-07-20 Number: 2017/07 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2017/07-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Bryant Walker Smith Author-Workplace-Name: University of South Carolina School of Law Title: Select Legal Considerations for Shared Automated Driving Abstract: This discussion paper introduces several legal considerations for shared automated driving with a view toward grounding a broader policy discussion. It begins by discussing likely implementations of shared automated driving. It next considers the kinds of legal actions that developers and regulators of these automated driving systems might take to promote or police them. It then connects these potential actions to existing law by describing three ways of adapting that law to automated driving. Finally, it provides specific perspectives and recommendations on this and any legal change. Creation-Date: 2017-07-20 Number: 2017/08 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2017/08-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Adam Stocker Author-Workplace-Name: Transportation Sustainability Research Center Author-Name: Susan Shaheen Author-Workplace-Name: Transportation Sustainability Research Center Title: Shared Automated Vehicles: Review of Business Models Abstract: This paper provides an introduction to the current state of vehicle automation and shared mobility. The paper discusses current shared mobility business models to foster a better understanding of these systems at present and to set the stage for possible future shared automated vehicle (SAV) business models. The discussion covers current SAV pilot projects around the world and then explores potential SAV business and service models considering high or full automation (Level 4 and higher). The paper ends with a discussion of the literature regarding projected SAV impacts. Although the future of SAVs is uncertain, this briefing paper begins the dialogue around SAV business models that may develop, which are informed by current shared mobility services. Creation-Date: 2017-07-20 Number: 2017/09 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2017/09-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Natasha Merat Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Transport Studies Author-Name: Ruth Madigan Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Transport Studies Author-Name: Sina Nordhoff Author-Workplace-Name: Delft University of Technology Title: Human Factors, User Requirements, and User Acceptance of Ride-Sharing in Automated Vehicles Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the social-psychological factors that are likely to influence the trust and acceptance of shared SAE Level 4 Automated Vehicles (AVs). It begins with a short summary of what influences users’ engagement in ride-sharing for conventional vehicles, followed by the factors that affect user acceptance and trust of robotic systems. Using studies of human robot interaction (HRI), recommendations are made on how to improve users’ trust, acceptance and use of shared AVs. Results from real-world studies and on-line surveys provide some contradictory views regarding willingness to accept and use the systems, which may be partly due to the fact that on-line users have not had actual interactions with AVs. We recommend that the pathway to adoption and acceptance of AVs should be incremental and iterative, providing users with hands-on experience of the systems at every stage. This removes unrealistic, idealised, expectations, which can ultimately hamper acceptance. Manufacturers may also use new technologies, social-networks and crowd-sourcing techniques to receive feedback and input from consumers themselves, in order to increase adoption and acceptance of shared AVs. Creation-Date: 2017-07-20 Number: 2017/10 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2017/10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Odile Heddebaut Author-Workplace-Name: Université Paris-Est Title: The Evolution of Public Transport Contracts in France Abstract: This paper presents the evolution of public transport contracts in France and the historical and legal contexts which led to their reorganisation. We first examine the evolution of the territorial distribution of institutional powers in transportation mainly for passengers. A focus is made on the regional passenger railway reform in France that allowed the 20 French metropolitan regions to become transport organising authorities following a first experiment by seven volunteer regions. The Nord-Pas de Calais region is taken as an example. Then the urban public transport contracts are analysed focussing on different possibilities of contract and finally, the specific case of transport organisation in the Paris Île-de-France region is studied. Creation-Date: 2017-08-04 Number: 2017/11 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2017/11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Mårten Blix Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute of Industrial Economics Title: Structural Change and the Freight Transport Labour Market Abstract: Nations that have managed to become rich have had institutional features that supported incentives for value creation while ensuring that the ways insiders and special interest groups can extract monopoly rents are limited. Improved skills have been a central component of helping individuals and societies to adapt to technological change. As technological progress has led to the disappearance of many difficult and arduous jobs, many new jobs have been created with higher skill content, leading to better productivity and real wage growth. In the long run, the modern economy is set to continue to create new jobs, especially in the service sector. But the required adjustments can lead to poor wage developments and social upheaval in the short-run. This is true for many sectors in the economy and especially so for the freight transport labour market. Technology could lead to strong disruption concentrated to particular groups, such as commercial drivers. Moreover, the effects may come in a more compressed period of time than previous periods of structural change, thus making it tougher for workers to adjust. Two types of policies to reduce the risks are to improve life-long learning and to reduce the risks associated with self-employment. Better education throughout working lives is the key to getting the benefits of technical change. Workers whose skills fall too far behind risk facing dimmer wage and job prospects. Could regulation aim to slow down the adoption of technical change over and above that motivated by safety concerns, thereby giving the labour market longer time to adapt? Such a policy would be harmful in the medium-to-long run. It would hold back productivity growth, which is the key to increased prosperity. Wage and job polarisation would likely also continue unabated. Creation-Date: 2017-08-03 Number: 2017/12 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2017/12-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher M. Poe Author-Workplace-Name: Texas A&M University Title: Infrastructure for Commercial Vehicle Safety Abstract: While there is increasing information on commercial motor vehicle (CMV) safety systems, truck automation, and truck platooning, there is less information on how roadway and infrastructure technology can improve truck safety, mobility, and efficiency using these technologies. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), connected vehicle, and vehicle automation technologies are examined to identify safety and mobility applications that can leverage greater integration with infrastructure. Greater connectivity between commercial vehicles and the infrastructure has the potential to reduce crashes, increase productivity, and reduce fuel consumption and emissions. Connectivity holds an immediate opportunity to expand traditional ITS solutions for safety and mobility by creating more effective applications that integrate infrastructure data directly with CMVs. This paper serves to facilitate the discussion on how the infrastructure can play a role in the technological advancements being made in the freight and CMV industry. Creation-Date: 2017-08-03 Number: 2017/13 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2017/13-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Sweatman Author-Workplace-Name: CAVita LLC Title: Evolution of Technology for Commercial Vehicle Safety Abstract: Heavy commercial vehicle technology for safety has developed in capability and application and is having a positive impact on truck safety. And the potential for further safety improvements is exciting. We wish to place the evolution of such technology in perspective with related developments for light vehicles and the rapid convergence of a number of transformational technologies in transportation. These technologies affect vehicles, drivers and infrastructure, and are now having a much broader impact on adjacent industries and new “disruptive” entrants in the transportation sector. Transformational technologies under consideration include connected vehicles (CVs) and automated vehicles (AVs), as well as shared mobility (SM), smart cities and communities (SCCs), alternative-fuel vehicles (AFVs) and big data analytics. As heavy vehicle technologies move beyond Advanced Collision Avoidance Systems (ACAS) towards connected and automated vehicles (CAV), it is important to consider contextual issues that apply to freight vehicles very differently from light vehicles. It is hoped that the roundtable will shed light on the way forward for the heavy vehicle sector in its own technological right. CV is more significant for heavy commercial vehicles than for light vehicles because the organized nature of heavy vehicle operations benefits more from connectivity. Fleets have an important role to play in deploying the technology, engaging with smart cities and communities, establishing connected corridors and precincts, and developing new accommodations for heavy vehicles, including signal priority and truck parking. AV for heavy commercial vehicles offers immediate benefits in terms of automated features that assist drivers. Automated features that support or relieve the heavy vehicle driver in well-defined circumstances will play an important role in advancement of the freight industry. Some significant uncertainties need to be navigated before highly-automated vehicles (HAVs) play an important role for heavy vehicles. Creation-Date: 2017-08-03 Number: 2017/14 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2017/14-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: John Woodrooffe Author-Workplace-Name: Woodrooffe Dynamics LLC Title: On-Board Safety Systems: Enablement of Management and Logistics Abstract: AV for heavy commercial vehicles offers immediate benefits in terms of automated features that assist drivers. Automated features that support or relieve the heavy vehicle driver in well-defined circumstances will play an important role in advancement of the freight industry. Some significant uncertainties need to be navigated before highly-automated vehicles (HAVs) play an important role for heavy vehicles. Creation-Date: 2017-08-03 Number: 2017/15 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2017/15-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Maurino Title: Why SMS?: An Introduction and Overview of Safety Management Systems (SMS) Abstract: This discussion paper presents an introduction to safety management systems (SMS) as they apply to transportation organisations across modes and industries, and provides a broad overview of SMS and its processes, activities and tools. The discussion is grounded on conceptual foundations, but does not neglect the practical aspects of SMS implementation. The Discussion Paper draws to an extent – but not exclusively – on the experience of international civil aviation and the urban transit industry in the United States. The contents, however, are generic and presented in a fashion commensurate to the nature of SMS as a management system, the principles, processes and activities of which cut across inter-mode and inter-industry boundaries. Creation-Date: 2017-08-04 Number: 2017/16 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2017/16-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Terry Kelly Title: The Role of the Regulator in SMS Abstract: In almost all cases, the transport industry has adopted safety management systems (SMS) in response to a regulatory initiative. SMS vary dramatically across transport modes and jurisdictions – often because of the influence of different legacy regulatory programmes, and the attendant cultures. Consequently, there is no single path to guarantee a regulatory authority success in designing and implementing SMS regulations. For many, SMS has become a voyage of discovery, an experiment in proactive safety management that is being conducted in real time. SMS has been a “step change” that has challenged industries in all modes of transport. It has severely taxed the capabilities of many regulatory authorities. It is arguably the most significant regulatory change that has occurred in the transportation industry in recent times. Regulating SMS has often led to revised legislation, regulations or standards; whole scale restructuring of the regulatory agency; new or revised regulatory protocols, processes, activities, and tools; and new information technology (IT) and new processes for information management (IM). SMS will continue to evolve in the coming decades. The paper draws on lessons learned to explore strategies that can be used to design, implement and operate the related regulatory programmes. Observations are provided to help decision makers manage the challenges they will predictably face. The critical role of dynamic, wide-reaching communications and strategic planning, with industry and within the regulatory organisation, is underlined. Creation-Date: 2017-08-04 Number: 2017/17 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2017/17-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jouni Lappalainen Author-Workplace-Name: Finnish Transport Safety Agency Title: Overcoming Obstacles to Implementing SMS Abstract: This paper discusses obstacles faced in implementing SMS and uses concrete examples to show how to overcome them across all modes of transport (air, maritime, rail and road) in leading countries, particularly ITF member countries. The difficulties and problems in implementing SMS can originate from the specific cultural features of an organisation or an occupation. The cultural features can become either an enabler or a barrier for implementation of the safety management system. By understanding the cultural features better, the difficulties and problems in implementing safety management systems could be resolved. In order to avoid that particular cultural features become a barrier for implementing safety management systems the employees’ experience and expertise should be employed in the implementation work more intensively. Key enablers for safety improvements would involve all organisational levels in the identification, discussion and implementation of potential safety issues. New thinking is needed in safety management and, particularly, in incident reporting. Focusing on positive human factors and understanding humans as a resource of successful performance could motivate and encourage employees to report incidents more actively and thus promote rooting of positive safety culture in organisations. No company can manage implementing the safety management system properly using only its own resources. Co-operation of companies is needed and regulatory agencies should provide support for co-operation. The industries’ voluntary co-operation programmes have proved to be effective and valuable for overcoming any obstacles in the implementation of safety management systems. Creation-Date: 2017-08-07 Number: 2017/18 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2017/18-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Eric Arne Lofquist Author-Workplace-Name: BI Norwegian Business School Title: Jousting with Dragons: A resilience engineering approach to managing SMS in the transport sector Abstract: System resilience is the ability for complex, dynamic-adaptive socio-technical systems to absorb and rebound from trauma or stress, and to avoid “jousting with dragons” where results are uncertain and often fatal. In a safety context, the term “dragons” originates from Professor David Woods at Ohio State University and the relatively new field of Resilience Engineering. Dragons are an illustration for the consequence of “surprise” as depicted in ancient seafarer maps that filled the seas beyond the known boundaries of the ancient world with fire-breathing dragons, and certain death. In a modern day sense, dragons represent the unintended, and often unforeseen and unpredictable, consequences of crossing operational boundaries that are difficult to identify precisely, are often influenced by various actors, and are continually changing. In particular, due to the complex, dynamic-adaptive behaviour of systems, classic statistical metrics used in current Safety Management Systems (SMS) no longer allow us to predict the next undesired event. We need to change our focus and find new ways of capturing the faint signals of impending failure. This will require structural, psychological and social changes in the way SMSs work. In this paper, the issues of understanding and managing complex, dynamic-adaptive systems through the quality of resilience, and how to avoid “jousting with dragons” in the transport sector using a Resilience Engineering lens are addressed. Creation-Date: 2017-08-07 Number: 2017/19 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2017/19-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Simon French Author-Workplace-Name: Rail Accident Investigation Branch Author-Name: Tabitha Steelt Author-Workplace-Name: Rail Accident Investigation Branch Title: The Investigation of Safety Management Systems and Safety Culture Abstract: Since every Safety Management System (SMS) is intended to provide a framework by which an organisation manages risk, it is inevitable that accident investigators will take a close interest. The good investigator will always want to understand how the SMS was intended to control risk and how this control failed when put to the test. This paper seeks to provide a practitioner’s view on the investigation of SMS. In doing so it hopes to answer the following questions: What are the key elements of a typical safety management system that an investigator is likely to encounter? How should the role of these elements in the causation of an accident be investigated? How have SMSs been featured in real investigations? How should the investigator address safety culture? Can investigations influence the shape of safety management systems? Creation-Date: 2017-08-11 Number: 2017/20 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2017/20-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Chia-Lin Chen Author-Workplace-Name: Xi’an Jiaotong - Liverpool University Title: Modern Tram and Public Transport Integration in Chinese Cities: A case study of Suzhou Abstract: This paper explores the role of modern trams in Chinese cities and identifies issues and challenges of integrating modern trams with other public transport modes. The Suzhou National High-tech District (SND) Tram is chosen as a representative case for study. The findings show that, due to the strict national policy and approval procedures, trams are often planned and constructed as a good alternative to metro systems. Instead of practically addressing transport congestion, with a “development-driven” and “control and management” ideology, the current approach emphasises new development and avoids potential confrontation and social unrest in dense urban areas. As a result, despite massive investment in tram and other public transport modes, public transport mobility is not competititve against car mobility. Lessons learnt from the Suzhou tram case include prioritising public transport, well articulating public transport systems at multiple levels, combining strategic planning and supportive policies, enabling open competition for tram operation, and exercising leadership for collective goverance. Creation-Date: 2017-07-30 Number: 2017/21 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2017/21-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Zsuzsanna Olofsson Author-Name: Karin Brundell Freij Author-Workplace-Name: WSP Sweden Title: Measuring Integration and Urban Sustainability with Indicators: Monitoring Progress towards Integrated Public Transport Abstract: This paper proposes a framework to monitor progress towards improved integration in public transport. The framework adapts some elements of Transport Sustainability Barometer (TSB) which is a tool to assess transport sustainability in Swedish cities. The suggested indicator set follows the complex hierarchy of layers in integration (Process, System, Quality and Use). The selected indicators allow progress to be monitored from two perspectives, objective evidence and citizens’ perceptions. The proposed framework is only the first step towards a tool to monitor integration in public transport, and we provide recommendations to further develop a tool in consultation with its intended users. Creation-Date: 2017-08-16 Number: 2017/22 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2017/22-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Roland Kager Author-Workplace-Name: Studio Bereikbaar Author-Name: Lucas Harms Author-Workplace-Name: University of Amsterdam Title: Synergies from Improved Cycling-Transit Integration: Towards an Integrated Urban Mobility System Abstract: Improved integration of cycling and transit has the potential to overcome the fundamental limitations of each mode by combining their opposite strengths of flexibility and action radius. The benefits of such integration potentially extend beyond user benefits and the trip level. We present seven conceptual mechanisms that lead to synergies, understood as benefits not attributable to cycling or transit in isolation, but to their integration only. As an illustration, we analyse and allocate such synergies by a case study of the Dutch cycling-transit system. Where the practical absence of cycling has limited such potential in many locations elsewhere, the recent resurgence in cycling practice and culture, especially in urban agglomerations, enables new opportunities for improved cycling-transit integration. Urban agglomerations are also the locations where land-use and mobility related issues seem particularly pressing and where we claim cycling-transit synergies are strongest. The article concludes with a discussion of implication and application. Creation-Date: 2017-07-31 Number: 2017/23 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2017/23-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Guillaume Burghouwt Title: Influencing Air Connectivity Outcomes Abstract: The aviation network plays an important role in today’s globalised society. There is a growing understanding among governments worldwide that air connectivity is an asset improving the global competitiveness of cities, regions and countries. Connectivity growth decreases travel costs for consumers and businesses and facilitates global contacts and trade. There is increasing evidence that air connectivity growth stimulates productivity, R&D, foreign direct investment and fosters trade specialisation. Against this background, many governments try to formulate (aviation) policies to influence/ enhance connectivity outcomes, so as to achieve a connectivity portfolio that best meets society’s needs. This seems to be particularly an issue when airport capacity is scarce or when new airports are added to an existing airport system. Hence, the ITF posed the question how governments can influence connectivity outcomes. To answer this question, we first discuss the concept of air connectivity, the economic value of connectivity and its determinants. We then identify the instruments that can potentially be part of the government’s “toolkit” to influence connectivity outcomes. Finally, we discuss two approaches that governments may follow when influencing connectivity outcomes: a market-based approach and an interventionist, administrative approach. We discuss the pros and cons of both approaches and argue that governments should be modest about steering connectivity outcomes using an administrative approach. This paper is focused on the European context in terms of the specific policy instruments that are discussed. However, the insights derived from this paper are likely to apply for other regions as well. Creation-Date: 2017-09-13 Number: 2017/24 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2017/24-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Nicole Adler Author-Workplace-Name: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Author-Name: Ekaterina Yazhemsky Author-Workplace-Name: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Title: To Allocate Slots or Not: That is the Question Abstract: Based on a non-parametric, structural equation modelling framework, this paper compares a set of highly congested US and European airports in order to assess the impact of approaches on overall social welfare, considering airline and airport surplus and passenger welfare. This paper discusses the data collected in order to estimate the impact of administrative changes with respect to slots on the most congested airports in Europe and the potential impact of introducing such a system in the United States. Creation-Date: 2017-09-13 Number: 2017/25 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2017/25-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Miguel Mujica Mota Author-Workplace-Name: Aviation Academy, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences Author-Name: Geert Boosten Author-Workplace-Name: Aviation Academy, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences Author-Name: Catya Zuniga Author-Workplace-Name: Aeronautic University of Querétaro Title: Time to Sweat the Assets?: The analysis of two airport cases of restricted capacity in different continents Abstract: Air traffic numbers have been steadily increasing and are projected to so in the future. Most traffic growth pertains to a small fraction of the total available airport capacity worldwide; particularly the main airport hubs present these trends. As a consequence, they are becoming increasingly congested, which results in the increase of delays and reduction of reliability. For these reasons it is important to look for ways in which the existing assets can take up more traffic. These solutions should go beyond long-term considerations to build more infrastructures. In the current paper we discuss of different ways of increasing capacity. First we define capacity and then we discuss techniques for identifying bottlenecks and room for improvement. We exemplify them by providing two examples of airports in different continents, Schiphol Airport and Mexico City Airport. Creation-Date: 2017-09-20 Number: 2017/26 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2017/26-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jagoda Egeland Author-Workplace-Name: International Transport Forum Author-Name: Paul Smale Title: Capacity Building through Efficient Use of Existing Airport Infrastructure: Roundtable Summary and Conclusions Abstract: This paper is based on expert discussions on how airport capacity could be improved to benefit the users of aviation, without building new airport infrastructure. These discussions took place at a Roundtable meeting of 34 experts held in Querétaro, Mexico in March 2017. Roundtable participants took a view that any congested airport represents a market failure with rents accruing either to airlines and/or elsewhere along the value chain. Administrative slot allocation, while it can help achieve particular connectivity outcomes, cannot allocate capacity in a market efficient way. Allocating capacity through market based instruments such as slot auctioning can achieve that goal, but it currently is both technically and politically difficult to implement without creating significant disruption to the network. The distributive impacts of slot allocation regimes and any trade-offs from potential changes to them thus need to be considered by policy makers before deciding on any capacity allocation measures. Participants agreed that a multi-faceted approach is needed to improve welfare of aviation users, which in particular needs to take advantage of technological change in the sector. Creation-Date: 2017-10-31 Number: 2017/27 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2017/27-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Alfonso Herrera García Author-Workplace-Name: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte Title: Alternative Solutions to Airport Saturation: Simulation Models applied to congested airports Abstract: This paper explores several methods for coping with excess demand at airports through applying simulation modeling that focusses on how to use the existing airport infrastructure more efficiently. The introduction presents an overview of the importance of solving the airport saturation problem and sets out several approaches to solutions, which are divided into four distinct groups, or options. The fourth option applies operational practices and/or new technology to improve the airport procedures, including computer modeling and simulation. The document presents the application of simulation models to the capacity issues at the Mexico City Airport to demonstrate how to potentially alleviate congestion. Examples include redistribution of takeoffs and landings to increase runway capacity; reduction of air traffic movements through allowing operations of aircraft with greater capacity; deployment of new technologies to increase runway capacity; and by means of new operational procedures, changing the aircraft waiting sequence to reduce delays. Creation-Date: 2017-09-12 Number: 2017/28 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2017/28-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Wei-Shiuen Ng Author-Workplace-Name: International Transport Forum Author-Name: Ashley Acker Author-Workplace-Name: International Transport Forum Title: Understanding Urban Travel Behaviour by Gender for Efficient and Equitable Transport Policies Abstract: Gender is one of the key socio-demographic variables that can influence travel behaviour, but it is often the least understood. Understanding travel behaviour by gender will help better design transport policies that are efficient and equitable. Due to the gendered division of work in households, women often have multiple tasks and activities. As a result, women are more likely to have shorter commute distances, to chain trips, to have more non-work related trips, to travel at off-peak hours, and to choose more flexible modes. This study examines travel behaviour by gender in eight different cities, across three different continents, focusing on transport mode, trip purpose, travel distance and departure time for Auckland, Dublin, Hanoi, Helsinki, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, Lisbon and Manila. The most common trends found in the cities are that women tend to travel shorter distances and prefer public transport and taxi services to cars more than men. Creation-Date: 2018-02-02 Number: 2018/01 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/01-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Schepers Author-Workplace-Name: Utrecht University Author-Name: Karin Klein Wolt Author-Workplace-Name: Consumer and Safety Institute Author-Name: Elliot Fishman Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Sensible Transport Title: The Safety of E-Bikes in The Netherlands Abstract: This case-control study compares the likelihood and injury severity of crashes between users of e-bikes and classic bikes in The Netherlands. Use of e-bikes with a maximum speed of 25 km/h is rapidly increasing in European countries. Cyclists being hospitalised are compared to those being sent home after the treatment at the emergency department in order to compare the injury consequences between e-bike and classic bike victims.Whilst results suggest that e-bike and classic bike users are equally likely to be involved in a crash and the severity of crashes are also about equal, the overall impact of e-bikes on road safety is complex and requires more research. As with all forms of physical activity, injuries need to be weighed against the health benefits of more cycling. Creation-Date: 2018-07-11 Number: 2018/02 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/02-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Elliot Fishman Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Sensible Transport Author-Name: Paul Schepers Author-Workplace-Name: Utrecht University Title: The Safety of Bike Share Systems Abstract: This paper reviews available research on the safety impacts associated with the growth in bike share use. In the last 20 years the global fleet of dock-based and dockless bike share systems has grown to well over 4 500 000; making bike share one of the fastest growing modes of transport. This rapid increase in popularity has made bike safety a priority for policy makers and calls for a framework where bike share crash data is collected consistently to ensure safety risks can be identified and reduced, in order to encourage more sustainable urban mobility. Creation-Date: 2018-07-03 Number: 2018/03 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/03-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Brian Deegan Author-Workplace-Name: Urban Movement Title: Light Protection of Cycle Lanes: Best Practices Abstract: This report reviews the effectiveness of light separation as an alternative to more permanent infrastructure to protect cycle lanes. With more cyclists on the roads than ever, it is important to consider infrastructure options that safeguard cyclists and other road users whilst being cost effective and easily adaptable to cities that are constantly changing. Creation-Date: 2018-09-25 Number: 2018/04 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/04-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Alberto Castro Author-Workplace-Name: University of Zurich Author-Name: Sonja Kahlmeier Author-Workplace-Name: University of Zurich Author-Name: Thomas Gotschi Author-Workplace-Name: University of Zurich Title: Exposure-Adjusted Road Fatality Rates for Cycling and Walking in European Countries Abstract: This paper presents fatality rates for walking and cycling in European Countries used in the World Health Organization’s Health Economic Assessment Tool (HEAT). It evaluates and ranks the quality of data sources and gives fatality rates adjusted by exposure (i.e. distance travelled). It also discusses the different methodologies applied for national exposure data, as well as the proposed solutions to make these figures comparable across countries. Creation-Date: 2018-09-25 Number: 2018/05 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/05-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Aliasgar Inayathusein Author-Workplace-Name: Transport for London Author-Name: Simon Cooper Author-Workplace-Name: Transport for London Title: London's Accessibility Indicators: Strengths, Weaknesses, Challenges Abstract: The paper provides an introduction to London’s context and the need for accessibility indicators. It overviews existing indicators developed and used by Transport for London, including: PTAL, ATOS (Access to Services) and catchment- based measures, as well as giving an introduction to TfL’s online web portal for connectivity assessment: WebCAT. There is also a review of calculation principles, a summary of user cases and an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of each method. A second section describes indicators (e.g. PTAL incorporating cycling, and walking catchment analysis) that are currently under development as part of TfL’s commitment towards prioritising healthy streets and sustainable modes of transport. The final section focuses on challenges and opportunities identified during the development of these indicators. Creation-Date: 2018-08-28 Number: 2018/06 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/06-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Cecília Silva Author-Name: Anders Larsson Title: Challenges for Accessibility Planning and Research in the Context of Sustainable Mobility Abstract: Accessibility has become a fashionable concept both in the research and policy arena. There has been a growing interest and attention on accessibility measures and on the potential of accessibility‑based planning as means to invert the growing unsustainability of urban settlement and mobility patterns. Regardless of the potential advantages, current practice has revealed a number of challenges facing accessibility planning and research. This paper presents a reflection on two of these challenges: lack of implementation and conceptual ambiguity of accessibility measures in planning practice. After presenting the main arguments for each challenge, the paper explains how they create risks in the context of sustainable development, namely, by creating biased understandings which prevent authorities and practitioners from shifting away from the traditional “predict and provide” paradigm for transport planning. At the end of each reflection, the paper suggests a research and policy agenda to overcome the challenges supported by the institutionalisation of accessibility planning. Creation-Date: 2018-08-29 Number: 2018/07 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/07-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Floridea di Ciommo Title: How the Inaccessibility Index Can Improve Transport Planning and Investment Abstract: Within the equity in transport framework, this paper provides an overview on the rationale of using the needs-based approach for transport planning assessment. The paper is structured into three parts. First, the presentation of the needs-based approach using the inaccessibility index. Second, the interpretation of the index through the case of Barcelona. The focus will be on how the inaccessibility index allows us to capture relevant information on the satisfied mobility needs of different population groups (particularly for vulnerable groups of the population) through different transport modes. Finally, the potential incorporation into transport planning/assessment frameworks. This section discusses the ways in which the index could be implemented in two different contexts: ex-ante infrastructure evaluation and assessment of a deprived geographic area for transport strategic planning. Creation-Date: 2018-08-29 Number: 2018/08 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/08-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Karst T. Geurs Title: Transport Planning With Accessibility Indices in the Netherlands Abstract: This discussion paper overviews the different perspectives and approaches to measuring accessibility, reviews the strengths and weaknesses of different accessibility indicators and describes the use of accessibility indicators in the Dutch policy and planning practice. In choosing accessibility measures, there clearly is a trade-off between theoretical and practical strengths/weaknesses. Dutch transport planners have focused on infrastructure-based accessibility metrics. Only in recent years, increasing attention has been paid to integrated transport, spatial planning and more advanced accessibility measurements. A growing stream of studies explores the concept of accessibility in order to examine equity and distributive justice of transport policies. The choice and operationalisation of accessibility indicators for equity and distributive justice is currently still open for discussion. It requires a more complete understanding of accessibility than traditional indicators offer, and also depends on the theory of justice used. Creation-Date: 2018-08-29 Number: 2018/09 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/09-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Olaf Merk Author-Workplace-Name: International Transport Forum Title: Container Ship Size and Port Relocation Abstract: This paper analyses the impacts of ever-larger ships on location choices for new container ports and examines when relocation of a port makes sense. Most ports are located close to cities, but have difficulties expanding. A number of new container ports have been built further away from urban centres, and existing ports may at some point feel the pressure to relocate. Creation-Date: 2018-09-25 Number: 2018/10 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Hall Title: Traffic Planning in Port-Cities Abstract: Port container trucking is currently one of the most challenging aspects of the love-hate relationship between ports and cities. This paper highlights important examples of emerging good practices at and around the marine port terminal. Hinterland connectivity and landside productivity are increasingly important for port performance. Yet conflicts over congestion, pollution and other negative impacts of container traffic are an increasing source of tensions. Managing these tensions requires a clear understanding of the issues and identification of the stakeholders involved in the transport system of the immediate port hinterland. Creation-Date: 2018-09-28 Number: 2018/11 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Olaf Merk Author-Workplace-Name: International Transport Forum Title: The Container Port of Buenos Aires in the Mega-Ship Era Abstract: Can the container port of Buenos Aires be adapted to the demands of the mega-ship era? Ever-larger ships and the cargo peaks they cause imply new requirements for container ports. This paper examines strategies for Argentina’s largest port, whose three container terminal concessions will expire in 2020. Creation-Date: 2018-10-03 Number: 2018/12 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/12-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jillian Anable Author-Workplace-Name: University of Leeds Author-Name: Phil Goodwin Author-Workplace-Name: University College London Title: Assessing the Net Overall Distributive Effect of a Congestion Charge Abstract: This paper offers new insights into the definition, measurement and operationalisation of different dimensions of social vulnerability to road user charges, using unique data sets available in the UK. Assessing distributional effects of road pricing or congestion charging schemes requires evaluating distributional patterns: who receives the benefits of reduced congestion and who receives the revenues collected? How these impacts change over time also needs consideration. Creation-Date: 2018-10-12 Number: 2018/13 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/13-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Börjesson Title: Long-Term Effects of the Swedish Congestion Charges Abstract: This paper summarises the state of research on the long-term effects of congestion charging in Stockholm and Gothenberg. Sweden’s two largest cities introduced time-of-day dependent, cordon-based congestion charging systems in 2006 and 2013. Public support for congestion charging initially increased following the introduction, but then slightly declined after a revision of the systems. While travel demand in Stockholm has become more price sensitive over time, the reverse happened in Gothenburg. The study examines the reasons behind these findings and discusses policy implications. Creation-Date: 2018-10-12 Number: 2018/14 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/14-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Stef Proost Author-Workplace-Name: Catholic University of Leuven Title: Reforming Private and Public Urban Transport Pricing Abstract: This paper examines the optimal level of public transport pricing in metropolitan areas, using Stockholm and Paris as case studies. It shows that overall welfare improves if public transport prices are increased during peak hours to balance demand and fund additional services in the peak. This report considers the sources of welfare improvements and compares the effect of such pricing policy on cities with and without road pricing. Creation-Date: 2018-10-17 Number: 2018/15 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/15-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Yves Crozet Author-Workplace-Name: University of Lyon Author-Name: Aurélie Mercier Author-Workplace-Name: University of Lyon Title: Urban Toll: Rethinking Acceptability Through Accessibility Abstract: This paper highlights the necessity of a spatial approach to addressing the acceptability problem of road tolls in cities. Few cities have implemented urban congestion charges because of limited public acceptance and perceived distributive impacts. The report focuses on the space consumption of car traffic as opposed to on time losses from road congestion. It shows that by focusing on accessibility, user groups who would be most adversely affected by tolls can be identified and the effectiveness of mitigation measures tested. Creation-Date: 2018-10-19 Number: 2018/16 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/16-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jean-Paul Rodrigue Title: Efficiency and Sustainability in Multimodal Supply Chains Abstract: This paper describes approaches in intermodal supply chain management that aim to balance efficiency with sustainability requirements set by firms’ corporate social responsibility commitments and society more generally. It explores how accreditation systems can help support green logistics efforts and outlines the competitive advantages and disadvantages of adopting these approaches. Creation-Date: 2018-10-17 Number: 2018/17 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/17-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Lóránt Tavasszy Title: Innovation and Technology in Multimodal Supply Chains Abstract: This paper investigates innovations in multimodal supply chains. It covers innovations in technology and IT, physical hardware and how supply chains are organised. It outlines direct and indirect impacts of these innovations, showing the ramifications for multimodality, the broader logistics system and sustainability challenges. Creation-Date: 2018-10-17 Number: 2018/18 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/18-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Christopher Title: The Mitigation of Risk in Resilient Supply Chains Abstract: This paper examines the sources of supply chain risk and suggests ways in which higher levels of resilience can be achieved. Recent years have seen a significant increase in the risk of supply chain disruption and the need for resilience across the supply/demand network has become imperative. The paper discusses the focus on agility and flexibility required to achieve higher resilience, which in turn will require new ways of working across organisational boundaries. Creation-Date: 2018-10-19 Number: 2018/19 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/19-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Nicolas Wagner Author-Workplace-Name: International Transport Forum Title: The Billion Dollar Question: How Much Will it Cost to Decarbonise Cities’ Transport Systems? Abstract: This paper puts numbers on the investment needs for urban transport infrastructure under different policy scenarios. The cities of the future will be shaped by today’s decisions about physical transport assets, and the urgent need to halt climate change makes it more important than ever to get it right. The analysis shows that a low-carbon transport system is not necessarily more expensive than today’s mobility system, and can even be more cost-efficient. Creation-Date: 2018-11-09 Number: 2018/20 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/20-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Antoine Beyer Author-Workplace-Name: University of Cergy-Pontoise Title: Inland Waterways, Transport Corridors and Urban Waterfronts Abstract: This paper analyses the opportunities and challenges of integrating inland waterways into transport corridors. Less than a fifth of the world’s 623 000 kilometres of navigable inland waterways is currently used for freight transport. Although river transport has expanded in some countries, it is actually declining in others due to lagging investments or co-ordination. At the same time, urban development is encroaching on inland ports, reducing the space for logistics activities in many river ports, creating challenges for policy makers. Creation-Date: 2018-10-31 Number: 2018/21 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/21-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ruth Banomyong Author-Workplace-Name: Thammasat Business School Title: Collaboration in Supply Chain Management: A Resilience Perspective Abstract: This paper investigates how collaboration between stakeholders can help make supply chains more resilient. It explores innovative ways to operate supply chains and reinforce their resilience, for instance through crowd shipping or gainsharing. The paper also includes a case study on how multi-stakeholder initiatives and public-private partnership can help foster collaboration in supply chains for increased efficiency. Creation-Date: 2018-10-25 Number: 2018/22 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/22-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Frederic Lloveras Minguell Author-Workplace-Name: MCRIT Title: Public Transport Governance in Greater Barcelona Abstract: This paper describes the role of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (AMB) in the governance of public transport in Spain’s second-largest agglomeration. It sets out how the AMB is able to provide integrated transport management, planning, financing and decision-making across different administrations and bodies of the Barcelona region, based on a mandate that comprises territorial planning, environment and sustainability, housing, economic development and social cohesion. Creation-Date: 2018-10-30 Number: 2018/23 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/23-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Rex Deighton-Smith Title: The Economics of Regulating Ride-Hailing and Dockless Bike Share Abstract: This paper reviews the economic case for regulating ride-hailing and dockless bikeshare. Ride-hailing has disrupted heavily regulated taxi markets and is calling much of the rationale for taxi regulation into question. It argues for light-handed regulation to enable fair, nondistorting competition across the sector. A similar approach to bikeshare is needed, though the context differs greatly. These services are creating new mobility options, while their business models are evolving rapidly. Regulators should adopt a cautious approach which minimises the risk of undermining their potential. Creation-Date: 2018-11-26 Number: 2018/24 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/24-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Dana Yanocha Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Transportation and Development Policy Title: Optimising New Mobility Services Abstract: This paper presents a policy framework intended to maximize the benefits of dockless bike share through outcome-oriented system planning that includes monitoring and enforcement of regulations. Operational shortfalls of dockless bike share are categorised and several policy options for each category proposed. Finally, the paper identifies lessons and best practices from the rollout of dockless bike share systems around the world. Creation-Date: 2018-12-04 Number: 2018/25 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/25-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Onésimo Flores Dewey Author-Workplace-Name: Jetty Title: App-Based Collective Transport Service in Mexico City: A Start-Up Case Study Abstract: This paper details the history of Jetty, an app-based collective transport platform operating in Mexico City since August 2017. It sets out the origins of the idea, recounts the strong competitive and regulatory pushback Jetty has faced, and evaluates Jetty’s current growth and impact. In this context, the paper explores the potential contribution of new app-based mobility services in environments such as Mexico City - where transit alternatives are ubiquitous, fares are low and unsubsidised, but service is unsafe, insecure, uncomfortable, unreliable and unaccountable. It asks to what extent a technology company can complement government regulations, by establishing and enforcing stricter service standards on private suppliers of service whilst remaining responsive and accountable to passengers. Creation-Date: 2019-01-15 Number: 2019/01 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2019/01-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sungwon Lee Author-Workplace-Name: The Korea Transport Institute Author-Name: Gyung Chuk Kim Author-Workplace-Name: The Korea Transport Institute Author-Name: Seung Kook Wu Author-Workplace-Name: The Korea Transport Institute Author-Name: Jieun Oh Author-Workplace-Name: The Korea Transport Institute Title: Influence of ICT on Public Transport Use and Behaviour in Seoul Abstract: This paper explores the impact that advances in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) have on the behaviour of transport users and their mode choice habits in Seoul. It discusses the stated preference survey conducted in Seoul and the analysis carried out using the discrete choice modelling approach to understand the sensitivity of the demand for private and public transport uses on time, cost and availability of ICT. Creation-Date: 2019-02-22 Number: 2019/02 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2019/02-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Phil Goodwin Author-Workplace-Name: University of the West of England Title: The Influence of Technologies and Lifestyle on the Value of Time Abstract: This paper looks at the roles of technologies and other factors in lifestyle choices, travel patterns and behaviours. Building on earlier Roundtable reports on value of time, it discusses how recent behavioural changes might affect the disutility of time spent travelling relative to time spent on other activities. The paper concludes with a discussion on the implications for policy practitioners around modelling and assessing value of travel time savings. Creation-Date: 2019-02-26 Number: 2019/03 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2019/03-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Rune Elvik Author-Workplace-Name: The Institute of Transport Economics Title: Updated Estimates of the Relationship Between the Business Cycle and Traffic Fatalities Abstract: This paper updates analyses of the relationship between fluctuations of the business cycle and the number of traffic fatalities published in 2015 by the International Transport Forum. Since then, the global recession that started in 2008 has ended and economic growth has returned to most International Transport Forum countries. The paper revisits the affect that declining or stable high rates of unemployment have on traffic fatalities. Creation-Date: 2019-03-04 Number: 2019/04 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2019/04-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Rex Deighton-Smith Author-Workplace-Name: Jaguar Consulting Pty Ltd Title: Assessing the Impacts of the Road Safety Remuneration System in Australia Abstract: This paper is a case study of the application of Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) to the legislation that established Australia’s Road Safety Remuneration System. It highlights two considerations: first, how RIA can provide important information to policy makers, despite complexity and a lack of data preventing a full cost benefit analysis. Second, that RIA can only be influential when adopted as part of a well-designed and fully functioning process, particularly where the policy environment is a politically charged one. Creation-Date: 2019-11-13 Number: 2019/05 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2019/05-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Guillaume Burghouwt Author-Workplace-Name: SEO Amsterdam Economics Title: Assessing Consumer Welfare Impacts of Aviation Policy Measures Abstract: This paper presents a model framework for estimating second-order network effects and the resulting consumer welfare impacts at hub and non-hub airports. It emphasizes the benefits of looking beyond the initial demand and welfare impacts and identifying risks associated with policy interventions which may arise through the supply side. Creation-Date: 2019-11-13 Number: 2019/06 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2019/06-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Bert van Wee Author-Workplace-Name: Delft University of Technology Title: Assessing the Impacts of Vehicle Emissions and Safety Regulations Abstract: This paper discusses how regulations can determine environmental and safety outcomes in transport systems. It explores the relationships between regulations and direct and indirect costs, and between regulations and benefits. It also discusses the ethical issues, such as the fact that cost-benefit analysis evaluates welfare effects but tends to ignore equity issues. Creation-Date: 2019-11-13 Number: 2019/07 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2019/07-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Yves Crozet Author-Workplace-Name: University of Lyon Title: Introducing Competition in the European Rail Sector: Insights for a Holistic Regulatory Assessment Abstract: This paper assesses the impact of European rail transport regulation in the past 25 years. It highlights competition as a necessary condition to overcome the inertia of legacy railway operators, but argues that competition is not sufficient to increase efficiency when they feel protected by the state. Creation-Date: 2019-11-13 Number: 2019/08 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2019/08-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Lena Nerhagen Author-Workplace-Name: Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute Author-Name: Sara Forsstedt Author-Workplace-Name: Swedish Transport Agency Title: Should Regulatory Impact Assessment Have a Role in Sweden’s Transport Planning? Abstract: This paper describes the use of regulatory impact assessment (RIA) and cost-benefit analysis (CBA) for transport planning in Sweden and discusses the arguments for and against its use. The paper considers four main aspects: First, the Swedish planning context and existing requirements regarding the use of RIA. Second, the current focus of research regarding CBA for infrastructure investments in the Swedish transport sector and the need for greater focus on issues concerning regulation. Third, the difficulty to quantify and place monetary values on effects. Fourthly, the paper discusses the need to align incentives at all levels and across agencies. Creation-Date: 2019-11-13 Number: 2019/09 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2019/09-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Mogens Fosgerau Author-Workplace-Name: University of Copenhagen Title: Automation and the Value of Time in Passenger Transport Abstract: This paper reiterates the basic principles and rationale for valuing travel time savings. It explains the type of impacts that the valuation of travel time savings intends to capture and discusses whether and how those fundamental principles continue to hold with automation and increased possibility of productive time use while travelling. The paper also discusses implications for traffic management and urban form that follow from increased in-vehicle productivity. Creation-Date: 2019-10-09 Number: 2019/10 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2019/10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Marco Kouwenhoven Author-Workplace-Name: Significance Author-Name: Gerard de Jong Author-Workplace-Name: Significance Title: Time Use and Values of Time and Reliability in the Netherlands Abstract: This paper compares the survey results of three value of travel time (VTT) surveys conducted in the Netherlands since the late 1980s. It discusses the method used in the Dutch studies for estimating VTT for business travel; the importance of travel time reliability; and the impacts of distance and productive or pleasant use of travel time on VTT. By comparing how VTT has evolved over time, this paper discusses potential impacts of technological changes on VTT and the use of VTT in project appraisals in the future. Creation-Date: 2019-11-28 Number: 2019/11 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2019/11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: David Meunier Author-Workplace-Name: Université Paris-Est Title: Mobility Practices, Value of Time and Transport Appraisal Abstract: This paper discusses whether changes in mobility practices affect value of travel time savings. It considers the relationship between the theory of the value of time and its practical application in traffic models and cost-benefit analysis. The discussion covers the need to distinguish variations in utility due to changes in the quantity and quality of time spent in travelling, the relationships between changes in value of time and mobility practices and between collective and individual values of time. Creation-Date: 2020-01-31 Number: 2020/01 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/01-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Hercules Haralambides Author-Workplace-Name: Dalian Maritime University Author-Name: Olaf Merk Author-Workplace-Name: International Transport Forum Title: The Belt and Road Initiative: Impacts on Global Maritime Trade Flows Abstract: This paper analyses the potential impacts on global trade initiated by the Belt and Road Initiative. The Initiative is examined as a collection of planned transport-corridor developments and discusses their impact on maritime trade flows. Creation-Date: 2020-06-16 Number: 2020/02 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/02-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sofia F. Franco Author-Workplace-Name: Nova University of Lisbon Title: Parking Prices and Availability, Mode Choice and Urban Form Abstract: This paper provides evidence how parking reforms can help reduce car dependency and achieve a more efficient use of city space. It looks at how the price and availability of parking influence transport choices and urban form. It also investigates the effect of minimum parking requirements and regulations on developer decisions and land use. The paper draws primarily on evidence from Los Angeles County and the City of Los Angeles, California, in the United States. Creation-Date: 2020-05-29 Number: 2020/03 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/03-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Batley Author-Workplace-Name: University of Leeds Author-Name: Thijs Dekker Author-Workplace-Name: University of Leeds Author-Name: Iven Stead Author-Workplace-Name: Department for Transport Title: Worthwhile Use of Travel Time and Applications in the United Kingdom Abstract: This paper outlines the rationale, methodologies, key findings and policy implications of the national Value of Travel Time Savings (VTTS) study conducted in Britain during 2014-15. The study found VTTS varied with distance, trip purpose and mode of travel but not with worthwhile use of travel time. Using two case studies, the paper discusses the approach to implementation of the new VTTS estimates and lessons for other countries. Creation-Date: 2020-03-23 Number: 2020/04 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/04-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Pierre Cariou Author-Workplace-Name: Kedge Business School Title: Changing Demand for Maritime Trade Abstract: This paper analyses the main drivers for maritime trade growth over the last decades and suggests possible drivers for the development of maritime trade in the future. Creation-Date: 2020-07-21 Number: 2020/05 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/05-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ciro Biderman Author-Workplace-Name: Fundação Getúlio Vargas Title: Regulating Ridesharing Services in São Paulo Abstract: This paper explores to what extent a road-use charge levied from transport network companies for their ridesharing services can mitigate negative impacts of ridesharing. This approach is being applied in the city of São Paulo in Brazil. Creation-Date: 2020-07-31 Number: 2020/06 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/06-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Hall Author-Workplace-Name: University of Toronto Title: High-occupancy Toll Lanes: Their Distributional Impact and Effect on Congestion Abstract: This paper reports the theoretical and empirical evidence on the distributional effects of Express Lanes. It also provides evidence of how they affect congestion, both in the Express Lanes themselves and in the parallel general-purpose lanes. The paper also helps put Express Lanes in context by discussing the merits of alternative approaches to managing congestion such as ramp metering, permits, and vehicle-kilometres travelled charges. Creation-Date: 2020-09-21 Number: 2020/07 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/07-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Poole Author-Workplace-Name: Reason Foundation Title: The Impact of HOV and HOT Lanes on Congestion in the United States Abstract: This paper describes the evolution of high-occupancy vehicle lanes (HOV) and high-occupancy toll lanes (HOT) lanes in the United States. It evaluates their performance and analyses the impact on carpooling and public transport. The demographics of HOV and HOT lane users and the implications for equal access are also examined. The paper also proposes ways to apply lessons learned from the success of HOV and HOT lanes to the political challenges of road pricing. Creation-Date: 2020-09-21 Number: 2020/08 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/08-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Galit Cohen-Blankshtain Author-Workplace-Name: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Author-Name: Hillel Bar-Gera Author-Workplace-Name: Ben-Gurion University of the Negen Author-Name: Yoram Shiftan Author-Workplace-Name: Technion, Israel Institute of Technology Title: Congestion Pricing with Minimal Public Opposition: The Use of High-occupancy Toll Lanes and Positive Incentives in Israel Abstract: This paper reports on the Israeli experience with a high-occupancy toll (HOT) lane between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv. It highlights the integration of a park-and-ride service with the HOT lane and the provision of free parking to encourage carpooling. The paper also analyses Israel’s pilot “Going Green” programme and how it demonstrates the potential of positive incentives to address congestion. Creation-Date: 2020-09-21 Number: 2020/09 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/09-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Walter Theseira Author-Workplace-Name: Singapore University of Social Sciences Title: Congestion Control in Singapore Abstract: This paper reviews the development and implementation of congestion control policies in Singapore since the introduction of the Area Licensing Scheme in 1975. It examines the city state’s experience of vehicle quotas, cordon charging and electronic road pricing. It also looks at developments in public transport and urban planning to improve accessibility and congestion control. Both public attitudes to congestion policies and their economic effects are discussed and analysed. Creation-Date: 2020-10-12 Number: 2020/10 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Wei-Shiuen Ng Author-Workplace-Name: International Transport Forum Author-Name: Ashley Acker Author-Workplace-Name: International Transport Forum Title: The Gender Dimension of the Transport Workforce Abstract: Women remain underrepresented in most transport-related industries, with only 17% female employees on average across a sample of 46 countries. Both attracting and retaining them remains a challenge for governments and the private sector. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the correlation between female participation in the transport workforce and variables such as GDP per capita, education and labour laws. It also provides recommendations on how to develop policies and measures that will enable gender equality in the transport workforce. Creation-Date: 2020-09-24 Number: 2020/11 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: David King Author-Workplace-Name: Arizona State University Title: Zero Car Growth: A Challenge for Transport Justice Abstract: This paper discusses the challenges to transport justice in the context of zero-car-growth policies. It analyses the car-dependence created by sprawling cities that necessitate access to automobiles if citizens want to fully participate in the economy, maintain social connections and achieve a desirable quality of life. It specifically highlights the complications this presents for cities in their efforts towards environmental, equity and economic goals largely achieved through reduced car use. Creation-Date: 2020-10-23 Number: 2020/12 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/12-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Yves Crozet Author-Workplace-Name: University of Lyon Title: Cars and Space Consumption: Rethinking the Regulation of Urban Mobility Abstract: This paper discusses the importance of reducing the space consumption of car traffic as opposed to simply reducing individuals’ travel time. It highlights the role of app-based mobility services in reducing urban congestion from a spatial perspective and the importance of shifting the focus from mobility to accessibility as a way of reducing excessive traffic, meeting sustainability objectives and improving livability. Creation-Date: 2020-10-23 Number: 2020/13 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/13-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Aud Tennøy Author-Workplace-Name: Norwegian Centre for Transport Research Author-Name: Oddrun Helen Hagen Author-Workplace-Name: Norwegian Centre for Transport Research Title: Reallocation of Road and Street Space in Oslo: Measures for Zero Growth in Urban Traffic Abstract: This paper discusses Norway’s zero-growth objective for passenger car traffic. It focuses on Oslo’s experience with removing parking space, improving walking and cycling conditions and reducing road capacity on main motorways. The paper highlights the effectiveness of reallocating road and street space to achieving more sustainable uses, reducing car-dependency and lowering traffic volumes. Creation-Date: 2020-10-23 Number: 2020/14 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/14-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Hörcher Author-Workplace-Name: Imperial College Author-Name: Daniel Graham Author-Workplace-Name: Imperial College Title: Pricing and Efficient Public Transport Supply in a Mobility as a Service Context Abstract: Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is widely expected to make sustainable transport choices more attractive. New approaches to ticketing will be a core part of MaaS, both to attract users and fund services. The associated pricing decisions will be a matter of public policy as much as business objectives, because they can have large social welfare effects. This paper describes options for different pricing structures and their relative efficiency. It considers the potential impact that differing objectives of public and privately-owned transport providers might have on pricing decisions. It concludes with an assessment of the possible effects of Covid-19 on the MaaS market. Creation-Date: 2020-10-12 Number: 2020/15 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/15-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Yves Crozet Author-Workplace-Name: Sciences Po Lyon Title: Mobility as a Service: A New Ambition for Public Transport Authorities Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between traditional public transport and innovative mobility solutions such as Mobility as a Service (MaaS). It looks at how MaaS could change the role of public transport authorities from providing transport services to facilitating mobility, and considers how their remit and capabilities should evolve to better promote seamless multimodal transport. Creation-Date: 2020-10-12 Number: 2020/16 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/16-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Corinne Mulley Author-Workplace-Name: University of Sydney Author-Name: John Nelson Author-Workplace-Name: University of Sydney Title: How Mobility as a Service Impacts Public Transport Business Models Abstract: To be successful, Mobility as a Service (MaaS) will need a model that can accommodate public and private transport providers in a financially sustainable way. This paper discusses MaaS systems led by the government and by the market. How can different business models provide better mobility for citizens, while also delivering on other objectives? The paper considers different methods of financing public transport operators and alternative ways of supporting services with subsidies. It concludes with a discussion of the possible long-term impacts of Covid-19 and the disruptive potential of autonomous vehicles in public transport. Creation-Date: 2020-10-12 Number: 2020/17 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/17-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Tristan Smith Author-Workplace-Name: University College London Title: The Cost of Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Shipping Abstract: The shipping sector will need to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions significantly over the coming decades in order to align them with the Paris Climate goals. How could this be achieved? What will it cost to bring down the sector’s emissions? Will these costs shift maritime trade flows? This paper offers answers to these questions and identifies areas for further investigation. Creation-Date: 2020-10-29 Number: 2020/18 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/18-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Karel van Hussen Author-Name: Twan de Korte Author-Name: Rick Janse Author-Name: Onno de Jong Author-Name: Marten van den Bossche Title: Commercial Navigation Along the Northern Sea Route: Prospects and Impacts Abstract: This report assesses the business case for commercial navigation through Arctic waters along the Northern Sea Route and offers insights in the possible impacts on global trade flows. Creation-Date: 2020-11-13 Number: 2020/19 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/19-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jonas Eliasson Author-Workplace-Name: University of Linköping Title: Reconciling Accessibility Benefits with User Benefits Abstract: This paper asks whether transport policy assessments should use accessibility benefits as a key measure instead of user benefits. It argues that both measures are equivalent if accessibility measures are based on transport users’ own preferences and if the same principle is used to aggregate benefits. The paper also addresses how distributional questions can be addressed within this approach. Creation-Date: 2020-11-12 Number: 2020/21 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/21-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Karst Guers Author-Workplace-Name: University of Twente Title: Accessibility and Transport Appraisal: Approaches and Limitations Abstract: This paper describes the different approaches to measuring accessibility benefits and the limitations of their application in practice. It argues that a broader perspective on accessibility measurement and valuation beyond the current focus on time savings will improve transport appraisal. Notably the better utilisation of land use and transport interaction models will benefit transport investment appraisal. Creation-Date: 2020-11-19 Number: 2020/22 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/22-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Levine Author-Workplace-Name: University of Michigan Title: The Accessibility Shift: Conceptual Obstacles and How to Overcome (One of) Them Abstract: This paper explores conceptual barriers to shifting the foundation of transport planning from mobility to accessibility. These barriers include an implicit belief that accessibility must bring other benefits to be of value, the idea that individuals’ failure to minimise costs in their transport choices somehow challenges the derived nature of transport demand; and a lack of techniques for project-level accessibility analysis. The paper also presents a technique for overcoming the latter barrier. Creation-Date: 2020-11-19 Number: 2020/23 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/23-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Karel Martens Author-Workplace-Name: Technion, Israel Institute of Technology Title: A People-Centred Approach to Accessibility Abstract: This paper discusses two variants of the accessibility paradigm for transport planning. The extensive paradigm aims to radically overhaul transport planning to incorporate issues of environmental quality, urban sprawl, safety and health. Its adoption is unlikely in the medium term and raises questions about the role of the transport planner. The limited paradigm calls for transport planning to adopt accessibility indicators in place of mobility indicators. However this will not meet the underlying goals of the accessibility critique. A change in the focus of transport planning is needed from the functioning of transport networks to the service that differently placed people receive from the transport system. Creation-Date: 2020-11-19 Number: 2020/24 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/24-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Eric Miller Author-Workplace-Name: University of Toronto Title: Measuring Accessibility: Methods and Issues Abstract: This paper discusses the current state of transport accessibility measurement. It demonstrates that all commonly used measures are special cases of a generic accessibility model that conforms to a few fundamental axioms. The paper also shows that accessibility measures are fundamentally tied to travel behaviour. These ties should be explicitly recognised and exploited to construct theoretically defensible and practically useful measures. Creation-Date: 2020-11-23 Number: 2020/25 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/25-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Andrés Monzón Author-Workplace-Name: Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Author-Name: Elena López Author-Workplace-Name: Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Title: Dimensions of Accessibility Benefits Abstract: This paper addresses the problem of involuntary social exclusion resulting from mobility constraints by proposing a conceptual model for the interaction between transport and wellbeing. Providing accessibility for all yields widely shared benefits that are largely overlooked by traditional appraisal methods. While some see the ultimate aim of transport policy as increasing wellbeing, an agreed model of how these two interact does not currently exist. Creation-Date: 2020-11-23 Number: 2020/26 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/26-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Phil Goodwin Title: Trends in Car Use, Travel Demand and Policy Thinking Abstract: This paper discusses the main trends of car use and travel demand, as well as changes in policy responses and attitudes to managing the growth in urban traffic. It highlights the importance of orienting transport policies towards broader objectives beyond efficiency of congestion relief. Such a comprehensive set of objectives would include improvements in health, air quality, active travel activity, human well-being, as well as accessibility and fairness. Creation-Date: 2020-10-28 Number: 2020/27 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/27-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Juan Pablo Bocarejo Author-Workplace-Name: Universidad de los Andes Title: Congestion in Latin American Cities: Innovative Approaches for a Critical Issue Abstract: This paper surveys trends in private vehicle use in Latin American cities and related government policies. It discusses the Colombian government’s initiatives to adopt congestion charging in major cities, highlights the political constraints encountered, and discusses policy changes adopted in response. The paper presents modelling results for the impact of different congestion charging proposals and identifies the principal challenges for adopting them. Creation-Date: 2020-09-21 Number: 2020/28 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/28-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Tom Worsley Author-Workplace-Name: University of Leeds Title: Comparing Road and Rail Investment in Cost-Benefit Analysis Abstract: This paper examines whether the results of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) for road and rail projects can be compared with each other. Road and rail projects address different transport needs and aim to solve different problems. This does not make comparisons between CBAs for each mode impossible, but requires a nuanced approach. Creation-Date: 2020-12-16 Number: 2020/29 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/29-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: James Laird Author-Workplace-Name: Peak Economics Title: Transport Connectivity for Remote Communities in Scotland Abstract: This report looks at the transport challenges for remote areas in Scotland. It does so by examining innovative policies the government has developed to ensure communities on both the margins of the country and the economy are connected to the rest of the country. It takes a broad view of connectivity, examining the crucial role transport plays in the provision health and education services. Creation-Date: 2020-12-16 Number: 2020/30 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/30-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Roberto Villalobos Author-Workplace-Name: Ministry of Transport and Telecommunications, Chile Author-Name: Marcela Muñoz Author-Workplace-Name: Ministry of Transport and Telecommunications, Chile Author-Name: Natalia Berríos Author-Workplace-Name: Ministry of Transport and Telecommunications, Chile Author-Name: Eduardo Koffman Author-Workplace-Name: Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Title: A Review of Public Transport Policies in Remote Communities in Chile Abstract: This report looks at the policies and programmes Chile has been putting in place over the past few decades to foster the development of public transport in remote communities. In particular, it has been taking a regional approach and encouraging private investment in transport. Creation-Date: 2021-01-07 Number: 2021/01 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2021/01-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Lekakou Author-Workplace-Name: University of Aegean Author-Name: George Remoundos Author-Workplace-Name: University of Aegean Author-Name: Evangelia Stefanidaki Author-Workplace-Name: University of Aegean Title: Applying the Island Transport Equivalent to the Greek Islands Abstract: This report looks at the need for Greece to redesign its inter-island transport system to make it more operational and sustainable. It takes into account the challenges of designing networks for island ecosystems and island clusters, which present even greater difficulties. Specifically, it examines applying the Island Transport Equivalent policy tool to increase island accessibility and growth potential. Creation-Date: 2021-01-19 Number: 2021/02 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2021/02-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Mike Tretheway Author-Workplace-Name: InterVISTAS Consulting Inc. Author-Name: Robert Andriulaitis Author-Workplace-Name: InterVISTAS Consulting Inc. Author-Name: Jody Kositsky Author-Workplace-Name: InterVISTAS Consulting Inc. Author-Name: Geneva Tretheway Author-Workplace-Name: InterVISTAS Consulting Inc. Title: Northern and Arctic Air Connectivity in Canada Abstract: This paper examines explicit northern and Arctic connectivity policies in Canada, recognising the vital importance of air services in economic and social life. It comments on existing legislation, regulations, policies and programmes of the federal government as well as of Canada’s three northern territories. It also looks at recommendations from past transport policy reviews. Creation-Date: 2021-01-22 Number: 2021/03 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2021/03-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Imane Essadeq Author-Workplace-Name: SYSTRA Author-Name: Thibault Janik Author-Workplace-Name: SYSTRA Title: Use of Mobile Telecommunication Data in Transport Modelling: A French Case Study Abstract: Transport planners see an opportunity in mobile phone data to better map trip destinations and monitor travel demand over time. However, such data require extensive processing to reveal trip details and transport modes. This paper defines quality indicators for reliable trip data collection and examines sensitivity to key parameters. It compares the trip matrices resulting from mobile network data with independent sources. This paper concludes on the strengths and weaknesses of such data in various transport planning tasks. Creation-Date: 2021-01-27 Number: 2021/04 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2021/04-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Luis Willumsen Author-Workplace-Name: Nommon Solutions and Technologies Title: Use of Big Data in Transport Modelling Abstract: This paper guides transport planners in making the best use of mobile phone traces, derived either from mobile network data or from smartphone app data. It suggests combining such new data sources with conventional travel surveys whose sample size and cost could ultimately be reduced. In the context of a rapidly evolving mobility landscape, with new modes and new services available, big data can help monitor behaviour change, learn from quasi-experiments and develop next-generation travel demand modelling tools. Creation-Date: 2021-01-27 Number: 2021/05 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2021/05-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Patrick Bonnel Author-Workplace-Name: École nationale des travaux publics de l'État Title: Benefits of Cellular Telecommunication and Smart Card Data for Travel Behaviour Analysis Abstract: This paper proposes the estimation of trip origin-destination matrices using big data through two case studies. In the first, trip matrices are estimated from mobile network data and compared with household travel survey results. In the second, public transport trip matrices are derived from smart card data and compared with passenger survey data. The paper concludes that sample size and longitudinal data collection are big data’s main strengths, yet are limited by privacy protection constraints and by the need to control for biases in the sample. Creation-Date: 2021-01-27 Number: 2021/06 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2021/06-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Norbert Brändle Author-Workplace-Name: Austrian Institute Of Technology Title: Inferring Modal Split from Mobile Phones: Principles, Issues and Policy Recommendations Abstract: This paper describes methods to identify trip details, including the mode of transport for each trip, from smartphone app data and from mobile network data. Use cases include travel demand surveys, travel behaviour gamification, mobility-as-a-service and automated ticketing. In the context of transport planning, the paper examines solutions to protect privacy and to enhance the representativeness of mobile phone data samples. It makes recommendations to overcome the many obstacles involved, in particular the scarcity of annotated training data. Creation-Date: 2021-01-27 Number: 2021/07 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2021/07-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jana Sochor Author-Workplace-Name: RISE Research Institutes of Sweden Title: Piecing Together the Puzzle: Mobility as a Service from the User and Service Design Perspectives Abstract: Many regions are seeking to improve mobility choices for citizens, both in congested city settings and poorly connected peripheral communities. Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is increasingly presented as a possible solution, yet beyond pilot level there are no examples to date of what a successful implementation of MaaS might look like. This paper reviews pilot studies and ongoing research into the user perspective on MaaS and the lessons learned thus far. Creation-Date: 2021-01-28 Number: 2021/08 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2021/08-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: ITF Title: Scooters Are Here, But Where Do They Go?: Aligning Scooter Regulations with City Goals Abstract: This paper examines how 37 US cities regulate scooter parking. It analyses rates of improper scooter parking and discusses how cities can employ scooter regulations, in conjunction with other policies, to realise broader goals such as promoting sustainability and mobility. Creation-Date: 2021-03-17 Number: 2021/11 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2021/11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: ITF Title: Micromobility Policies for Sustainable Transport: Bogotá and Mexico City Abstract: This paper analyses regulations that support non-motorised mobility in Bogotá and Mexico City. It reviews the promotion of bicycles as a sustainable alternative to cars and the rapid implementation of cycling lanes as a substitute for public transport under the Covid-19 crisis. It also discusses the renewed interest in support for dockless micromobility sharing systems. It focuses on subsidies and revision of regulations as avenues to ensure that micromobility will make a durable contribution to sustainable mobility in these cities. Creation-Date: 2021-03-18 Number: 2021/12 Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2021/12-EN