Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Leveraging Telecommunications Policies for Pro-Poor Growth: Universal Access Funds with Minimum-Subsidy Auctions Abstract: This paper discusses the topic of Universal Access -- specifically Universal Access to telecommunications in rural areas of developing countries -- from the policy perspectives of telecommunication policy reform and of complementary Universal Access public subsidy mechanisms. Starting with broad lessons learned on competition in telecommunications, the report will narrow in onto the specific mechanism of minimum-subsidy auctions for Universal Access to telecommunications. First of all, how does competition in telecommunications affect Universal Access/Service? What roles does competition play on technological innovations such as Internet or mobile? And what regulatory safeguards have been or are necessary to enable competition and to promote Universal Access/Service?We will first analyse the experiences of OECD countries that started reforming their telecommunication markets early on, to gather insight into the process and impact of telecommunication reform. We will also review complementary mechanisms that OECD countries have set up to subsidise Universal Access in the areas unlikely to be covered by market forces alone.  We will then review some regulatory measures that can help to provide Universal Access to the rural areas of developing countries without subsidies, and we will discuss some cost-effective ways for developing countries to provide incentives to markets to expand telecommunication infrastructure to poor rural areas, before making use of subsidies... Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-58 Volume: 5 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGXNSW0MQ9S Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Contribution of ICTs to Pro-Poor Growth Abstract: Poverty is widely recognised as multidimensional, encompassing food security, health, education, rights, security and dignity, amongst others.   Whilst its resolution should also be multidimensional, in this paper we focus on one of the key factors – economic growth, and pro-poor economic growth in particular.  The associated paper “The Contribution of ICTs to Achieving the MDGs” discusses the broader dimensions of poverty.  This paper is intended to stimulate discussion regarding the potential contribution that ICTs have to make towards pro-poor growth... Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-14 Volume: 5 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGXNSVNJKVF Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Contribution of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) to Achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Abstract: The link between ICTs and MDGs is currently a key subject for debate.  This paper has drawn on a number of recent works including OECD/DAC (2004), GICT (2003), plans of UNICT Task force, among others. Many agencies are now focusing attention on the linkages between investment in ICTs and fulfilling the MDGs, and after many years of pilot projects the focus of ICT interventions seems to be in mainstreaming strategies.   Given the number of recent papers, what is distinctive about this paper?  This paper seeks to draw out the key messages from recent work, with due regard to the degree of confidence we have in those messages, and provide a challenging basis for discussion among donors on how best to take this work forward in an effective and co-ordinated way... Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-14 Volume: 5 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGXNSS34FTG Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Role of Infrastructure in Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction: Lessons Learned from PRSPs of 33 Countries Abstract: As Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) are the driving force behind the overall development strategy of many developing countries, it is essential to consider the role of infrastructure in this important poverty reduction process. This document is, therefore, presented to contribute to the discussion on infrastructure and pro-poor growth of this second workshop. Participants are invited to provide comments in preparation for the third workshop. Furthermore, this document aims at facilitating discussion among donors to improve their inputs to the ongoing PRSP revision process by providing an overview of the role of infrastructure for economic growth and poverty reduction.The present document summarises the findings of a background research paper that analyses the role of infrastructure in the PRSPs of 33 countries that completed their report as of 1 December, 2003.  The background paper offers a stocktaking of the contribution of infrastructure interventions to poverty reduction and pro-poor growth in each of these PRSPs (see Annex 1 for the summary findings of the PRSP review by country).The present document has two main sections: the role of infrastructure in economic growth and poverty reduction in PRSPs (see section II) and enhancing effectiveness of aid to infrastructure development (see section III)... Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-45 Volume: 5 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGXNSR7706F Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: ICTs for Development: Financing Activities of DAC Members Abstract: As a follow-up to the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) Geneva 2003 and lead-up to WSIS Tunis 2005, the UN Secretary General asked UNDP to facilitate the work of the Task Force on Financial Mechanisms for ICTD (TFFM). According to the WSIS Plan of Action, the TFFM is to undertake a thorough review of the "adequacy of the existing financial mechanisms" in meeting the challenges of “information and communication technologies for development” (ICT4D). In this regard, UNDP asked the DAC to produce an analytical report on DAC Members’ financing ICT4D activities which would build on our existing work “Donor ICT Strategies Matrix”... Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-41 Volume: 5 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGXND1370R8 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Multilateral Environmental Agreements and Private Investment: Business Contribution to Addressing Global Environmental Problems Abstract: Environmental and investment policies have the potential to reinforce their respective goals while promoting the broader objective of sustainable development. Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) aim at changing the collective behaviour of governments, private investors, and other stakeholders in order to achieve certain environmental goals. They are also an important part of the international context in which investment takes place. Therefore, MEAs promoting investment objectives and investment activity in support of MEA implementation play an important role in making investment and environment policies compatible. The successful implementation of MEAs cannot be achieved by public efforts alone, but also relies on private sector contribution. Therefore, MEAs need to be designed in a way that promotes private sector involvement. Environmentally-friendly investments represent an opportunity for environmental policies and the private sector: while contributing to the goals of MEAs they may lead to enhanced economic returns. The report aims at deepening the understanding of this potential. It examines the main areas of inter-linkage between MEAs and private investment activity focusing on the three Rio Conventions and the Montreal Protocol. Further reading: "Multilateral Environmental Agreements and Private Investment: Workshop Proceedings and Key Messages" published as Document No. 406 in OECD Papers, Vol. 5, Issue 9. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-74 Volume: 5 Issue: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGQKXMB2RR7 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lea Vihinen Author-Name: Hyung-Jong Lee Title: Fair Trade and the Multilateral Trading System: No. 383 Abstract: The OECD Secretariat has prepared this note on “Fair Trade” as a contribution to discussion of trade-related issues of current interest that fall outside the Trade Committee’s normal work programme. The goals of this paper are twofold. First, the paper is meant as a foundation for better understanding the Fair Trade movement — who its actors are, how it works, and how widespread it is — all of which have a bearing on the extent to which policy makers should pay attention to it. Second, it seeks to identify trade and other policy issues and raise some questions for discussion. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-14 Volume: 5 Issue: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGTQ4D8N8KG Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Contribution of ICTs to Pro-Poor Growth (Background Paper) Abstract: This background paper should be read in conjunction with “The Contribution of ICTs to Pro-Poor Growth” (OECD Papers, Vol. 5, Issue 1, Document No. 379). It presents background details for each main point. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-38 Volume: 5 Issue: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGQV5PG4X7J Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Contribution of ICTs to Achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (Background Paper) Abstract: This background paper should be read in conjunction with “The Contribution of ICTs to Achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)” (OECD Papers, Vol. 5, Issue 1, Document No. 380).  It presents background details for each main point. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-27 Volume: 5 Issue: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGQV5N4R8R6 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Multilevel Regulatory Governance Abstract: This report considers the ways and means of optimising relations between levels of government (supranational, national and subnational) in terms of the quality of regulation. It draws on many OECD studies, though the information they contain has to date been only rarely treated from the standpoint of multilevel governance. Today, however, the growing role of supra- and subnational levels presents governments with new challenges, to which a suitable regulatory framework could help to provide answers. This report is exceptionally provided in both English and French. The French version "La gouvernance réglementaire multi-niveaux" follows immediately behind the English version of the report. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-84 Volume: 5 Issue: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGQV5MMJX48 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: 2004 Overview of Donor and Agency Policies in Trade-related Technical Assistance and Capacity Building: Summary of Responses to the OECD/DAC Survey on Trade-Related Technical Assistance and Capacity Abstract: The survey submissions indicate that bilateral donors and multilateral agencies have become much more active in TRTA/CB over the last few years, particularly since the 2001 WTO Doha Ministerial Conference. This increased activity is not only reflected in increased funding for TRTA/CB, but also in the number of donors/ agencies with explicit strategies and programming guidelines for TRTA/CB; enhanced awareness among donors of the importance of TRTA/CB for development and poverty reduction; and the strengthened, and sometimes institutionalised, dialogue between development and trade practitioners. In addition, several donors and agencies have recently embarked on ambitious reviews of their own bilateral TRTA/CB programmes and/or their participation in multilateral programmes, in order to assess the effectiveness of their TRTA/CB activities. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-83 Volume: 5 Issue: 3 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGP9ZNTD536 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Environmental Enforcement in the Kyrgyz Republic: Promoting Environmental Improvements and Enhancing Good Governance Abstract: The Ministry of Ecology and Emergency Situations (MEES) of the Kyrgyz Republic approached the OECD/EAP Task Force Secretariat with the request to assess the national system of environmental compliance assurance in light of good international practice and identify priority actions for its reform. In response to this request, which was also voiced during the 2003 REPIN meeting, the Network members supported the Kyrgyz Republic’s initiative to be the first country to test the Peer Review Scheme. A peer review involves a systematic examination and assessment of the performance of a state by other states, with the ultimate goal of helping the reviewed country adopt best practices and comply with established standards and principles. The peer review mechanism is free of any threat of non-compliance sanctions arising from the findings of the review: its impact relies on the influence and persuasion exercised by “peers” (equal partners in the review process). The review serves the following purposes: • To provide international peer support for institutional reform of enforcement authorities;• To enhance their transparency, accountability, and visibility, at national and international level;• To extend opportunities for inter-government policy dialogue and support capacity building. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-23 Volume: 5 Issue: 3 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGP9ZNHQRVL Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Analytical Framework for Evaluating the Costs and Benefits of Extended Producer Responsibility Programmes Abstract: Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is an environmental policy approach under which the responsibility of producers for their products is extended to include the social costs of waste management, including the environmental impact of waste disposal. This paper sets out a framework for assessing the costs and benefits of EPR. As comparedwith “conventional” waste management EPR involves the collection of particular end-of-life products, product categories or waste streams. In some cases these wastes would traditionally be handled appropriately through municipal waste management programs. Packaging would be one example. In other cases they might be handled, or might need to be handled, as special wastes which would be inappropriate for a municipal waste management programme. Solvents, scrap tires, used crankcase oil, lead acid batteries and electronics fit into this category. To evaluate the costs and benefit ratio for EPR programmes, the costs of these features need to be weighed against the benefits in terms of the reduced social costs of waste management, including the various externalities associated with landfilling or incineration and the environmental risks associated with “doing nothing” by maintaining existing practices. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-58 Volume: 5 Issue: 3 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGP9ZN6ZCXP Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: OECD-China Seminar on Environmental Indicators: Proceedings Abstract:  The OECD-China Seminar on Environmental Indicators reviewed experience with the design andimplementation of cost-effective environmental indicator systems in China and in OECD countries, anddiscussed the strategic needs for modernising existing environmental information systems. It followed on afirst OECD-China seminar on environmental monitoring (Beijing, April 1999), and contributed to the OECDproject on governance in China carried out in 2004 and 2005. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-166 Volume: 5 Issue: 3 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGP9ZN0GVBN Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Report of the OECD Workshop on Lessons Learned from Chemical Accidents and Incidents, 21-23 September 2004, Karlskoga, Sweden Abstract: This report presents the main output of the OECD Workshop on Lessons Learned from Chemical Accidents and Incidents, which took place in Karlskoga, Sweden, on 21-23 September 2004. The Workshop was hosted by the Swedish Rescue Services Agency (SRSA) and in particular, the Swedish National Centre for Lessons Learned from Accidents (NCO). Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-77 Volume: 5 Issue: 4 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGP6SB4P5JB Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Emission Scenario Document on Antifouling Products Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) describes emission scenarios for three parts of the life cycle for antifouling products used on ship and boat hulls: (1) application; (2) service life; and (3) removal. The primary aim of this ESD is for use in risk assessments in notification and authorisation procedures in regulatory frameworks used in OECD countries. The ESD is intended to be used for general risk assessment and is explicitly not for site specific risk assessments. Furthermore it is important to note that the recommended scenarios for service life of the antifouling products in the ESD are limited to the calculation of the initial local concentrations in the primary receiving environmental compartments. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-167 Volume: 5 Issue: 4 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGP6S9TN9NX Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Window of Opportunity: How the Obstacles to the Introduction of the Swiss Heavy Goods Vehicle Fee have been Overcome Abstract: The national referendum on the introduction of a distance-related fee for heavy goods vehicles (HVF) was one of the most controversial referenda Switzerland has ever seen. This is not surprising inasmuch as the HVF was considered as a new tax affecting – at least indirectly – almost all citizens. What is astonishing, at least at first sight, is the fact that a clear majority of 57% voted in favour of the new fee. The question is why a population which is neither fond of new taxes nor known for being particularly progressive accepted a new fee. The present study tries to highlight the reasons for the outcome of the vote. The study is part of an OECD-wide project on how obstacles to the introduction of economic instruments that could promote sustainable development have been overcome. It is a project undertaken under the auspices of the OECD’s “Joint Meetings of Tax and Environment Experts” which mainly comprise delegates from the Ministries of Finance and the Environment in member countries. The project aims to obtain a clearer picture of both the drivers that helped to facilitate the introduction of the fee and those that could have prevented it. In addition, the case study is to evaluate the economic efficiency and the environmental effectiveness of the fee. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-39 Volume: 5 Issue: 5 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGMKVGBCJ0P Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Manure Policy and MINAS: Regulating Nitrogen and Phosphorus Surpluses in Agriculture of the Netherlands Abstract: This paper discusses the manure policy in the Netherlands with emphasis on the N and Paccounting system MINAS. MINAS was introduced by the Netherlands’ government in 1998, to step-wise decrease the N and P surpluses at farm level in 5 to 10 years to environmental acceptable levels (e.g. Henkens and Van Keulen, 2001). Individual farms that exceed certain levy-free surpluses for N and P (expressed in kg per ha per year) are charged with a financial levy, so as to encourage farmers to decrease the N and P surpluses. Whilst the use of nutrient balances in agricultural research has a history of at least one century, using nutrient balances with levies on surpluses as an instrument to ecologically transform agriculture had no precedent. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-47 Volume: 5 Issue: 5 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGMKVG0LXF8 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The United Kingdom Climate Change Levy: A Study in Political Economy Abstract: This report focuses on one environmental instrument which is part of the UK’s wider programme of policies to deal with its various obligations to control climate change. The instrument is the Climate Change Levy (CCL) which takes the form of a tax on energy. However, the CCL cannot be viewed in isolation – it is part of a fairly elaborate package of measures, and its interaction with the other instruments in that package need to be understood. Accordingly, we first set out a brief history of the UK’s approach to climate change control, and describe the various components of the policy package. A detailed history of the CCL is then provided, and this is followed by an analysis of the features of the CCL, focusing particularly on the political factors that influenced its design, and the various reactions to it. Finally, we look at the likely future of the CCL in light of developments in climate change policy in the wider Europe. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-70 Volume: 5 Issue: 5 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGMKVFS2X0X Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Integrating ICTs into Development Co-operation Abstract: This paper draws on the responses of DAC members to requests for ICT “lessons learned” and “good practice”, which can be found in the OECD document “ICTs for Development: Lessons Learned and Good Practices”. Members agreed that in ICT, as with all development co-operation, success or failure depends more on developmental processes rather than the specifics of the co-operation. Integrating ICTs into development co-operation is not, therefore, a special case, different from all other development interventions. It must follow basic principles of development co-operation good practice. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-32 Volume: 5 Issue: 6 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGMKVDJD5MX Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Integrating ICTs into Development Co-operation (Background Paper) Abstract: This background paper should be read in conjunction with “Integrating ICTs into Development Co-operation” (OECD Papers Vol. 5, Issue 6, Document No. 397). It presents background details for each main point. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-34 Volume: 5 Issue: 6 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGMKVD8R1HG Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Development, Investment and Environment: In Search of Synergies: No. 399 Abstract: This report provides an overview of the main trends in financial flows to developing countries (official flows and private investments) and their environmental dimensions. It then examines the conditions attached to these flows in order to ensure that the environmental performance of the projects to which they are destined is taken into account ("supply side"). Next, it provides an overview of the domestic policy context ("demand side"), and the necessary conditions to ensure better environmental performance of investments. The report finishes with a summary of the main findings and suggestions of further steps to strengthen linkages between investment, development and environment.The annex describes the results of analysis on the relationship between environmental management and performance and structural characteristics of facilities which are typically associated with multinational enterprises (MNEs). Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-81 Volume: 5 Issue: 6 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGJJVN0PSLS Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Living PSA and its Use in the Nuclear Safety Decision-making Process; Development and Use of Risk Monitors at Nuclear Power Plants Abstract: No. 7: Living PSA and its Use in the Nuclear Safety Decision-making ProcessThis paper presents the consensus of risk analysts and experts in the NEA member countries on the state of the art for the production and use of living probabilistic safety analysis (LPSA) in the safety decision-making process for nuclear power plants. No. 8: Development and Use of Risk Monitors at Nuclear Power PlantsThis paper presents the consensus of risk analysts and experts in the NEA member countries on the current state of the art in the development and use of risk monitors at nuclear power plants. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-39 Volume: 5 Issue: 7 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGJJVHGS0D7 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Accelerator and Spallation Target Technologies for ADS Applications: A Status Report Abstract: This document discusses the differing options and ongoing research in key technologies required for accelerator demonstration systems (ADS) for nuclear waste transmutation. Chapter 2 describes the two main accelerator options: linear accelerators or cyclotrons. Chapter 3 discusses the spallation target technology with details on the materials, target windows, performances, and thermo-hydraulics. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-93 Volume: 5 Issue: 7 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGJJVF5NXWC Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Fuels and Materials for Transmutation: A Status Report Abstract: This status report, produced by the subgroup on fuels and materials, describes state-of-the-art technology concerning fuels and materials for transmutation, provides information on the availability of pertinent data, and suggests necessary R&D to supplement the existing database. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-245 Volume: 5 Issue: 7 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGJJVF1WWF1 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Nuclear Regulatory Decision Making Abstract: This report discusses some of the basic principles and criteria that a regulatory body should consider in making decisions and describes the elements of an integrated framework for regulatory decision making. It is not, however, a handbook or guide on how to make regulatory decisions. In preparing the report, the task group reviewed and incorporated information from a wide array of documents produced by the NEA, its member countries and other international organisations, such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Safety Series reports. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-37 Volume: 5 Issue: 8 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGJHH8J94TL Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Evaluation of Proposed Integral Critical Experiments with Low-moderated MOX Fuel Abstract: The purpose of this report is to document the selection criteria and methodology that wereestablished to compare experimental proposals, the actual comparison of experimental proposals and the recommendations on which the experimental programme(s) should be based. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-125 Volume: 5 Issue: 8 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGJHH8FKFZP Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Optimisation in Operational Radiological Protection Abstract: The body of this report identifies several of the most important operational aspects of optimisation, while examples of specific applications of optimisation are provided in appendix. Specifically with respect to the development of new ICRP recommendations, several suggestions are made with respect to what should and should not be included. It is hoped that these operational suggestions will be broadly discussed by the international, operational radiological protection community, and will assist the ICRP in developing newrecommendations that will truly improve the radiological protection of the public, workers and the environment. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-125 Volume: 5 Issue: 8 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGJHH86M8ZP Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Multilateral Environmental Agreements and Private Investment: Workshop Proceedings and Key Messages, Helsinki, 16-17 June 2005 Abstract: The OECD Workshop on Multilateral Environmental Agreements and Private Investment, organised in co-operation with the Finnish Ministry for the Environment, took place in Helsinki on 16-17 June 2005. It provided an opportunity to bring relevant stakeholders together to exchange views and discuss recent experiences regarding private investment that contributes to the solution of global environmental problems. This report has two parts: the key messages emerging from the workshop (Part I) and a summary of the presentations and discussions (Part II). It builds upon presentations by, and discussions among, workshop participants who represented national governments, MEA Secretariats and implementing agencies, businesses, international governmental and non-governmental organisations, research institutes and other stakeholder groups. For background information, please see "Multilateral Environmental Agreements and Private Investment: Business Contribution to Addressing Global Environmental Problems", published as Document No. 387 in OECD Papers, Vol. 5, Issue 2. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-37 Volume: 5 Issue: 9 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGJHGX7DC6F Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Summary Report of the OECD Project Terrestrial Risk Indicators TERI Abstract: This report summarises the findings of the Terrestrial Risk Indicators (TERI) Project, carried out under the OECD Pesticides Programme. It is based on individual reports prepared by participants of an expert group (Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Norway, and Switzerland) on their results of testing the selected TERI indicators with national pesticide sales and use data. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-28 Volume: 5 Issue: 9 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGJHGL2TP0N Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Consensus Document on Compositional Considerations for New Varieties of Alfalfa and Other Temperate Forage Legumes: Key Feed Nutrients, Anti-nutrients and Secondary Plant Metabolites Abstract: These documents are a compilation of current information that is important in food and feed safety assessment. They provide a technical tool for regulatory officials as a general guide and reference source, and also for industry and other interested parties and will complement those of the Working Group on Harmonization of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-60 Volume: 5 Issue: 9 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGJHGKTCJ6F Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Integrated Management Systems (IMS): Potential Safety Benefits Achievable from Integrated Management of Safety, Health, Environment and Quality (SHE&Q) Abstract: This report presents the main generic management system standards (i.e. those MS standards used internationally and across business sectors) with special reference to the chemical industry. It also addresses the potential benefits achievable from integrated management of safety, health, environment and quality (SHE&Q). Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-34 Volume: 5 Issue: 9 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGJHGKHMP5J Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pascale Scapecchi Title: Children's Environmental Health Indicators: A Survey Abstract: Environmental health indicators can provide clear and concise information on the state of the environment and its potential effects on human health. They represent a useful tool to support policy, particularly environmental policies whose effects may only be detectable many years after their implementation due to their long time horizon. Environmental health indicators can be of particular relevance to highlight the greater vulnerability of certain populations, such as children or the elderly, and to account for it in public policies related to health and the environment. In particular for children, an intervention in the early stages of life can have lifelong benefits for society as a whole. As such, the development of children’s environmental health indicators appears to be essential. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2005 Pages: 1-50 Volume: 5 Issue: 9 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5LGH9TP0K7Q3 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Transparency and Accountability as Tools for Promoting Integrity and Preventing Corruption in Procurement: Possibilities and Limitations Abstract: This paper seeks to identify the way in which opportunities for corruption arise in the context of procurement. In looking at the government as a buyer, it considers the position of the procurement officer acting as agent on behalf of the elected government. Whilst the paper does not ignore the significant impact of corruption at the political level (either for the personal gain of politicians or for the benefit of political parties, for example), it concentrates on the opportunities this agency relationship offers to the procurement officer to deviate from his duty to act in the public interest. The paper investigates the divergence between the agent’s personal interest and that of the government and of the public and narrows down the opportunity for such deviations to the existence of informational asymmetries. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-38 Volume: 5 Issue: 10 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9ZNR8ZVBR2 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Good Governance for Public Procurement: Linking Islands of Integrity Abstract: This paper attempts to go to the arguments and the methods for procurement control at the institutional design and legislative levels. It is based on, and uses in part, source material from the organizations referred to in the paper obtained from referenced web sites on the Internet. National procurement systems are cited where they provide concrete examples to address the concepts discussed. Also, papers and discussions from the OECD Global Forum on Governance held 29/30 November 2004 in Paris are also cited in the paper. This Forum brought together participants from OECD and non-member countries to discuss methods, conditions and approaches to preventing, detecting and sanctioning corruption in public procurement. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-33 Volume: 5 Issue: 10 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9ZNR8KM99P Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Transparency in Public e-Procurement: The Italian Perspective Abstract: In this report, the Italian e-procurement system is examined in order to assess whether itprovides a transparent, accountable, reliable, feasible, and affordable technological solution to reduce corruption and increase transparency and accountability in the purchasing process of the public sector. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-45 Volume: 5 Issue: 10 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9ZNR7ZC4NS Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Decoupling: A Conceptual Overview Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to explore the notion of decoupling with a view to improving understanding among economists, policy makers and agricultural trade negotiators, all of whom use the term in their deliberations but often with quite different meanings. The approach taken is conceptual or theoretical - designed to improve understanding of the different ways in which agricultural policies affect production and trade. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-31 Volume: 5 Issue: 11 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9ZLHC6F18V Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Decoupling: Policy Implications Abstract: The conclusions and policy implications presented in this report build on i) the estimates of relative price effects of different kinds of stylised policy measures, first developed using the Policy Evaluation Model PEMl1 (OECD, 2001b), ii) a conceptual framework on decoupling (OECD, 2002a) which drew attention to the potential for risk-related and dynamic effects which theory suggests are likely to occur in addition to the relative price effects, and iii) a series of studies aimed at explaining, analysing and, where possible,quantifying some of the potentially important static, risk and dynamic effects and their implication on the degree of decoupling of different measures. Annexes 1 and 2 give some details of the issues investigated in each of the background studies. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-29 Volume: 5 Issue: 11 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9ZLHBTR6HF Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Decoupling: Illustrating some Open Questions on the Production Impact of Different Policy Instruments Abstract: This paper is intended to clarify and facilitate discussion on areas that are an important part of the decoupling debate. This has been done using standard economic techniques and some illustrative examples. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-42 Volume: 5 Issue: 11 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9ZLHBHC67J Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Risk Effects of PSE Crop Measures Abstract: This paper is a first attempt to estimate some of the risk-related effects ofagricultural policies as classified in the Producer Support Estimates (PSEs). This is a relatively new area of research and, therefore, all the results have to be interpreted with caution. Specific conclusions about specific programmes would require more sophisticated empirical testing. The results in this study are first approximations to the relative magnitude of these risk related effects. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-49 Volume: 5 Issue: 11 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9ZLH7Z5ZTJ Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Effects of Quantitative Constraints on the Degree of Decoupling of Crop Support Measures Abstract: This report is divided into four parts. The first gives a brief description of base area and set-aside provisions in the EU’s direct area payments scheme, and examines the extent to which they are binding. The second part analyses the degree of effective decoupling of the scheme. Particular attention is paid to the impact of base area and set-aside constraints on the degree of decoupling. In the context of total decoupling, the third part looks at the impact of the EU system of direct area payments, in particular base area and set-aside provisions, on the variability of world prices. The final part sets out the conclusions. It endeavours, on the basis of the specific findings reported here, to gain broader insight into the impact of quantitative constraints on the degree of decoupling of support measures to agricultural producers. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-41 Volume: 5 Issue: 11 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9ZLH70MF46 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Risk Related Non-price Effects of the CAP Arable Crop Regime: Results from an FADN Sample Abstract: This paper seeks to provide an empirical measure of the (absolute and relative) size of the relative price effect, the wealth effect and the insurance effect for a specific policy package: the arable crop regime of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union (EU). Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-33 Volume: 5 Issue: 11 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9ZLH485Q0W Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Impact of Crop Insurance Subsidies on Land Allocation and Production in Spain Abstract: This study aims to establish whether farmers respond to insurance subsidies by either augmenting yields (changing non-land inputs use) or by changing crop patterns, or both. It also aims to provide an evaluation of farmers’ relative risk aversion coefficients. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-33 Volume: 5 Issue: 11 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9ZLH3RFXD4 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: A Review of Empirical Studies of the Acreage and Production Response to US Production Flexibility Contract Payments under the Fair Act and Related Payments under Supplementary Legislation Abstract: This paper provides a review of the literature relating to empirical studies of the acreage and/or production response to the direct payments made to US farmers of wheat, feed grains, cotton and rice under the Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996 and related payments made under additional legislation during the period 1999-2002. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-32 Volume: 5 Issue: 11 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9ZL1MP1CJF Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Impact on Production Incentives of Different Risk Reducing Policies Abstract: Reflecting several recent policy developments that have brought risk management to the forefront of policy discussions, this paper looks at government intervention to reduce price and yield risk from farming and how it interacts with market instruments. The starting point is to compare existing policy measures from the point of view of their impact on production and their ability to reduce risk. In the context of “decoupling”, two related questions are posed: What is the production response to each policy? What is the relative effectiveness of different policies in reducing farming risk? When dealing with the objective of farm risk reduction, both questions are inter-related because risk reduction induces production responses from risk adverse farmers. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-38 Volume: 5 Issue: 11 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9ZL1MFLVD0 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Impact on Yields of Arable Crops of Moving from Price Support to Area Payments: A Study of the 1992 CAP Reform Abstract: The aim of the study is to measure the impact of the 1992 reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) on arable crop yields in the European Union (EU), and more specifically to quantify the impact that the introduction of compensatory area payments had on yields. The CAP reform in May 1992 consisted largely in reducing support prices and offsetting the ensuing loss of income with direct payments based on factors of production, i.e. acreage in the case of COP (cereal, oilseed and protein) crops. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-4 Volume: 5 Issue: 11 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9ZK43S3XQ7 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Impact on Investment and Production of Different Agricultural Policy Instruments: Principal Findings Abstract: All types of agricultural support measures are likely to have an impact on investment. This is particularly the case of the most coupled forms of support such as market price support. However, the dimension of the investment impacts may differ significantly across policy measures since they have different impacts on the farmer’s decision environment. For instance, they have different impact on effective incentive prices and different income transfer efficiency. Under these circumstances the investment effects can be very different, requiring a specific empirical analysis. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-13 Volume: 5 Issue: 11 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9ZK434VS9Q Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Modelling the Impact of Agricultural Policies on Farm Investments under Uncertainty: The Case of the CAP Arable Crop Regime Abstract: This paper is part of the OECD project on decoupling and follows the analytical framework defined in OECD (2001). The main objective is to estimate the importance of the dynamic investment effects of area payments using farm level data from the Italian FADN survey. It investigates the investment response by crop producers under the assumption that they are risk averse, and there is uncertainty concerning prices. A dynamic econometric model is estimated. Investment is defined as current expenditure on machinery and buildings for crop production. This paper uses the same data as OECD (2002) and makes estimations and simulations in a way that can be compared with the results obtained in that paper. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-35 Volume: 5 Issue: 11 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9ZK42N1347 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Dynamic Econometric Models of Crop Investment in Manitoba and Production under Risk Aversion and Uncertainty Abstract: Earlier studies in the OECD project on decoupling estimated static models of crop production incorporating risk aversion, following the analytical framework in OECD (2001). In contrast, this paper studies primarily dynamic models of crop investment. The province of Manitoba is selected as an example of Canadian prairie crop production, and investment is defined as current expenditure on machinery and equipment for Manitoba crop production (the data are not crop specific). This is the first econometric study of dynamic crop investment decisions for Canada, and as far as can be ascertained this is the first econometric study for any country of dynamic crop investment under risk aversion. Econometric results are used to simulate impacts of agricultural programmes on crop investment. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-55 Volume: 5 Issue: 11 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9ZK4228D7B Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Monitoring Environmental Expenditure in Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia: Implementing the OECD/Eurostat Standards in the Kyrgyz Republic and Ukraine Abstract: The document reports on the activities and outcomes of the project for strengthening the existing environmental expenditure information systems in the Kyrgyz Republic and Ukraine. This work was conducted within the framework of the EAP Task Force and implemented by the Task Force secretariat at OECD. These activities have involved an analysis of the current system of environmental expenditure reporting and its compatibility with OECD/Eurostat definitions and classifications, the development of draft reporting forms, instructions and procedures, and a first data collection survey based on OECD/Eurostat methodological standards. Project tasks have been undertaken by a team of international and national consultants in close cooperation with Ministries of Environment and National Statistics Committees in the respective countries, and OECD EAP Task Force.Part One of the report provides an extended summary of the activities and outcomes of the project. Part Two presents the full Country Reports. Part Three presents a synthesis of the workshop held in Kiev on 12 October 2005 to disseminate project findings to EAP Task Force members from EECCA countries. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-146 Volume: 5 Issue: 12 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9RFB2VWLS2 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Development Effectiveness in Africa: Promise and Performance: Applying Mutual Accountability in Practice Abstract: The notion of mutual accountability among development partners for their respective commitments, responsibilities, and performance in pursuit of shared goals was first recognised in the Monterrey Consensus. The Mutual Review of Development Effectiveness gives concrete expression to this notion. It was initiated by the NEPAD Heads of State and Government Implementation Committee (HSGIC) and developed by the ECA and OECD jointly over the period 2002-2004. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-90 Volume: 5 Issue: 12 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9RDD3K9RD1 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Agricultural Market Impacts of Future Growth in the Production of Biofuels Abstract: The principal objective of the present study is to look at the economics of biofuel production and the likely impacts of an expected growth in biofuel-related demand for agricultural products on commodity markets. It describes the economics and policies in biofuel markets by bringing together available information on production technologies, costs and policy measures in major biofuel producing countries. Additionally based on assumptions where data are missing, production costs are calculated for the year 2004 (the base year for the impact analysis below) and compared across countries and production processes as well as with oil-based fuel prices to show the relative competitiveness of biofuel production. Impacts on agricultural markets are analysed using the OECD partial equilibrium model for temperate zone agricultural commodities, Aglink, in connection with the FAO-counterpart, Cosimo, and the OECD World Sugar Model. A number of modifications are made to the models to allow for this type of analysis, as well as to model the impact of changes in crude oil prices on agricultural production costs. Model results of a set of scenarios are compared in order to identify the specific impacts of expected growth in biofuels production as well as those of changes in world crude oil prices. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-57 Volume: 6 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9LN5B1WZWJ Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Challenge of Capacity Development: Working towards Good Practice Abstract: Capacity development is a major challenge. Technical Cooperation and various forms of capacity building have absorbed substantial funds over many decades. While a few countries have done well, donor efforts in many countries have produced little to show in terms of sustainable country capacity. This contrast between the importance of the challenge and the difficulty of meeting it is what stimulated the preparation of this paper. The paper draws on a large volume of documented experience provided by bilateral and multilateral donors and academic specialists. It is mainly concerned with capacity and performance in the public sector, but private sector experience is drawn on where relevant. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-37 Volume: 6 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9K919FCZQ7 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Humanitarian Aid in DAC Peer Reviews: A Synthesis of Findings and Experiences, 2004-05 Abstract: Humanitarian aid is a significant and growing dimension of Official Development Assistance (ODA). Meeting humanitarian needs caused by natural disasters or armed conflicts poses serious challenges for donors financing humanitarian action. Reforms to improve effectiveness and efficiency of humanitarian action are underway. The Principles and Good Practice of Humanitarian Donorship (GHD), endorsed in 2003 by 16 DAC governments and the European Commission, provides an opportunity for harmonising donor practice in this field. The DAC has agreed to take an active role in promoting GHD and since 2004, a GHD assessment framework has been applied in six Peer Reviews (Australia, Belgium, Germany, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland). This document summarises the findings and experience with the aim of assessing the usefulness of this approach. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-23 Volume: 6 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9K9195TZ9V Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Using ODA to Promote Private Investment for Development: Policy Guidance for Donors Abstract: This report provides guidance to members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) on using ODA more effectively to mobilise private investment for development (investment-enhancing ODA). It focuses on how development agencies can help influence the conditions that lead to increased levels of private investment and on how investment can better contribute to the achievement of broader societal goals, including poverty reduction. A fundamental objective is to help staff in development agencies, both in headquarters and the field, to pursue a more strategic and co-ordinated approach when they design and deliver investment-enhancing ODA. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-20 Volume: 6 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9K918KSK9S Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Implementing the 2001 DAC Recommendation on Untying Official Development Assistance ODA to the Least Developed Countries: 2006 Progress Report to the High Level Meeting Abstract: The 2001 DAC Recommendation on Untying Official Development Assistance to the Least Developed Countries entered into force on 1 January 2002. Earlier HLM progress reports concluded that implementation was proceeding well, although some areas were identified that required additional efforts or work to be completed... Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-15 Volume: 6 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9K917WTL6D Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Guidance for Managing Joint Evaluations Abstract: This booklet is a practical guide for managers of joint evaluations of development assistance programmes. It is a revision and update, in view of new experiences, of the DAC publication Effective Practices  in  Conducting  a  Joint  Multi-Donor  Evaluation  (2000). The omission of the words "Multi-Donor" from the new title reflects the momentum in development cooperation towards broader partnerships and, specifically, joint evaluations undertaken with the participation of non-donor agencies. The update is based on the findings and recommendations in a DAC Evaluation Network Working Paper prepared by consultant Horst Breier in 2005.2 It also draws on the outcomes of a workshop: "Joint Evaluations: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom - the View from Developing Country Partners" (Nairobi, 2005) and on inputs and feedback from members and partners of the Evaluation Network. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-23 Volume: 6 Issue: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9K917NTPVB Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: A Review of Technical Assistance and Capacity Building Initiatives for Trade Facilitation Abstract: Trade facilitation reforms in developing countries can have an important impact on development and poverty reduction. Reduced costs due to shortened border delays, streamlined food supply chains, longer agricultural supply seasons, enhanced government revenue, improved governance and increased foreign direct investment have all been shown to accompany trade facilitation reforms in developing countries. This Review of Technical Assistance and Capacity Building Initiatives for Trade Facilitation (“Review”) aims to strengthen the design, delivery and evaluation of development assistance programmes undertaken by donors in this important area of development cooperation. It provides an overview of past technical assistance and capacity building for trade facilitation and highlights key lessons learned. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-93 Volume: 6 Issue: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HZPZ27GQ7 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Progress on Adaptation to Climate Change in Developed Countries: An Analysis of Broad Trends Abstract: This paper provides an assessment of broad trends in progress on assessment and implementation of adaptation to climate change in “developed countries”, defined here as being Member states of the OECD and/or Parties listed under Annex I of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Primary inputs to this analysis are the National Communications (NCs) by these countries to the UNFCCC. NCs follow a standardised reporting format which facilitates cross-national comparison. They also reflect "whole government" perspectives. At the same time, however, the coverage of particular issues within these documents need not be comprehensive, nor might it necessarily reflect policy priorities on the ground. Therefore, this paper also examines other policies and projects which highlight progress on implementing adaptation, but which have not been reflected in the NCs. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-53 Volume: 6 Issue: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HQTPT2SZN Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: A Contribution to the "Purchasing Power Parity vs. Market Exchange Rates for Use in Long-Term Scenarios" Discussion Abstract: Market Exchange Rates (MER) balance the demand and supply for international currencies, while Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) exchange rates capture the differences between the cost of a given bundle of goods and services in different countries. When undertaking multi-country analysis of environmental issues (such as climate change) that includes different currencies, a decision has to be made as to whether to use PPP or MER in the analytical framework. The distinction between them is particularly germane in inter-temporal studies that postulate future scenarios. PPPs are generally favoured for their closer link to welfare, but MERS are necessarily the basis of international trade, so it is difficult to choose between them. Some authors have noted some empirical regularity between them and have sought to exploit this to avoid choosing between PPP and MER. In this paper, it is shown that such ad hoc adjustments are not necessary when structural changes are accounted for. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-19 Volume: 6 Issue: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HQT8P0PS8 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Regulatory Function and Radioactive Waste Management: International Overview Abstract: The purpose of this brochure is to provide an easily accessible synopsis of the report The Regulatory Control of Radioactive Waste Management – Overview of 15 NEA Member Countries in order to provide a quick introduction to regulatory systems and an overview of current systems in NEA member countries. To that effect Chapter 2 identifies the elements generally associated with the process of regulation, Chapter 3 provides a comparative analysis of the regulatory arrangements in radioactive waste management across 15 NEA member countries, and Chapter 4 draws general observations.This brochure covers the management of radioactive waste from all types of nuclear installations, such as power reactors, research reactors, nuclear fuel cycle facilities, etc, as well as from medical, research and industrial sources and from defence-related sources where appropriate. It presents the national situations during the first half of the year 2005 but does not address the regulatory control of radioactive waste from natural sources. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-23 Volume: 6 Issue: 3 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HQT3WT9ZN Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Achieving the Goals of the Decommissioning Safety Case: A Status Report Abstract: This report records the position of the WPDD on the safety of decommissioning and the task for providing a decommissioning safety case. Guidance is already available, both internationally and nationally [1,2,3] on the detailed technical, management and administrative requirements for the decommissioning of nuclear facilities. Such guidance tends currently to focus on radiological aspects, reflecting its development from the safety case for the operational phase. The decommissioning phase, however, introduces some wider issues, or at least a change of emphasis on existing issues, and it is against this background that the WPDD started to review the key points that need to be addressed specifically for decommissioning safety and to consider whether there is sufficient guidance for the increased level of decommissioning activity expected over the next decade or so. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-39 Volume: 6 Issue: 3 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HQT131TMQ Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eugeny Gomin Author-Name: Mikhail Kalugin Author-Name: Dmitry Oleynik Title: VVER-1000 MOX Core Computational Benchmark: Specification and Results Abstract: This report presents the VVER MOX Core Computational Benchmark Specification and Results, which was proposed as a benchmark within the OECD/NEA Expert Group on Reactor-based Plutonium Disposition (TFRPD). Benchmark results, obtained using three computer codes, are presented. The codes include: the MCU Monte Carlo code (Kurchatov Institute, Russian Federation), RADAR (Kurchatov Institute, Russian Federation), and the MCNP Monte Carlo code (GRS, Germany). The codes use different methods and different nuclear data. A comparison of the results shows good agreement among the various codes. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-85 Volume: 6 Issue: 3 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HQT0VLB30 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Physics and Safety of Transmutation Systems: A Status Report Abstract: This status report begins by providing a clear definition of partitioning and transmutation (P&T), and then describes the state of the art concerning the challenges facing the implementation of P&T, scenario studies and specific issues related to accelerator-driven system (ADS) dynamics and safety, long-lived fission product transmutation and the impact of nuclear data uncertainty on transmutation system design. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-120 Volume: 6 Issue: 3 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HQT0NBW5C Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Resource Compendium of PRTR Release Estimation Techniques: Part 1: Summary of Point Source Techniques Abstract: The preparation of the Resource Compendium is considered a first step in OECD’s Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (PRTR) release estimation techniques work. The Compendium consists of three separate documents, corresponding to the three main source categories – point sources, diffuse sources and transfers. This document is Part 1 of the Compendium, summarising techniques used for estimating point source releases from Member countries. (Part 2 describes techniques used for diffuse sources and Part 3 summarises techniques used to estimate the concentration of chemicals in transfers.) The principal objective in the development of the Resource Compendium was to collect information from OECD governments and selected industries on the techniques used (or are expected to be used) to estimate releases from point and diffuse sources and for transfers and to provide a summary of this information. Another objective of this project was to provide a listing of reports and other documentation describing the various methods being used in OECD countries to estimate releases to air, water, and land. This document is Part 1 of the Resource Compendium. It describes the types of techniques used to estimate releases from point sources and how they can be applied. To the extent possible, the names and contact information for individuals who can provide reports and documents about specific techniques available in their country were included. Information for this document was obtained through a survey of OECD countries. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-79 Volume: 6 Issue: 4 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HQDMT07JD Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Resource Compendium of PRTR Release Estimation Techniques: Part 2: Summary of Diffuse Source Techniques Abstract: This is Part 2 of the Resource Compendium of Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers (PRTR) Release Estimation Techniques. It defines diffuse sources and discusses how diffuse source data are collected, describes the different types of techniques available for various diffuse sources and discusses how to identify or calculate the input data for the techniques. One final point raised in this document is that there are release data available in various emission inventories. However, most PRTR programmes have yet to integrate such data. (While a PRTR is not an emission inventory per se, these inventories provide examples on how releases from diffuse sources are included and calculated). In the future, countries may wish to look at the data sources available to determine whether such data can be integrated into annual PRTR reports.Part 2 of the Resource Compendium specifically addresses estimation techniques for releases from diffuse sources, provides guidance and information on what techniques are available and notes the locations of where this information might be found. While this document is not a comprehensive guide of all techniques available and all source categories, it does provide a wide range of information about techniques currently used in a large number of OECD countries. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-107 Volume: 6 Issue: 4 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HQDMP3HMW Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Resource Compendium of PRTR Release Estimation Techniques: Part 3: Summary of Techniques for Off-Site Transfers Abstract: This document provides an overview of example transfers that contain chemicals of concern, the sources of those transfers, the chemicals included and management methods for these transfers. In particular, Chapter 5 describes release estimation techniques (RETs) that can be applied to estimate quantities of chemicals in transfers. A case study on oil refining is provided following the general description, including detailed descriptions of unit operations, identification of chemicals in waste/wastewater generated by industries, and calculations for determining the quantities of chemicals transferred off site. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-35 Volume: 6 Issue: 4 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HQDMHQTNT Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Process of Regulatory Authorisation: A Report Abstract: Governments and/or regulatory authorities are responsible for, among other things, the definition of regulatory controls or conditions, if any, that should be applied to radioactive sources or radiation exposure situations in order to appropriately protect the public, workers and the environment. Countries use different policy and structural approaches to fulfil this responsibility. Generally, the recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) are used as at least part of the basis for protection. Now, with the evolution of recommendations from the ICRP, a single, conceptually simple, and self-coherent approach can be used by governments and regulatory authorities to define appropriate protection under all circumstances. This report describes this process. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-84 Volume: 6 Issue: 5 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HQDHKN4F1 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Regulatory Challenges in Using Nuclear Operating Experience Abstract: As the nuclear programmes in OECD countries have matured over the four decades of commercial nuclear power operation, this maturation has brought steady improvements in the operational safety of nuclear power plants. This improvement is demonstrated by several performance indicators, but most notably by the reduced frequency and severity of accident precursor events relative to the events of, say, ten to twenty years ago. One of the major reasons for this improved performance has been the extensive use of lessons from operating experience to backfit safety systems, improve operator training and emergency procedures, and to focus more attention on human factors, safety culture and nuclear quality management systems. Indeed, a prominent lesson from the TMI-2 accident in 1979 was the need for systematic evaluation of operating experience on an industry-wide basis, both by the nuclear industry, which has the greatest direct stake in safe operations, and by the nuclear regulator... Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-23 Volume: 6 Issue: 5 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HQDHGPF40 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Benchmark on Computer Simulation of MASURCA Critical and Subcritical Experiments: MUSE-4 Benchmark Abstract: The efficient and safe management of spent fuel produced during the operation of commercial nuclear power plants is an important issue. In this context, partitioning and transmutation (P&T) of minor actinides and long-lived fission products can play an important role, significantly reducing the burden on geological repositories of nuclear waste and allowing their more effective use. Various systems, including existing reactors, fast reactors and advanced systems have been considered to optimise the transmutation scheme. Recently, many countries have shown interest in accelerator-driven systems (ADS) due to their potential for transmutation of minor actinides. Much R&D work is still required in order to demonstrate their desired capability as a whole system, and the current analysis methods and nuclear data for minor actinide burners are not as well established as those for conventionally-fuelled systems... Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-43 Volume: 6 Issue: 5 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HQDH8KL6D Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Stakeholders and Radiological Protection: Lessons from Chernobyl 20 Years After: A Report Abstract: This report is a tribute to the people living in areas that, 20 years after still live with the effects of the Chernobyl disaster. It shares the experiences of radiation protection professionals who reached out to some of those impacted by the Chernobyl accident, engaging to assist them to become knowledgeable and active managers of their own radiation exposure while living in a radioactively contaminated environment. Active stakeholder involvement gave these residents the capability to participate in the decision-framing process to address their issues regarding the rehabilitation of their living conditions in the contaminated territories. This more inclusive approach to decision-framing and issue resolution allowed the affected residents to gain greater control over their future. The report also describes stakeholder involvement initiatives from Norway and the United Kingdom, as examples from countries further afield. In the conduct of ongoing reviews of existing nuclear and radiological emergency protocols and preparing for emerging threats it is important to consider and implement as appropriate the many lessons learnt from the Chernobyl accident... Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-85 Volume: 6 Issue: 5 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HQDH2D56F Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Emission Scenario Document for Insecticides for Stables and Manure Storage Systems Abstract: This Emission Scenario Document (ESD) addresses active substances for insecticides, acaricides and products to control other arthropods (in the EU, “product type 18”), used in animal housing and manure storage systems. Biocidal products marketed as insecticides are used in many different applications. They may be used in buildings, outdoors, in sewer systems and for veterinary purposes in animal housings Van Dokkum et al., 1998). The emission scenarios of insecticides for manure storage systems and for stables are connected closely to those of veterinary hygiene biocidal products (the EU “product type 3”). For this product type and for veterinary medicinal products, several reports have been published already (Montfoort et al., 1996; Montforts, 1999; Van der Linden, 2000). In specific cases, there may be borderline cases with food and feeding area disinfectants (the EU “product type 4”), veterinary medicinal products (the EU “product type 3”) or wood preservatives (the EU “product type 8”). This can occur if a biocide is used for more than one purpose. This is, for example, the case when a biocide is often used as an insecticide in animal housings, as a preservative in feed (disinfectant) and as a medicinal product against external parasites for chickens. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-91 Volume: 6 Issue: 6 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HQD389HVC Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Emission Scenario Document on Kraft Pulp Mills Abstract: The purpose of this emission scenario document (ESD) is to provide a realistic worst-case emission scenario for chemicals used at kraft pulp mills. The general information about the processes and chemicals used is derived from literature data and several reports from the European Union and the United States. The emission estimation methods given in this ESD are based on those developed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development with parameter defaults reflecting Canadian operations. This ESD for Kraft Pulp Mills was developed in 2004 along with two sister documents, an ESD on Non-integrated Paper Mills, and an ESD on Recovered Paper Mills. Although they were designed as stand alone documents, by their nature they represent different phases of the life cycle of paper products. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-38 Volume: 6 Issue: 6 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HQD2L9BZQ Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Emission Scenario Document on Non-Integrated Paper Mills Abstract: The purpose of this emission scenario document (ESD) is to provide a realistic worst-case emission scenario for chemicals used at non-integrated paper mills. The general information about the processes and chemicals used is derived from literature data and several reports from the European Union and the United States. The emission estimation methods given in this ESD are based on those developed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development with parameter defaults reflecting Canadian operations. This ESD on Non-integrated Paper Mills was developed in 2004 along with two sister documents, an ESD on Kraft Pulp Mills, and an ESD on Recovered Paper Mills. Although they were designed as stand alone documents, by their nature they represent different phases of the life cycle of paper products. The ESD on Kraft Pulp Mills represents the production stage when pulp is first produced. This ESD on Nonintegrated Paper Mills is representative of the industrial phase of the life cycle, when the pulp is converted to paper and/or board products. The ESD on Recovered Paper Mills is illustrative of the recovery stage, when paper products are recovered, reworked and recycled back into the community. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-36 Volume: 6 Issue: 6 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HQCNQV5VG Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Emission Scenario Document on Recovered Paper Mills Abstract: The purpose of this emission scenario document (ESD) is to provide a realistic worst-case emission scenario for chemicals used at recovered paper mills. The general information about the processes and chemicals used is derived from literature data and several reports from the European Union and the United States. The emission estimation methods given in this ESD are based on those developed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development with parameter defaults reflecting Canadian operations. This ESD on Recovered Paper Mills was developed in 2004 along with two sister documents, an ESD on Kraft Pulp Mills, and an ESD on Non-integrated Paper Mills. Although they were designed as stand alone documents, by their nature they represent different phases of the life cycle of paper products. The ESD on Kraft Pulp Mills represents the production stage when pulp is first produced. The ESD on Non-integrated Paper Mills is representative of the industrial phase of the life cycle, when the pulp is converted to paper and/or board products. This ESD on Recovered Paper Mills is illustrative of the recovery stage, when paper products are recovered, reworked and recycled back into the community. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-37 Volume: 6 Issue: 6 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HQCNCXR33 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: French R&D on the Partitioning and Transmutation of Long-lived Radionuclides: An International Peer Review of the 2005 CEA Report Abstract: A review has been conducted, at the request of the French Authorities ministère de l’Industrie and ministère de la Recherche, of the first part of the CEA Report 2005 Les déchets radioactifs à haute activité et à vie longue – Recherches et résultats, that is Axe 1 – Séparation et transmutation des radionucléides à vie longue (CEA/DEN/DDIN/2004-642). This review has been organised by the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) and carried out by an international review team (IRT) of independent specialists representing all the relevant aspects of chemical partitioning, transmutation and nuclear materials technology. The CEA Report 2005 (the Report) represents a key milestone in the programme of work for which the CEA is responsible under Area 1 of the Law of 30 December 1991 that is “research into solutions enabling long-lived radioactive elements present in waste to be partitioned and transmuted”... Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-87 Volume: 6 Issue: 7 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HNJP56JF3 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Safety of Geological Disposal of High-level and Long-lived Radioactive Waste in France: An International Peer Review of the “Dossier 2005 Argile” Concerning Disposal in the Callovo-Oxfordian Formation Abstract: A review has been conducted of the documentation developed by Andra, collectively known as the Dossier 2005 Argile, by an international review team (IRT) of independent specialists covering all relevant aspects of research, safety assessment, and the geological sciences. As described below, the Dossier represents a key milestone in the programme of work, for which Andra is responsible, to assess the feasibility of the deep geological disposal of high-level and long-lived radioactive waste in France. This report presents the consensus view of the IRT. It is based on the documentation of the Dossier 2005 Argile, but it also draws importantly on information exchanged in writing with Andra in answers to questions raised by the review team, and on direct interactions with staff from Andra during two working seminars in France. Also, in order to fulfil its mandate, the IRT reviewed materials external to the Dossier, namely the document concerning the R&D Programme for a potential new phase of work in the period 2006-2010, in a draft, provisional version. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-76 Volume: 6 Issue: 7 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HNJNVHJ20 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Boyan D. Ivanov Author-Name: Kostadin N. Ivanov Title: VVER-1000 Coolant Transient Benchmark: Phase 1 (V1000CT-1) Vol. 2. Summary Results of Exercise 1: Point Kinetics Plant Simulation Abstract: In the recent past, the analysis of plant transients and the analysis of reactor core behaviour were performed separately. Usually, the core was represented by a point kinetics model to analyse plant transients and, for the core physics calculations, boundary conditions were imposed at the inlet and the outlet of the core. In reality, these boundary conditions depend on the power generation in the core. To ensure a realistic description of the physical phenomena in an accident analysis, the application of coupled codes is required. In recent years code developers began coupling three-dimensional (3-D) neutron kinetics codes with advanced thermal-hydraulics system codes. Such complex computer codes allow modelling of the entire reactor system, including a 3-D neutronics core. When reactivity initiated accidents with an asymmetric neutron flux distribution in the core are analysed, only such coupled codes are capable of estimating the real feedback effects. These codes can perform safety analyses in order to replace the conservative estimations with best-estimate calculations. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-94 Volume: 6 Issue: 7 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HNJNBKNG4 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: D. Neykov Author-Name: F. Aydogan Author-Name: L. Hochreiter Author-Name: H. Utsuno Author-Name: F. Kasahara Author-Name: E. Sartori Author-Name: M. Martin Title: NUPEC BWR Full-size Fine-mesh Bundle Test (BFBT) Benchmark: Volume I: Specifications Abstract: The international OECD/NRC BWR Full-size Fine-Mesh Bundle Tests (BFBT) benchmark, based on the NUPEC database, encourages advancement in sub-channel analysis of two-phase flow in rod bundles, which has great relevance with regard to the nuclear reactor safety margin evaluation. This benchmark specification is being designed so that it can systematically assess and compare the participants’ numerical models for the prediction of detailed sub-channel void distributions and critical powers to full-scale experimental data on a prototypical BWR rod bundle. Currently the numerical modelling of sub-channel void distribution has no theoretical approach that can be applied to a wide range of geometrical and operating conditions. In the past decade, experimental and computational technologies have tremendously improved the study of the two-phase flow structure. Over the next decade, it can be expected that mechanistic approaches will be more widely applied to the complicated two-phase fluid phenomena inside fuel bundles. The development of truly mechanistic models for critical power prediction is currently underway. These models must include processes such as void distribution, droplet deposition, liquid film entrainment and spacer grid behaviour. The benchmark specification requires participants to explain their modelling correlations between the measured critical power and the two-phase flow dominant processes. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-132 Volume: 6 Issue: 7 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9G8ZQSQQF2 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Analytical Framework for Evaluating the Costs and Benefits of Extended Producer Responsibility Programmes Abstract: Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is an environmental policy approach under which the responsibility of producers for their products is extended to include the social costs of waste management, including the environmental impact of waste disposal. This paper sets out a framework for assessing the costs and benefits of EPR. As comparedwith “conventional” waste management EPR involves the collection of particular end-of-life products, product categories or waste streams. In some cases these wastes would traditionally be handled appropriately through municipal waste management programs. Packaging would be one example. In other cases they might be handled, or might need to be handled, as special wastes which would be inappropriate for a municipal waste management programme. Solvents, scrap tires, used crankcase oil, lead acid batteries and electronics fit into this category. To evaluate the costs and benefit ratio for EPR programmes, the costs of these features need to be weighed against the benefits in terms of the reduced social costs of waste management, including the various externalities associated with landfilling or incineration and the environmental risks associated with “doing nothing” by maintaining existing practices.As compared with alternative policy instruments, an attraction of EPR is the incentive it creates for producers to consider post-consumer waste-management costs when making decisions about product design and marketing. Such “Design-for-Environment” incentives are an important part of the overall assessment of EPR, but their practicalevaluation could be difficult. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-57 Volume: 6 Issue: 8 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HNJHW6M6J Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Impacts of Unit-based Waste Collection Charges Abstract: This report explores the costs and benefits of systems for charging householders for waste. The study looks only at charges which vary with the amount and characteristics of the waste collected, referred to in the report as differential and variable rate, or DVR, charging systems. It is not concerned with taxes or charges levied on householders whichdo not vary according to how the waste collection services are used. The study uses a cost-benefit approach to attempt to draw out whether the balance of effects of such systems is positive or negative... Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-157 Volume: 6 Issue: 8 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HNJHQ31XX Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Covariance Matrix Evaluation and Processing in the Resolved/Unresolved Resonance Regions Abstract: This document serves as a summary of the work of Subgroup 20 (SG20) on covariance matrix evaluation and processing in the resolved/unresolved resonance regions, organised under the auspices of the Nuclear Energy Agency’s Nuclear Science Committee Working Party on International Evaluation Co-operation (WPEC). The work described in this report focuses on:- summarising the issues related to covariance evaluation in the resonance region;- discussing the retroactive method used in the SAMMY code [1];- describing the compact format for storing huge covariance matrices in ENDF-6 files;- recent developments and upgrades of processing codes to generate a multi-group covariance matrix from resonance parameter covariance data. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-34 Volume: 6 Issue: 9 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HN5K94KKK Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Very High Burn-ups in Light Water Reactors Abstract: This study resulted from a discussion at the June 2002 meeting of the OECD/NEA Nuclear Science Committee, at which it was first suggested to set up a project to address very high burn-ups (specifically average discharge burn-ups in the range 60-100 GWd/t). The outcome was the setting-up in 2003 of the Expert Group on Very High Burn-ups in LWRs, which was charged with the single task of delivering a state-of-the-art report on high burn-ups in LWRs. It was felt that the report should concentrate on LWRs because that is where the bulk of experience and knowledge resides, but much of the analysis will also be applicable to other reactor types, even if not all the details are transferable. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-137 Volume: 6 Issue: 9 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HN5JXLT6D Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Uses of Pollutant Release and Transfer Register Data and Tools for their Presentation: A Reference Manual Abstract: This report presents numerous examples of the variety of tools for presenting and illustrating PRTR data and the types of uses of PRTR data in OECD member countries. It presents examples of uses for the purposes of the public, community groups, industry, the government, and academic and independent research institutions. The intent of this report is not to describe all of the many programmes, activities, and tools that use PRTR data, but to present examples in each category to illustrate the wide variety of current and evolving uses of such data. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-87 Volume: 6 Issue: 10 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HN45RZGS1 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Consensus Document on the Biology of Western White Pine (Pinus monticola DOUGL. ex D. Don) Abstract: The environmental safety/risks of transgenic organisms are normally based on the information on the characteristics of the host organism, the introduced traits, the environment into which the organism is introduced, the interaction between these, and the intended application. The OECD?s Working Group on Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology decided at its first session, in June 1995, to focus its work on identifying parts of this information, which could be commonly used in countries for environmental safety/risk assessment to encourage information sharing and prevent duplication of effort among countries. Biosafety Consensus Documents are one of the major outputs of its work. Biosafety Consensus Documents are intended to be a ?snapshot? of current information on a specific host organism or trait, for use during regulatory assessments. They are not intended to be a comprehensive source of information on everything that is known about a specific host or trait; but they do address the key or core set of issues that member countries believe are relevant to risk/safety assessment. This information is said to be mutually acceptable among member countries. To date, 24 Biosafety Consensus Documents have been published. They include documents which address the biology of crops, trees and microorganisms as well as those which address specific traits which are used in transgenic crops. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-38 Volume: 6 Issue: 10 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HN45HC6WJ Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Abstracts of the OECD Workshop on the Biology of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar) Abstract: The main purpose of this workshop was to take the first steps in considering whether the general approaches which have been used in the past by the Working Group, primarily to address the safety/ risk assessment of transgenic plants, could be applicable to similar work on the safety/ risk assessment of transgenic fish.The objective of the workshop was to identify and review the kinds of (and availability of) baseline information of (non-transgenic) from traditional fish farming or breeding, and to determine what information might be relevant to risk/ safety assessment; and what information might be needed for the development of a biology document. The overall approach used by the Workshop was similar to that done to first identify and circumscribe the issues about crop species that would inform a risk/safety assessment of the same species after it had been transformed. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-28 Volume: 6 Issue: 10 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HN45B2CF2 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Workshop Report on Consideration of Chemical Safety in Green Procurement Abstract: Many chemicals are used to produce hundreds of thousands of different goods, from cars and computers to synthetic fabrics, kitchen appliances and paints. Through green procurement (GP) it is possible to reduce risks that arise from the use of chemical products by encouraging the use of chemical products which have low impact on human health and the environment throughout their life cycle, and discouraging the use of chemical products with a high impact. However, given the large number and variety of available chemical products and the differing priorities of product users, it is challenging to compare and select products for green procurement... Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-78 Volume: 6 Issue: 11 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HN42RX9D5 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Report on the Regulatory Uses and Applications in OECD Member Countries of (Quantitative) Structure-Activity Relationship [(Q)SAR] Models in the Assessment of New and Existing Chemicals Abstract: This case studies report is part of the OECD effort to develop guidance for regulatory applications of (Quantitative) Structure-Activity Relationship [(Q)SAR] models, and emphasizes the use of programme-specific case studies to highlight the importance of legal and practical constraints and information requirements of individual regulatory programmes within OECD member countries in applying (Q)SAR approaches. This report provides a snapshot of the experiences of OECD member countries with respect to the use of (Q)SAR models in chemical assessment. The document provides both current regulatory uses in OECD member countries as well as prospective regulatory applications -- especially those within the European Union (EU) member states as a result of proposed legislation on chemicals (i.e., Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)). As such, the case studies report should be regarded as a living document which will be updated periodically as requested by member countries to describe the expanding role of (Q)SAR in regulatory settings... Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-79 Volume: 6 Issue: 11 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HN42MJ3XR Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Preliminary Lists of PFOS, PFAS, PFOA and Related Compounds and Chemicals that May Degrade to PFCA Abstract: The OECD conducted a survey in 2004 on Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS),Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonate (PFAS), Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA), related substances and products/mixtures containing these substances within OECD and non-OECD member countries. The information sought were quantities manufactured or imported, concentration of the chemicals in the products or mixtures, uses, use in consumer products, availability of alternatives or substitutes and essential uses for which no substitutes are available. The 37th Joint Meeting decided that lists of these groups of chemicals with CAS numbers would be useful prior to the next OECD survey. The aim of the annexes is to provide OECD member countries and other organisations with a consolidated and updated set of lists of PFOS, PFAS, PFOA and related chemical substances that will assist in providing responses to the next OECD survey of these substances, to be carried out in 2006. The annexed lists will be updated, as appropriate, following the 2006 survey. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2006 Pages: 1-194 Volume: 6 Issue: 11 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L9HN42HZJ6G Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Promoting Entrepreneurship in South East Europe: Policies and Tools Abstract: This publication provides an overview of the key issues and policy challenges surrounding entrepreneurship and SME development with particular reference to South East European (SEE) countries, focusing on five main areas: (i) financing entrepreneurship; (ii) SME internationalisation; (iii) SME innovation, (iv) the role of culture, attitudes and skills in entrepreneurship; and, (v) youth entrepreneurship. It should be acknowledged that these issues are not unique to SEE countries; they are challenges that all countries confront as they seek to stimulate and facilitate entrepreneurship. For this reason this publication should have resonance for all countries which seek to improve entrepreneurial activity. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-135 Volume: 6 Issue: 12 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4L16PDKN0W Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Reshaping a Local Economy through a Development Agency: The Case of Laganside Corporation, Belfast, United Kingdom Abstract: This study of Laganside Corporation draws out valuable lessons for existing agencies, cities, regions and national governments. It offers practical guidance on how to use key tools and concepts of local development to foster economic growth and social cohesion. Although a „top down‟ model, Laganside Corporation pursued an approach which engaged stakeholders from all sectors and provides valuable insights into effective community engagement and working with public and private sectors. The study analyses the approach taken by Laganside Corporation and its international counterparts on a broad range of tools for local development. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-78 Volume: 6 Issue: 12 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4L16NVS3F5 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Full Employment Strategies for Cities: The Case of Glasgow Abstract: There is growing recognition throughout the OECD of the need to link economic development and employment policies at the level of the individual city if the twin objectives of raising competitiveness and reducing worklessness are to be met. The challenge is particularly clear in the UK, where the employment rate of the working age population in the major cities has lagged consistently behind the relatively strong performance of the nation as a whole (HM Treasury, 2007). The Government has recognised that raising the UK employment rate towards its ambitious 80%national target will  require special  efforts to tackle unemployment and economic inactivity in the cities (Department of Work and Pensions, 2006). This is an important departure from the traditional  emphasis on national  labour market policies and standardised welfare to work programmes that pay little regard to geographical variations in socio-economic conditions. One of the issues arising is the appropriate balance between measures to stimulate labour demand and create  jobs, on the one hand, and measures to strengthen  labour  supply by improving people’s skills, employability and motivation, on  the  other.  There is also an issue about how to connect employment opportunities to people in need of work but who face multiple disadvantages and barriers to employment, such as poor transport access and lack of childcare. Another issue relates to the amount of decentralisation and local control of the policy levers that government should encourage, and what form this should take.   The purpose of this paper is to address these important questions by  focusing on the labour market context and policy situation in Glasgow. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-18 Volume: 6 Issue: 12 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4L16NTDD24 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Sustainable Development Finance for Cities and Regions Abstract: Becoming a successful city involves achieving a high investment/high return equilibrium, just as much as it does for the most successful businesses. Success in the open knowledge driven global economy requires places to be truly distinctive, appealing and productive. Just as firms must innovate and invest to succeed, cities have to adjust, reinvent, and differentiate themselves. They have to change the old patterns of land and resource use, and connect assets with opportunities in new ways and over new spaces. They must modernise infrastructure and build up human capital. This can have positive impacts on entrepreneurship, innovation, skills, and other factors of growth. But this involves adjustment costs, in the form of investment to re-engineer the city for the new economic functions and flows that it must facilitate. It can take 30-50 years of re-investment to fully recalibrate a city from the industrial mode to the knowledge mode... Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-14 Volume: 6 Issue: 12 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4L16LJRC20 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katia Karousakis Title: Incentives to Reduce GHG Emissions from Deforestation: Lessons Learned from Costa Rica and Mexico Abstract: Global deforestation is occurring at a fast rate, around 13 million ha/yr (FAO, 2006) and is a major contributor to climate change. Emissions from deforestation in the 1990s are estimated at 5.8Gt/CO2/yr, and account for one-fifth of global anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG). Moreover, deforestation is the major source of GHG emissions from the land use, land-use change and forestry sector, it constitutes the main source of GHG emissions from many developing countries, and, at a global scale, GHG emissions from deforestation are higher than the total amount produced by the transport sector annually. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-50 Volume: 7 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4CWVQ26VJK Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ellina Levina Author-Name: John Jacob Author-Name: Luis Enrique Ramos Bustillos Author-Name: Ivonne Ortiz Title: Policy Frameworks for Adaptation to Climate Change in Coastal Zones: The Case of the Gulf of Mexico Abstract: The aim of this paper is to identify and analyse policy frameworks that are important for facilitating adaptation to climate change impacts in coastal zones. The paper is based on a case study analysis of the Gulf of Mexico and examines two countries, the US and Mexico. It considers two climate change effects specific to coastal areas: sea level rise and storms. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-68 Volume: 7 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4CWVPFV2R1 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Ellis Author-Name: Sami Kamel Title: Overcoming Barriers to Clean Development Mechanism Projects Abstract: The market for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects is continuing to grow rapidly, with the current portfolio expecting to deliver 2 billion tons of CO2-eq greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions by 2012, equivalent to 17% of Annex I Parties’ base year GHG emissions. In total, governments and companies have earmarked over USD11 billion for CDM funding to 2012. This study analyses the various barriers to CDM market expansion in developing countries, and makes recommendations on how some of them can be removed or reduced. It also examines the distribution of CDM projects amongst regions and sectors. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-50 Volume: 7 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4CWVNM11JD Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Conflict-of-Interest Policies and Practices in Nine EU Member States: A Comparative Review Abstract: This paper was prepared by Sigma, upon the request of the Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic, to serve as a basic comparative working document for the preparation of a new policy and regulation on conflict of interest in the Czech public sector. Given its generalist orientation, the paper could also be useful for other countries carrying out specific reforms in the area of conflict of interest and general reforms related to anti-corruption policies and instruments.This paper provides descriptive data and an analytical overview of approaches to managing conflicts of interest in the public sector of nine European countries - six "old" EU members (France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom) and three "new" EU members (Hungary, Latvia and Poland). The paper also provides some conclusions that are worth taking into account when reforming policies and instruments to improve regulations and practices on conflict of interest. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-40 Volume: 7 Issue: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4CWV9C6QZN Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Enlargement of the European Union: An Analysis of the Negotiations for Countries of the Western Balkans Abstract: The European Union has made it clear on numerous occasions that the future of the Western Balkan nations lies within the Union. After the Balkan wars of the 1990s, accession is seen as a guarantee of peace and stability in the region by both the 27 countries of the Union and by the six Western Balkan countries : Albania, Bosnia and Herzogovina, Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia.This jointly-held belief is, however, an objective, which can only be reached when the six countries meet the conditions set by the Union for accession. Part of this preparation will take place through the implementation of the Stabilisation and Association Agreements (SAAs), which have been or are in the process of being negotiated with these countries. However, the conditions for accession go well beyond the programme of work implied by the SAA... Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-50 Volume: 7 Issue: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4CWV91GRXX Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Political Advisors and Civil Servants in European Countries Abstract: The tension between political advisors and civil servants is inherent in democratic administrative structures. How do countries define appropriate roles for political advisers and civil servants as rooted in their history? What regulations govern their respective functions? How do political advisers and civil servants cooperate? What are points of contention and how are disagreements resolved? Are there national innovations, also with regard to training? The aim of this questionnaire-based study is to present a variety of national traditions regarding the roles and responsibilities of political advisers and civil servants, as well as the institutional arrangements put into place to mediate inbuilt sources of conflict. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-70 Volume: 7 Issue: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4CWV8SQ3R4 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Role of Ministries in the Policy System: Policy Development, Monitoring and Evaluation Abstract: This paper offers a framework for assessing and developing the role of ministries in the policy process, covering OECD member countries, central and eastern European countries (CEECs), and countries of the Western Balkans (ex Yugoslavia and Albania). The analysis is based on a background paper and country papers prepared for a CARDS seminar held in Budva (Montenegro) in November 2005, which are supplemented by the results of a written questionnaire completed by participants during the event. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-48 Volume: 7 Issue: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4CWV8LNFR8 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Progress in Modernising Environmental Regulation and Compliance Assurance in Eastern Europe, Caucasus, and Central Asia Abstract: In 2003, by endorsing the Guiding Principles for Reform of Environmental Enforcement Authorities in Transition Economies, the countries of Eastern Europe, Caucasus, and Central Asia (EECCA) agreed on a reference model to guide the modernisation of their systems for environmental regulation and compliance assurance. This report reviews their progress in implementing the Guiding Principles. The main conclusion is that countries took action to comply with the Guiding Principles, mostly to elevate the status of environmental enforcement authorities, clarify responsibilities, and provide training and a better infrastructure. While such improvements are an important basis for further reform, continued lack of progress in modernising strategies and instruments of work will inhibit institutional and environmental performance. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-71 Volume: 7 Issue: 3 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4CWV1B17BT Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Mobilising Finance for Environmental Priorities: Recommendations for the Future Abstract: This paper argues that the sustained provision of adequate financial resources for the environment is a prerequisite for addressing environmental challenges in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA) and South-Eastern Europe (SEE). It sets out options for how optimal use could be made of the various available sources of environmental finance, including domestic public expenditure, private sector participation and official development assistance. Recommendations are provided for Ministers on priority actions for ensuring that financial resources are made available for the environment. EECCA and SEE governments need to continue to prioritise the environment in policy and public expenditure frameworks, and make better use of incentive-based instruments. They also need to create a suitable climate for the private sector to participate in environmental financing. The international community must ensure that IFI loans for environmental investments are more accessible, especially for low-income countries, including by providing adequate grant co-financing. Finally, EECCA and SEE countries should strengthen their capacity to prepare environmental investment projects, with effective support from IFIs and donors. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-16 Volume: 7 Issue: 3 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4CWV01WX6J Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Financing Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in EECCA Countries, including Progress in Achieving Water-Related Millennium Development Goals (MDGS) Abstract: At their meeting in Almaty in October 2000, EECCA Ministers of Environment, Finance, and Economy, Ministers and senior representatives from several OECD countries, as well as senior officials from International Financial Institutions (IFI), International Organisations, non-governmental organisations, and the private sector, recognised the critical condition of the urban water supply and sanitation sector in EECCA and endorsed "Guiding Principles for the Reform of the Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in the NIS". Participants requested the EAP Task Force to assess progress in implementing these Guiding Principles for review at a major conference of stakeholders that took place in 2005 in Yerevan, Armenia. This paper is an update of a report that was prepared for the Ministerial meeting in Yerevan, drawing on more recent data, and responds to the Ministers' request to prepare such a paper for the Environment for Europe Conference in 2007. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-40 Volume: 7 Issue: 3 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4CWV4QML25 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Trends in Environmental Finance in EECCA Abstract: This report examines developments in environmental financing in Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA) since 2000. It focuses on expenditures, both domestic sources of finance, as well as external environmental assistance; the latter includes Official Development Assistance/Official Assistance (ODA/OA), and lending from International Financial Institutions (IFIs). Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-50 Volume: 7 Issue: 3 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4CWV1KDBBS Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Central Public Procurement Structures and Capacity in Member States of the European Union Abstract: This study provides an analysis of the functions, structure, status within the government, and capacity of the central public procurement bodies of Member States. It does not attempt to evaluate their respective advantages/disadvantages or to recommend particular institutional arrangements. Twenty-two separate overviews of public procurement systems in the 22 participating Member States were produced on the basis of national responses to a detailed questionnaire. An in-depth review of these country system overviews provided the comparative analysis portion of this study, which discusses the various models in place in Member States, in particular the background and rationale for the use of a particular institutional model. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-86 Volume: 7 Issue: 4 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4CVX5DS7KD Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Public Procurement Review and Remedies Systems in the European Union Abstract: The main objective for the establishment of a public procurement complaints review and remedies system is to enforce the practical application of substantive public procurement legislation. Such a system gives this legislation its “teeth”: the possibility of review and remedies serves as a deterrent to breaking the law and thus encourages compliance. Moreover, violations of the law and genuine mistakes can be corrected. Therefore, a functioning public procurement review and remedies system may ultimately contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the substantive rules, such as non-discrimination and equal treatment, transparency, and value for money. The public procurement review and remedies systems of EU Member States need to comply with the requirements of European Community law: the EC Treaty, the EC Public Sector Remedies Directive 89/665/EEC and the EC Utilities Remedies Directive 92/13/EEC... Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-110 Volume: 7 Issue: 4 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4CVX56DTJB Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Lessons Learnt from Financing Strategies for the Municipal Waste Management Sector in Selected EECCA Countries Abstract: The publication sketches a realist portrait of the municipal waste management sector in EECCA based on field work, presents lessons learnt from the financing strategy case studies, as well as on the methodology (see Annex 1), and proposes recommendations on policies which could be implemented in EECCA countries to promote the financial sustainability of the municipal waste sector. The recommendations also build on lessons learnt in EU accession and candidate countries (Latvia, Lithuania, Turkey), and on the experience of the OECD. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-73 Volume: 7 Issue: 5 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4CVX4NGBBX Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Lessons Learnt from Experience with Debt-for-Environment Swaps in Economies in Transition Abstract: This report summarises the major lessons learnt from the experience with debt-for-environment swaps (DFES) in selected transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia. It presents the key steps in designing, negotiating and implementing DFES in low-income countries that have accumulated significant external debt and face challenges with servicing this debt. The report draws primarily on the experience of Poland, Bulgaria, Georgia and the Kyrgyz Republic but relevant cases and lessons from other countries in the world are included, as appropriate. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-65 Volume: 7 Issue: 5 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4CVX4JF135 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Regulatory Management Capacities of Member States of the European Union that Joined the Union on 1 May 2004: Sustaining Regulatory Management Improvements through a Better Regulation Policy Abstract: Enhancing the competitiveness of its economy through increased productivity growth is one of the main challenges recognised by the European Union in the original Lisbon strategy and the renewed Lisbon strategy for growth and jobs (adopted in 2000 and 2005 respectively). The improvement of the regulatory environment and regulatory processes at the level of the Institutions of the EU and its Member States is a key factor in creating a business environment conducive to productivity growth.This policy is known as "Better Regulation". This policy does not mean more regulation or less regulation but involves the putting in place of processes which ensure that all regulations are easy to understand, apply, comply with and are of high quality. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-121 Volume: 7 Issue: 6 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4CVHDMMX7H Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Organising the Central State Administration: Policies and Instruments Abstract: This paper has been prepared by the Sigma Programme following a request of the Government Office of the Czech Republic. The OECD has worked extensively during the last few years on issues relating to the organisational dimension of the national administration and, in particular, on the phenomenon of "agencification" and its impact on governance structures. It has already produced a significant number of analyses1, including a comprehensive comparative publication on Distributed Public Governance (2002)2. Sigma has also published on the topic in the framework of public expenditure management and with reference to transition countries.This OECD work was prompted by the problems caused by the increasing administrative-functional deconcentration within its member countries. The main questions posed were along the lines of: Does departmentalisation (keeping the whole responsibility within a ministry) ensure better control and efficient management of administrative and other public services or, on the contrary, does agencification (in the sense of setting up separate bodies) result in better management and de-politicisation? Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-71 Volume: 7 Issue: 6 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4CSNTZJJ0S Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Benchmarks for Integrity: Tracking Trends in Governance Abstract: The OECD, via its Ethics Infrastructure concept and Integrity Assessment Framework, is in the forefront as efforts to check corruption shift from diagnosing problems and prescribing countermeasures to the institutionalization and assessment of integrity. In such an effort OECD possesses significant resources: a generation’s worth of anti-corruption expertise; unparalleled networks, information and data resources; and strong credibility based both on anti-corruption and integrity instruments (such as the OECD Convention on Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions, 1998 OECD Recommendation on Improving Ethical Conduct in the Public Service and the 2003 Recommendation on Guidelines For Managing Conflict Of Interest in the Public Service) and a half-century of effective dealings with the world’s major economies. But it also faces significant challenges, made all the more difficult by the fact that in some ways it is venturing into unknown territory. A key challenge is to assess anti-corruption progress in valid, reliable, and reasonably precise ways, using objective evidence to provide credible, easily understood feedback and guidance to officials, reform groups, and citizens... Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-33 Volume: 7 Issue: 7 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4CSNFCRQBS Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Public Integrity and Post-Public Employment: Issues, Remedies and Benchmarks Abstract: Post-public employment is one of several variations of the broad concept of conflict of interest, that is, the use of public office for private gain.1 Most post-employment offences occur when public officials use, or appear to use, information or contacts acquired while in government to benefit themselves, or others, after they leave government. However, despite use of the term post-public employment, these offences can actually occur before officials leave government. For example, a serving public official can give preferential treatment to a business firm with a view to obtaining employment with that firm after leaving government. If the official is successful in obtaining that employment and leaves government, he or she can then commit post-employment offences. For example, the official can use confidential information obtained while in government to the benefit of his or her new employer. Thus, a post-employment offence can arise both from the use of one’s current public office for private gain and from the wrongful exploitation of one’s previous public office. For the most part, however, the focus of this paper is on the behaviour of former public officials in their relations with government. Based on the experience of leading OECD countries, the paper will support the development of a state of the art handbook by covering all relevant aspects of a sound and comprehensive framework for preventing conflict of interest in post-public employment... Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-24 Volume: 7 Issue: 7 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4CSNDWJBMX Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Draft Checklist for Enhancing Integrity in Public Procurement Abstract: At the OECD Symposium and Global Forum on Integrity in Public Procurement in November 2006, participants called for an instrument for policy makers at the international level to reform public procurement systems and reinforce integrity and public trust in how public funds are managed. They also expressed interest in developing a practical toolkit that could be applied, adapted and developed indifferent legal, political and administrative contexts. To respond to these requests, the OECD has developed a draft "Checklist for Enhancing Integrity in Public Procurement". The Checklist will help guide policy makers at central government level in instilling a culture of integrity throughout the entire public procurement cycle:•  The first part of the Checklist provides guidance on developing an adequate policy framework for enhancing integrity in public procurement;•  The second part focuses on how to implement this framework, from needs assessment to contract management and payment. The Checklist is based on applying good governance elements, in particular transparency, good management, corruption resistance, accountability and control to enhance integrity in public procurement. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-36 Volume: 7 Issue: 7 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4CSNDQ2NWC Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Building a Framework for Enhancing Transparency and Accountability in Lobbying Abstract: This document presents the revised Framework for Enhancing Transparency and Accountability in Lobbying which is designed to support policy debate when lobbying reaches the political agenda. The Framework provides decision makers with policy options to meet public expectations for transparency, accountability and integrity in lobbying.This document is divided into two parts:•  Part I presents the draft Framework in five sections that list key aspects of designing and implementing standards and rules to enhance transparency and accountability in lobbying. The draft Framework contains principles as well as description of alternative policy options and examples that may help decision makers put the Framework into practice.•  Part II provides a comparative overview of building blocks, models and examples of country solutions. It supported discussion on possible approaches and elements of the Framework in the Special Session on Lobbying: Enhancing Transparency and Accountability of the Expert Group on Conflict of Interest. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-66 Volume: 7 Issue: 7 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4CSNDH4XS8 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Legislation on Lobbying in Europe Abstract: This document provides an unofficial translation of legislation on lobbying in Poland, Hungary and Lithuania. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-35 Volume: 7 Issue: 7 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4CSNDDBWS7 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Instrument Mixes Addressing Household Waste Abstract: The present report presents the case studies made of instrument mixes addressing household waste in the United Kingdom and in the Netherlands. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-61 Volume: 7 Issue: 8 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4CSNNCP29P Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Instrument Mixes Addressing Non-Point Sources of Water Pollution Abstract: The present report presents the case studies made of instrument mixes addressing non-point sources of water pollution in agriculture in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Denmark and in the Chesapeake Bay area of the United States. While all these case studies discuss instruments addressing nutrient run-off, the UK and the Danish case studies also discuss instruments addressing the use of pesticides in the agriculture sector. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-100 Volume: 7 Issue: 8 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4CSNN4848N Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Instrument Mixes Addressing Mercury Emissions to Air Abstract: This study deals with "instruments used to address mercury emissions to air", by which is meant all legislation, regulation and other measures intended to control or reduce anthropogenic, atmospheric mercury emissions. As the links are complex between actual inputs of mercury to society (consumption for intended use and mobilisation of mercury-impurities via industrial processes) and the final release sources, all types of measures addressing any phase in the life-cycle of mercury which may ultimately lead to atmospheric mercury emissions are included here. Due to its volatility, most forms of mercury released or discarded as waste - as vapour, as liquid elemental mercury, as compounds, as integrated in products, consumer waste or flue-gas cleaning residues - may lead to emissions to air. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-57 Volume: 7 Issue: 8 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4CSNMXFQBV Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Improving the Environmental Performance of Public Procurement: Report on Implementation of the Council Recommendation Abstract: The OECD Council Recommendation on Improving the Environmental Performance of Public Procurement (C(2002)3) "... invited the Environment Policy Committee to monitor, assess, and report to the Council in 2005 on Member countries’ implementation of this Recommendation, and on any barriers to further implementation" (Appendix I).To help evaluate the extent to which member countries have implemented the Recommendation, a questionnaire was developed and applied (Appendix II). An informal Steering Group on Greener Public Purchasing was also established to guide the process. This Steering Group provided inputs to both the development of the questionnaire and the interpretation of its findings. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-36 Volume: 7 Issue: 9 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4BGFDV4LD5 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Improving co-ordination between environmental and health policies: final report Abstract: This report examines how policy co-ordination between the environment and health fields could be improved in order to better address environmental health issues. To this end, three cases studies were implemented in the United Kingdom, France and Canada, with particular focus on air pollution.The report synthesises the main findings arising out from these case studies as well as from a review of the governance literature as well. It identifies the main means and obstacles to improved policy coordination of cross-cutting issues, such as environmental health. Recommendations are then suggested, intending to improve co-ordination between environmental and health policies. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-88 Volume: 7 Issue: 9 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4BGFD60WZR Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Use of Discount Rates in the Estimation of the Costs of Inaction with Respect to Selected Environmental Concerns Abstract: This paper reviewed current discounting practice in the OECD. It found a wide variance in guidance across countries (which may or may not be justifiable by different economic conditions), and significant differences in guidance within countries. Furthermore, even when discounting guidance is specified, it is not always followed in practice.A clear conclusion from this study is the allocation of public funds would be substantially improved if OECD countries provided departments with a consistent set of guidance on discounting. This guidance should provide for the analysis of long-term projects, programmes and policies, which are increasingly important, particularly with respect to environmental concerns. Finally, guidance should incorporate advances in theory of discounting under long-term uncertainty. A recipe for determining the appropriate rate of decline in the discount rate is included in this paper. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-42 Volume: 7 Issue: 9 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4BGFCVKJXT Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Frequently Asked Questions about Work Sharing on Pesticide Registration Reviews Abstract: OECD countries invest significant resources in evaluating agricultural pesticides before they are marketed (or re-evaluating pesticides that have been in use for many years) to ensure that they do not pose unacceptable risks to human health and the environment. Since many pesticides used in OECD countries are the same, governments have recognised the substantial benefits that can be gained if the task of pesticide evaluations for registration and re-registration is shared, rather than duplicating each others' work. The OECD Pesticides Programme is working to establish the infrastructure that will facilitate such work sharing. The recent adoption of an OECD-wide future "vision", with specific deadlines for work sharing, should lead to additional (and more routine) work sharing arrangements between governments and industry.This document provides responses to questions that are frequently asked by governments and industry about the concept of work sharing, and how it would operate in practice. Many of the questions were raised at an OECD seminar on work sharing, held on 31 May, 2006, at the Pesticide Control Service in Ireland. The answers were prepared by a panel of OECD government representatives at that seminar. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-13 Volume: 7 Issue: 10 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4BGF9W5VF6 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Report of the OECD pesticide risk reduction steering group seminar "Pesticide risk reduction through better application technology" Abstract: The seminar considered opportunities for risk reduction through better pesticide application technologies. It considered a variety of technology options with such opportunities (e.g. equipment and techniques for reducing spray drift, technical requirements for spraying, establishing buffer zones, etc). While pesticide application technologies for agricultural use was the primary focus, the seminar also addressed municipal (e.g. for bio-security, mosquito control) and other non-agricultural sectors as they are also important in some OECD countries.The seminar considered the role of government and others in promoting innovations in modern, lower risk technologies and their adoption. Issues of safe handling closely related to application technology such as filling and cleaning of sprayers were also addressed. The seminar discussed areas such as minimum technical requirements, standards and certification for performance, maintenance and control of application equipment and technologies, and training and certification of workers and applicators. Regulatory requirements that address these areas, such as inspections of application equipment, were presented during the seminar. Also, voluntary measures such as guidelines addressing these technical requirements were reviewed. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-115 Volume: 7 Issue: 10 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4BGF99KT36 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Report of the OECD Pesticide Risk Reduction Steering Group Workshop "Pesticide User Compliance" Abstract: This report presents a summary of the discussions at, and the outcomes from, the OECD workshop on Pesticide User Compliance Issues. The workshop was held in Ottawa, from 6-8 June 2006 and was hosted by Health Canada's Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA). The focus of the workshop was on issues and impediments to compliance associated with pesticide use. Such issues were addressed in the context of reducing risks to human health and the environment as well as risks to the integrity of the regulatory process. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-166 Volume: 7 Issue: 10 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4BGF90ZM32 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Consensus Document on Compositional Considerations for New Varieties of the Cultivated Mushrooms "Agaricus Bisporus": Key Food and Feed Nutrients, Anti-nutrients and Toxicants Abstract: This consensus document addresses compositional considerations for new varieties of cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus by identifying the key food and feed nutrients and anti-nutrients. A general description of these components is provided. As well, there is background material on the production, processing and uses of Agaricus  bisporus and considerations to be taken when assessing new Agaricus bisporus varieties. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-44 Volume: 7 Issue: 11 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4BGF8M1ZKG Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Consensus Document on Compositional Considerations for new Varieties of Sunflower: Key Food and Feed Nutrients, and Anti-nutrients and Toxicants Abstract: This consensus document addresses compositional considerations for new varieties of sunflower by identifying the key food and feed nutrients and anti-nutrients. A general description of these components is provided. As well, there is background material on the production, processing and uses of sunflowers and considerations to be taken when assessing new sunflower varieties. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-30 Volume: 7 Issue: 11 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4BGF843RR4 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Consensus Document on the Biology of the Native North American Larches: Subalpine Larch (Larix lyalli), Western Larch (Larix occidentalis) and Tamarack (Larix laricina) Abstract: The environmental safety/risks of transgenic organisms are normally based on the information on the characteristics of the host organism, the introduced traits, the environment into which the organism is introduced, the interaction between these, and the intended application. The OECD’s Working Group on Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology decided at its first session, in June 1995, to focus its work on identifying parts of this information, which could be commonly used in countries for environmental safety/risk assessment to encourage information sharing and prevent duplication of effort among countries. Biosafety Consensus Documents are one of the major outputs of its work. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-48 Volume: 7 Issue: 11 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4BGF7QX5VK Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Consensus Document on Safety Information on Transgenic Plants Expressing Bacillus thuringiensis - Derived Insect Control Protein Abstract: The OECD's Working Group on Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology decided at its first session, in June 1995, to focus its work on the development of consensus documents that are mutually acceptable among Member countries. These consensus documents contain information for use during the regulatory assessment of a particular product. In the area of plant biosafety, consensus documents are being developed on the biology of certain plants species, on specific genes and resulting proteins that when introduced into a plant result in the expression of specific traits and on issues arising from the use of general trait types in plants. This document addresses the general information concerning the ä-endotoxin genes and their protein toxin products that confer insect protection to plants. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-107 Volume: 7 Issue: 11 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4BGF44G2R1 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Current Developments/ Activities on the Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials Abstract: This document compiles information provided by member countries and other delegations on current developments on the safety of manufactured nanomaterials (section I) in their countries or organizations. There are also written reports on current activities related to nanotechnologies/ nanomaterials in other International Organisations such as the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) (section II). In addition, delegations added a short bulleted list of highlights at the top of their submissions to give readers a general idea of key events since the 1st meeting of the Working Party. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2007 Pages: 1-30 Volume: 7 Issue: 11 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5L4BGF3RJ0R7 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Proposal to Use Health as a "Tracer Sector" for Tracking Progress on the Paris Declaration Abstract: The health sector has always been an important recipient of global attention and external assistance. Humanitarian concerns about the health of the world’s poor, along with fears about the spread of epidemics such as HIV/AIDS, have made health a central pillar of most development policies. Over the last 30 years attention has increased with the emergence of new health threats - such as HIV/AIDS and pandemic influenza - and with recognition that health is a key determinant of economic growth, labor force productivity and poverty reduction. At the same time, health is increasingly viewed as a human right, the fulfillment of which places obligations on both developed and developing countries. Health has also been at the forefront of the debate on what aid effectiveness means from a sectoral perspective. In the mid-1990s health policymakers designed and pioneered sector-wide approaches (SWAps), which aimed to foster ownership, improve donor harmonization and aid predictability, and align policy behind a health-reform program agreed between government and donors. As this paper illustrates, aid effectiveness is particularly challenging in health. As with other sectors, difficulties are the result of inefficiencies in the global aid architecture and of poor country policies; however, problems in health are exacerbated by the inherent complexities of the sector itself. The large number and diverse nature of development partners active in health, the large unmet needs, the dependency on multiple sectors to achieve health outcomes, the major roles of the private sector in both financing and delivery, and the long-term recurrent nature of most health needs have created challenges for countries, but have also stimulated innovative ideas on how to move forward. As a result, the health sector may be a good "tracer" sector for OECD/ DAC to monitor overall harmonization and alignment progress. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2008 Pages: 1-26 Volume: 7 Issue: 12 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5KZR2C4PL5ZV Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Review of Donors' Policies and Practices Related to Employment and Labour Markets Abstract: The purpose of this review is to collect evidence on the instruments and modalities donors use to promoteemployment creation and to draw some preliminary lessons on what worked and what might need to be changed. These results will feed into the preparation of the Task Team’s two other outputs: i) a conceptual framework that gives greater centrality to employment issues in efforts to reduce poverty; and ii) a set of good practice papers that provide evidence-based examples of how donors can help improve employment outcomes in developing countries. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2008 Pages: 1-25 Volume: 7 Issue: 12 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5KZR2C1N0Q0R Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Partnership for Development: Finance for Development in Africa Abstract: NEPAD’s founding statement in 2001 identified domestic savings and improvements in public revenue collection as key resources to be supplemented by official development assistance, debt relief and private capital flows. The statement further underlined that improved governance is a prerequisite for increased capital flows... Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2008 Pages: 17-40 Volume: 7 Issue: 12 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5KZDN1G43VD7 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Partnership for Development: Investment in Africa Abstract: The NEPAD founding statement of 2001 clearly identified the need to increase private capital flows to Africa, as an essential component of a sustainable long-term approach to filling the resource gap. It identified priorities including addressing risk perception, building public-private partnerships, and deepening capital markets. Successive statements by African governments have reinforced these priorities. The African Peer Review Mechanism includes ‘increased trade and investment among the participating countries’ and ‘increased co-operation in mobilising and attracting both domestic and foreign investment’ among its ‘high priority areas’... Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2008 Pages: 47-52 Volume: 7 Issue: 12 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5KZDN1FJN028 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Partnership for Development: Africa and International Trade Abstract: The NEPAD founding statement of 2001 emphasised the importance of trade and within this a number of specific themes including diversification of production, enhanced international competitiveness, promotion of exports, and improvements in market access. The paper prepared by the NEPAD Secretariat for the 7th meeting of the APF in Moscow in October 2006 identified 4 main areas in which African efforts were focused: deepening of African integration; trade facilitation efforts; private sector participation in building trade-enabling infrastructure; and mainstreaming of trade and national development strategies... Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2008 Pages: 53-65 Volume: 7 Issue: 12 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5KZDN1FBJF32 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Partnership for Development: Infrastructure in Africa Abstract: The NEPAD founding statement of 2001 identified infrastructure as a key sectoral priority. It proposed a programme including increased investment both in maintenance and in new infrastructure, new regulatory frameworks, and the promotion of public-private partnerships. NEPAD subsequently developed a Short-Term Action Plan designed to accelerate progress in this sector, and a Medium-Long Term Strategic Framework. Successive meetings of AU Ministers have underlined the importance of infrastructure to economic growth. Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2008 Pages: 1-25 Volume: 7 Issue: 12 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5KZDN1F6XBWF Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Partnership for Development: Agriculture in Africa Abstract: The NEPAD founding statement of 2001 identified agriculture as a sectoral priority. Key declarations include the 2003 CAADP Framework calling for 6% agricultural growth rates; the 2003 Maputo Declaration calling for 10% of public expenditure to be spent on agriculture and rural development within 5 years; the 2004 Sirte Declaration on ’The Challenges of Implementing Integrated and Sustainable Development on Agriculture and Water in Africa’; and the 2006 Abuja Declarations on Fertilisers (June) and Food Security (December)... Journal: OECD Papers Year: 2008 Pages: 101-123 Volume: 7 Issue: 12 Handle: RePEc:oec:packaa:5KZDN1F0WBJH