Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David O'Connor Author-Name: Mariarosa Lunati Title: Economic opening and the demand for skills in developing countries: A review of theory and evidence Abstract: A policy reform such as trade liberalisation can accelerate structural change in an economy, causing an exogenous shift in relative factor demands. For some developing countries, the result may be an increase in skills demand associated with the adoption of newly available foreign technology and lower-cost imported capital goods. This demand shift may be permanent or only temporary, but in either case the skills supply should eventually increase in response to higher returns. One concern, however, is that with an initially highly skewed distribution of education the skilled labour supply adjustment may be prolonged; likewise any transitional increase in skill-based wage inequality. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2008 Pages: 1-31 Volume: 2008 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KZG67FGD1R7 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Koji Miyamoto Title: Human capital formation and foreign direct: Investment in developing countries Abstract: This article synthesises a selected literature on human capital formation and foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries. The aim is to take a bird’s eye view of the complex linkages between the activities of multinational enterprises (MNEs) and policies of host developing countries. In doing so, general trends, best practices and policy experiences are extracted to evaluate the current state of knowledge. The literature indicates that a high level of human capital is no doubt one of the key ingredients for attracting FDI, as well as for host countries to gain maximum benefits from their activities. Most developing countries, however, underinvest in human capital, and the investment that is actually taking place is unevenly distributed across countries and regions that have adopted different human resource development (HRD) policies. To improve human capital formation and thus to attract more FDI would therefore require a more coherent approach that takes host country constraints such as limited budgetary resources into account. One such approach is to provide strong incentives for MNEs and Investment Promotion Agencies (IPAs) to participate in formal education and vocational training even for workers employed by domestic firms. This allows HRD to be flexible and demanddriven. Another policy option is to facilitate human resource development (HRD) for small and medium-sized domestic enterprises which usually do not invest sufficiently in training of employees although these enterprises stand to gain most from education and training. In addition, FDI promotion policies can target high value-added MNEs that are more likely to bring new skills and knowledge to the economy that can be tapped by domestic enterprises. Lastly, it is important that key components of HRD policies, i.e. formal schooling and vocational education and training policies (post-formal schooling), are well coordinated so as to equip students with knowledge and skills that will later be complementary to training opportunities provided in the labour market. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2008 Pages: 1-40 Volume: 2008 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KZG67C9DV7D Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yu Aoki Author-Name: Yasukudi Todo Title: FDI and economic growth in less developed countries: A theoretical and empirical survey Abstract: During the 1960s and 1970s, foreign direct investment (FDI) and the activities of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in less developed countries (LDCs) were generally viewed unfavourably, often being considered exploitative and as leading to worsening labour market conditions and job losses. However, there was a gradual shift in perception during the 1980s and 1990s, with increasing recognition of positive features of FDI such as technological spillovers and the increase in demand for domestic industry. Hence many countries, including LDCs, have introduced measures such as favourable tax treatment for foreign firms in order to attract FDI2. Against this background, FDI flows to LDCs have grown rapidly, increasing from 0.9 per cent of LDCs’ combined GDP in 1990 to a peak of 4.1 per cent in 1999, before declining slightly to 3.3 per cent in 2003 (World Bank, 2005). This article surveys the theoretical and empirical literature that describes the role of FDI in the economic growth of LDCs, and extracts its policy implications. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2008 Pages: 1-31 Volume: 2008 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KZG67C434F6 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Geeta Batra Author-Name: Andrew H. W. Stone Title: Investment climate, capabilities and firm performance: Evidence from the world business environment survey Abstract: The World Business Environment Survey (WBES) provided a unique look at the impact of the investment climate on enterprise performance, employing a standard core questionnaire to more than 10 000 firms in 80 countries between late 1998 and mid-2000. This paper examines results of a special module of the survey administered in 28 of the WBES countries that focused on issues of competition, trade and firm capabilities in terms of technology and worker education and training. It confirms that key attributes of the investment climate such as corruption, financing, tax administration, regulations and policy uncertainty all matter in explaining firm performance as measured by sales growth, employment growth and investment growth. Further, excessive labour regulation is negatively associated with both employment and investment growth. The new data on firm capabilities suggest that firm investments in technology and skills are also critically associated with firm performance. Investment in technological capacity strongly relates to sales growth, while international technological acquisition relates clearly to employment and investment growth. Training matters as well, and it is quite clear that investments in private training services are significantly associated with all dimensions of firm growth. What is equally clear is that public training bears no significant relationship with firm performance. Firms that make no investments in training appear disproportionately influenced by three types of market failure. This link has direct implications for governments as they shape technology policy and training policy. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2008 Pages: 1-37 Volume: 2008 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KZG67BZ6TNX Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alfonso Mercado Title: MNE Spillovers in Developing Asian and Latin American Countries: Trends and Policies Abstract: This article explores the main trends of multinational enterprise (MNE) spillovers involving technology and human resources development, with special attention to policy implications, in the developing countries of Asia and Latin America with the Caribbean. Developing Asian countries have dynamically attracted foreign direct investment (FDI) and have been successful in instituting policy measures to enhance MNE spillovers, with positive impacts on domestic productivity. Latin American countries have lagged behind developing Asian countries as regards enhancing MNE spillovers. Despite a convergence of the inward FDI trend in the two regions, with the recent catching-up trend of Latin American countries, the latter region shows more limited spillovers. Selected research findings are surveyed and various policy measures suggested, particularly in relation to two policy issues: i) complementarity, co-ordination and synchronisation; and ii) targeting specific firms, industries and HRD (mostly in training and education). Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2008 Pages: 1-31 Volume: 2008 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KZG67BPSBBT Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ida Ferrara Title: Waste Generation and Recycling Abstract: There are two serious failures that arise in the management of solid waste. The first relates to the existence of negative externalities in the individual decision-making over waste generation and disposal. When individuals decide on how much to consume and what to consume, they do not take into account how much waste they produce. Because the external costs of waste generation (such as air and water pollution) are ignored by individuals, more waste is produced and disposed of than is socially optimal. The second serious failure relates to the ways in which waste collection services are typically financed. More often than not, individuals pay for waste disposal in lump sums through general taxes or flat payments to local governments or private collectors. Hence, waste disposal costs are not fully reflected in the prices households face at the margin. Even if these flat charges included both the private and external costs of waste production and disposal, individuals would still face zero prices for additional waste produced, and would thus tend to produce (and dispose of) more waste than if they were to pay for the additional garbage according to its social marginal cost. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2008 Pages: 19-58 Volume: 2008 Issue: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KZ82V850PJG Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joyce Dargay Title: Personal Transport Choice Abstract: There are basically four means by which to reduce the negative environmental consequences of personal transport: by replacing personal vehicles with more environmentally-friendly ones; by replacing car journeys with public transport, walking or cycling and by car-sharing rather than solo driving; by making fewer journeys (e.g. telecommuting, internet shopping); and by travelling shorter distances. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2008 Pages: 59-93 Volume: 2008 Issue: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KZ82V81Z2R3 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bengt Kriström Title: Residential Energy Demand Abstract: This paper provides a concise review of the empirical literature on residential energy demand. It also discusses the findings in the reviewed literature and their implications for the choice of policy instruments. While there is a plethora of studies on the technical possibilities, i.e. the potential energy savings that new technologies allow, it is plain that energy consumption also depends on our attitudes, preferences and income as well as relative prices1. Therefore, this review is based on the idea that energy demand is essentially driven by human behaviour and our main task is then to explore a range of empirical evidence that sheds useful light on our limited objective. Indeed, the literature on energy demand is impressively rich; already in the early years of the 1980s there were more than 2 500 papers available on this topic (Joerges, 1988 cited in Weber, undated). This brief review will focus mainly on the economics domain, a limitation to be true, although pointers will be given to findings in related fields. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2008 Pages: 95-115 Volume: 2008 Issue: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KZ82V7VT742 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stefano Boccaletti Title: Environmentally Responsible Food Choice Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to review and assess the role of relevant explanatory variables that influence individual purchase decisions for “environmentally responsible” food consumption. In particular, we provide a detailed review of the key empirical studies in the area of consumer demand for those foods which can be broadly considered as environmentally responsible products (ERPs). We give this definition because the choice of ERPs is a consequence of individual concerns towards environmental and health issues and consumers are directly and indirectly responsible for the environmental and health effects of their food consumption choices. The decision to purchase ERPs should reduce negative environmental effects from intensive agricultural practices, helping to preserve a public good like the environment. Consumption of ERPs should also curb health risks from chemicals for all the household members eating the food purchased in the shops. Therefore, the choice of ERPs reflects both “public” and “private” demands. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2008 Pages: 117-152 Volume: 2008 Issue: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KZ82V7NK4R8 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ida Ferrara Title: Residential Water Use Abstract: Although 72% of the earth surface is covered by water, less than 1% of the world’s fresh water is directly accessible for human uses. Given humans’ water consumption patterns and the world population growth rate, these fresh water reserves have been shrinking all over the world at an alarming rate. There are currently more than 800 million people facing water scarcity and the United Nations project that approximately 2 to 7 billion people will be left without water by 2050; moreover, in the next 20 years, the average global supply of water per person will drop by one-third (see United Nations, 2003 and 2006). Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2008 Pages: 153-180 Volume: 2008 Issue: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KZ82V7KPKKC Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alison O’Connell Title: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Financial Education Programmes Abstract: Policy makers in many countries are giving more attention to ‘financial literacy’ or ‘financial capability’, and there are many financial education programmes. The need to evaluate the effectiveness of these programmes is likely to increase. But little evaluation is currently taking place, and the evaluations made so far show mixed and inconclusive results. It is not clear whether this is a consequence of poor evaluation methods or poor programme design, or, that financial education works patchily. But it does mean that a positive impact from financial education has not been unambiguously proven; nor has a clear picture emerged of what works best and why. Evaluation of financial education is inherently difficult, and the impact of any one programme can probably never be fully isolated. Nevertheless, this paper suggests that evaluating the effectiveness of financial education can and should be improved. It begins to develop an approach to do so, including a Financial Education Evaluation (FEE) Framework which can be tailored for any programme in any country. This paper also suggests guidelines for governments and other public authorities to lead the way towards better evaluation of the benefits, costs and value for money of financial education. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2009 Pages: 9-51 Volume: 2008 Issue: 3 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KSNMD87Q7VH Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shaun Mundy Title: Financial Education Programmes in Schools Abstract: Research in a number of countries has shown that many people lack the ability to manage their money well. At the same time, the consequences, both to individuals and to society at large, of a failure by people to take adequate steps to safeguard their financial future are becoming increasingly serious. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2009 Pages: 53-127 Volume: 2008 Issue: 3 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KSNMD81GQ6J Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lena Larsson Author-Name: Annika Sundén Author-Name: Ole Settergren Title: Pension Information: The Annual Statement at a Glance Abstract: The world’s allegedly shortest mail correspondence took place in 1862. The French author Victor Hugo had gone on vacation as his big novel Les miserable was published. But Hugo could not refrain himself from writing to the publisher to ask how it went. The letter read: « ? » and the publishers’ reply « ! ». Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2009 Pages: 131-171 Volume: 2008 Issue: 3 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KSNMD7SJVXX Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeffrey R. Brown Title: Financial Education and Annuities Abstract: Life annuities – financial products that help individuals convert a lump-sum of wealth into a guaranteed life-long income stream – have an important role to play in providing a secure source of retirement income. Because annuities provide valuable insurance against longevity risk, much of the theoretical work in economics suggests that life annuities ought to comprise a large share of the retirement portfolios of most households. Yet around the world, voluntary annuity markets remain small. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2009 Pages: 173-215 Volume: 2008 Issue: 3 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KSNMD7L7S6K Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rebekah Green Author-Name: Marla Petal Title: Stocktaking Report and Policy Recommendations on Risk Awareness and Education on Natural Catastrophes Abstract: The growing cost and frequency of natural catastrophes and their implications for economic growth and development have led to a concern over the level of public awareness and education relative to large-scale catastrophes and disaster risk reduction measures. Public awareness and education of disaster risk reduction are, in particular, increasingly acknowledged as important components of effective risk management of natural catastrophes. The financial component of disaster risk management and mitigation strategies, involving risk transfer and compensation strategies, is also recognised as being important for reducing the financial impact of catastrophes on individuals, businesses, and governments, and permitting more rapid economic and social recovery. As such, systematic promotion of public awareness and education of risks and risk reduction measures, including financial loss-sharing and risk transfer tools, is an important aspect of national and international strategies to reduce vulnerability and losses from catastrophic events. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2009 Pages: 217-305 Volume: 2008 Issue: 3 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KSNMD7FFNKH Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mario Fortin Author-Name: Jacques Préfontaine Title: Credit: Some Macroeconomic, Market and Consumer Implications Abstract: Financial consumers are facing paradoxical situations. On the one hand, they are overly solicited to use credits on various forms. On the other hand, segments of the population do not have access to credit. In this paper, we examine some emerging issues regarding consumer protection and information in four OECD countries: Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States. These four countries have much in common but nevertheless develop their own specific experience. By comparing their recent experience we identify some questions of emerging importance. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2009 Pages: 307-345 Volume: 2008 Issue: 3 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KSNMD79HZVG Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Osamu Onodera Title: Trade and Innovation: A Synthesis Abstract: This study examines the role of trade and investment in technology transfer, the effects of competition in trade and investment on innovation, and economies of scale. It also examines global value chains as an organisational innovation in its own right, which is supported by a freer trade and investment environment. Keywords: innovation, multinational enterprises, MNEs, global value chains, technology transfer, competition, scale economies, licensing, intellectual property rights, TRIPs, absorption capacity, Doha Development Agenda. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2009 Pages: 7-63 Volume: 2008 Issue: 4 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KSM2S8S31F8 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Caroline Lesser Title: Market Openness, Trade Liberalisation and Innovation Capacity in the Finnish Telecom Equipment Industry Abstract: This case study examines how recent trade and investment patterns (including “trade in tasks” resulting from supply chain fragmentation) and Finnish and global policies that promote market openness and free trade have affected the innovation process in the Finnish mobile telecom equipment industry. It illustrates, first, how regulatory, trade and investment policy choices have helped, alongside other key policies, provide the adequate framework conditions for innovation in this country of 5.2 million people. Secondly, it examines how the private sector, and more particularly Nokia, has taken advantage of those conditions to enhance its innovation capacity. This case study does not constitute an in-depth evaluation of the effectiveness of Finnish public policies nor of Nokia’s business strategy, but provides an illustration of how certain public policy choices and business strategies can contribute to a country’s innovation performance. Keywords: Innovation, trade reform, intra-industry trade, foreign direct investment (FDI), deregulation, Finland, Nokia, telecom equipment industry, information and communication technologies (ICT), R&D investments, Information Technology Agreement.  Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2009 Pages: 65-107 Volume: 2008 Issue: 4 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KSM2S8QF924 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Osamu Onodera Author-Name: Hann Earl Kim Title: Trade and Innovation in the Korean Information and Communication Technology Sector Abstract: This case study analyses the effect of trade and investment liberalisation on Korea’s information and communication technology (ICT) sector and finds that trade and investment have played a crucial role in innovation in this sector. In the initial stages of development, imported capital goods and components, joint ventures, licensing and Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) contracts were important sources of technology and exports were key to obtain the necessary economies of scale for innovation. Free trade and investment policies in the 1990s and stronger protection of intellectual property rights have led to an increase in R&D and innovation, which in turn has led to the transformation of Korea into a knowledge-based economy. Keywords: innovation, Korea, information and communication technology, ICT, trade reform, Samsung, production network, intellectual property rights, IPR protection, patents, ITA, Information Technology Agreement Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2009 Pages: 109-155 Volume: 2008 Issue: 4 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KSM2S8PBX7G Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Janaka Wijayasiri Author-Name: Jagath Dissanayake Title: The Ending of the Multi-Fibre Agreement and Innovation in the Sri Lankan Textile and Clothing Industry Abstract: This case study analyses the effect that the end of the Multi-Fibre Agreement (MFA) has had on innovation in the Sri Lankan textile and clothing sector. The ending of the quota system under the MFA led to an increase in the US and EU markets which has motivated a large number of innovations in the Sri Lankan textile and clothing sector. Some large companies have become a total services provider, while others are trying to establish their own brands. Product innovations with foreign partners, process innovations such as introduction of CAD/CAM, and various marketing and organisational innovations have been implemented. Keywords: innovation, textiles and clothing, garment, Sri Lanka, Multi-Fibre Agreement, MFA, competition , CSR, Corporate Social Responsibility, marketing, brands, fair-trade, outsourcing, FDI, joint-ventures  Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2009 Pages: 157-188 Volume: 2008 Issue: 4 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KSM2S8MZD6K Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vangelis Vitalis Title: Domestic Reform, Trade, Innovation and Growth in New Zealand's Agricultural Sector Abstract: This case study examines the effect of domestic reform including trade on New Zealand’s agriculture sector. Agricultural and trade reform has increased competition and brought substantial changes in innovation in the commercial agriculture sector, such as wine, fruit, livestock and dairy, which in turn has led to important changes in composition and an across the board increase in innovation and productivity. Keywords: innovation, agricultural reform, trade reform, New Zealand, agriculture, agricultural machinery, sheep, dairy, wine, horticulture, foreign investment.  Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2009 Pages: 189-218 Volume: 2008 Issue: 4 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KSM2S8LTWQ4 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ron Sandrey Author-Name: Nick Vink Title: Deregulation, Trade Reform and Innovation in the South African Agriculture Sector Abstract: This case study examines the effect of deregulation and trade reform on South Africa’s agriculture sector, which is highly dualistic consisting of a developed commercial sector and a subsistence farming sector. Deregulation and trade reform has led to substantial changes in innovation in the commercial agriculture sector, such as wine and fruit, leading to a large change in composition while innovation seems to have been more limited in subsistence agriculture, which lacks absorption capacity. Legal uncertainties related to land reform may also be a factor which can negatively affect innovation in the commercial farming sector. Keywords: innovation, deregulation, trade reform, South Africa, agriculture, wine, fruit, field crops, foreign investment, absorption capacity. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2009 Pages: 219-255 Volume: 2008 Issue: 4 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KSM2S8KPBWK Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Climate Change and Africa Abstract: Climate change is a major threat to sustainable growth and development in Africa, and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Africa is particularly vulnerable to climate change because of its overdependence on rain-fed agriculture, compounded by factors such as widespread poverty and weak capacity. The main longer-term impacts include: changing rainfall patterns affecting agriculture and reducing food security; worsening water security; decreasing fish resources in large lakes due to rising temperature; shifting vectorborne diseases; rising sea level affecting low-lying coastal areas with large populations; and rising water stress. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2009 Pages: 5-35 Volume: 2009 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KSKJ41TJ4JL Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Investment: Unlocking Africa's Potential Abstract: It is now time to invest in Africa. The prospects are good. Africa is already attracting growing flows of private resources, as a result of its greater political stability and economic reforms. Significant new investors are now engaging in Africa, from within and outside the continent. Development assistance and debt relief alone will not be sufficient to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Africa now needs more and sustainable investment, both domestic and foreign, in order to accelerate economic growth and progress in poverty reduction, and become better integrated into the global economy. We call for the fulfilment of commitments made at African and G8 Summits and other global fora, including support from development partners to help Africa mobilise more investment, and better focus on mobilisible domestic revenue sources and indigenous resources. Areas such as infrastructure, extractive industry, tourism, agribusiness and ICT are particularly important drivers of development, and require support from development partners. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2009 Pages: 37-62 Volume: 2009 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KSKJ41P88F4 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Peace and Security in Africa Abstract: More action is needed, by both Africa and the wider international community. Building peace and security is essential, both for economic development and for poverty reduction. Leadership is being taken by Africa itself. The number of conflicts has fallen. But even so, one-fifth of the population of Africa still live in conflict zones. More action is needed both to strengthen and support Africa’s own efforts to bring peace to the continent, and to tackle the wider global drivers of conflict, including the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons, and the trade in conflict resources. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2009 Pages: 63-85 Volume: 2009 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KSKJ41KN96B Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Gender and Economic Empowerment in Africa Abstract: It is time to deliver for women and girls. Africa’s growth and development agenda can only succeed if the continent is able to draw on all its resources and talents, and if women are able to participate fully in economic, social and political life. This will require intensified efforts to eliminate discrimination and promote equal rights. The strong commitment which has been demonstrated by African governments needs to be complemented by strong support from the wider international community, within the framework of a clear allocation of responsibilities, and the clear mapping out of specific steps and measures. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2009 Pages: 87-126 Volume: 2009 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KSKJ41FQR9S Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Denise Wolter Title: Tanzania: The Challenge of Moving from Subsistence to Profit Abstract: Tanzania could be a major food-exporting country but its dependence on rainfall, poor transport and marketing infrastructures, as well as low access to technology, lead to persistent food security problems. The Tanzanian government has decided to focus its Agricultural Sector Development Programme (ASDP) on irrigation. However, even though the importance of irrigation to reduce Tanzania’s dependency on rainfall is undisputed, it would have been better to have a two-fold programme with one part focusing on production-related investments such as irrigation and the other fostering commercial agriculture and the private sector. While donor commitments to agriculture show a mixed trend, Tanzania is one of the few African countries with a basket fund in agriculture. The Tanzanian government aims to establish the ASDP as the sector programme to which all donor interventions should be aligned. First reviews of the ASDP reveal that capacity to implement the programme is lacking at all levels. A lot of capacity building and a change of mindset in Local Government Authorities (LGAs) are needed to make farmer empowerment and private sector involvement a reality. Furthermore, rural and agricultural development efforts should be better co-ordinated as both draw on the same limited capacities at the local level. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2009 Pages: 79-102 Volume: 2009 Issue: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KS9ZS5GQ30N Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoshiko Matsumoto-Izadifar Title: Senegal: Making Better Use of Agribusiness Potential Abstract: Senegal is a showcase of donors’ support to horticultural export development in sub-Saharan Africa. The first direct donor support to the Senegalese horticultural value chain dates back to 1998, with the World Bank-funded Agricultural Export Promotion Project (PPEA). Early recognition of the need to tackle the whole agricultural value chain, from inputs to production, processing and marketing, characterises donors’ support to the agricultural sector in Senegal. Facing declining traditional export sectors, groundnuts and fishing, Senegal has been undergoing a difficult transition process from traditional to commercial agriculture over the past decade. The 1994 devaluation of the CFA franc has benefited Senegal’s fruit and vegetables sub-sector, which presents the main hope of diversifying the country’s agricultural export structure. Consequently, the primary sector grew annually at an average 6.2 per cent between 2002 and 2005, which was much higher than real annual GDP growth. The chapter shows that aid to the agricultural sector has been proving positive in supporting the Senegalese government’s new sectoral development principle, the Accelerated Growth Strategy (SCA). Senegal has started to attract foreign investment in the export-oriented horticultural sector. Moreover, small and medium-sized horticultural producers and exporters, better organised and more empowered, have succeeded in increasing production and export volume, while simultaneously satisfying the stringent sanitary and phytosanitary requirements of the OECD markets. Today, Senegal’s agriculture faces challenges of expanding targeted products and markets. Donor assistance to Senegalese agriculture has evolved and donors are now applying a differentiated market approach for multiple private actors to work better with agricultural entrepreneurs. Strengthening Senegal’s agricultural potential and diversifying its agricultural production and export profile both horizontally and vertically are the long-term goals for both donors and the country. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2009 Pages: 53-78 Volume: 2009 Issue: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KS9ZS5GR0TJ Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoshiko Matsumoto-Izadifar Title: Mali: Beyond Cotton? Searching for "Green Gold" Abstract: The Malian economy faces the challenge of reducing its over-dependence on cotton and gold. In order to do so, a search for “green gold” — commercial agriculture beyond cotton — is underway. Mali has started to exploit export market opportunities for horticulture products in Europe as well as in neighbouring countries. Moreover, the country is currently testing the introduction of domestic wheat production for local processing. Although donors are increasingly supporting the development of these new agricultural products, the reform of the cotton sector continues to receive their special attention. Moreover, certain agricultural sub-sectors such as livestock and fishing receive only limited support. The development of a vibrant private sector in agriculture requires further improvements in government policies and donor support, but also more active private sector participation. The government should re-engage in agricultural diversification, and donors should strive to increase the sustainability of their interventions. To this end, greater co-ordination between donors and government is needed in tandem with strengthening the capacity of the local private actors. The study highlights progress towards better donor co-ordination in agriculture and encouraging results, especially with respect to facilitating access to credit for farmers and fostering producers’ organisations. At the same time, it argues that there remains ample room for improvement. Donors tend to crowd in certain segments of the agricultural value chain and to specialise in specific export crops (e.g. the mango sector where 12 donors are currently operating) at the expense of some other important areas, which require additional support (e.g. livestock, transport infrastructure and logistics). A more balanced and coherent approach is warranted. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2009 Pages: 33-51 Volume: 2009 Issue: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KS9ZS5GRZG4 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Denise Wolter Title: Ghana: Agriculture is Becoming a Business Abstract: Ghana’s agricultural sector has two faces. On the one hand, Ghana continues to face food security problems due to stagnating productivity in the food crop sector and undeveloped internal food markets. On the other hand, horticultural exports have been increasing and recent investments in cocoa and pineapple processing can been seen as signs of an emerging modern agricultural sector. The horticultural sector currently receives a lot of attention from donors and the Ghanaian government. The examination of several large donor projects in this sector reveals that donors are increasingly taking a value chain approach and trying to link smallholder farmers to exporters via outgrower schemes. Donors are also making an effort to connect their projects with other ongoing interventions. However, donor approaches vary according to donor preferences, and multi-donor programmes would probably be a better solution. While the current focus of donors and the Ghanaian government in the horticultural sector is welcome, it bears the risk of leaving the north of Ghana, where food crop production and poverty are concentrated, further behind. Food crops should receive more attention not only to resolve Ghana’s food security problem but also to take advantage of growing demand from Ghana’s middle-income class, which provides the opportunity for developing a local food industry. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2009 Pages: 9-32 Volume: 2009 Issue: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KS9ZS5GT1D2 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Federico Bonaglia Title: Zambia: Sustaining Agricultural Diversification Abstract: Zambia has a huge agricultural potential, which is still largely untapped, and could play a key role in growth and poverty eradication. Since the early 2000s, the government has implemented important reforms to promote privatisation and trade reforms, leading to higher investment and a strong growth in export crops such as cotton and horticulture. Despite this success, agricultural productivity, especially for food crops, remains low. The study shows that public resources to the agricultural sector have drastically decreased since the early 1990s, while private sector providers have not stepped in to fill the void left by the government disengagement from input supply and marketing. Despite a strong government commitment to reverse this trend, budget figures show that the share in total allocations dropped again in the 2008 budget. The study also argues that evaluations of past donor interventions in agriculture are not very positive, especially in terms of their sustainability. Projects often paid little attention to local absorptive and implementing capacity, had too narrow a focus on production and food security, and lacked an adequate understanding of the socio-economic conditions and behaviour of the target groups. Lack of co-ordination resulted in duplications and insufficient scale. A new generation of donor projects emerged in the early 2000s, with a strong focus on commercialisation and the development of market linkages, especially via contract farming. These projects have borne good results in terms of production volumes, quality standards and access to international commodity chains, as well as farmers’ income. The key challenge for donors is to scale up these success cases and ensure sustainability. The implementation of the Joint Assistance Strategy for Zambia 2007-2010 is an opportunity to achieve a better division of labour, strengthen synergies on the ground and reduce transaction costs for government. Acknowledgements The Zambia Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2009 Pages: 103-131 Volume: 2009 Issue: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KS9ZS5G4ZXT Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anthony Arundel Author-Name: David Sawaya Author-Name: Ioana Valeanu Title: Human Health Biotechnologies to 2015 Abstract: This article provides an overview of the current use of biotechnology to produce human health products and short-term estimates of the number and types of these products that are likely to reach the market by 2015. Relevant health products include biopharmaceuticals, experimental therapies (e.g. cell/tissue engineering and gene therapy), small molecule therapeutics, diagnostics, bioinformatics (including DNA sequencing and pharmacogenetics), functional food and nutraceuticals, and medical devices. The analysis of current use is based on regulatory approval data and the current literature and includes a comparison of the additional therapeutic value of biopharmaceuticals compared to small molecule pharmaceuticals. The short-term estimates of the number and types of products that are likely to reach the market by 2015 are based, where possible, on an analysis of quantitative data on clinical trials. For several other products, including functional foods and nutraceuticals, it is not possible to make short-term estimates due to a lack of reliable data. While the biopharmaceutical share of all pharmaceuticals reaching the market is expected to remain very close to historical levels, biotechnology is expected to be used in the discovery, development, manufacturing, and/or prescribing of nearly all new drugs by 2015. In addition, the use of biotech based diagnostics (especially genetic testing), bioinformatics, and pharmacogenetics is likely to increase. In some cases, these technologies will be used to improve the safety and efficacy of clinical trials, to personalise prescribing practises, and to reduce adverse drug reactions. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2010 Pages: 113-207 Volume: 2009 Issue: 3 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KMJKJTFXDG7 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anthony Arundel Author-Name: David Sawaya Title: Biotechnologies in Agriculture and Related Natural Resources to 2015 Abstract: The main current uses of biotechnology for agriculture and related natural resources (ANR) are for plant and animal breeding and diagnostics, with a few applications in veterinary medicine. This encompasses the use of both transgenic and non-transgenic biotechnologies. This study provides an overview of the current state of technological development and, through an analysis of quantitative data related to R&D pipelines and the current literature, presents estimates and projections for the types of biotechnologies expected to reach the market for use in ANR to 2015. The trends indicate that several novel agronomic and product quality traits will reach the market for a growing number of crops. Biotechnologies other than genetic modification (GM) will also be used to improve livestock for dairy and meat. Socioeconomic issues, such as market concentration and public acceptance, are also examined to further refine the analysis of issues that will influence biotechnological developments and adoption for ANR. These results point to a future for ANR where biotechnologies play a substantially larger role than today. This will be visible in an increased use of biotechnologies for a wider range of plants and animals, and the active involvement of a growing number of countries in the development of biotechnologies. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2010 Pages: 7-111 Volume: 2009 Issue: 3 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KMJKJTFZZTJ Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dietrich Thränhardt Title: Migration to and from Russia and South-East Europe: what does the future hold? Abstract: Whereas Germany and Austria were the main destinations of Russians in the 1990s, recently Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Britain and Ireland became major destinations. Recent East European immigration was mainly directed to the Mediterranean countries to fill gaps in caretaking jobs. South-Eastern Europe and Moldova can be characterized as emigration-remittance-economies with large parts of the active population having migrated to the EU, Russia, Israel, Turkey, and the Gulf states. A distinct Russia-centered immigration system came into being during and after the dissolution of the Soviet empire. Although Russia’s population figures remained stable on balance, the country went through a far-reaching exchange of populations. In the future, the demographic downturn and the loss of manpower are the main challenges facing Russia and also neighbouring Ukraine and Belarus. Russia, with its new wealth due to soaring energy prices, will become a competitor for engineers, technicians, researchers, doctors, and also non-qualified workers. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2010 Pages: 55-74 Volume: 2009 Issue: 4 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KMK0T5KW0ZT Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Flore Gubert Author-Name: Christophe J. Nordman Title: Migration trends in North Africa: focus on Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria Abstract: In Part I, the determinants of past and current migration flows from the Middle East and North African (MENA) countries to OECD countries are discussed. In particular, the influence of economic, demographic and political factors on the size and composition of migration flows from North Africa to OECD countries is put forward using two complementary econometric analyses. In Part II, the economic and demographic prospects in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia are discussed focusing on the key determinants identified previously as important driving forces of future migration trends (GDP per capita, poverty levels, and demographic factors). In Part III, an attempt to assess the impact of climate change on future migration patterns in the Maghreb is carried out. This section looks at ways that climate change might lead to increased forced migration, presents some predictions for numbers of future climate migrants, examines the uncertainties with these predictions and lays out different tentative scenarios on future numbers of forced migrants. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2010 Pages: 75-108 Volume: 2009 Issue: 4 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KMK0T5KTD7F Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laurent Bossard Author-Name: Marie Trémolières Title: West Africa: the dynamics and trends of international migration Abstract: OECD countries receive a little less than half (97 million in 2000) of the world’s total migrants, of which 3.8 million are from Northern Africa and 1.2 million are from West Africa. West African migration is on the rise, due mainly to an increase in intra-regional mobility (7.5 million). Within the OECD, North America receives the most West African migrants, followed by Europe. This article explores further some current trends in West African migration and outlines some of the issues that could affect this migration in the future, including climate change and demographic concerns in Europe. A European-North African-West African dialogue is proposed to address these future issues and help promote more structured means of cooperation. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2010 Pages: 109-127 Volume: 2009 Issue: 4 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KMK0T5KRL0N Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jorge Martinez Pizarro Title: What is the future for Latin American migration? Abstract: International migration in Latin America today presents several features that will remain constant up to 2030, and new issues will emerge such as the growing feminisation of migration, the special case of indigenous people or human rights aspects. A concentrated migration pattern to the United States and Spain dominate the region. Although this will continue during the next decades, there will also be an incipient pattern of diversification of destinations (other European countries, Canada and Japan). Little progress has been made regarding the productive use of remittances, and the agreements and programmes targeted for temporary labour migration have not become widespread and also continue to include meagre migrant worker quotas. Today, the main destinations for intraregional migrants are Argentina, Costa Rica and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, but there are some modest signs of change in the future. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2010 Pages: 129-152 Volume: 2009 Issue: 4 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KMK0T5KQ6BW Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeff Ducanes Author-Name: Manolo Abella Title: The future of Chinese and South-East Asian migration to OECD countries Abstract: CHINA and the Philippines are among the top 10 main sending countries to OECD countries. Population growth is still high in the Philippines, which will likely exert strong pressure for emigration if economic opportunities in the country do not keep up. In China and Indonesia population growth has been reduced to replacement or below replacement levels, thereby reducing future emigration pressure. Recent economic success, if continued, would likely reduce emigration on condition that in China the distribution of benefits from its economic growth is more equitable; that Indonesia is able to generate more employment-intensive economic growth; and that the Philippines is able to extricate itself from its long history of boom-bust economic growth. There are pockets of ethnic unrest that are currently mainly dormant, but should they escalate, they will most likely have an impact on emigration to nearby countries. A large portion of the population in the region lives in coastal areas, making them vulnerable to the negative impacts associated with climate change. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2010 Pages: 7-29 Volume: 2009 Issue: 4 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KMK0T5LJQZT Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Binod Khadria Title: The future of South Asian migration: a look at India, Pakistan and Bangladesh Abstract: Between 2008 and 2030 the economy of South Asia is expected to grow at an average of 5% per annum. Such growth rates can only be sustained if adequate supplies of manpower are available. The projected increases in population could lead to a pattern of emigration followed by return, thereby propagating temporary migration – particularly of the younger cohorts – from South Asia to the OECD, unless the higher education sectors of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh absorb them for quality education and equip them with the skills that their own labour markets require. While the male-female distribution is expected to be roughly the same in all three countries by 2030, India has been projected to enjoy a “demographic dividend” while facing a high rate of graduate unemployment co-existing with skill shortages in sectors such as IT, education, health, insurance, heavy engineering, civil aviation, oil and gas. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2010 Pages: 31-54 Volume: 2009 Issue: 4 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KMK0T5LG2D7 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Megan Grace Kennedy-Chouane Title: Improving conflict prevention and peacebuilding assistance through evaluation Abstract: Evaluation and peacebuilding experts have been working together to encourage more and better evaluation of conflict prevention and peacebuilding programmes. Draft guidance has been produced and used over a two-year test phase to evaluate donor support for peacebuilding in southern Sudan, Sri Lanka, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti and elsewhere. This article looks at what has been learned from these experiences in terms of both policy lessons and how evaluation can be managed and carried out in these challenging settings. This series of evaluations has shown that progress is needed on a number of fronts – institutional, political, managerial etc. – to make development co-operation more effective in conflict affected and fragile states. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2011 Pages: 99-107 Volume: 2010 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KGC6CL2VLVD Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elisabeth Sandor Title: Mapping innovative finance for development mechanisms Abstract: This article aims to offer an OECD benchmark for regular monitoring and assessment of innovative financing for development (IFD), focusing on the relation of IFD with official development assistance (ODA) and aid effectiveness. This article looks at IFD from the perspective of both policy makers and investors from the public sector who are acting in the wider public interest. It presents coherent, compact and comparable information about various mechanisms that allows them to generate and mobilise new resources for development so that they can leverage other resources through the “catalytic” use of their own funding powers. To do so, this article includes an extensive mapping table that covers a range of IFD mechanisms. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2011 Pages: 77-97 Volume: 2010 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KGC6CL2X95D Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ben Dickinson Title: Tax and good governance Abstract: Taxation is fundamental to sustainable development. The ability to raise revenue and manage public expenditure is of core importance to every state. However, taxation plays another crucial role which has been often overlooked or underestimated in the past: as a catalyst for more responsive and accountable governments. This article explains why international taxation is a “missing link” in the development-statebuilding process and offers an important route for building effective and self-supporting states. It explores the challenges for developing countries with regard to international taxation and how future work proposed by the OECD will address these challenges. The article concludes with an assessment of what more the international community can do to better target aid towards building the capacity of developing countries’ tax administrations. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2011 Pages: 69-76 Volume: 2010 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KGC6CL2ZV0Q Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Talita Yamashiro Fordelone Title: Triangular co-operation and aid effectiveness Abstract: Can triangular co-operation make aid more effective? Judging by recent international declarations, governments think it can. The underlying assumption is that better results are achieved when Southern partners and “traditional” donors (i.e. those that gather in the OECD Development Assistance Committee) join forces through triangular co-operation. This article addresses what triangular co-operation is, which countries are involved in it and why; examines the claimed benefits of triangular co-operation vis-à-vis bilateral forms of co-operation; identifies some challenges in rendering triangular co-operation an effective mode of development co-operation; and provides recommendations on how these challenges can be met. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2011 Pages: 47-67 Volume: 2010 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KGC6CL31RNX Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Felix Zimmermann Author-Name: Kimberly Smith Title: New partnerships in development co-operation Abstract: Alongside the member countries of the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC), many other countries provide assistance to developing nations. These can be grouped into three categories: emerging donors, providers of South-South co-operation and Arab donors. Together, they accounted for USD 11.8 billion of global development co-operation in 2009, which is roughly 8% of total aid flows. Their own development achievements and different approaches to development co-operation make them an important force in the global effort to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. The DAC is seizing on its new opportunities for international partnerships for development. In opening its doors, it embraces diverse approaches and experiences in development co-operation. It also welcomes global dialogue on how to make international development co-operation as effective as possible. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2011 Pages: 37-45 Volume: 2010 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KGC6CL34322 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emily Bosch Title: Making the most of the international aid system Abstract: This article outlines how the global development set-up looks today. The picture is of a complex “ecosystem”, with many different types of organisations delivering assistance in a variety of different forms. This complexity presents both opportunities and threats to the developing countries on the receiving end. Without some oversight and guidance, the system could become burdensome and inefficient. The article describes how the DAC is in a unique position to keep track of the trends and to help to bring harmony to the system. It describes these issues in relation to the more than 200 “multilateral donors” – such as the United Nations, the World Bank and the global funds – which today receive or serve as a channel for 40% of all aid. The challenge is to ensure this is being delivered effectively and that efforts are as co-ordinated as possible, both with each other and with the priorities of the developing countries in which they work. As an example, the latest global plans to tackle climate change are a test case for the development community: the article explores how this can be done without increasing the complexity further. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2011 Pages: 27-36 Volume: 2010 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KGC6CL35RMR Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brenda Killen Title: The Paris Declaration: Five reasons why it is working Abstract: In 2005, almost all DAC donor countries and over 60 developing countries endorsed the Paris Declaration, a comprehensive attempt to change the way donor and developing countries do business together. The declaration was based on five principles: alignment, ownership, harmonisation, managing for results and mutual accountability. This article looks at each of these principles in turn and explores how they are being applied for the better by donors and partner countries alike. It takes examples from across the globe – from the Pacific to Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America – to show that the Paris Declaration has significantly changed attitudes to development co-operation and relationships between donor and partner country. This has been achieved through generating fairer and more inclusive global development partnerships, introducing a monitoring system to track progress in achieving commitments and establishing the foundations for greater accountability. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2011 Pages: 15-25 Volume: 2010 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KGC6CL3QFJB Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eckhard Deutscher Title: A wealth of diversity: Guiding development in a complex world Abstract: 2010 was a landmark year for the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in many ways. It marked 50 years since the DAC was founded, it was the year Eckhard Deutscher handed over the Chair to Brian Atwood, and it marked the coming of age of the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. In this article, the out-going DAC Chair reflects on the lessons of the past and concludes that despite the many changes and new challenges, development co-operation is as relevant today as ever. He sets three key priorities for the DAC and its members as they embark on the next 50 years. These are to stay true to the commitments made to increase aid volumes, continue to be guided by the principles of effective aid in an increasingly complex context, and reach out to all providers of development co-operation in the effort to create an effective global development partnership. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2011 Pages: 7-14 Volume: 2010 Issue: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KGC6CL3SL7C Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Erin Hengel Title: Determinants of FDI location in South East Europe (SEE) Abstract: This paper focuses on whether previous findings on the relationship between trade and institutional integration on FDI location in Central and Eastern European economies are consistent with observed patterns in South East Europe. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2011 Pages: 91-104 Volume: 2010 Issue: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KG9ZC181XS8 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adan Seric Title: Determinants of FDI location in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) Abstract: This paper focuses on the location of foreign direct investment in Central European economies during transition with a view to addressing whether trade agreements and institutional integration have had an impact on FDI inflows and location. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2011 Pages: 77-90 Volume: 2010 Issue: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KG9ZC1841VG Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adan Seric Title: Trade integration, industry concentration and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows Abstract: This paper examines the pattern of industry location in Central European Economies during transition with a view of determining whether the geographical concentration of industries has increased, which factors determine location and, finally, whether industrial policies have played a role. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2011 Pages: 43-76 Volume: 2010 Issue: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KG9ZC185WMX Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Milan Konopek Title: Review of bilateral investment treaties signed by Parties to the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 2006 Abstract: This paper reviews the content of bilateral investment treaties listed in Annex 6 of the CEFTA 2006 with a view to identifying commonalities and potential gaps. The paper examines provisions on admission and treatment (i.e., national treatment and mostfavoured nation); transfers, expropriation, and dispute settlement (i.e., state-to-state and investor-to-state). Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2011 Pages: 33-42 Volume: 2010 Issue: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KG9ZC18RFF7 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Milan Konopek Title: National treatment restrictions in Parties to the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 2006 Abstract: This paper reviews existing restrictions to national treatment found in Parties to the CEFTA 2006. The review covers restrictions to national treatment such as approval and licensing/screening procedures, equity and other discriminatory measures on establishment, corporate organisation, and transparency measures. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2011 Pages: 21-32 Volume: 2010 Issue: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KG9ZC18TDS5 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Milan Konopek Title: Trade and investment in regional trade agreements: The case of the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) 2006 Abstract: Over the past twenty years, the economies of Central and South East Europe have undergone fundamental changes – the opening of new markets, major policy reforms, deeper intra- and inter-regional economic integration and institutional improvements – which have significantly altered the landscape of economic activity in the region. This paper explores the experience in South East Europe and investigates how this growth has impacted the geographical location of economic activity in the region as well as foreign direct investment flows. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2011 Pages: 9-19 Volume: 2010 Issue: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KG9ZC18X2ZW Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Özgur Umut Senturk Title: The shipbuilding industry in Viet Nam Abstract: This report on the shipbuilding industry in Viet Nam is one of a series of such reports intended to provide an insight in the shipbuilding sector of both OECD and non-OECD economies. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2011 Pages: 71-103 Volume: 2010 Issue: 3 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KG6Z7TG35KF Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yin-Chung Tsai Title: The shipbuilding industry in China Abstract: This report on the shipbuilding industry in China is one in a series of reports to provide an insight into the shipbuilding sectors of both OECD members and non-OECD economies. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2011 Pages: 37-69 Volume: 2010 Issue: 3 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KG6Z7TG5W5L Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Özgur Umut Senturk Title: The interaction between the ship repair, ship conversion and shipbuilding industries Abstract: Shipyards can undertake a variety of activities, not all related to the construction of new vessels. While there are yards that are largely dedicated to new buildings, and others dedicated to ship repair and maintenance, in practice that distinction is blurred, as both activities can be undertaken in most yards. This report examines the interaction between these yards, in particular how feasible it is for yards to move from one activity to the other, or perhaps to engage in both at the same time. The relevance of this is that if there are few barriers for yards to move between activities, then this will have an impact on the availability of shipbuilding capacity to meet expansions or contractions of new-building demand. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2011 Pages: 7-36 Volume: 2010 Issue: 3 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5KG6Z7TM3B42 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Carbon finance in Africa Abstract: This paper* was prepared as a background reference document for the APF Special Session on Climate Change in Addis Ababa, 3 September 2009. It reviews institutional and capacity barriers to carbon finance in Africa as well as clean development mechanism procedures and financial barriers. It then goes on to discuss new and innovative funding for climate change in the region. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2012 Pages: 143-162 Volume: 2010 Issue: 4 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5K9BDTSVDGMX Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Climate challenges to Africa, from Bali to Copenhagen Abstract: This paper* was prepared for discussion during Session 3 on Climate Change at the 12th Meeting of the Africa Partnership Forum held in Rome, 10 June 2009. It addresses the issues of enhanced action on adaptation, technology development and transfer and enhanced action on the provision of financial resources and investment. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2012 Pages: 113-141 Volume: 2010 Issue: 4 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5K9BDTSVFGVK Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karim Dahou Author-Name: Doreen Kibuka-Musoke Author-Name: Brian Ngo Author-Name: Francesca Pavarini Title: Climate challenges to Africa, a call for action Abstract: This paper was prepared by the Africa Partnership Forum (APF) Support Unit* for discussion during Session 1 on “Environmental Issues and Climate Change” at the 10th Meeting of the Africa Partnership Forum in Tokyo on 7-8 April 2008. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2012 Pages: 7-112 Volume: 2010 Issue: 4 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5K9BDTSVGG5D Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Foreword Abstract: The Africa Partnership Forum (APF) was established in 2003 following the G8 Summit in Evian, as a way of extending existing dialogue between G8 countries and New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) to include Africa’s major bilateral and multilateral development partners. In 2005 APF members agreed to establish an OECD-hosted support unit to backstop ongoing monitoring and analytical work. The APF is a senior political forum for discussing and monitoring policy issues, strategies, priorities and commitments related to Africa’s development and the implementation of NEPAD programmes, in the wider context of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The APF monitors commitments and tracks progress. Its members include all African NEPAD members plus key African institutions and other major development partners, which work together as equals in the Forum and ensure synergies and coherence with other international fora. Journal: OECD Journal: General Papers Year: 2012 Pages: 3-3 Volume: 2010 Issue: 4 Handle: RePEc:oec:packab:5K9BDTSVHL27