Comparaisons de la croissance de la productivité de la main-d'œuvre au niveau de la zone de l'OCDE : L'importance des questions de mesure
Le présent document examine en quoi les problèmes de mesure affectent les comparaisons internationales de la productivité de la main-d’œuvre. Il montre que ces problèmes n’ont pas de répercussions notables sur l’évaluation du profil général d’évolution de la productivité dans la zone de l’OCDE. Par contre, ils ont une influence dès lors qu’on veut pousser plus avant l’analyse de la croissance de la productivité, notamment déterminer la part qui est imputable à un secteur particulier ou à telle ou telle composante de la demande. Les auteurs observent que la comparabilité entre pays de l’OCDE des données sur le PIB nominal soulève peu de problèmes importants et que le principal de ces derniers est lié au traitement des investissements en logiciels. Dans la plupart des cas, des efforts sont déployés pour réduire l’ampleur de ces divergences. Les disparités au niveau de la mesure du PIB réel sont également importantes, même si elles ne jouent pas toutes dans la même direction. Qui plus ...
Creation-Date: 2003-12-12
Number: 2003/5
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2003/5-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Schreyer
Author-Name: Pierre-Emmanuel Bignon
Author-Name: Julien Dupont
Title: OECD Capital Services Estimates: Methodology and a First Set of Results
Abstract: This document presents the concepts underlying capital services measures, describes estimation methods and produces a first set of results. It also raises a number of outstanding conceptual issues in relation to capital services measures ...
Ce document présente les concepts employés dans les mesures des services du capital, décrit les méthodes d'estimation et fournit un premier ensemble de résultats. Il traite également d'un certain nombre de questions conceptuelles soulevées par la mesure des services du capital ...
Creation-Date: 2003-12-19
Number: 2003/6
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2003/6-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Leonello Tronti
Author-Name: Francesca Ceccato
Author-Name: Eleonora Cimino
Title: Measuring Atypical Jobs: Levels and Changes
Abstract: Over the past years, non-standard, flexible employment contracts have gained in importance in many OECD countries. This has made it difficult for statisticians to apply standard classifications of working arrangements to measure and analyse labour market developments. This paper presents a new classification of atypical working arrangements, developed by Istat, the Italian Statistical Institute. The paper also uses this classification to quantify the level of atypical jobs and their development between 1996 and 2002 ...
Au cours des dernières années, les contrats de travail flexibles, non standards, ont pris de l’importance dans beaucoup des pays de l’OCDE. Cela rend difficile aux statisticiens l’utilisation des classifications standard des organisations de travail pour la mesure et l’analyse des développements du marché du travail. Cette étude présente une nouvelle classification des différentes organisations de travail atypiques, développée par Istat, l’Institut Statistique Italien. L’étude utilise aussi cette classification afin de quantifier le nombre de contrats de travail atypiques et leur développement entre 1996 et 2002 ...
Creation-Date: 2004-12-02
Number: 2004/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2004/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Carsten A. Holz
Title: OECD — China Governance Project: The Institutional Arrangements for the Production of Statistics
Abstract: The purpose of this working paper is to provide an overview of recent discussions on the quality of Chinese data, and to describe and evaluate the institutional organization and methods of data compilation in China. The first part outlines key criticisms of Chinese data and examines their validity. The second part describes the institutional organization of statistical data compilation in China--with a focus on the National Bureau of Statistics as China's statistical authority--and the latest innovations in data collection. The third part evaluates institutional aspects and data collection methods with reference to the data problems noted in the first part by pointing out some shortcomings and discussing various reform proposals ...
Le but de ce document est de fournir une vue globale de la qualité des données chinoises, ainsi que de décrire et évaluer les méthodes et l’organisation institutionnelle de la compilation des données en Chine. La première partie met en évidence les critiques clefs des données chinoises et examine leur validité. La seconde partie décrit l’organisation institutionnelle de la compilation des données statistiques en Chine – avec un accent particulier mis sur le National Bureau of Statistics, en tant qu’administration statistique en Chine – et les dernières innovations de la collecte des données. La troisième partie évalue les aspects institutionnels et les méthodes de collecte des données, se référant aux problèmes des données énoncés en première partie, par la mise en évidence de lacunes et la discussion de diverses propositions de réformes ...
Creation-Date: 2005-01-19
Number: 2005/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2005/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Enrico Giovannini
Author-Name: William Cave
Title: The Statistical Measurement of Services: Recent Achievements and Remaining Challenges
Abstract: Services are increasingly important in modern economies contributing about 68% of world economy value added in 2002 and, although at a much lower level, are increasingly traded internationally (see Table 1). These patterns of increasing importance of services are observed in the generality of both “developed” and “developing” economies, although there are economies which show exceptions to the trend. This paper discusses the policy needs to understand the impact of services on the performance of modern economies, some of the most pressing measurement problems, and it summarises recent actions undertaken by international organisations and expert groups to address these issues. It concludes that:- development work on services prices and volumes is fundamental to measurement of growth and needs to continue; there is a need to engage more countries in the development of their service statistics; international organisations should enhance co-ordination of interagency technical assistance and co-operation in this area; and from the national perspective, a wider implementation of a range of international standards is encouraged.
Les services prennent une importance croissante dans les économies modernes puisqu’ils ont contribué pour environ 68% à la valeur ajoutée de l’économie mondiale en 2002 et qu’ils sont de plus en plus échangés, quoique dans une mesure sensiblement moindre (cf. Tableau 1). Ces exemples de l’importance croissante des services sont communément observés dans les économies à la fois «développées» et «en développement», bien que certaines d’entre elles aillent à l’encontre de cette tendance. Ce document traite des besoins politiques pour comprendre l’impact des services sur la performance des économies modernes, de certains des problèmes de mesure les plus impérieux, et il résume les récentes actions entreprises par les organisations internationales et les groupes d’experts pour aborder ces problèmes. Dans sa conclusion, est fait état de ce qui suit: un travail de développement sur les prix et volumes de services est fondamental pour la mesure de la croissance et doit nécessairement se poursuivre; il est indispensable d’engager plus de pays au développement de leurs statistiques des services; les organisations internationales doivent améliorer la coordination interagence de l’assistance et de la coopération techniques dans ce domaine; enfin, d’un point de vue national, l’application plus étendue d’une variété de normes internationales est encouragée.
Creation-Date: 2005-08-03
Number: 2005/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2005/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Michela Nardo
Author-Workplace-Name: Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra
Author-Name: Michaela Saisana
Author-Workplace-Name: Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra
Author-Name: Andrea Saltelli
Author-Workplace-Name: Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra
Author-Name: Stefano Tarantola
Author-Workplace-Name: Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra
Author-Name: Anders Hoffmann
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Enrico Giovannini
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators: Methodology and User Guide
Abstract: This Handbook aims to provide a guide for constructing and using composite indicators for policy makers, academics, the media and other interested parties. While there are several types of composite indicators, this Handbook is concerned with those which compare and rank country performance in areas such as industrial competitiveness, sustainable development, globalisation and innovation. The Handbook aims to contribute to a better understanding of the complexity of composite indicators and to an improvement of the techniques currently used to build them. In particular, it contains a set of technical guidelines that can help constructors of composite indicators to improve the quality of their outputs. It has been prepared jointly by the OECD (the Statistics Directorate and the Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry) and the Applied Statistics and Econometrics Unit of the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission in Ispra, Italy. Primary authors from the JRC are Michela Nardo, Michaela Saisana, Andrea Saltelli and Stefano Tarantola. Primary authors from the OECD are Anders Hoffmann and Enrico Giovannini. Editorial assistance was provided by Candice Stevens, Gunseli Baygan and Karsten Olsen. The research is partly funded by the European Commission, Research Directorate, under the project KEI (Knowledge Economy Indicators), Contract FP6 No. 502529. In the OECD context, the work has benefitted from a grant from the Danish government. The views expressed are those of the authors and should not be regarded as stating an official position of either the European Commission or the OECD.
Ce Manuel a pour objectif de procurer aux responsables politiques, universitaires, médias et autres parties concernées un guide sur la façon d’élaborer et d’utiliser des indicateurs composites. Si il existe plusieurs types d’indicateurs composites, ce Manuel intéresse ceux qui comparent et classent la performance d’un pays dans des domaines comme la compétitivité industrielle, le développement durable, la mondialisation et les innovations. Le Manuel a pour objectif de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de la complexité des indicateurs composites et à une amélioration des techniques actuellement utilisées pour les élaborer. En particulier, il contient une série de lignes directrices techniques qui peuvent aider les concepteurs d’indicateurs composites à améliorer la qualité de leurs productions. Il a été conjointement préparé par l’OCDE (la Direction des statistiques et la Direction de la science, de la technologie et de l’industrie) et la cellule des Statistiques appliquées et de l’économétrie du Centre commun de recherche (CCR) de la Commission européenne à Ispra en Italie. Les auteurs originaux du CCR sont Michela Nardo, Michaela Saisana, Andrea Saltelli et Stefano Tarantola. Les auteurs originaux de l’OCDE sont Anders Hoffmann et Enrico Giovannini. L’assistance éditoriale a été assurée par Candice Stevens, Gunseli Baygan et Karsten Olsen. Les recherches sont partiellement financées par la Direction des recherches de la Commission européenne, pour le projet KEI (Knowledge Economy Indicators), Contrat FP6 no. 502529. Pour ce qui est de l’OCDE, le travail a bénéficié d’une subvention du gouvernement danois. Les points de vue exprimés sont ceux des auteurs et ils ne doivent pas être considérés comme l’expression d’une position officielle de la Commission européenne ou de l’OCDE.
Creation-Date: 2005-08-09
Number: 2005/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2005/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Matilde Mas
Author-Workplace-Name: Universitat de Valencia and Ivie
Author-Name: Javier Quesada
Author-Workplace-Name: Universitat de Valencia and Ivie
Title: ICT and Economic Growth: A Quantification of Productivity Growth in Spain 1985-2002
Abstract: Using new sectoral data on investment and capital services we carry out a growth accounting exercise on Spain 1985-2002. We compute the contribution to output and labour productivity growth of employment, non-ICT and ICT capital, labour qualification and Total Factor Productivity. Results are given for 29 different branches; individually and grouped into four clusters according to their ICT use intensity. Three ICT assets (hardware, communications and software) are considered. We find that although the ICT intensive group appears to be the most dynamic cluster, most of the impact on productivity is still to come. There is some evidence of a reversal of the productivity slow down of the nineties starting in the year 2000.
En utilisant de nouvelles données sectorielles sur les investissements et services de capital, nous menons à bien un exercice de comptabilité de croissance de l’Espagne entre 1985 et 2002. On calcule la contribution à la croissance et la productivité du travail, de l’emploi du capital TIC et non TIC, de la qualification de main d’oeuvre et de la productivité globale des facteurs. Les résultats sont donnés pour 29 différentes branches, individuellement et réparties en quatre groupes, selon l’intensité d’utilisation de leur TIC. Trois actifs des TIC sont considérés (le matériel, les communications et les logiciels). Nous trouvons que bien que le groupe le plus intensif en TIC apparaisse comme le plus dynamique, un impact encore plus important sur la productivité est attendu. En 2000, on constate une certaine accélération de la croissance de la productivité après le ralentissement des années 90.
Creation-Date: 2005-08-17
Number: 2005/4
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2005/4-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Richard McKenzie
Title: Improving Timeliness for Short-Term Economic Statistics
Abstract: Effective business cycle analysis, and indeed the monitoring of a country’s economic performance from a policy perspective, requires access to timely high quality short-term economic statistics (STES). Consequently in recent years there has been a lot of pressure on national statistics organisations (NSOs) to better serve their users by improving the timeliness of release for their short-term economic indicators. In response to this demand, NSOs have focused on improving the efficiency and methodology of their statistical production processes. So this begs the question: where would one look to find comprehensive documentation on good practices used by NSOs to improve the timeliness of their short-term economic statistics? The answer is the STES Timeliness Framework, a structured collection of documentation on a range of good practices currently used by NSOs for improving timeliness, reducing costs or improving accuracy for short-term economic statistics. This resource is freely available in the form of an intuitive, user friendly website developed by the OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics Expert Group at www.oecd.org/std/research/timeliness. This paper outlines the principles behind the development of this framework, explains its structure and reviews its current usage by statisticians.
L’analyse conjoncturelle ainsi que l’évaluation de la performance économique d’un pays d’un point de vue politique, demande l’accès aux statistiques à court teme qui sont à la fois à jour et de bonne qualité. En conséquence, ces dernières années, il y a eu beaucoup de pression sur les organisations nationales de statistiques (ONS), afin de mieux satisfaire les utilisateurs, en diminuant les délais de diffusion pour leurs indicateurs économiques à court terme. En réponse à cette demande, les ONS se sont appliquées à améliorer l’efficacité et la méthodologie de leur procédés de production statistique. Une question se pose donc : Où chercher une documentation compréhensible sur les bonnes pratiques utilisées par les ONS afin d’améliorer les délais des statistiques économiques à court terme ? La réponse est STES Timeliness Framework, une collection structurée de documentation sur une gamme de bonnes pratiques utilisées couramment par les ONS afin d’améliorer leurs délais, de réduire les coûts et d’augmenter la précision des statistiques économiques à court terme. Cette ressource est librement accessible sous la forme d’un site adapté à l’usitilisateur et agréable, développé par le OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics Expert Group : www.oecd.org/std/research/timeliness. Ce document décrit les principes qui sont derrière le développement de ce cadre, explique sa structure et examine son utilisation courante par les statisticiens.
Creation-Date: 2005-12-22
Number: 2005/5
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2005/5-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Ronny Nilsson
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Olivier Brunet
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Composite Leading Indicators for Major OECD Non-Member Economies: Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russian Federation, South Africa
Abstract: The OECD developed a System of Composite Leading indicators for its Member countries in the early 1980's based on the 'growth cycle' approach. Today the OECD compiles composite leading indicators (CLIs) for 23 of its 30 Member countries and it is envisaged to expand country coverage to include all Member countries and the major six OECD non-member economies (NMEs) monitored by the organization in the OECD System of Composite Leading Indicators. The importance of the six major NMEs was considered the first priority and a workshop with participants from the six major NMEs was held at the OECD in Paris in April 2005 to discuss an initial OECD selection of potential leading indicators for the six major NMEs and national suggestions for alternative and/or additional potential leading indicators for calculation of country specific composite leading indicators. The outcomes of this meeting and followup activities undertaken by the OECD in co-operation with the participating national agencies are reflected in the results presented in this final version of the document. The OECD indicator system uses univariate analysis to estimate trend and cycles individually for each component series and then a composite indicator is obtained by aggregation of the resulting de-trended components. Today, statistical techniques based on alternative univariate methods and multivariate analysis are increasingly used in cyclical analysis and some of these techniques are used in this study to supplement the current OECD approach in the selection of leading components and the construction of composite indicators.
L’OCDE a développé un système d’indicateurs composites avancés pour ses pays membres au début des années 80 basé sur les "cycles de croissance". Aujourd’hui, l’OCDE calcule les indicateurs composites avancés pour 23 des 30 pays membres et envisage d’étendre la couverture du système des indicateurs composites avancés à tous les pays membres ainsi qu’aux six principales économies non membres suivies par l’Organisation. L’importance des six principales économies non membres est considérée comme prioritaire et un séminaire regroupant ces six principales économies non membres fut organisé au siège de l’OCDE à Paris en avril 2005 afin de discuter d’une première sélection par l’OCDE d’indicateurs avancés potentiels pour les six principales économies non membres et discuter des suggestions des pays pour des indicateurs avancés potentiels alternatifs et/ou supplémentaires pour le calcul des indicateurs composites avancés spécifiques aux pays. Les résultats de cette réunion et les futures activités entreprises par l’OCDE en collaboration avec les agences nationales participantes sont décrits dans la version finale de ce document. Le système des indicateurs composites avancés de l’OCDE utilise une analyse univariée afin d’estimer la tendance et les cycles individuellement pour chaque série composante et ensuite un indicateur composite est obtenu par aggrégation des composantes sans tendance. Aujourd’hui, les techniques statistiques basées sur d’autres méthodes d’analyse univariée ainsi que multivariée sont de plus en plus utilisées en analyse cyclique et certaines de ces techniques sont utilisées dans l’étude afin de compléter l’approche courante de l’OCDE dans la sélection des composantes avancées et dans la construction des indicateurs composites.
Creation-Date: 2006-01-25
Number: 2006/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2006/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Richard McKenzie
Title: Undertaking Revisions and Real-Time Data Analysis using the OECD Main Economic Indicators Original Release Data and Revisions Database
Abstract: The first releases of official statistics are often revised in subsequent releases, sometimes substantially. Such revisions can impact on policy decisions, as revisions to first published data may alter the previous assessment of the state of the economy. This may occur through a changed interpretation based on the revised data itself or the impact the revision may have on econometric models which may incorporate several statistics, each subject to revision. Whilst this is a recognised issue of key importance, most producers of official statistics do not quantify expected revisions to their data and economists do not have the required data to test the sensitivity of their econometric models to revisions in input data. This important gap in knowledge required to effectively use official statistics, and demands from central banks motivated the OECD to develop a unique new product: the Main Economic Indicators Original Release Data and Revisions Database, now freely available at: http://stats.oecd.org/mei/default.asp?rev=1 . Accessing this source of originally published data will enable analysts to test the likely effectiveness of econometric models in simulated real-time. It will also enable producers of official statistics to study the magnitude and direction of subsequent revisions to published data which can lead to a better understanding of the statistical compilation process, enabling problems to be identified and improvements to be made. Revisions analysis also provides important information to users on the robustness of first estimates...
Les premières publications des statistiques officielles sont souvent révisées dans des publications ultérieures, parfois substantiellement. Les révisions des données initiales peuvent avoir une incidence sur les décisions de politique économique car elles peuvent modifier l'appréciation portée antérieurement sur l'état de l'économie. En effet, l'analyse même des données révisées peut donner lieu à une nouvelle interprétation et la révision peut avoir une incidence sur les modèles économétriques intégrant parfois plusieurs statistiques, chacune sujette à révision. Bien qu'il s'agisse d'une question dont l?importance centrale est reconnue, la plupart de ceux qui produisent des statistiques officielles ne quantifient pas les révisions attendues de leurs données et les économistes ne disposent pas des données nécessaires pour tester la sensibilité de leurs modèles économétriques aux révisions des données utilisées pour les établir. Cette lacune importante dans les connaissances requises pour utiliser efficacement les statistiques officielles et les exigences des banques centrales ont incité l'OCDE à élaborer un nouveau produit unique : la Base de données de l'OCDE : « Principaux indicateurs économiques : première publication des données et révisions ultérieures. », désormais accessible gratuitement sur le site : http://stats.oecd.org/mei/default.asp?rev=1. L'accès à cette source de données initiales permettra aux analystes de tester l'efficacité probable des modèles économétriques en temps réel simulé. Il permettra aussi aux producteurs de statistiques officielles d'étudier l'importance et l'orientation des révisions apportées ultérieurement aux données publiées, ce qui devrait conduire à une meilleure compréhension du processus d'établissement des statistiques, faciliter la mise en évidence des problèmes et donner lieu à des améliorations. L'analyse des révisions fournit aussi des informations importantes aux utilisateurs sur la robustesse des premières estimations...
Creation-Date: 2006-09-14
Number: 2006/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2006/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Nadim Ahmad
Title: A Proposed Framework For business Demography Statistics
Abstract: The creation of new businesses and the decline of unproductive ones are often regarded key to business dynamism in OECD economies. Understanding business behaviour, creative destruction and identifying successful and failing businesses, as well as fostering entrepreneurship and innovation, have become increasingly important objectives for policy makers in many OECD economies in recent years. However, despite its growing importance, the study of business dynamics, and entrepreneurship more generally, is hampered by the lack of truly internationally comparable indicators. That is not for a lack of data however, as many statistical institutions and private agencies produce statistics in this domain, but because they lack comparability, are of questionable quality, or are not able to tackle all of the policy questions related to these issues, they can often generate confusion, giving mixed messages to policy makers. The framework of business demography indicators presented in this paper is an attempt to fill this gap by providing a mechanism by which more comparable indicators of business demography can be produced across OECD countries in particular, considering both what is practically achievable and
La création des nouvelles entreprises, et le déclin de celles qui ne sont pas productives sont souvent considerées comme étant primordiales pour le dynamisme de celles des pays de l'OCDE. Ces dernières années, comprendre le comportement des entreprises, les « destructions créatives », et identifier les affaires qui fonctionnent ou pas, ainsi que la promotion de l'entreprenariat et de l'innovation, sont devenus des objectifs de plus en plus importants pour les décideurs dans les economies de l'OCDE. Cependant, en dépit de son importance croissante, l'étude de la dynamique des entreprises, et de l'entreprenariat plus généralement, est gênée par le manque d'indicateurs internationaux réellement comparables. Néanmoins, cela ne vient pas d'un manque de données puisque beaucoup d'instituts ou d'agences privées produisent des statistiques en ce domaine, mais du fait qu'ils manquent de comparabilité, sont de qualité discutable, ou ne sont pas à même de répondre à toutes les questions politiques relatives, ce qui est source de confusion et de messages éronés auprès des décideurs. La structure des indicateurs de la démographie des entreprises présentée dans ce document va tenter de combler les vides en fournissant un mécanisme par lequel plus d'indictateurs comparables de la démographie des entreprises peuvent être produits, en particulier parmi les pays de l'OCDE, considérant ce qui réellement faisable et ce qui est souhaitable.
Creation-Date: 2006-10-24
Number: 2006/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2006/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Steven Vale
Author-Workplace-Name: Office for National Statistics
Title: The International comparability of Business Start-up Rates Final Report
Abstract: Growing political and academic interest in entrepreneurship and business demography, and particularly the role and value of new businesses in national economies, is prompting various research projects on these topics. One of the main issues faced by researchers and policy makers is the current lack of international comparability of data on business start-up rates, which are often seen as key indicators of entrepreneurship and economic dynamism. This paper investigates this issue and concludes that current estimates are not typically comparable, for a number of reasons, which are presented in the form of a typology. On a more positive note however the paper notes that the basic data sources required to improve comparability exist and that significant progress can be made in this area in the short to medium term by encouraging the harmonisation of concepts.
L'intérêt politique et académique croissant porté à l'entreprenariat et à la démographie des entreprises, en particulier le rôle et la valeur des nouvelles entreprises dans les économies nationales, ont relancé les divers projets de recherche sur le sujet. L'un de problèmes majeurs rencontré par les chercheurs et les décideurs est le manque de comparabilité des données concernant les taux des entreprises qui démarrent, ce dernier étant souvent considéré comme un indicateur clé de l'entreprenariat et du dynamisme économique. Ce document enquête sur ce sujet et conclura que les estimations disponibles ne sont pas typiquement comparables, pour beaucoup de raisons, qui sont présentées sous la forme d'une typologie. Cependant, de manière plus positive, ce document révèle que les sources de données basiques nécessaires à améliorer la comparabilité existent, et que des progrès significants peuvent être faits en la matière, à court et moyen terme, en encourageant l'harmonisation des concepts.
Creation-Date: 2006-11-14
Number: 2006/4
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2006/4-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Ronny Nilsson
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Composite Leading Indicators and Growth Cycles in Major OECD Non-Member Economies and recently new OECD Members Countries
Abstract: The OECD developed a System of Composite Leading Indicators (CLIs) for its Member Countries in the early 1980?s based on the ?growth cycle? approach and up to 2006 the Organisation compiled composite leading indicators for 23 of the 30 Member countries. Country coverage has now been expanded to include recently new OECD member countries (Korea, New Zealand1, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovak Republic) and the major six OECD non-member economies (Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russian Federation and South Africa) monitored by the organization in the OECD System of Composite Leading Indicators. The expansion of the OECD System of Composite Leading Indicators to include the new CLIs for the six recently new OECD member countries has implications for the calculation of the OECD total area and the OECD Europe area aggregates. In addition, the inclusion of the new CLIs for all of above twelve countries opens the possibility to calculate new area aggregates such as Major Asian economies, Eastern Europe including or excluding the Russian Federation and a World proxy to give information on the overall global development. The importance of such new regional or area aggregates is of course very much dependent on the existence of different cyclical patterns between these new aggregates and the established ones. However, the calculation of a World proxy aggregate is important in itself in so far that it will represent global development better than the OECD total area aggregate.
L'OCDE a développé un système d'indicateurs composites avancés (CLIs) pour ses pays membres au début des années 80 basé sur l'approche du cycle de croissance. Jusqu'en 2006, l'Organisation a compilé ces indicateurs composites avancés pour 23 de ses 30 pays membres. La couverture géographique s?est agrandie et tient compte maintenant des pays nouvellement membres de l'Organisation (la Corée, la Nouvelle Zélande, la République tchèque, la Hongrie, la Pologne et la République slovaque). Les six principales économies non membres de l'OCDE (le Brésil, la Chine, l'Inde, l'Indonésie, la Fédération de Russie et l'Afrique du Sud) ont été également introduites dans le système des indicateurs composites avancés de l'OCDE. L'ouverture des six nouveaux pays membres au système des indicateurs composites avancés de l'OCDE a eu des implications quant au calcul des agrégats de la zone OCDE total et de la zone OCDE Europe. De plus, l'inclusion de ces indicateurs composites avancés pour les 12 nouveaux pays su mentionnés ouvre la possibilité au calcul de nouveaux agrégats tels que l'Asie des 5 grands, l?Europe de l'Est avec ou sans la Fédération de Russie et une zone monde approximatif qui donnerait une information sur le développement global total. L'importance de tels nouveaux agrégats régionaux ou totaux dépend beaucoup de l'existence de schémas cycliques différents entre ces nouveaux agrégats et ceux déjà établis. Cependant, le calcul d'un agrégat monde approximatif est très important en soit car il représentera mieux le développement global que ne le faisait l'agrégat de la zone OCDE total.
Creation-Date: 2006-12-11
Number: 2006/5
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2006/5-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Ronny Nilsson
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Emmanuelle Guidetti
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Current Period Performance of OECD Composite Leading Indicators (CLIs): Revision analysis of CLIs for OECD Member countries
Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the current period performance of the OECD composite leading indicators (CLIs) for 21 OECD Member countries and three zone aggregates (OECD area, Euro area and Major Seven countries) for which CLIs are available for a longer time period. The revisions analysis of OECD CLIs is similar to those recently undertaken by the Organisation for a range of quantitative short-term economic indicators. The aim of the current analysis on CLIs is to further evaluate the quality of the indicator in order to: identify areas where their reliability could be improved; and provide further information to users on their use for economic analyses. The results show that first estimates of CLIs are revised frequently but the size of revisions is rather small for most countries and almost neglectable for zone aggregates and there is no evidence of bias. They also indicate that there is an improvement in the reliability of the second estimates. The OECD CLI is, however, designed to provide early signals of turning points (peaks and troughs) between expansions and slowdowns of economic activity. It provides qualitative information on short-term economic movements rather than quantitative measures. Therefore, the main message of CLI movements over time is the direction up or down rather than levels. A simple measure which considers the direction is the sign of the movements. The results show that for almost all the countries, around 90% of the time the sign of the initial estimates of year-on-year growth rates and the 6 month rate of change are the same as the ones published one month later. So the initial estimate can be considered as a good indicator of whether economic activity will move up or down in the near term future...
Ce document présente une analyse détaillée de la performance actuelle des indicateurs composites avancés (CLI) de l’OCDE pour 21 de ses pays membres et pour trois agrégats (total OCDE, la zone Euro et les pays du G7), pour lesquels ces indicateurs sont disponibles sur une longue période. L’analyse des révisions des indicateurs composites avancés de l’OCDE est similaire à celles récemment entreprises par l’Organisation pour un certain nombre d’indicateurs économiques à court terme quantitatifs. Le but de cette présente analyse sur les indicateurs composites avancés est non seulement de faire une évaluation approfondie de leur qualité afin d’en améliorer la fiabilité quand cela s’avère nécessaire ; mais aussi de donner une meilleure information quant à leur utilisation pour des analyses économiques. Les résultats montrent que la première estimation des indicateurs composites avancés est sujette à être fréquemment révisée, mais l’amplitude de ces révisions est relativement petite pour la plupart des pays et presque négligeable pour les agrégats calculés et il n’y a pas d’évidence de biais. Les résultats indiquent aussi une amélioration de la fiabilité de la deuxième estimation (celle publié un mois plus tard). L’indicateur composite avancé de l’OCDE a été, cependant, conçu pour signaler à l’avance les points de retournement (pics et creux) entre les phases d’expansion et de ralentissement de l’activité économique. Il fournit une information qualitative sur les mouvements économiques à court terme plutôt qu’une mesure quantitative. Ainsi, le message principal des mouvements des indicateurs composites avancés à travers le temps est la direction vers le haut ou vers le bas de ces mouvements plutôt que leurs amplitudes. Une mesure simple, qui rend compte de la direction, est le signe des mouvements. Les résultats montrent que pour la plupart des pays, environ 90% du temps, le signe de l’estimation initiale des taux de croissance en glissement annuel et des taux de variation sur 6 mois est similaire au signe de celle publiée un mois plus tard. Par conséquent l’estimation initiale peut être considérée comme étant un bon indicateur quant à la direction que va prendre, dans un futur proche, l’activité économique...
Creation-Date: 2007-05-11
Number: 2007/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2007/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Enrico Giovannini
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Statistics and Politics in a "Knowledge Society".
Abstract: Several studies have analysed the characteristics of the knowledge society, as well as its impact on the production of "official" statistics. In this paper we will not enter into this debate, but we will try to analyse the role of statistics in building a knowledge society and improving the democratic control of policy makers. This issue is especially important because the development of information and communication technologies (ICT) dramatically reduced the cost of producing statistics: therefore, nowadays a huge number of organisations is able to produce statistical figures and indices, frequently picked up by media, just for advocacy purposes and this contributes to create a sense of "confusion" often reported by citizens about the real state of the economy and of the society. This "noise" does not help at all citizens to make the best possible choices, including the electoral ones, and this is not a good thing for the functioning of economic markets and the democracy. The paper initially analyses the relationships between information, expectations and economic theory, as well as the nexus between information and political sciences. In the second part, various approaches to the measurement of societal progress and the role of "key indicators" are presented and analysed. Moreover, theoretical models and empirical evidence about what citizens know on societal progress are discussed. Finally, the OECD project on the measurement of societal progress is presented.
Plusieurs études ont analysé les caractéristiques d’une société de la connaissance, ainsi que son impact sur la production de statistiques « officielles ». Nous n’entrerons pas dans ce débat dans ce document, mais nous essayerons d’analyser le rôle des statistiques dans la construction d’une société de la connaissance et l’amélioration du contrôle démocratique des décideurs politiques. Cette question est particulièrement importante parce que le développement des technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) a nettement réduit le coût de la production des statistiques : par conséquent, un grand nombre d’organisations sont maintenant capables de produire des chiffres et des indices, fréquemment repris par les médias, dans le but de sensibiliser ce qui contribue à créer un sentiment de « confusion » souvent rapporté par les citoyens à propos de l’état réel de l’économie et de la société. Ce « bruit » n’aide pas les citoyens à faire les meilleurs choix possibles, y compris les choix électoraux, et ce n’est pas une bonne chose pour le fonctionnement des marchés économiques et de la démocratie. Cet article examine initialement les rapports entre l?information, les attentes et la théorie économique, ainsi que la connexion entre l'information et les sciences politiques. Dans la deuxième partie, diverses approches de la mesure du progrès sociétal et du rôle des « indicateurs clés » sont présentées et analysées. De plus, les modèles théoriques et l'évidence empirique au sujet de ce que les citoyens connaissent du progrès sociétal sont discutés. En conclusion, le projet de l'OCDE sur la mesure du progrès sociétal est présenté.
Creation-Date: 2007-05-29
Number: 2007/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2007/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: John C. Gordon
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Helen Beilby-Orrin
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: International Measurement of the Economic and Social Importance of Culture
Abstract: This report provides information on an OECD Project examining the feasibility of producing reliable international comparative measures of the culture sector. As part of the project, initial measures were produced for five countries and four cities. A draft version of this paper was circulated in August 2006 and, subsequently, an international workshop of experts was held in Paris in December 2006. Comments and recommendations from the participants at the workshop and from others have been incorporated into the paper. Section XII Next Steps contains a workplan that is designed to enable the production of reliable comparable measures on an ongoing basis.
Creation-Date: 2007-04-03
Number: 2007/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2007/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Nadim Ahmad
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Richard G. Seymour
Author-Workplace-Name: The University of Sydney
Title: Defining Entrepreneurial Activity: Definitions Supporting Frameworks for Data Collection
Abstract: This paper sets out definitions of the entrepreneur, entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial activity for the purpose of supporting the development of related indicators. The paper recognises the long history in this area and the contention and differences that have existed, and that continue to exist, between academics who have confronted this issue over the last two centuries. It deliberately adopts a more pragmatic approach based on two principles ? relevance and measurability - resulting in definitions that are developed from both a bottom-up and top-down approach. Importantly, the definitions emphasise the dynamic nature of entrepreneurial activity and focus attention on action rather than intentions or supply/demand conditions. The paper concludes with an overview of policy implications arising from the definitions.
Ce document propose les définitions de l’entrepreneur, de l’entrepreneuriat et de l'activité entrepreneuriale afin d'étayer le développement d'indicateurs statistiques sur l'entrepreneuriat. Le document reconnaît les controverses et différences qui ont existé, et qui continuent à exister, entre universitaires qui se sont confrontés à cette question au cours des deux derniers siècles. Les auteurs adoptent délibérément une approche plus pragmatique basée sur deux principes - pertinence et mesurabilité - ayant pour résultat des définitions élaborées à partir d’une approche ascendante (à partir de données mesurables) et descendante (basée sur les objectifs à atteindre). Les définitions soulignent en priorité la nature dynamique de l'activité entrepreneuriale et se concentrent sur l’action plutôt que sur les intentions ou les conditions de l’offre et de la demande. Le papier conclut avec une vue d’ensemble des implications résultant de ces définitions pour les politiques économiques.
Creation-Date: 2008-01-24
Number: 2008/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2008/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Nadim Ahmad
Author-Name: Anders Hoffmann
Title: A Framework for Addressing and Measuring Entrepreneurship
Abstract: In recent years entrepreneurship has become a buzzword that?s entered the mainstream. Politicians continuously cite its importance and the need to create more entrepreneurial societies, and newspapers and television programmes frequently create themes around successful entrepreneurs. But, the pursuit and development of policies related to entrepreneurship are often hampered by the limited, albeit growing, empirical information relating to entrepreneurship (its size, factors and benefits). Therefore, in the absence of definitions that capture the essence of entrepreneurship, and entrepreneurship indicators that are internationally comparable, policy makers are left somewhat rudderless when it comes to developing policies, particularly when they relate to learning from international best-practice. These shortcomings and the growing importance of entrepreneurship in the policy domain have magnified the need for a sounder basis for internationally comparable indicators of entrepreneurship. This paper provides a framework that is intended to provide that sounder basis. It does so by adopting a holistic approach, and, so, by focusing on the: factors that impede or motivate entrepreneurship (determinants); measures that provide indicators of the state of entrepreneurship (entrepreneurial performance); and, outcomes (impacts) of that performance on the economy as a whole. Each of these three themes provides the overarching structure to the framework, using a standardised OECD definition of entrepreneurship, and, within each, we develop a suite of indicators that provide the basis for quantifiable information to be collected in an internationally comparable way for each of these themes.
Cadre pour la présentation et la mesure de l'entrepreneuriat
L’entrepreneuriat est devenu un terme incontournable ces dernières années, il est au coeur des préoccupations des décideurs politiques qui soulignent très régulièrement son importance et la nécessité de créer des sociétés plus entrepreneuriales. De même, journaux et émissions télévisées montent fréquemment des sujets autour d'entrepreneurs qui réussissent. Malgré cela, le développement de politiques liées à entrepreneuriat sont souvent entravés par les limites, quoique régulièrement repoussées, de l’information empirique disponible sur l?entrepreneuriat (sa taille, les facteurs l'encourageant et les avantages retirés). Ainsi, l'absence de définition communément admise sur l’essence de l'entrepreneuriat et d'indicateurs comparables au niveau international, laisse les décideurs politiques sans leviers de commande pour développer leur politiques économiques et ce, de façon plus prégnante encore lorsqu'il s'agit d'étudier les meilleurs pratiques internationales. Ces imperfections, ajoutées à l’importance croissante de l’entrepreneuriat sur la scène politique, ont renforcé le besoin de fondements plus solides au niveau international pour des indicateurs sur l'entrepreneuriat. Ce document apporte cette base solide en adoptant une approche holistique. Il rassemble les facteurs qui entravent ou encouragent l?entrepreneuriat (les déterminants) ; les mesures évaluant l'état de l'entrepreneuriat (les indicateurs de performance) ; et les résultats (l'impact économique). Ces trois thèmes structurent le cadre d'analyse et utilisent la définition standardisée de l'OCDE pour l'entrepreneuriat. Pour chacun de ces thèmes nous développons une suite d'indicateurs, donnant ainsi une base d’information statistique à collecter comparable au niveau international.
Creation-Date: 2008-01-24
Number: 2008/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2008/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Isabelle Bensidoun
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre d’Etudes Prospectives et d’Informations Internationales
Author-Name: Deniz Ünal-Kesenci
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre d’Etudes Prospectives et d’Informations Internationales
Title: Globalisation in Services: From Measurement to Analysis
Abstract: This paper provides new estimates of international trade in services for mode 3 (foreign affiliates' sales in a host country) for four major OECD countries, thanks to the harmonisation of FATS statistics with conventional international trade ones (trade recorded in the balances of payments - modes 1 and 2), using the CEPII's exhaustive CHELEM-BAL database. The results show that sales by foreign affiliates abroad account for the bulk of international trade in services. Technological changes are speeding up the globalisation of the tertiary sector. These new areas of trade are still dominated by the Northern countries, whose service surpluses offset some of their declining competitiveness in manufacturing markets.
Grâce à une mise en cohérence des statistiques FATS (ventes des filiales d'entreprises étrangères dans un pays d'accueil) et de celles du commerce international stricto sensu (échanges inscrits dans les balances des paiements, modes 1 et 2), cette étude propose des estimations inédites, pour quatre grands pays de l'OCDE, des échanges internationaux de services par modes de fourniture. Les résultats montrent que les ventes des filiales à l'étranger constituent la majeure partie des échanges de services, et ce en dépit des progrès technologiques qui ont levé la contrainte posée par la distance au commerce de nombreux services aux entreprises. Ces derniers, par leur dynamisme, ont profondément modifié le visage de la mondialisation dans le tertiaire. Les pays du Nord sont, pour le moment, les principaux acteurs sur ces marchés où ils compensent en partie l'érosion de leur compétitivité dans le secteur manufacturier.
Classification-JEL: F10; F14; F23; L80
Keywords: FATS, international trade, services, specialisation
Creation-Date: 2008-02-12
Number: 2008/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2008/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Richard McKenzie
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: David Brackfield
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: The OECD System of Unit Labour Cost and Related Indicators
Abstract: This paper outlines in detail the methodology and statistical processes used for compiling the outputs of the OECD System of Unit Labour Cost and Related Indicators. This new System has been developed by the OECD in response to concerns from the international community of economic analysts on the limited availability of internationally comparable data concerning labour costs, particularly in activities outside of Manufacturing and on a sub-annual basis. The outputs of this System, which are updated at the end of each quarter, consist of long time series of annual and quarterly unit labour cost and related indicators compiled using a specific methodology to maximise comparability across countries. The related indicators include annual time series for: labour productivity; labour compensation per unit labour input (including PPP adjusted); exchange rate adjusted unit labour costs and; labour income share ratios. Data are available for all OECD Member countries and the Euro area for a wide range of economic activities including Total Economy, Manufacturing & Industry, Market Services and the Business Sector. The release of this new product represents the outcome of four years of development work by the OECD that has benefited from contributions by academia and national consultants, and involved extensive consultation with national statistics offices, national central banks, and the OECD Economics Department.
Cet article décrit de façon détaillée la méthodologie et les procédés statistiques utilisés dans le calcul des résultats du Système OCDE des coûts unitaires de la main d'euvre et d?indicateurs associés. L'OCDE a développé ce nouveau système en réponse aux préoccupations de la communauté internationale des analystes économiques sur la disponibilité limitée de coûts de la main d'oeuvre comparables à l'échelle internationale, notamment sur une base infra-annuelle et pour des activités autres que manufacturières. Les résultats de ce système, mis à jour à la fin de chaque trimestre, sont des séries chronologiques longues de coûts unitaires de la main d'oeuvre trimestriels et annuels et d'indicateurs associés. Ces séries sont calculées selon une méthodologie spécifique maximisant la comparabilité entre les pays. Les indicateurs associés incluent des séries chronologiques annuelles pour : la productivité du travail ; la rémunération du travail par unité de main d'oeuvre (y compris un ajustement par les PPA) ; les coûts unitaires de la main d'oeuvre ajustés des taux de change et la part des revenus du travail dans la valeur ajoutée (ratios). Les donnée sont disponibles pour tous les pays membres de l'OCDE et la Zone euro pour un large éventail d'activités économiques : Économie totale, activités de fabrication et industrie, services marchands et secteur marchand. La publication de ce nouveau produit représente le fruit de quatre années de développement par l'OCDE, qui a bénéficié des contributions de consultants académiques et nationaux, et a impliqué une large consultation avec les instituts statistiques nationaux, les banques centrales nationales et le département des affaires économiques de l'OCDE.
Creation-Date: 2008-03-21
Number: 2008/4
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2008/4-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Giuseppe Bruno
Author-Workplace-Name: Bank of Italy
Author-Name: Riccardo De Bonis
Author-Workplace-Name: Bank of Italy
Title: Do Financial Systems Converge?: New Evidence from Household Financial Assets in Selected OECD Countries
Abstract: Many authors underlined the convergence of financial structures towards a model which combines elements of the Anglo Saxon one, where markets prevail, with characteristics of the continental European systems, where intermediaries are predominant. The goal of this paper is to study financial systems convergence through the lens of household asset allocation. We analyze s and ß convergence of total household financial assets and their main components: deposits, securities other than shares, shares and other equity, insurance technical reserves. The novelty of the paper is to exploit a database containing time series since 1980 for nine OECD countries. Using disposable income as a scale variable, we found convergence of household total financial assets, insurance technical reserves and shares and other equity. Weaker results are obtained for convergence of household securities other than shares, and currency and deposits. In a nutshell, financial systems show signals of convergence in asset allocation, but national characteristics persist when households invest in securities and deposits.
Classification-JEL: G10; G20
Keywords: alpha and beta convergence, financial systems
Creation-Date: 2009-02-25
Number: 2009/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2009/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Denis Marionnet
Author-Workplace-Name: Banque de France
Title: The Final Financial Investment of French Households
Abstract: This study wants to spot and analyse the “final financial instruments” in which French households’ financial savings are invested by making transparent their intermediated investments with mutual funds and life insurance corporations. It attempts to identify where French households’ savings is finally allocated (France or abroad), who bears the liquidity risk and the market risk. Doing so, the role of financial intermediaries such as insurance corporations and mutual funds may be specified more accurately.
Creation-Date: 2009-02-26
Number: 2009/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2009/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Adolfo Morrone
Author-Workplace-Name: Italian National Institute of Statistics
Author-Name: Noemi Tontoranelli
Author-Workplace-Name: Unicredit
Author-Name: Giulia Ranuzzi
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: How Good is Trust?: Measuring Trust and its Role for the Progress of Societies
Abstract: This paper investigates the notion and role of trust in modern societies as a first step towards the construction of indicators that could better inform our understanding of societal progress. Trust is commonly viewed as a proxy indicator of social capital, and a high level of trust is considered a factor that can enhance economic growth and social well-being. Indicators of trust inform about the quality of people’s interactions with others, hence on their assessment of the extent to which other people in the community are perceived as potential partners rather than as rivals. The paper, starting from the various notions and theories of trust provided in literature, discusses different definitions of trust, its various dimensions (i.e. interpersonal and institutional trust), their relation to the broader notion of social capital, and the different factors that affect it. It then overviews the measures currently used to assess trust, discussing their advantages and disadvantages. Questions assessing the degree of trust of respondents towards other people and institutions have been asked in dozens of large-scale surveys worldwide, and these data highlight systematic relations between trust and various dimensions of economic and social well-being. The paper concludes by noting the limits of available evidence and the scope for improvements through better survey design and more comparable survey questions.
Creation-Date: 2009-10-23
Number: 2009/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2009/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Samuel Pinto Ribeiro
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Stefano Menghinello
Author-Workplace-Name: National Statistical Institute
Author-Name: Koen De Backer
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: The OECD ORBIS Database: Responding to the Need for Firm-Level Micro-Data in the OECD
Abstract: Firm-level micro-data have become increasingly important in OECD activities not only for econometric analysis that captures heterogeneity across enterprises but also in order to conduct different and more detailed types of data aggregation (e.g. by geographical unit, firm size, industry). This paper describes the development of the OECD ORBIS micro database. This database includes more than 200 variables providing financial and ownership information for over 44 million companies across the world. The paper provides an overview of the nature of these data, and of the advantages and disadvantages of such administrative micro-data for research. It describes the data included in the OECD ORBIS database and the cleaning procedures that have been undertaken to identify suspicious values. The paper then presents some preliminary aggregate results showing the potential of the database. Finally, it identifies some structural biases in the database and the steps that should be taken to correct them.
L’accès aux micro-données d’entreprises est devenu très important dans le cadre des activités de l’OCDE non seulement pour les analyses économiques qui mettent en évidence l’hétérogénéité des entreprises mais aussi dans le cadre d’études conduisant à des agrégations plus détaillées (par zone géographique, taille d’entreprise ou industrie). Ce document décrit le développement de la base ORBIS au sein de l’OCDE. Cette base de données comporte plus de 200 variables fournissant des informations sur l’actionnariat et les comptes financiers de plus de 44 millions d’entreprises à travers le monde. Ce document fourni une vue d’ensemble sur la nature des données ainsi que les avantages et les inconvénients de telles données pour la recherche. Il décrit les données incluses dans la base OCDE ORBIS et les procédures de nettoyage qui ont été mises en place pour identifier les valeurs aberrantes. De plus, ce document présente les résultats d’une agrégation préliminaire mettant en évidence le potentiel de la base de données. Finalement, il montre certaines erreurs systématiques nécessitant une amélioration de la représentativité des données.
Creation-Date: 2010-03-25
Number: 2010/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2010/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Schreyer
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Towards Measuring the Volume Output of Education and Health Services: A Handbook
Abstract: The measurement of volumes of health and education services constitutes a challenge for national accountants and price statisticians. In the past, such services have typically been measured by the inputs used to provide them but such an approach neglects any productivity changes in service provision. An increasing number of countries is now working towards output-based measures of the volume of these services. The present document summarises country practices and provides methodological guidance for output-based approaches in the measurement of health and education services. The handbook deals with volume changes over time within a country as well as with volume differences at a particular point in time across countries.
La mesure des volumes de services de la santé et de l’éducation constitue un défi pour les comptables nationaux et les statisticiens des prix. Dans le passé, de tels services ont été typiquement mesurés par les entrants employées pour les fournir mais une telle approche néglige tous les changements de productivité dans la production de service. Un nombre croissant de pays travaille maintenant vers des mesures basées sur une notion de ‘output’ de ces services. Le présent document récapitule des pratiques en matière de pays et fournit des conseils méthodologiques pour des approches ‘output’ dans la mesure des services de santé et d'éducation. Le manuel traite des changements de volume temporels au sein d’un pays aussi bien que les différences de volume à un moment particulier à travers des pays.
Creation-Date: 2010-04-28
Number: 2010/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2010/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: Comparing Price Levels of Hospital Services Across Countries: Results of a Pilot Study
Abstract: Health services account for a large and increasing share of production and expenditure in OECD countries but there are also noticeable differences between countries in expenditure per capita. Whether such differences are due to more services consumed in some countries than in others or whether they reflect differences in the price of services is a question of significant policy relevance. Yet, cross-country comparisons of the price of health services are rare and fraught with measurement issues. This paper presents a new set of comparative prices for hospital services in a selection of OECD countries. The data is novel in that it reflects quasi-prices (negotiated or administrative prices or tariffs) of the output of hospital services. Traditionally, prices of outputs have been compared by comparing prices of inputs such as wage rates of medical personnel. The new methodology moves away from the input perspective towards an output perspective. This should allow productivity differences between countries to be captured and paves the way for more meaningful comparisons of the volume of health services provided to consumers in the different countries. One of the key findings of the pilot study is that the price level of hospital services in the United States is more than 60 % above that of the average price level of 12 countries included in the study. Price levels turn out to be significantly below average in Korea, Israel and Slovenia.
Les services de santé représentent une part importante et croissante de la production et des dépenses dans les pays de l’OCDE mais avec des différences notables entre pays dans les dépenses par habitant. Savoir si de telles différences sont dues aux quantités de services consommés dans tel ou tel pays ou reflètent des différences dans les prix des services est une question fondamentale pour mener une politique pertinente. Jusqu’à présent, les comparaisons entre pays du prix des services de santé sont rares et rendues difficiles par les problèmes de mesure. Cet article présente un ensemble de prix comparatifs pour les services hospitaliers dans une sélection de pays de l'OCDE. Ces données sont inédites car elles reflètent « les quasi-prix » (prix négociés ou réglementés ou tarifs) de la production de services hospitaliers. Traditionnellement, les prix de ces produits étaient comparés en utilisant les prix des « input » (approche par les coûts) tels que les taux de salaire du personnel médical. La nouvelle méthodologie s’écarte de cette approche pour tendre vers une approche « output ». Cela devrait permettre de saisir les différences de productivité entre les pays et d’ouvrir la voie à des comparaisons plus significatives du volume des services de santé fournis aux consommateurs dans les différents pays. Un des résultats clés de cette étude pilote est que le niveau de prix des services hospitaliers aux États -Unis est de plus de 60% supérieur au niveau de prix moyen des 12 pays inclus dans l’étude. En revanche, les niveaux de prix sont significativement plus bas en Corée, en Israël et en Slovénie.
Creation-Date: 2010-07-09
Number: 2010/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2010/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Katherine Scrivens
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Barbara Iasiello
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Indicators of “Societal Progress”: Lessons from International Experiences
Abstract: This paper looks at different experiences in the development and use of societal progress indicator sets – at the European, national and sub-national level – with the aim of identifying useful lessons from these experiences. Five case studies are presented: the indicators used to support the EU ?Lisbon Strategy?; the UK Sustainable Development indicators; Measures of Australia?s Progress; Measuring Ireland?s Progress; and an example of a local community indicator initiative – the Santa Cruz Community Assessment Programme, in California. The paper concludes that for societal progress indicators to be used and applied in decision-making processes, then three conditions need to be met. First, the indicators should be seen as legitimate by the intended users. Second, the indicators should be set within a wider system that provides =fit-for-purpose‘ information. Third, an appropriate incentive structure must be in place for stakeholders to act on that information.
Cet article relate une variété d‘expériences liées au développement et à l‘emploi des séries d‘indicateurs de progrès sociétal, aux niveaux européen, national et infranational, et cherche à identifier les leçons qui peuvent être tirées de ces expériences. Cinq études de cas sont présentées : les indicateurs utilisés pour soutenir la Stratégie de Lisbonne de l‘UE ; les indicateurs du développement durable du Royaume-Uni ; Mesures des progrès de l‘Australie ; Mesurer les progrès de l‘Irlande ; et, un exemple d‘initiative d‘indicateurs d‘une communauté locale, le Programme d‘évaluation communautaire de Santa Cruz en Californie. L‘article conclut qu‘afin d‘employer et d‘appliquer les indicateurs de progrès sociétal dans le processus de prises de décisions, les conditions suivantes doivent être réunies. Premièrement, les indicateurs devraient être perçus comme légitimes par ceux qui s‘en serviraient. Deuxièmement, les indicateurs devraient être placés dans le contexte d‘un système plus étendu qui fournit des informations « adaptées au besoin ». Troisièmement, des incitations appropriées doivent exister afin que les parties intéressées agissent sur ces informations.
Creation-Date: 2010-06-30
Number: 2010/4
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2010/4-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Jon Hall
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Enrico Giovannini
Author-Workplace-Name: Italian National Institute of Statistics
Author-Name: Adolfo Morrone
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Giulia Ranuzzi
Title: A Framework to Measure the Progress of Societies
Abstract: Over the last three decades, a number of frameworks have been developed to promote and measure well-being, quality of life, human development and sustainable development. Some frameworks use a conceptual approach while others employ a consultative approach, and different initiatives to measure progress will require different frameworks. The aim of this paper is to present a proposed framework for measuring the progress of societies, and to compare it with other progress frameworks that are currently in use around the world. The framework does not aim to be definitive, but rather to suggest a common starting point that the authors believe is broad-based and flexible enough to be applied in many situations around the world. It is also the intention that the framework could be used to identify gaps in existing statistical standards and to guide work to fill these gaps.
Pendant les trois dernières décennies, un certain nombre de cadres ont été développés afin de promouvoir et mesurer le bien-être, la qualité de la vie, le développement humain et le développement durable. Quelques cadres se servent d’une approche conceptuelle tandis que d'autres emploient une approche consultative. Des initiatives différentes pour mesurer le progrès exigeront des cadres différents. Ce papier a pour objectif de présenter une proposition de cadre pour mesurer le progrès de sociétés et de le comparer avec d'autres cadres de progrès qui sont utilisés en ce moment à travers le monde. Le cadre n'aspire pas à être définitif, mais suggère plutôt un point de départ commun que les auteurs croient universel et assez flexible pour être appliqué dans un grand nombre de situations à travers le monde. L'intention est également que ce cadre puisse être utilisé pour identifier des lacunes dans les normes statistiques existantes et guider le travail afin de combler ces lacunes.
Creation-Date: 2010-07-12
Number: 2010/5
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2010/5-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Dennis Trewin
Author-Name: Jon Hall
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Developing Societal Progress Indicators: A Practical Guide
Abstract: There is a broad recognition that the development of cross-cutting, high-quality, shared, and accessible information about a society’s progress is crucial to ensure that decision-making is simultaneously responsive and responsible at all levels. There is no single correct way to manage a project to measure societal progress - different projects will have different goals, audiences and resources. However, there are certain steps which most projects should consider when planning and implementing the process. This paper presents advice and practical guidelines for anyone who is considering running a societal progress indicators project. It identifies six key steps in the process, from defining the issue and selecting collaborators, through producing and disseminating the indicators, to ensuring they are used and remain relevant.
Pour mesurer le progrès des sociétés, il est largement reconnu, l’importance cruciale de développer et de rendre accessible des informations transversales et de bonne qualité, afin d’assurer une prise de décision à la fois souple et responsable à tous les niveaux. Il existe plusieurs façons de gérer un projet sur les indicateurs de mesure du progrès de la société : chaque projet a son objectif propre, son public et ses ressources. Cependant, certaines étapes lors de la planification et la mise en oeuvre du processus devraient être envisagées pour la plupart des projets. Ce document présente des conseils et des directives pratiques pour quiconque envisage la réalisation d'un projet d'indicateurs de progrès sociétal. Il couvre six étapes principales du processus ; depuis la définition du problème et la sélection des collaborateurs, à travers la production et la diffusion des indicateurs, jusqu’ à l’assurance de leurs utilisations et du maintien de leurs pertinences.
Creation-Date: 2010-11-17
Number: 2010/6
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2010/6-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Robert Hill
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Graz
Title: Hedonic Price Indexes for Housing
Abstract: Every house is different. It is important that house price indexes take account of these quality differences. Hedonic methods which express house prices as a function of a vector of characteristics (such as number of bedrooms and bathrooms, land area and location) are particularly useful for this purpose. In this report I consider some of the developments in the hedonic methodology, as it is applied in a housing context, that have occurred in the last three decades. A number of hedonic house price indexes are now available. However, it is often difficult to see how these indexes relate to each other. For this reason the paper attempts to impose some structure on the literature by developing a taxonomy of hedonic methods, and then show how existing methods fit into this taxonomy. Also discussed are some promising areas for future research in the hedonic field, particularly the use of geospatial data and nonparametric methods for better capturing the impact of location on house prices. The main criticisms of the hedonic approach are evaluated and compared with the repeat sales and stratified median methods. The overall conclusion is that the advantages of the hedonic approach outweigh its disadvantages.
Chaque maison est différente. Il est important que les indices de prix de l’ immobilier tiennent compte de ces différences de qualité. Les méthodes hédoniques qui expriment des prix de l'immobilier en fonction d'un vecteur de caractéristiques (telles que le nombre de chambres et salles de bains, superficie et l'emplacement) sont particulièrement utiles à cette fin. Dans le présent rapport je considère certains développements dans la méthode hédonique, telle qu'elle est appliquée dans un contexte de logement, qui se sont produits au cours des trois dernières décennies. Un certain nombre d'indices des prix hédoniques pour l’immobilier est maintenant disponible. Cependant, il est souvent difficile de voir comment ces indices sont liés les uns aux autres. C’est pour cette raison que ce papier tente d'imposer une structure sur la littérature en développant une taxonomie des méthodes hédoniques et montre alors comment les méthodes existantes s'insèrent dans cette taxonomie. Sont aussi discutées certains domaines prometteurs pour les futures recherches dans le domaine hédonique, notamment l'utilisation des données géo-spatiales et de méthodes non paramétriques pour mieux capter l'impact de l'emplacement sur le prix de l'immobilier. Certains des principaux critiques de l'approche hédonique sont évalués et comparés avec les ventes répétées et des méthodes stratifiées médians sont aussi discutées. Dans l'ensemble, on conclut que les avantages de l'approche hédonique l'emportent sur ses inconvénients.
Creation-Date: 2011-02-04
Number: 2011/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2011/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Nicolas Ruiz
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: A Multiplicative Masking Method for Preserving the Skewness of the Original Micro-records
Abstract: Masking methods for the safe dissemination of microdata consist of distorting the original data while preserving a pre-defined set of statistical properties in the microdata. For continuous variables, available methodologies rely essentially on matrix masking and in particular on adding noise to the original values, using more or less refined procedures depending on the extent of information that one seeks to preserve. Almost all of these methods make use of the critical assumption that the original datasets follow a normal distribution and/or that the noise has such a distribution. This assumption is, however, restrictive in the sense that few variables follow empirically a Gaussian pattern: the distribution of household income, for example, is positively skewed, and this skewness is essential information that has to be considered and preserved. This paper addresses these issues by presenting a simple multiplicative masking method that preserves skewness of the original data while offering a sufficient level of disclosure risk control. Numerical examples are provided, leading to the suggestion that this method could be well-suited for the dissemination of a broad range of microdata, including those based on administrative and business records.
Les méthodes de masquage utilisées pour la diffusion sécurisée des micros données consistent principalement en deux exercices simultanés : la perturbation des valeurs d’origines des données utilisées et la préservation d’un ensemble prédéfini de leurs propriétés statistiques. Pour les variables continues, les méthodes disponibles reposent essentiellement sur l'ajout de bruit aux valeurs d'origine, en utilisant des procédures aux degrés de complexité variant selon l'étendue de l’information que l'on cherche à préserver. Cependant, une caractéristique commune à l’ensemble de ces méthodes est l’utilisation centrale qui est faite de la loi normale, en supposant les données d'origines et/ou les perturbations distribuées selon ce schéma. Cela reste une hypothèse très restrictive dans le sens ou la validité empirique de cette dernière n’est que très rarement vérifiée: la plupart des distributions de revenus observées sont par exemple fortement positivement asymétrique. Cette caractéristique demeure d’ailleurs essentielle et cruciale pour l’analyse économique, et se doit donc d’être préservé. Partant de ce constat, cet article présente une méthodologie simple de masquage multiplicatif préservant l'asymétrie des données d'origine, ce tout en proposant un niveau suffisant de contrôle des risques de divulgation. Cette méthode est illustré au moyen d‘exemples numériques tendant à démontrer l’intérêt de la procédure utilisée à la diffusion d'un large éventail de micro données, y compris celles fondées sur la base de registre administratifs.
Creation-Date: 2011-02-23
Number: 2011/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2011/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Michèle Chavoix-Mannato
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Working Party on Financial Statistics: Proceedings of the Workshop on Securitisation
Abstract: This Statistics Working Paper includes the documents that were presented during the various sessions of the Workshop on Securitisation, held in Madrid on 27-28 May 2010, as well as summaries at the beginning of each section. The Workshop brought together regular members of the Working Party on Financial Statistics (WPFS), statisticians, analysts, supervisors, experts from accounting standard-setting institutions and from International Organisations, and representatives from the industry and from international associations. It aimed at exchanging views so as to better understand securitisation from various angles and to help improve the completeness and the usefulness of future statistics...
Ce document de travail statistique inclut les papiers qui ont été présentés lors des différentes sessions de l'Atelier sur la Titrisation, qui s'est tenu à Madrid les 27-28 mai 2010, ainsi que des résumés pour chacune des parties. L'atelier a réuni les membres réguliers du Groupe de Travail sur les Statistiques Financières (WPFS), des statisticiens, des analystes, des superviseurs, des experts des institutions de normalisation comptable et des organisations internationales et des représentants de l'industrie et d’associations internationales. Il avait pour but d’échanger des points de vue afin de mieux comprendre la titrisation sous des angles différents et d'améliorer l'exhaustivité et l'utilité des statistiques futures...
Creation-Date: 2011-10-13
Number: 2011/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2011/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Ronny Nilsson
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Gyorgy Gyomai
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Cycle Extraction: A Comparison of the Phase-Average Trend Method, the Hodrick-Prescott and Christiano-Fitzgerald Filters
Abstract: This paper reports on revision properties of different de-trending and smoothing methods (cycle estimation methods), including PAT with MCD smoothing, a double Hodrick-Prescott (HP) filter and the Christiano-Fitzgerald (CF) filter. The different cycle estimation methods are rated on their revision performance in a simulated real time experiment. Our goal is to find a robust method that gives early turning point signals and steady turning point signals. The revision performance of the methods has been evaluated according to bias, overall revision size and signal stability measures. In a second phase, we investigate if revision performance is improved using stabilizing forecasts or by changing the cycle estimation window from the baseline 6 and 96 months (i.e. filtering out high frequency noise with a cycle length shorter than 6 months and removing trend components with cycle length longer than 96 months) to 12 and 120 months. The results show that, for all tested time series, the PAT de-trending method is outperformed by both the HP or CF filter. In addition, the results indicate that the HP filter outperforms the CF filter in turning point signal stability but has a weaker performance in absolute numerical precision. Short horizon stabilizing forecasts tend to improve revision characteristics of both methods and the changed filter window also delivers more robust turning point estimates.
Ce document présente l’impact des révisions dû à différentes méthodes de lissage et de correction de la tendance (méthodes d'estimation du cycle), comme la méthode PAT avec lissage en utilisant le mois de dominance cyclique (MCD), le double filtre de Hodrick-Prescott (HP) et le filtre Christiano-Fitzgerald (CF). Les différentes méthodes d'estimation du cycle sont évaluées sur leur performance de révision faite à partir d’une simulation en temps réel. Notre objectif est de trouver une méthode robuste qui donne des signaux de point de retournement tôt et stable á la fois. La performance de révisions de ces méthodes a été évaluée en fonction du biais, de la grandeur de la révision et de la stabilité du signal. Nous examinerons ensuite si la performance de la révision peut être améliorée en utilisant des prévisions de stabilisation ou en changeant la fenêtre d'estimation du cycle de base de 6 et 96 mois à une fenêtre de 12 et 120 mois. La fenêtre d’estimation de base correspond à un filtre pour éliminer le bruit (hautes fréquences) avec une longueur de cycle de moins de 6 mois et supprimer la tendance avec une longueur de cycle supérieure à 96 mois. Les résultats montrent que, pour toutes les séries testées, la méthode PAT est moins performante que les deux filtres HP ou CF. En outre, les résultats indiquent que le filtre HP surpasse le filtre CF du point de vue de la stabilité du signal du point de retournement mais sa performance est plus faible quant à la précision numérique absolue. Des prévisions à court terme ont la tendance à améliorer les caractéristiques des révisions des deux méthodes et la modification de la fenêtre de base offre aussi des estimations plus robustes des points de retournement.
Creation-Date: 2011-05-27
Number: 2011/4
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2011/4-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Nicolas Ruiz
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Measuring the Joint Distribution of Household's Income, Consumption and Wealth Using Nested Atkinson Measures
Abstract: Following recommendations from the Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi Commission (2009), this paper proposes the use of a new methodology to measure the joint distribution of households. income, consumption and wealth. Based on a multidimensional extension of the Atkinson generalized mean framework, the paper justifies the application of this methodology based on a set of standard and acknowledged properties, proving that this is the sole methodology satisfying them all simultaneously. The derived multidimensional index has an intuitive structure, which allows evaluating the overall material conditions of households under different perspectives and with varying sensitivity to distributionnal issues. Under its general form, the index encompasses a class of sub-indices that impose various restrictions on its parameters; the paper discusses the extent to which different restrictions on parameters affect the multidimensional assessments of various population groups, and provides some empirical illustrations using those different specifications. The question addressed by the multidimensional measure presented here is whether the joint consideration of household income, consumption and wealth modifies substantially the picture of material living standards of different individuals and groups relative to the one provided by income alone. Based on the dataset used here, the paper provides strong evidence on the importance of such a multidimensional assessment.
Dans le prolongement des recommandations de la Commission Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi (2009), cet article propose une nouvelle approche pour la mesure de la distribution jointe du revenu, de la consommation et de la richesse. En se basant sur une extension multidimensionnelle des moyennes généralisées a la Atkinson, l’utilisation d’une telle structure est justifiée sur la base de propriétés standards utilisées dans la cadre de la théorie de la mesure du bien-etre. Il est en outre demontré que la structure sélectionnée est la seule forme possible satisfaisant l’ensemble des propriétés simultanément. Cette nouvelle mesure revêt une structure relativement intuitive permettant d’évaluer le bien-être matériel des ménages selon différentes perspectives et avec une sensibilité ajustable aux inégalités, ce dans les différentes dimensions considérées. Sous sa forme générale, l’index contient en outre une variété de spécifications se traduisant par différentes restrictions paramétriques; l’impact de ces restrictions ainsi que leur signification économique sont discutés, théoriquement et empiriquement. La question centrale adressée par cette nouvelle mesure est ainsi de savoir si l’appréciation jointe du revenu, de la consommation et de la richesse est à même d’altérer significativement la mesure des conditions de vie matérielles des ménages, en comparaison de l’approche standard se focalisant sur le revenu uniquement. Sur la base des données utilisées, ce document conclut sur la pertinence de cette nouvelle approche.
Keywords: Bien-être matériel, generalized mean, inequality, inégalité, material conditions, mesure multidimensionnelle, moyennes généralisées, multidimensional measure
Creation-Date: 2011-11-10
Number: 2011/5
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2011/5-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Gang Liu
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Measuring the Stock of Human Capital for Comparative Analysis: An Application of the Lifetime Income Approach to Selected Countries
Abstract: This paper summarizes the outcomes of the first phase of the OECD human capital project. In so doing, it shows the feasibility of applying the lifetime income approach to measuring human capital for comparative analysis, both across countries and over time. It also highlights the feasibility of applying the methodology to the categorical data (i.e. by 5-year or 10-year age group) that are typically available within the OECD statistics system, rather than to data by single year of age required by the original Jorgenson- Fraumeni methodology. The results in this paper indicate that the estimated value of human capital is substantially larger than that of traditional physical capital. Ratios of human capital to GDP are in a range from around eight to over ten across countries, broadly in line with those reported in a number of national studies. The distributions of human capital by age, gender, and education show that men dominate women in terms of their human capital holdings. In addition, people with higher education are better off than those with lower education, and the same is true for younger people compared to their older counterparts, although the detailed patterns vary across countries. Decomposition analysis of changes in the volume of human capital demonstrates that changes in population structure between men and women had little effect on the change of human capital per capita. While in all countries higher educational attainment contributed positively to the change of human capital per capita, this is not always sufficient to offset the negative effect of population ageing; as a result, the volume of human capital per capita appeared to have declined in some countries over the observed period. Finally, sensitivity analysis confirms that estimates of the value of human capital depend on the choice of the two key parameters, i.e. annual real income growth rate and discount rate, while within-country distribution of human capital and trends of the volume of human capital are less sensitive to these assumptions.
Ce document de travail fait la synthèse des résultats de la première phase du projet de l’OCDE consacré au capital humain. Il démontre notamment qu’il est possible d’appliquer l’approche en terme de revenus actualisés le long du cycle de vie à la mesure du capital humain à des fins d’analyse comparative, à la fois entre les pays et dans le temps. Le document souligne également que cette méthodologie peut aussi être appliquée à des données catégoriels (c’est-à-dire par classe d’âge de 5 ou 10 ans), généralement disponibles dans le système statistique de l’OCDE, plutôt qu’aux données continues par âge, requises par la méthode Jorgenson-Fraumeni. Les résultats présentés dans ce rapport montrent que la valeur estimée du capital humain est bien plus importante que celle du capital physique traditionnel. Le rapport capital humain/sur PIB s’inscrit dans une fourchette comprise entre huit et dix dans les différents pays, ce qui est globalement conforme aux chiffres rapportés par un certain nombre d’études nationales. La répartition du capital humain en fonction de l’âge, du sexe et du niveau d’instruction montre que les hommes surpassent les femmes en termes de stock de capital humain. Par ailleurs, les individus les plus instruits tirent davantage leur épingle du jeu que les personnes moins qualifiées et les jeunes ont un capital humain supérieur à celui des personnes plus âgées, bien que dans le détail les schémas varient d’un pays à l’autre. L’évolution des volumes de capital humain montre que l’évolution démographique entre hommes et femmes n’a eu finalement qu’un impact limité sur la variation du capital humain par habitant. Si, dans tous les pays, l’amélioration du niveau d’instruction a contribué à l’augmentation du capital humain par habitant, cela n’a pas toujours été suffisant pour compenser les conséquences du vieillissement de la population, entraînant une baisse des volumes de capital humain par habitant dans certains pays. Enfin, l’analyse de sensibilité confirme que les estimations des valeurs du capital humain dépendent du choix de deux paramètres, à savoir le taux de croissance annuel du revenu réel et le taux d’actualisation. Mais la répartition du capital humain et l’évolution des volumes de capital humain dans chaque pays sont moins sensibles à ces paramètres.
Creation-Date: 2011-10-10
Number: 2011/6
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2011/6-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Nadim Ahmad
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Seung-Hee Koh
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Incorporating Estimates of Household Production of Non-Market Services into International Comparisons of Material Well-Being
Abstract: This paper reports on work undertaken within the Statistics Directorate to measure the value of household production of non-market services, in order to better compare material well-being across countries. The work is being conducted under the aegis of the National Accounts Working Party and as input into the broader OECD activity on Measuring Progress. It responds to the growing recognition of the need to place a greater emphasis on the development of statistics that focus on the household perspective. The study shows that at a national level the estimates are acutely sensitive to the value placed on labour used in producing these services. However, it also demonstrates that relatively robust cross-country comparisons are obtainable using estimates converted on a purchasing power parity basis. For China, for example, GDP per capita relative to the United States improves by 50% when all household production of non-market services is included. Indeed the study demonstrates that including these services is particularly significant for comparisons of 'richer' and ' poorer' countries...
Cet article rend compte du travail réalisé au sein de la Direction des Statistiques pour mesurer la valeur des services non marchands produits par les ménages, dans le but d'améliorer la comparaison du bien-être matériel entre pays. Ce travail est accompli sous l'égide du Groupe de Travail sur la Comptabilité Nationale, et censé être incorporé à l'activité plus générale de mesure du progrès de l'OCDE. Il répond à la reconnaissance croissante du besoin de mettre l'accent sur le développement de statistiques centrées sur la perspective des ménages. Cette étude montre qu'au niveau national, les estimations sont extrêmement sensibles à la valeur attribuée au prix du travail accompli pour la production de ces services. Cependant, il démontre également que des comparaisons relativement robustes entre pays peuvent être obtenues en utilisant des estimations converties sur la base d'une parité de pouvoir d'achat. Pour la Chine par exemple, le PIB par habitant par rapport aux États-Unis est amélioré de 50% lorsque toute la production de services non marchands des ménages est inclue. L'étude démontre d'ailleurs qu'inclure ces services est particulièrement significatif dans les comparaisons entre pays "riches" et pays "pauvres"...
Creation-Date: 2011-10-14
Number: 2011/7
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2011/7-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Wolfson
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Ottawa
Title: Linking Policies to Well-Being Outcomes Through Micro-Simulation
Abstract: A major challenge in the measurement of well-being and progress is to link indicators of high-level societal outcomes with specific policy interventions. This is important not only for better informing the public, but also to provide the means for policy makers and advisors to assess the impacts of their policies and programmes and to increase their effectiveness and cost-efficiency. This paper looks at four major areas of social policies– health status, literacy and learning, economic security, and economic inequality– with the aim of understanding how to link broad outcome measures of progress in these areas, on the one hand, and the policies bearing on them, on the other. Emphasis is given to the powerful benefits to be derived from coupling longitudinal, multivariate data and powerful statistical methods with recently developed analytical tools such as micro-simulation. The paper also emphasises the need for “principled” summary indicators, i.e. indicators embedded within coherent data systems, and the importance of internationally comparable data based on common concepts and definitions.
Lorsqu’on mesure le bien-être et le progrès, l’une des principales difficultés consiste à relier les indicateurs de résultats sociaux à des actions spécifiques. Cela est crucial, non seulement pour mieux informer le public, mais aussi pour permettre aux acteurs politiques d’évaluer l’incidence de leurs actions et de leurs programmes, afin de leur permettre d’accroître l’efficacité et l’efficience des mesures en place. Ce rapport porte sur cinq domaines majeurs, pour lesquels le suivi des moteurs du progrès social ou du bien-être est essentiel : i) la santé, ii) l’alphabétisation et l’apprentissage iii) la sécurité économique, iv) les inégalités économiques et v) le manque de temps – l’objectif étant de comprendre comment améliorer les liens entre, d’une part, les indicateurs généraux du progrès dans ces domaines, et d’autre part, les outils permettant d’influer sur les résultats. L’accent est mis sur les grands avantages que présente l’association entre des données longitudinales multi variées, de puissantes méthodes statistiques et des outils d’analyse récents tels que la micro-simulation. Sont également soulignés : la nécessité d’utiliser des indicateurs synthétiques structurés sur des principes définis et s’inscrivant dans des systèmes de données cohérents, et l’importance de disposer de données comparables à l’échelle internationale, fondées sur des définitions et des concepts communs.
Creation-Date: 2011-11-21
Number: 2011/8
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2011/8-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Pavle Sicherl
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Ljubljana
Title: New Understanding and Insights from Time-Series Data Based on Two Generic Measures: S-Time-Distance and S-Time-Step
Abstract: Time distance is an innovative approach for looking at time-series data. Expressed in time units, the approach is easy to understand and provides a useful complement to existing methods. The time distance approach compares time series in the horizontal dimension, i.e. for a given level of the variable, based on two generic statistical measures: S-time-distance and S-time-step. These measures are based on a time matrix that summarises information over many units and years and that provides a first-level visualization tool. The paper also introduces the concept of the ‘overall degree of disparity’, defined as proximity in the indicator space as well as in time, arguing that this concept has the potential to bring new understanding in economics, management, research and statistics.
La distance temporelle est une approche novatrice pour analyser des séries temporelles. Exprimé en unités de temps, l'approche est facile à comprendre et fournit un complément utile aux méthodes existantes. Cette approche compare les séries chronologiques dans la dimension horizontale, c'est-à-dire pour un niveau donné de la variable, basé sur deux mesures statistiques génériques: S-time distance et S-time step. Ces mesures sont basées sur une matrice de temps qui résume l'information sur de nombreuses unités et années, et qui fournit un outil de visualisation de première lecture. Le document introduit aussi le concept de «degré total de disparité», défini comme la proximité dans l'espace ainsi que dans le temps, arguant que ce concept a le potentiel pour apporter une nouvelle compréhension en économie, gestion, et statistiques.
Creation-Date: 2011-11-22
Number: 2011/9
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2011/9-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Sarah Fleche
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Conal Smith
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Piritta Sorsa
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Exploring Determinants of Subjective Wellbeing in OECD Countries: Evidence from the World Value Survey
Abstract: The paper explores issues with assessing wellbeing in OECD countries based on self-reported life satisfaction surveys in a pooled regression over time and countries, at the country level and the OECD average. The results, which are in line with previous studies of subjective wellbeing, show that, apart from income, the state of health, not being unemployed, and social relationships are particularly important for wellbeing with only some differences across countries. The results also show that cultural differences are not major drivers of differences in life satisfaction. Correlations between the rankings of measures of life satisfaction and other indicators of wellbeing such as the Human Development Index and Better Life Index are also relatively high. Measures of subjective wellbeing can play an important part in informing policy makers of progress with wellbeing in general, or what seems to matter for wellbeing— health, being employed and social contacts-- beyond income.
Examen des déterminants subjectifs du bien-être dans les pays de l'OCDE : une caractérisation basée sur le World Values Survey
Ce document examine les questions liées à l’évaluation du bien-être dans les pays de l'OCDE à partir d’enquêtes de satisfaction de la vie auto-déclarée dans une régression sur un panel de pays avec une dimension temporelle, au niveau des pays et de la moyenne de l'OCDE. Les résultats, similaires à ceux d’études antérieures sur le bien-être subjectif, montrent que, en dehors de revenu, l'état de santé, ne pas être au chômage, et les relations sociales sont particulièrement importantes pour le bien-être, avec des différences limitées entre les pays. Les résultats montrent également que les différences culturelles ne sont pas les principaux facteurs de différences dans la satisfaction de la vie. Les corrélations entre les classements des mesures de satisfaction de la vie et d'autres indicateurs de bien-être tels que l'Indice de développement humain et l'Indice Vivre mieux sont également relativement élevées. Les mesures du bienêtre subjectif peuvent jouer un rôle important en informant les décideurs sur les progrès en termes de bienêtre en général, ou sur ce qui semble contribuer au bien-être – la santé, être employé et les contacts sociaux – au-delà des revenus.
Classification-JEL: A13; I3; P52
Keywords: bien-être, comparative studies, etudes comparatives, health, santé, welfare, well-being
Creation-Date: 2012-01-31
Number: 2012/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2012/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: Measuring the Evolution of Korea's Material Living Standards 1980-2010
Abstract: Based on a production-theoretic framework, we measure the effects of real output prices, primary inputs, multi-factor productivity growth, and depreciation on Korea’s real net income growth over the past 30 years. The empirical analysis is based on a new dataset for Korea with detailed information on labour and capital inputs, including series on land and inventories assets. We find that while over the entire period, capital and labour inputs explain the bulk of Korean real income growth, productivity growth has come to play an increasingly important role since the mid-1990s, providing some evidence of a transition from ‘input-led’ to ‘productivity-led’ growth. Terms of trade and other price effects were modest over the longer period, but had significant real income effects over sub-periods. Overall, real depreciation had only limited effects except during periods of crises where it bore negatively on real net income growth.
Basé sur un cadre théorique de production, nous mesurons les contributions des prix de production réels, des entrants, de la productivité, et de la dépréciation à la croissance des revenus nets réels de la Corée pendant les 30 dernières années. L'analyse empirique est basée sur un nouvel ensemble de données pour la Corée avec des informations détaillées sur des le travail et le capital, y compris les séries sur les terrains et les inventaires. Nous constatons que tandis qu'au cours de la période entière, le capital et les apports de travail expliquent la plus grande partie de la croissance de revenu réel coréenne, la croissance de productivité est venue jouer un rôle de plus en plus important depuis le milieu des années 1990, témoignant d'une transition d’une croissance liée aux entrées vers une croissance liée à la productivité. Les termes des échanges et autres effets des prix étaient modestes sur le long terme, mais avaient des effets significatifs sur le revenu réel au cours de sous-périodes. En général la dépréciation réelle avait des effets limités sauf pendant les périodes de crises où les effets ont été négatifs sur la croissance réelle de revenu net.
Creation-Date: 2012-04-13
Number: 2012/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2012/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Romina Boarini
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Margherita Comola
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Conal Smith
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Robert Manchin
Author-Workplace-Name: Gallup Europe
Author-Name: Femke de Keulenaer
Author-Workplace-Name: Gallup Europe
Title: What Makes for a Better Life?: The Determinants of Subjective Well-Being in OECD Countries – Evidence from the Gallup World Poll
Abstract: This paper uses data from the Gallup World Poll to explore the determinants of subjective well-being. The paper builds on the existing literature on the determinants of subjective well-being in three areas. First, the paper systematically examines the drivers of measures of affect as well as the determinants of life satisfaction that are more prevalent in the existing literature. Overall, items relating to health status, personal security, and freedom to choose what to do with one’s life appear to have a larger impact on affect balance when compared to life satisfaction, while economic factors such as income and unemployment have a more limited impact. The second part of the paper considers the degree to which there is heterogeneity in the weights assigned by different population sub-groups to the different determinants of subjective well-being. Relatively small differences are found between men and women, but priorities change significantly over the life course. Finally, the paper uses OECD data on the labour market and health policy regimes in different countries to test for the impact of these policy regimes on subjective well-being. Significant results are found for the replacement rate for unemployment assistance, employment protection legislation, and the extent of health co-payments. Although these results are tentative, they suggest that looking for the impact of policy changes on subjective well-being in large cross-country datasets is a promising area for research.
Quels sont les facteurs qui influent sur notre qualité de vie ? : Les déterminants du bien-être subjectif dans les pays de l'OCDE - Données extraites de l'enquête Gallup World Poll
Fondé sur des données issues de l’enquête Gallup World Poll, ce rapport analyse les déterminants du bien-être subjectif. Il est en outre étayé par les travaux antérieurs menés sur les facteurs du bien-être subjectif dans trois domaines. Tout d’abord, l’étude passe systématiquement en revue les caractéristiques des mesures relatives aux ressentis, ainsi que les critères qui déterminent la satisfaction à l’égard de la vie, qui sont plus répandus dans les publications existantes. Dans l’ensemble, les facteurs relatifs à l’état de santé, à la sécurité des personnes et à la liberté qu’ont les individus de choisir la vie qu’ils veulent mener semblent peser plus lourd dans la balance entre ressentis négatifs et ressentis positifs que la satisfaction à l’égard de l’existence, tandis que les facteurs économiques, comme le revenu et le chômage, ont une influence plus limitée. La deuxième partie du rapport examine dans quelle mesure l’importance accordée aux différents déterminants du bien-être subjectif varie en fonction des catégories de population. Si les écarts observés entre hommes et femmes sont relativement limités, il ressort que les priorités ne cessent d’évoluer tout au long de la vie. Enfin, le rapport s’appuie sur les données de l’OCDE relatives aux politiques nationales du marché du travail et de la santé pour évaluer l’impact de l’action publique sur le bien-être subjectif. Il semble que le taux de remplacement de l’assistance-chômage, la législation sur la protection de l’emploi et le niveau de participation des assurés sociaux au coût des soins jouent un rôle majeur. S’ils restent indicatifs, ces résultats donnent néanmoins à penser que l’étude de l’impact des réformes sur le bien-être subjectif dans les grandes séries de données internationales constitue un axe de recherche prometteur.
Creation-Date: 2012-05-21
Number: 2012/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2012/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Romina Boarini
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Marco Mira d'Ercole
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Gang Liu
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Approaches to Measuring the Stock of Human Capital: A Review of Country Practices
Abstract: The paper reviews some national initiatives related to measuring the stock of human capital, indentifies some challenges to be addressed to improve the quality of existing monetary measures of human capital, and suggests developing experimental satellite accounts for education to better understand how human capital is produced and the linkages between education and its non-monetary outcomes.
Creation-Date: 2012-11-23
Number: 2012/4
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2012/4-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Gyorgy Gyomai
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Marc Wildi
Author-Workplace-Name: Zurich University of Applied Sciences
Title: OECD Composite Leading Indicators for G7 Countries: A Comparison of the Hodrick-Prescott Filter and the Multivariate Direct Filter Approach
Abstract: We estimate the business-cycles of G7 countries, as defined by an ideal 2-10 year bandpass filter applied to country-specific GDP target series (GDP-BP). Since this target series cannot be observed in real-time, due to the symmetry of the bandpass filter, we analyze and compare the leading performances of the well-known HP-filter, as currently implemented in the OECD CLI’s, as well as of the Multivariate Direct Filter Approach (MDFA) relying on explanatory time series, as selected for current CLIs. The paper shows that efficiency gains by MDFA over HP are substantial along the full revision-sequence and they are consistent across countries as well as over time, when referenced against GDP-BP.
Nous estimons les cycles économiques des pays du G7, définis par un filtre passe-bande idéal de 2 - 10 ans appliqué à des séries du PIB spécifiques à chaque pays. Comme cette série cible ne peut être observée en temps réel, en raison de la symétrie du filtre passe-bande, nous analysons et comparons les caractéristiques avancées du filtre HP bien connu, tel qu'il est actuellement implémenté pour le calcul des indicateurs composites avancés de l’OCDE, ainsi que l’approche par le filtre direct multivarié (MDFA), en s’appuyant sur les séries temporelles actuellement utilisées pour les indicateurs composites avancés. Ce document montre que des gains d'efficacité du filtre direct multivarié par rapport au filtre HP sont considérables au cours de la séquence complète de révision et qu’ils sont cohérents entre les pays ainsi que dans le temps, lorsqu'ils se réfèrent à la série du PIB.
Creation-Date: 2012-12-31
Number: 2012/5
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2012/5-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Jérôme Silva
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Zachary S. Brown
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: More than the Sum of their Parts: Valuing Environmental Quality by Combining Life Satisfaction Surveys and GIS Data
Abstract: While environmental economics studies using stated life satisfaction data have been gaining attention, much of this body of work remains exploratory. In this study we contribute to this emerging body of research by combining OECD survey data from four European countries on life satisfaction and perceptions of environmental quality with independent (i.e. mechanical) measurements of air quality and urbanity, from the European Environment Agency, to provide a broad picture of the environmental determinants of life satisfaction, and monetary valuation of air quality improvements. We also estimate that the value of a 1% reduction in air pollution (measured as mean annual PM10 concentrations) is worth the same on average as a 0.71% increase in per capita income. We find that environments which respondents perceive as noisy and lacking in access to green space have a significantly detrimental impact on life satisfaction. However, controlling for these negative factors (air, noise, and lack of green space), we also find a large positive residual impact of urban environments on life satisfaction. The use of independent, GIS-based measures of urbanity (proportion of urban surface area around households), as opposed to survey-based stated perceptions of urbanity, increases the precision of estimated air quality impacts on life satisfaction. Taken as a whole, our analysis highlights the need for conducting LS-based environmental assessment and valuation exercises using a broad array of independent data sources, in order both to obtain unbiased regression estimates and to facilitate interpretation of these estimates.
Alors que les études sur l’économie de l’environnement qui font appel à des données sur la satisfaction déclarée à l’égard de l’existence suscitent un intérêt grandissant, ces travaux conservent pour beaucoup d’entre eux un caractère exploratoire. Dans cette étude, nous apportons une contribution à ce domaine de recherche émergent en combinant des données issues d’enquêtes menées par l’OCDE dans quatre pays européens sur la satisfaction à l’égard de la vie et la qualité perçue de l’environnement, avec des mesures indépendantes (mécaniques) de la qualité de l’air et du caractère urbain provenant de l’Agence européenne pour l’environnement, dans le but de dresser un tableau général des déterminants environnementaux de la satisfaction à l’égard de la vie et de produire une évaluation monétaire des améliorations de la qualité de l’air. Nous estimons également qu’une réduction de 1 % de la pollution de l’air (mesurée comme la concentration annuelle moyenne de PM10) a la même valeur en moyenne qu’une hausse de 0.71 % du revenu par habitant. Nous constatons que les milieux perçus par les répondants comme bruyants et manquant de possibilités d’accès à des espaces verts ont un effet négatif sensible sur la satisfaction à l’égard de la vie. Cependant, si nous neutralisons l’effet de ces facteurs négatifs (air, bruit et manque d’espèces verts), nous observons aussi un fort impact résiduel positif des milieux urbains sur la satisfaction à l’égard de la vie. Le fait de recourir à des systèmes d’information géographique pour obtenir des mesures indépendantes du caractère urbain (en l’occurrence, la proportion de surfaces urbanisées autour du foyer), au lieu de s’en remettre aux appréciations sur ce point des répondants aux enquêtes, permet des estimations plus précises de l’impact de la qualité de l’air sur la satisfaction à l’égard de la vie. Dans l’ensemble, notre analyse met en lumière la nécessité de faire appel à un large éventail de sources de données indépendantes pour conduire des évaluations environnementales fondées sur la satisfaction à l’égard de la vie, afin d’obtenir des estimations par régression sans biais et de faciliter l’interprétation de ces estimations.
Classification-JEL: C21; H23; H41; Q51; Q53; R20
Keywords: environmental valuation, life satisfaction
Creation-Date: 2013-04-10
Number: 2013/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2013/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Kirk Hamilton
Author-Workplace-Name: The World Bank
Author-Name: Gang Liu
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Human Capital, Tangible Wealth, and the Intangible Capital Residual
Abstract: Since income is the return on wealth, the total wealth of any given country should be on the order of 20 times its GDP. Instead the average observed ratio from the balance sheet accounts of the System of National Accounts (SNA) is a factor of 2.6 to 6.6, depending on whether natural resource stocks are included in the balance sheet. The clear implication is that the SNA wealth accounts are incomplete, with the most obvious omission being human capital. Estimating the value of human capital using the lifetime income approach for a sample of thirteen (mostly high-income) countries yields a mean share of human capital in total wealth of 62% – four times the value of produced capital and 15 times the value of natural capital. But for selected high income countries in the sample there is still an average of 25% of total wealth which is unaccounted – it is neither produced, nor natural, nor human capital. This residual intangible wealth is arguably the ’stock equivalent’ of total factor productivity – the value of assets such as institutional quality and social capital which augment the capacity of produced, natural and human capital to support a stream of consumption into the future.
Le revenu étant défini comme le rendement de la richesse, la richesse totale d’un pays donné devrait être environ 20 fois supérieure à son PIB. En fait, le rapport moyen qui ressort des comptes de patrimoine du Système de comptabilité nationale (SCN) n’est que de 2.6 à 6.6, selon que les stocks de ressources naturelles sont pris en compte ou non. Les comptes de patrimoine du SCN sont donc manifestement incomplets, et l’omission la plus évidente est celle du capital humain. Si l’on estime la valeur du capital humain en s’appuyant sur les revenus des personnes d’âge actif sur l’ensemble de leur cycle de vie dans un échantillon de 13 pays (à revenu élevé pour la plupart), on obtient un pourcentage du capital humain dans la richesse totale de 62 % en moyenne – soit quatre fois la valeur du capital produit et 15 fois celle du capital naturel. Pour certains pays à revenu élevé, 25 % de la richesse totale reste non définie – elle ne relève ni du capital produit, ni du capital naturel ni du capital humain. On peut donc considérer cette richesse incorporelle résiduelle comme l’équivalant en stock de la productivité totale des facteurs – en d’autres termes, comme la valeur d’actifs telle que la qualité des institutions et le capital social, qui augmentent la capacité du capital produit, naturel et humain pour alimenter la consommation dans l’avenir.
Classification-JEL: E21; E24
Keywords: Comprehensive Wealth, human capital, Intangible Capital
Creation-Date: 2013-03-28
Number: 2013/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2013/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Maryse Fesseau
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Florence Wolff
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Maria Liviana Mattonetti
Author-Workplace-Name: Eurostat
Title: A Cross-country Comparison of Household Income, Consumption and Wealth between Micro Sources and National Accounts Aggregates
Abstract: Much valuable information exists already on household economic resources (i.e. income, consumption and wealth). Indeed, the national accounts provide aggregate measures and micro sources (surveys, administrative records, and censuses) can be used to derive measures of the distribution across household groups. Over the years, however, macro and micro statisticians have tended to work separately leading to sometimes divergent results which can cause problem to users. In 2011, the OECD and Eurostat launched a joint Expert Group to carry out a study on the feasibility of compiling measures of the distribution of income, consumption and wealth across household groups that are consistent with national accounts definitions and totals. The first challenge of the Expert Group was to draw a detailed picture of the extent to which statistical information derived from micro sources can be aligned to three national accounts aggregates; 20 countries studied all (or part) of the components of adjusted disposable income, 21 all (or part) of the components of actual final consumption and 7 studied all (or part) of the components of household net worth. Results show that there are a number of identified reasons that can explain differences between micro and macro sources. Some of them were quantified and isolated showing finally that for most countries micro sources provide distributive information for most of the national accounts components but for some of them with quite significant gaps in total amounts. Overall, micro and macro totals are closer to each other for income components than for consumption and wealth components. The results also show that there is greater heterogeneity in results across countries for consumption components.
Plusieurs types de sources fournissent des informations sur les ressources économiques des ménages. Les données macro-économiques des comptes nationaux fournissent des données agrégées sur le revenu, la consommation et le patrimoine de l’ensemble des ménages. Les sources microéconomiques (enquêtes, données administratives et recensement) informent sur la manière dont ces ressources économiques sont réparties entre les ménages. Au fil des années les statisticiens micro et macro ont eu tendance à travailler séparément conduisant parfois à des résultats divergents. En 2011, l’OCDE et Eurostat ont lancé un groupe de travail conjoint afin d’étudier la possibilité de produire des indicateurs sur la distribution du revenu, de la consommation et du patrimoine qui soient cohérents avec les totaux et les définitions des comptes nationaux. Le premier challenge du groupe de travail a été de définir dans quelle mesure l’information statistique issue des données micro est compatible avec trois des principaux agrégats des comptes nationaux. Ainsi, 20 pays ont étudié tout ou partie des composantes du revenu disponible ajusté, 21 pays tout ou partie des composantes de la consommation finale et 7 pays tout ou partie des composantes du patrimoine net des ménages. Les résultats montrent qu’il existe un certain nombre de raisons bien identifiées qui expliquent les différences entre les données micro et macro. Certaines d’entre elles ont pu être quantifiées par les membres du groupe d’experts. L’analyse réalisée montre que dans la plupart des pays les sources micro fournissent de l’information pour la plupart des composantes des comptes nationaux mais que pour certaines composantes les totaux issus des deux sources sont très différents. Dans l’ensemble, les totaux apparaissent plus proches pour les composantes de revenu que pour les composantes de la consommation et du patrimoine. Une plus grande hétérogénéité des résultats entre pays est constatée sur les données de consommation.
Keywords: consumption, health, household, income, national accounts, surveys
Creation-Date: 2013-11-13
Number: 2013/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2013/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Maryse Fesseau
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Maria Liviana Mattonetti
Author-Workplace-Name: Eurostat
Title: Distributional Measures Across Household Groups in a National Accounts Framework: Results from an Experimental Cross-country Exercise on Household Income, Consumption and Saving
Abstract: Valuable information exists already on household economic resources. The national accounts provide aggregate measures and micro sources (surveys, administrative records, and censuses) can be used to derive measures of the distribution across households groups. Over the years, however, macro and micro statisticians have tended to work separately leading to sometimes divergent results which can cause problem to users. In 2011, the OECD and Eurostat launched a joint Expert Group to carry out a study on the feasibility of compiling measures of the distribution of income, consumption and wealth across household groups that are consistent with national accounts definitions and totals. As part of the Expert Group, national experts from 16 countries performed experimental calculations using all the detailed micro and macro information available at the national level and following the same framework and methodology. The experimental results obtained are presented in this paper. They show disparities in household income and consumption, including Social Transfers in Kind, and in household saving for different groups of households: by income quintile; by main source of income; and by household type. The main methodological issues related to this exercise are described. The paper also illustrates the number of assumptions that are required to produce estimates on distribution across households consistent with national accounts definitions and totals.
Les données macro-économiques des comptes nationaux fournissent des données agrégées sur le revenu, la consommation et l’épargne de l’ensemble des ménages. Les sources microéconomiques (enquêtes, données administratives et recensement) informent sur la manière dont le revenu et la consommation sont réparties entre les ménages. Au fil des années cependant, les statisticiens micro et macro ont eu tendance à travailler séparément conduisant parfois à des résultats divergents et rendant le travail d’analyse compliqué pour les utilisateurs. En 2011, l’OCDE et Eurostat ont lancé un groupe de travail conjoint afin d’étudier la possibilité de produire des indicateurs sur la distribution des ressources économiques des ménages qui soient cohérents avec les totaux et les définitions des comptes nationaux. Dans le cadre de ce groupe de travail, des experts nationaux de 16 pays ont produit des estimations combinant les informations micro et macro disponibles au niveau national et en suivant une méthode harmonisée. Les résultats, encore expérimentaux, sont présentés dans ce papier. Ils portent sur les inégalités de revenu, de consommation, incluant les transferts sociaux en nature, et d’épargne pour différents groupes de ménages selon le quintile de revenu, la principale source de revenu ou le type de ménage. Les principales difficultés méthodologiques rencontrées dans ce type d’exercice sont présentées. Le papier détaille également les hypothèses nécessaires pour produire des indicateurs de distribution cohérents avec les totaux et définitions des comptes nationaux.
Keywords: consumption, household, income, national accounts, saving, surveys
Creation-Date: 2013-11-13
Number: 2013/4
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2013/4-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Carlotta Balestra
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Joyce Sultan
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Home Sweet Home: The Determinants of Residential Satisfaction and its Relation with Well-being
Abstract: Housing is a core element of people’s material living standards. It is essential to meet basic needs, such as for shelter from weather conditions, and to offer a sense of personal security, privacy and personal space. Good housing conditions are also essential for people’s health and affect childhood development. Further, housing costs make up a large share of the household budget and constitute the main component of household wealth. Residential satisfaction is a broad concept, and is associated with multidimensional aspects including physical, social, and neighbourhood factors, as well as psychological and sociodemographic characteristics of the residents. By taking advantage of two household surveys (the EU-SILC ad hoc module on housing for European countries; and the Gallup World Poll for OECD countries and other major economies), this paper uses ordered probit analysis to explore the link between households’ residential satisfaction and a number of variables related to individuals, the households to which they belong, and the characteristics of the dwelling and neighbourhood where they live. The major findings of this analysis show a complex relationship between residential satisfaction and housing characteristics including neighbourhood’s features. Individual and household socio-demographic characteristics (e.g. age, gender, education) play a secondary role once dwelling and neighbourhood features are controlled for. Understanding the factors that lead to satisfaction with housing and residential environment is key for planning successful and effective housing policies.
Le logement est un aspect essentiel des conditions de vie matérielles. Il doit à la fois répondre aux besoins fondamentaux, en offrant notamment un abri contre les intempéries, et donner aux individus un sentiment de sécurité et un espace d’intimité. Les conditions de logement jouent également un rôle capital dans la santé des individus et le développement des enfants. Par ailleurs, le coût du logement représente une part importante du budget des ménages et constitue leur principal patrimoine. La notion de satisfaction vis-à-vis du logement est un concept large, multidimensionnel, et incluant des facteurs physiques et sociaux ainsi que certaines caractéristiques psychologiques et sociodémographiques des résidents. Combinant deux enquêtes différentes sur les conditions de vie des ménages (le module EU-SILC sur le logement et l’enquête Gallup World Poll sur les pays de l’OCDE ainsi que sur les économies majeures), ce papier fait usage d’une analyse en probit ordonné afin d’explorer le lien entre la satisfaction des ménages vis-à-vis de leur logement et un ensemble de facteurs ayant attrait à la situation personnelle des individus ainsi que les caractéristiques de leur logement et de la zone de résidence. Cet article caractérise une relation complexe entre la satisfaction vis-à-vis du logement et ces caractéristiques ainsi que certains aspects du voisinage. Les caractéristiques sociodémographique du ménage (comme l’âge, le genre, le niveau d’éducation…) n’ont finalement qu’un rôle mineur dans l’explication de la satisfaction pour le logement. Une bonne compréhension des facteurs visant à un accroissement de la satisfaction vis-à-vis du logement est essentielle pour l’élaboration de politiques effectives sur le logement.
Keywords: bien-être, enquête, household, housing satisfaction, ménages, neighbourhood, satisfaction à l’égard du logement, surveys, well-being, zone de résidence
Creation-Date: 2013-12-23
Number: 2013/5
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2013/5-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Katherine Scrivens
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Conal Smith
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Four Interpretations of Social Capital: An Agenda for Measurement
Abstract: This paper looks beyond the broad notion of social capital – which has been applied to a number of different phenomena –in order to clarify (i) the range of different elements that are encompassed by the term; and (ii) what needs to be done to further statistical research and development in order to lay the groundwork for establishing guidelines for better comparative measures in the future. The paper starts by describing the origins of the concept of social capital and the evolution of different approaches in the literature on this subject: it argues that there is not one single interpretation of social capital but rather several different approaches, which need to be more clearly distinguished in order for research and measurement to advance. The paper identifies four main ways in which the concept of “social capital” has been conceptualised and measured -- i) personal relationships; ii) social network support; iii) civic engagement; and iv) trust and cooperative norms -- reflecting different views of what social capital ‘is’ and implying different research agendas. The paper then looks at each of these four area in turn, assessing their meaning, functionings, and areas of policy relevance. Finally, the paper looks at measurement issues, providing examples of the measures on each of the four areas from national and international surveys. Recommendations for further statistical work in the field of social capital measurement are supported by a database of the survey questions used in around 50 surveys worldwide, available at www.oecd.org/std/social-capital-project-and-question-databank.htm.
employée pour qualifier un nombre de phénomènes différents – afin de définir (i) l’ensemble des éléments qui sont inclus dans ce terme ; et (ii) la feuille de route à suivre pour poursuivre la recherche statistiques et développer les principes à suivre capables d’améliorer la comparabilité des indicateurs dans le futur. Dans une première partie, ce rapport s’attache à décrire les origines du concept de capital social et l’évolution de la littérature sur les différentes approches qui lui sont associées : ce papier démontre qu’il n’y a pas qu’une seule définition du capital social, mais plutôt différentes approches qui doivent être clairement distinguées dans une perspective de recherche et de mesure. Ce rapport identifie quatre directions dans lesquelles la notion de « capital social » a été conceptualisée et mesurée : i) les relations interpersonnelles ; ii) la qualité des liens sociaux, iii) l’engagement civique et iv) la confiance et les normes de coopérations. Cette grande diversité reflète la variété des approches sur ce qu’ « est » le capital social et implique différents programmes de recherche. Ce rapport détaille ensuite ces quatre approches en étudiant pour chacune d’elle, sa signification, son mode de fonctionnement et les champs d’action politique qui lui sont associés. Dans une dernière partie, ce document de travail s’intéresse aux questions de mesure pour chacune de ces approches en offrant des exemples de mesure tirés d’enquêtes nationales et internationales. Les recommandations proposées pour la poursuite des travaux statistiques s’appuient sur une base de données recueillant les questions d’une cinquantaine d’enquêtes réalisées dans le monde entier et qui est disponible sur www.oecd.org/std/social-capital-project-and-question-databank.htm.
Creation-Date: 2013-12-10
Number: 2013/6
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2013/6-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Lars Osberg
Author-Workplace-Name: Dalhousie University
Title: Can Increasing Inequality Be a Steady State?
Abstract: Historically, discussions of income inequality have emphasised cross-sectional comparisons of levels of inequality of income. These comparisons have been used to argue that countries with more inequality are less healthy, less democratic, more crime-infested, less happy, less mobile and less equal in economic opportunity, but such comparisons implicitly presume that current levels of inequality are steady state outcomes. However, the income distribution can only remain stable if the growth rate of income is equal at all percentiles of the distribution. This paper compares long-run levels of real income growth at the very top, and for the bottom 90% and bottom 99% in the United States, Canada and Australia to illustrate the uniqueness of the post-WWII period of balanced growth (and consequent stability in the income distribution). The ‘new normal’ of the United States, Canada and Australia is ‘unbalanced’ growth – specifically, over the last thirty years the incomes of the top 1% have grown significantly more rapidly than those of everyone else. The paper asks if auto-equilibrating market mechanisms will spontaneously equalise income growth rates and stabilise inequality. It concludes that the more likely scenario is continued unbalanced income growth. This, in turn, implies, on the economic side, consumption and savings flows which accumulate to changed stocks of indebtedness, financial fragility, and periodic macroeconomic crises; and, on the social side, to increasing inequality of opportunity and political influence. Greater economic and socio-political instabilities are therefore the most likely consequence of increasing income inequality over time.
Souvent, la question des inégalités de revenu est traitée essentiellement à travers des comparaisons transversales entre les niveaux d’inégalité de revenu, et on se fonde sur ces comparaisons pour conclure que dans les pays les plus concernés, les inégalités de revenu se traduisent par un moins-disant en matière de santé, de démocratie, de criminalité, de bonheur et d’opportunités économiques. Mais ces comparaisons posent implicitement que les niveaux actuels d’inégalité sont constants. Or, la distribution des revenus ne peut être constante que si les revenus croissent au même rythme à tous les centiles de la distribution. Dans le présent document, on compare les niveaux de croissance réelle des revenus à long terme tout au sommet de l’échelle ainsi que pour les 90 % et 99 % inférieurs aux États-Unis, au Canada et en Australie afin d’illustrer la particularité propre à la période post-1945, caractérisée par une croissance équilibrée (et donc par la stabilité dans la distribution des revenus). Aux États-Unis, au Canada et en Australie, la « nouvelle norme » est celle d’une croissance « déséquilibrée » - ces trente dernières années, les revenus des 1 % les plus riches ont augmenté bien plus rapidement que tous les autres. Ce document pose la question suivante : des mécanismes d’équilibrage du marché vont-ils spontanément égaliser les taux de croissance du revenu et stabiliser l’inégalité ? Il conclut que le scenario le plus probable est la persistance d’un déséquilibre de la croissance des revenus, qui aura des répercussions économiques (variation des stocks d’endettement due à l’évolution de la consommation et de l’épargne, fragilité financière et déclenchement périodique de crises macroéconomiques) et sociales (hausse des inégalités des chances et des inégalités de poids politique). Le creusement continu des inégalités de revenu se traduira donc selon toute vraisemblance par une instabilité économique et socio-politique accrue.
Creation-Date: 2014-06-18
Number: 2014/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2014/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Mario Piacentini
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Measuring Income Inequality and Poverty at the Regional Level in OECD Countries
Abstract: The extent to which income inequality and poverty vary within countries across different regions is very relevant for policy decisions and monitoring. However, sub-national measures are scarce, given the complexity of producing indicators at the regional level from the available data and the methodological issues related to cross-countries comparability. This paper presents a set of indicators of income inequality and poverty across and within regions for 28 OECD countries. These indicators were produced through a new household-level data collection based on internationally harmonized income definitions undertaken as part of the OECD project on “Measuring regional and local well-being for policymaking”. The data were collected at the OECD TL2 territorial level, corresponding to NUTS2 regions in Europe and to large administrative subdivisions (e.g. States in Mexico and Unites States) for non-European countries. These estimates confirm that there are significant variations in levels of income inequality within countries, and that regional breakdowns are useful for understanding sources and patterns of income disparities and poverty. For most of the countries relying on survey data for measuring income distribution, standard cross-sectional indicators of income inequality and relative poverty at this regional level are estimated with low precision in the smallest regions due to small samples. This has two main implications for data producers and analysts. First, systematic reporting of confidence intervals is needed to make meaningful comparisons of inequality levels across regions and with respect to the national averages. Second, averaged measures for multiple years or small area estimation methods should be considered as means for obtaining more robust measures. The issues related to the estimation of standard errors for three-year averages in rotational panel surveys and to the definition of the computational sampling structure for sub-national estimates are discussed in the paper.
Il est très utile, pour les décisions des pouvoirs publics et leur suivi, de mesurer les variations entre les régions d’un même pays en termes d’inégalités de revenu et de pauvreté. Or les mesures infranationales dans ce domaine sont rares, compte tenu des difficultés liées à l’élaboration d’indicateurs régionaux à partir des données disponibles et des problèmes méthodologiques inhérents à la comparabilité entre pays. Ce rapport présente une série d’indicateurs régionaux des inégalités de revenu et de la pauvreté couvrant 28 pays de l'OCDE. Ces indicateurs sont issus d’une nouvelle collecte de données réalisée auprès des ménages, fondée sur des définitions du revenu harmonisées à l’échelle internationale dans le cadre du projet de l'OCDE sur la mesure du bien-être au niveau régional et local aux fins de l’élaboration des politiques publiques. Les données ont été recueillies au niveau territorial 2 de l'OCDE, qui correspond aux régions du niveau 2 de la NUTS en Europe et aux grandes subdivisions administratives (comme les États au Mexique ou aux États-Unis) dans les pays non européens. Ces estimations confirment l’existence de fortes variations du niveau des inégalités de revenu dans les pays, et elles montrent que les ventilations régionales sont utiles pour comprendre les causes et l’évolution des disparités de revenu et de la pauvreté. Pour la plupart des pays qui s’appuient sur des données d’enquêtes pour mesurer la distribution des revenus, les indicateurs transversaux standards des inégalités de revenu et de la pauvreté relative au niveau régional sont peu précis en ce qui concerne les régions les plus petites, en raison de la taille restreinte des échantillons. Ce phénomène a deux implications majeures pour les producteurs de données et les analystes : tout d’abord, une notification systématique des intervalles de confiance est nécessaire pour procéder à des comparaisons utiles des inégalités entre les régions et par rapport aux moyennes nationales. Ensuite, il convient d’envisager la possibilité d’utiliser des mesures moyennes sur plusieurs années ou des méthodes d’estimation spécifiques aux petits zones afin d’aboutir à des mesures plus précises. Le rapport examine également les problèmes liés à l’estimation des erreurs types pour les moyennes sur trois ans dans les enquêtes par panel avec échantillonnage par rotation, ainsi qu’à la définition de la structure d’échantillonnage pour les estimations infranationales. Les correspondants nationaux de la Base de données de l’OCDE sur la distribution des revenus et les délégués du Groupe de travail sur les indicateurs territoriaux sont invités à commenter les conclusions de ce rapport et à faire part de leur avis sur la possibilité d’améliorer et de reproduire les statistiques régionales sur le revenu des ménages à l’avenir.
Creation-Date: 2014-08-28
Number: 2014/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2014/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Lars Osberg
Author-Workplace-Name: Dalhousie University
Title: How Should One Measure Economic Insecurity?
Abstract: People feel economically insecure when they perceive a significant hazard or danger looming in the future, which they are unable to insure against, avoid or ignore. While all OECD countries devote significant resources to mitigate economic insecurity, no consensus exists on the best way to measure it. The paper reviews the pros and cons of the main approaches proposed by the literature and identifies a number of criteria than an ideal measure of economic insecurity should satisfy. It advocates the construction of household level sub-indices for the hazards identified in the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (i.e. unemployment, illness, widowhood, disability and old age) and their aggregation to an over-all summary measure of economic insecurity, discussing what could be done with existing data and what additional information should be collected.
Creation-Date: 2015-03-05
Number: 2015/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2015/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Romina Boarini
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Marcos Díaz
Author-Workplace-Name: Sciences Po, Paris
Title: Cast a Ballot or Protest in the Street - Did our Grandparents Do More of Both?: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis in Political Participation
Abstract: Recent research suggests that younger generations are less likely to be engaged in formal political participation than older ones. However, there is little evidence on the trends for non-formal participation (e.g. signing petitions, demonstrations, etc.) This paper tries to fill a gap in this field by looking at the evolution of extra-parliamentary participation in politics through various measures of civic and political engagement, based on data from six waves of the European Social Survey. The paper confirms that younger generations in European countries participate less in politics through formal activities. A similar trend is observed for extra-parliamentary participation, although this trend is less clear-cut. The results also show that the financial crisis of 2007-2009 witnessed a halt in the downward trend of period effects in the various forms of political participation, followed by the increase of period effects on both formal and extra-parliamentary political participation in the subsequent years (2011-2012.)
Creation-Date: 2015-03-06
Number: 2015/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2015/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Pierre-Alain Pionnier
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Emmanuelle Guidetti
Title: Comparing profit shares in value-added in four OECD countries: Towards more harmonised national accounts
Abstract: This article gives methodological guidance on how best to compare the share of profits in value-added across countries using national accounts. Such comparisons are often based on accounts for institutional sectors such as non-financial corporations. It turns out that these are less internationally comparable than is usually assumed. The main issue is the allocation of certain types of self-employed workers to the corporations’ sector of some countries, most notably Germany and Italy. The consequence is that the measured gross operating surplus of corporations is overstated and has to be adjusted for international comparisons. If this is not feasible, it is preferable to rely on industry accounts, focus on a subset of industries and impute a labour compensation to self-employed workers for international comparisons. Profit shares in France, Germany, Italy and the United States are then much more similar than what the accounts for non-financial corporations suggest. The claim of a global increase in the profit share in the last decades is at best debatable for Germany and not backed with the evidence presented in this paper for France and Italy. It is only for the United States that we can confirm such an increase.
Cet article décrit d’un point du vue méthodologique comment effectuer des comparaisons internationales du partage de la valeur ajoutée en utilisant au mieux les données de comptabilité nationale. Ces comparaisons reposent souvent sur les comptes de secteurs institutionnels, en particulier les comptes des sociétés non-financières. Or, ceux-ci sont moins comparables d’un pays à l’autre que ce que l’on pense habituellement. Le problème principal est lié à la présence de travailleurs non-salariés dans les comptes des sociétés de certains pays, notamment l’Allemagne et l’Italie. Cela conduit dans ce cas à une surestimation de l’excédent brut d’exploitation et rend nécessaire un ajustement du compte des sociétés pour les comparaisons internationales. Lorsque cet ajustement s’avère impossible à réaliser, nous recommandons d’utiliser les comptes de branches, de restreindre l’analyse à certaines branches et d’imputer une rémunération du travail aux non-salariés pour les comparaisons internationales. Les taux de marge en France, en Allemagne, en Italie et aux États-Unis sont alors plus proches que ce que suggèrent les comptes des sociétés non-financières. L’hypothèse d’une hausse tendancielle du taux de profit sur les dernières décennies est au mieux contestable pour l’Allemagne et invalidée par les données pour la France et l’Italie. C’est uniquement pour les États-Unis que nous sommes en mesure de la confirmer.
Classification-JEL: E01; E25; J30
Keywords: comptes nationaux, distributed income of corporations, national accounts, non-salariés, profit share, quasi-corporations, quasi-sociétés, revenus distribués des sociétés, self-employment, taux de marge
Creation-Date: 2015-05-29
Number: 2015/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2015/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Carrie Exton
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Conal Smith
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Damien Vandendriessche
Author-Workplace-Name: Paris School of Economics
Title: Comparing Happiness across the World: Does Culture Matter?
Abstract: The issue of cultural bias in subjective well-being data is often raised, but rarely well-documented. This paper reviews the main barriers to interpreting national differences in subjective well-being, noting the challenge of distinguishing between cultural bias (understood as measurement error) and cultural impact (where culture plays a more substantive role in shaping how people experience their lives). Several methods are then used to attempt to quantify the role of culture in subjective well-being, drawing on multiple waves of the Gallup World Poll, conducted in over 150 countries and territories. Regression analysis is used to identify country-specific fixed effects, which capture unexplained variance in subjective well-being at the country level, over and above a basic set of socio-economic and demographic controls. These country fixed effects then become the subject of three further investigations. The first examines whether survey measures of “cultural values” are able to explain the size and direction of country fixed effects; the second considers the evidence for international differences in “appraisal styles” (e.g. a more positive or negative outlook on life in general); and the third explores the “cultural transmission” of subjective well-being, focusing on the experiences of migrants to separate the effects of culture from those of broader life circumstances. The paper shows that, although life circumstances explain well the overall pattern of cross-country variation in subjective well-being, a gap is observed for some countries. Culture may account for some 20% of the country-specific unexplained variance. This combined effect of “cultural impact” and “cultural bias” is small when compared to the role of objective life circumstances in explaining subjective well-being outcomes.
Si la question des biais culturels dans les données du bien-être subjectif se pose souvent, elle a rarement été documentée de manière satisfaisante. Le présent document passe en revue les principaux obstacles à l’interprétation des différences nationales observées en termes de bien-être subjectif, tout en soulignant le défi d’établir une distinctionentre le concept de biais culturel d’une part (entendu comme une erreur de mesure) et celui d’impact culturel d’autre part (lié à l’idée que la culture contribue plus fondamentalement à façonner la manière dont les individus perçoivent leur vie). Plusieurs méthodes sont ensuite utilisées pour quantifier le rôle de la culture dans le bien-être subjectif, s’appuyant sur les nombreuses enquêtes Gallup World Poll menées dans plus de 150 pays et territoires. Une analyse de régression permet de repérer les effets fixes propres à un pays, ce qui permet de faire ressortir les variances inexpliquées (à la hausse ou la baisse) du bien-être subjectif national par rapport à un ensemble élémentaire de variables de contrôle socio-économiques et démographiques. Ces effets fixes propres à un pays font ensuite l’objet de trois analyses plus approfondies. La première permet de vérifier si les mesures des « valeurs culturelles » ressortant du sondage sont susceptibles d’expliquer l’ampleur et l’orientation de ces effets fixes ; la seconde permet de rechercher des preuves de l’existence de différences nationales dans les « critères d’appréciation » (une perception plus positive ou négative de la vie en général, par exemple) ; la troisième permet d’étudier la « transmission culturelle » du bien-être subjectif, en mettant l’accent sur les expériences des immigrés afin de distinguer les effets de la culture des éléments propres à un contexte national. Il ressort de cette étude que, bien que les circonstances de la vie expliquent de manière convaincante le profil des variations du bien-être subjectif d’un pays à l’autre, on observe un écart très net dans certains pays. La variable culturelle pourrait alors représenter 20 % de la variance nationale inexpliquée. Le rôle de l’effet combiné de « l’impact culturel » et du « biais culturel » est toutefois modeste par rapport à celui des circonstances objectives de la vie lorsqu’il s’agit d’expliquer les résultats des enquêtes sur le bien-être subjectif.
Creation-Date: 2015-11-05
Number: 2015/4
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2015/4-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Fabrice Murtin
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Romina Boarini
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Juan Cordoba
Author-Workplace-Name: Iowa State University
Author-Name: Marla Ripoll
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Pittsburgh
Title: Beyond GDP: Is there a law of one shadow price?
Abstract: This paper builds a welfare measure encompassing household disposable income, unemployment and longevity, while using two different sets of “shadow prices” for non-income variables. The valuations of vital and unemployment risks estimated from life satisfaction data (“subjective shadow prices”) and those derived from model-based approaches and calibrated utility functions (“model-based shadow prices”) are shown to be broadly consistent once a number of conditions are fulfilled. Subjective shadow prices appear to be inflated by the downward bias on the income variable in life satisfaction regressions conducted at the individual level, while the latter bias is largely removed when running regressions at the country level. On the other hand, model-based shadow prices are typically underestimated as: i) the valuation of the unemployment risk is assumed to take place under the veil of ignorance (i.e. for a representative agent that has no information on her current or future unemployment situation); ii) the standard model relies on a Constant Relative Risk Aversion (CRRA) utility function, which has no specific relative risk aversion parameter for unemployment and vital risks; iii) the Value of Statistical Life that is used in standard calibration pertains to the adult lifespan while life expectancy at birth covers the entire lifetime.
Les auteurs proposent une mesure du bien-être fondée sur le revenu disponible des ménages, le chômage et la longévité ainsi que sur deux ensembles de « prix implicites » de composantes non monétaires. Ils montrent que les valeurs attribuées au risque pour la vie et au risque de chômage, qui sont calculées à partir de données relatives à la satisfaction à l’égard de la vie (« prix implicites subjectifs ») ou découlent de l’application d’approches par modélisation et de fonctions d’utilité calibrées (« prix implicites obtenus par modélisation »), sont globalement cohérentes dès lors qu’un certain nombre de conditions sont réunies. Il apparaît que les prix implicites subjectifs sont surestimés en raison des erreurs de mesure affectant la variable revenu dans les régressions de la satisfaction à l’égard de la vie effectuées au niveau individuel, tandis que ce même biais est largement réduit dans les régressions effectuées au niveau des pays. À l’inverse, les prix implicites obtenus par modélisation sont généralement sous-estimés quand : i) on suppose que la valeur du risque de chômage est calculée « sous le voile de l’ignorance » (c’est-à-dire pour un agent représentatif qui ne possède aucune information quant à sa situation d’inactivité actuelle ou future) ; ii) le modèle type repose sur une fonction d’utilité à aversion relative au risque constante (CRRA), dans laquelle aucun des paramètres de l’aversion relative au risque ne concerne le risque pour la vie ou le risque de chômage ; iii) on utilise pour le paramétrage la valeur d’une vie statistique, laquelle correspond à la durée de la vie adulte tandis que l’espérance de vie à la naissance couvre toute la durée de la vie.
Creation-Date: 2015-12-10
Number: 2015/5
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2015/5-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Romina Boarini
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Fabrice Murtin
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Paul Schreyer
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Inclusive Growth: The OECD Measurement Framework
Abstract: This paper presents the Measurement Framework of the OECD Inclusive Growth Initiative, a horizontal project that the OECD launched in 2012 to develop a new vision of economic growth that can translate in higher living standards for all. This measurement framework builds on the equivalent income approach to develop an indicator of Multidimensional Living Standards (MDLS) that combines monetary (income) and non-monetary (health and jobs) benefits from economic growth and aggregates them across individuals with different characteristics. The paper discusses estimates of MDLS for 29 OECD countries and China in the period 1995-2012. It finds that between 1995 and 2007 living standards of the median household have increased in all countries under study and have gone up the most in countries where they were initially lower. The convergence in living standards has been driven by convergence in all underlying dimensions, namely income, unemployment and to a lesser extent, longevity. Between 2007 and 2012 living standards of median households hardly grew and several countries witnessed receding living standards. The bulk of the loss is explained by rising unemployment, while median household income growth has remained broadly stable.
Ce document porte sur le cadre de mesure élaboré aux fins de l’Initiative de l’OCDE pour la croissance inclusive. Ce projet transversal de l’OCDE, lancé en 2012, vise à concevoir une nouvelle façon d’envisager la croissance économique en vue de relever le niveau de vie de tous. Fondé sur le concept de revenu équivalent, le cadre de mesure présenté ici fournit un indicateur du niveau de vie multidimensionnel qui combine les avantages monétaires (revenu) et non monétaires (santé, emploi) procurés par la croissance économique pour des différents groupes de revenu. Cet indicateur obtenu pour 29 pays de l’OCDE et la Chine sur la période 1995-2012 a été analysé. Il apparaît qu’entre 1995 et 2007, le niveau de vie médian des ménages a augmenté dans tous les pays étudiés, surtout dans ceux où il était initialement le plus bas. Cette convergence tient à la confluence de l’ensemble des dimensions du niveau de vie, à savoir le revenu, le chômage et, dans une moindre mesure, la longévité. Entre 2007 et 2012, le niveau de vie médian des ménages a peu progressé, voire a reculé dans plusieurs pays. La principale raison en est la montée du chômage, alors que le revenu médian des ménages a affiché une croissance globalement stable.
Creation-Date: 2015-11-05
Number: 2015/6
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2015/6-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Koen Decancq
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Antwerp
Title: Towards a Distribution-Sensitive Better Life Index: Design, Data and Implementation
Abstract: The Better Life Index was introduced by the OECD as a tool to chart the multi-dimensional well-being of OECD member countries, Brazil and the Russian Federation. However, the Better Life Index relies only on aggregate country-level indicators, and hence is insensitive to how multi-dimensional well-being outcomes are distributed within countries. This paper discusses how a distribution-sensitive Better Life Index could be designed and implemented. Based on five concrete recommendations for the design of the index, a family of indices is suggested. These indices are shown to be decomposable in interpretable building blocks. While a rich and comprehensive micro-level data set is necessary to implement the distribution-sensitive Better Life Index, no such data set is currently available for all OECD member countries. The paper proposes a ‘synthetic’ data set that relies on information about macro-level indicators and micro-level data from the Gallup World Poll. The implementation of the distribution-sensitive Better Life Index is illustrated with this synthetic data set. While the small sample size and other survey features of the Gallup World Poll imply a number of potential biases, illustrative calculations based on this synthetic data set indicates that, when taking distribution into account, Nordic countries are top-ranked whereas Greece, the Russian Federation and Turkey occupy the bottom positions. The results indicate sizeable losses due to multi-dimensional inequality for OECD member countries. Moreover, there are large differences in the level and composition of multi-dimensional inequality.
L’Indicateur du vivre mieux a été lancé par l’OCDE dans le but de cartographier les multiples dimensions du bien-être dans les pays membres de l’OCDE, le Brasil et la Fédération de Russie. Il ne repose toutefois que sur des mesures agrégées à l’échelle nationale et ne permet donc pas de représenter comment se répartissent les différentes dimensions du bien-être à l’intérieur des pays. Ce document étudie la façon dont un Indicateur du vivre mieux tenant compte de cette répartition pourrait être élaboré et appliqué. À partir de cinq recommandations concrètes sur la conception de l’indicateur, un ensemble d’indices est proposé. Ces indices peuvent être décomposés en éléments interprétables. Un ensemble de microdonnées dense et exhaustif est nécessaire pour construire un indicateur tenant compte de la répartition des dimensions du bien-être, mais ces données ne sont pas encore disponibles pour l’ensemble des pays membres de l’OCDE. Ce document propose donc un ensemble de données « synthétique » qui s’appuie sur des informations relatives aux macro-indicateurs et aux micro-données de l’enquête Gallup World Poll. Même si l’étroitesse des échantillons et autres faiblesses méthodologiques de l’enquête Gallup World Poll peuvent entrainer des risques de biais, des mesures basées sur ces données « synthétiques » indiquent que, lorsqu’on tient compte de la répartition des dimensions du bien-être, les pays nordiques arrivent en tête, tandis que la Grèce, la Fédération de Russie et la Turquie occupent les derniers rangs. Les résultats montrent des pertes importantes dues aux inégalités dans la distribution des différentes dimensions du bien-être entre les pays membres de l’OCDE. En outre, on observe de grandes différences de niveau et de composition au regard des disparités multidimensionnelles.
Classification-JEL: C43; I31; O1
Keywords: well-being
Creation-Date: 2015-12-10
Number: 2015/7
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2015/7-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Johan Mackenbach
Author-Workplace-Name: Organization of American States
Author-Name: Gwenn Menvielle
Author-Name: Domantas Jasilionis
Author-Name: Rianne de Gelder
Title: Measuring Educational Inequalities in Mortality Statistics
Abstract: All OECD countries are faced with substantial inequalities in health status between socioeconomic groups within their populations. One aspect of these inequalities for which data are routinely available in many countries is inequalities in mortality by level of education: people with a lower level of education typically have considerably higher death rates and lower life expectancy than people with a higher level of education. The OECD recently started a project to generate measures of the distributions of ages at death by educational level, gender and cause of death for as many countries as possible. This working paper aims to highlight the most important methodological issues to be faced when trying to create valid statistics on mortality by level of education, and to highlight how different methodologies may affect results and comparisons. Topics covered include study designs (e.g. use of cross-sectional census-unlinked versus longitudinal census-linked data), data harmonization issues (e.g. use of a common educational classification scheme), and data analysis issues (e.g. choice of a summary measure of inequalities in mortality). The paper ends with a number of recommendations for data analysts.
On observe dans tous les pays de l’OCDE des inégalités considérables entre les différents groupes socioéconomiques de leur population du point de vue de l'état de santé. Ces inégalités, pour lesquelles des données sont régulièrement disponibles dans de nombreux pays, se manifestent notamment par une mortalité différente selon le niveau d’études : en effet, les individus ayant un faible niveau d’instruction enregistrent généralement des taux de mortalité beaucoup plus élevés et ont une espérance de vie plus courte que ceux ayant suivi de plus longues études. L’OCDE a récemment lancé un projet visant à élaborer des indicateurs de la répartition de l’âge au décès par niveau d’études, par sexe et par cause du décès dans le plus grand nombre de pays possible. Ce document mets en évidence les principales difficultés d’ordre méthodologique que l’on rencontre lorsque l’on tente d’établir des statistiques valables sur la mortalité par niveau d’études, et à montrer comment des méthodologies différentes risquent d’avoir un impact sur les résultats et les comparaisons. Parmi les thèmes abordés figurent la conception des études (par exemple l’exploitation de données transversales non liées au recensement ou à l’inverse de données longitudinales extraites du recensement), la question de l’harmonisation des données (par exemple l’utilisation d’un dispositif commun de classification de l’éducation), et celle relative à l’analyse des données (par exemple le choix d’un indicateur synthétique des inégalités en matière de mortalité). Le document se termine par un certain nombre de recommandations à l’intention des responsables de l’analyse des données.
Creation-Date: 2015-11-05
Number: 2015/8
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2015/8-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Paolo Veneri
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Fabrice Murtin
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Where is inclusive growth happening? Mapping multi-dimensional living standards in OECD regions
Abstract: This paper applies the Inclusive Growth framework to the OECD Regional Well-being Database in order to compute multidimensional living standards (MDLS) among OECD regions from the early 2000s to 2012. MDLS are based on the equivalent income approach, where, for different income groups, the monetised value of health status and unemployment are added to disposable income and aggregated with a generalised mean function to allow inequality to be taken into account. Results highlight that, due to the spatial concentration of good and bad outcomes, regional disparities are amplified when observed through the lens of MDLS as opposed to income-based regional disparities. The paper also shows that people living in metropolitan regions experienced, on average, higher levels of MDLS but also a sharper decline during the economic crisis. Growth of MDLS in metropolitan regions during this period was characterised by a higher contribution of life expectancy and a lower contribution of income inequality with respect to the other regions.
Nous avons appliqué ici le cadre de l’OCDE pour une croissance inclusive à la base de données statistiques sur le bien-être régional afin d’obtenir une mesure multidimensionnelle du niveau de vie dans les différentes régions de la zone OCDE pour la période allant du début des années 2000 à 2012. Le niveau de vie multidimensionnel est calculé sur la base d’un revenu équivalent lui-même obtenu, pour différentes catégories de revenu, par l’ajout au revenu disponible d’une valeur monétisée de l’état de santé et de l’emploi agrégée selon la formule de la moyenne généralisée. Les résultats montrent que, du fait de la concentration géographique des meilleures performances, les disparités régionales sont amplifiées lorsqu’on les observe à travers le prisme du niveau de vie multidimensionnel et non plus sur la base du revenu monétaire. On note en outre que le niveau de vie multidimensionnel est en moyenne plus élevé dans les grandes régions métropolitaines, mais que ces régions métropolitaines ont aussi accusé une baisse relativement plus forte qu’ailleurs pendant la crise économique. Par rapport aux autres régions, l’espérance de vie a eu une incidence plus importante et les inégalités de revenu une incidence moins importante sur la progression des niveaux de vie multidimensionnels dans les grandes métropoles.
Creation-Date: 2016-02-26
Number: 2016/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2016/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Miles Corak
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Ottawa
Title: Economic Theory and Practical Lessons for Measuring Equality of Opportunities
Abstract: The development of a dashboard of statistics for the monitoring of equality of opportunity should recognize important lessons from economic theory: first, descriptive statistics associated with intergenerational mobility do not speak directly to equality of opportunity without accepting a value judgment that children should not be held responsible for circumstances beyond their control; and, second, the process of child development encourages a focus on different skills and competencies, as well as different stages in a child’s life. On the basis of these lessons, the paper offers three practical recommendations for the development of policy relevant indicators. First, use data appropriate for the country at hand to estimate summary measures of inter-generational mobility, including the intergenerational elasticity of earnings between parents and children, and associated transition matrices. Second, develop measures of absolute mobility, and in particular develop a poverty line based upon the minimal level of resources needed to reasonably lower the risk of intergenerational transmission of low status, and that could complement more traditional poverty lines. Finally, make full use of the information on 15 year-olds from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), and expand its scope to include younger children by developing a PISA type instrument for four to five year old children across the OECD countries.
L’élaboration d’un tableau de bord des statistiques pour le suivi de l’égalité des chances doit tenir compte des enseignements utiles que nous livre la théorie économique : premièrement, des statistiques descriptives associées à des données sur la mobilité intergénérationnelle ne sauraient rendre compte directement de l’égalité des chances, à moins de souscrire au jugement de valeur selon lequel les enfants ne doivent pas être tenus pour responsables de circonstances qu’ils ne contrôlent pas ; deuxièmement, le processus de développement de l’enfant est propice à l’adoption d’une approche axée sur différentes compétences et connaissances, ainsi que sur différentes étapes de la vie de l’enfant. Le présent document fait fond sur ces enseignements et formule trois recommandations concrètes relatives à l’élaboration d’indicateurs utiles pour l’action publique. Premièrement, des données adaptées à chaque pays devraient être utilisées pour estimer des indicateurs synthétiques, notamment l’élasticité intergénérationnelle des revenus entre parents et enfants, et les matrices de transition qui lui sont associées. Deuxièmement, il convient d’élaborer des mesures de la mobilité absolue, et en particulier de définir un seuil de pauvreté sur la base du niveau minimum de ressources nécessaires pour faire raisonnablement baisser le risque de transmission intergénérationnelle du statut défavorisé, et qui pourrait être utilisé en complément de seuils de pauvreté plus conventionnels. Enfin, il serait judicieux d’exploiter pleinement les informations sur les élèves de 15 ans tirées du Programme international pour le suivi des acquis des élèves (PISA), et d’en étendre le champ d’application afin d’y inclure des enfants plus jeunes, en élaborant un instrument de type PISA permettant de prendre en compte les enfants de quatre à cinq ans de l’ensemble des pays de l’OCDE.
Creation-Date: 2016-02-26
Number: 2016/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2016/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Yann Algan
Author-Workplace-Name: Sciences Po, Paris
Author-Name: Elizabeth Beasley
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre pour la recherche économique et ses applications
Author-Name: Florian Guyot
Author-Workplace-Name: Sciences Po, Paris
Author-Name: Kazuhito Higa
Author-Workplace-Name: Kyushu University
Author-Name: Fabrice Murtin
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Claudia Senik
Author-Workplace-Name: Paris School of Economics
Title: Big Data Measures of Well-Being: Evidence From a Google Well-Being Index in the United States
Abstract: We build an indicator of individual subjective well-being in the United States based on Google Trends. The indicator is a combination of keyword groups that are endogenously identified to fit with the weekly time-series of subjective well-being measures disseminated by Gallup Analytics. We find that keywords associated with job search, financial security, family life and leisure are the strongest predictors of the variations in subjective well-being. The model successfully predicts the out-of-sample evolution of most subjective well-being measures at a one-year horizon.
Un indicateur de bien-être subjectif est construit pour les États-Unis sur la base des données de Google Trends. L’indicateur est une combinaison de mots-clés qui sont identifiés pour reproduire les séries hebdomadaires de bien-être subjectif de Gallup Analytics. Nous trouvons que les mots-clés associés à la recherche d’emploi, à la sécurité financière, à la vie de famille et aux loisirs sont les plus forts prédicteurs des variations du bien-être subjectif. Le modèle prévoit l’évolution hors échantillon de la plupart des mesures de bien-être à l’horizon d’un an.
Creation-Date: 2016-05-13
Number: 2016/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2016/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Hande Inanc
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Unemployment, temporary work and subjective well-being: Gendered effect of spousal labour market insecurity in the United Kingdom
Abstract: This paper investigates the extent to which unemployment and temporary work – two forms of labour market insecurity – affect different aspects of subjective well-being (i.e. life satisfaction, psychological well-being and satisfaction with partnership) among legally married and cohabiting couples in the United Kingdom. Drawing on matched data for couples from the British Household Panel Study, the paper shows that both forms of labour market insecurity, when experienced by the male partner, lower significantly the psychological well-being and life satisfaction of the female partner; women’s temporary work also slightly lowers men’s psychological well-being. The impact of spousal labour market insecurity depends, however, on the employment status of the individual: after controlling for financial strain, psychological well-being and life-satisfaction of both partners in a couple are hampered the most when men are economically dependent on their female partners. In the case of partnership satisfaction, results differ from the other two subjective well-being outcomes: while unemployment of the female partner is associated with higher satisfaction for men, partnership satisfaction is particularly low when both partners experience either form of labour market insecurity. These effects are robust after controlling for fixed individual characteristics that can influence both employment status and well-being outcomes.
Ce document analyse dans quelle mesure le chômage et le travail temporaire – deux types d’insécurité du marché du travail – influent sur différentes dimensions du bien-être subjectif (satisfaction à l’égard de la vie, bien-être psychologique et satisfaction à l’égard de la vie de couple) des couples au Royaume-Uni, mariés ou non. En s’appuyant sur des données appariées issues de l’enquête British Household Panel Study réalisée auprès des ménages, ce document montre que ces deux exemples de l’insécurité du marché du travail, lorsqu’ils sont vécus, au sein du couple, par l’homme, ont un effet négatif sensible sur le bien-être psychologique et la satisfaction à l’égard de la vie de la femme ; le travail temporaire des femmes a également un effet légèrement négatif sur le bien-être psychologique des hommes. L’impact de l’insécurité du marché du travail sur le couple dépend toutefois de la situation au regard de l’emploi de chacun de ses membres : après prise en compte des difficultés financières, c’est la dépendance économique de l’homme par rapport à la femme qui pèse le plus fortement sur le bien-être psychologique et la satisfaction à l’égard de la vie des deux conjoints. S’agissant de la satisfaction à l’égard de la vie de couple, les résultats divergent par rapport aux deux autres dimensions du bien-être subjectif : si le chômage de la femme est associé à une plus grande satisfaction à l’égard de la vie chez les hommes, la satisfaction à l’égard de la vie de couple est particulièrement faible lorsque les deux conjoints sont touchés soit par le chômage soit par le travail temporaire. Ces effets persistent après prise en compte des caractéristiques individuelles fixes susceptibles d’influencer la situation au regard de l’emploi et le bien-être.
Creation-Date: 2016-05-20
Number: 2016/4
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2016/4-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Romina Boarini
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Fabrice Murtin
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Paul Schreyer
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Marc Fleurbaey
Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University
Title: Multi-dimensional Living Standards: A Welfare Measure Based on Preferences
Abstract: We compute a distribution-adjusted welfare measure that aggregates outcomes in three dimensions of well-being, namely income, employment and longevity. Aggregation weights reflect preferences of people on these dimensions. The welfare measure is calculated for 26 OECD countries and selected emerging economies, and covers about three decades. Relying on a single theoretical model of a hypothetical representative agent, we combine life satisfaction regressions to capture the full welfare losses of unemployment with a calibration approach to capture the value of longevity. We test for robustness of results over a series of datasets and specifications and find that the resulting estimated shadow prices of (one percentage point of) unemployment and one year of longevity average 2% and 6% of income respectively. While we assume an identical utility function for all individuals, shadow prices of unemployment and longevity vary both across countries and within countries across income groups. We find that economic growth differs significantly from the growth of our welfare measure. The latter grew faster than GDP thanks to the gains that countries experienced on longevity, but was also more volatile due to changes in unemployment. Rising income inequality exerts a negative effect on our welfare measure. Gains in longevity have almost the same impact on welfare as income growth, while the long-term impact of employment was smaller.
Nous calculons une mesure de niveau de vie ajustée pour le degré d’inégalité et agrégeant le revenu, l’emploi et l’espérance de vie. Les poids associés à ces dimensions reflètent les préférences des populations. Cette mesure de niveau de vie qui couvre trois décennies est calculée pour 26 pays de l’OCDE et une sélection de pays émergeants. En nous basant sur un modèle théorique unique d’un agent représentatif hypothétique, nous combinons des régressions de satisfaction envers la vie pour capter le coût social du chômage avec une approche de calibration pour rendre compte de la valeur monétaire de la longévité. Nous testons la robustesse des résultats à l’aide d’un ensemble de bases de données et de spécifications différentes, et nous trouvons que les prix fictifs estimés d’un point de pourcentage de chômage et d’une année d’espérance de vie sont en moyenne respectivement égaux à 2% et 6% du revenu des ménages. Alors qu’une fonction d’utilité unique est utilisée pour tous les individus, les prix fictifs du chômage et de l’espérance de vie varient à la fois entre pays et entre groupes de revenu à l’intérieur des pays. Nous montrons que la croissance économique diffère significativement de la croissance de notre mesure de niveau de vie. Celle-ci a crû plus vite que le PIB en vertu des gains d’espérance de vie, mais a été également plus volatile à cause des variations du taux de chômage. L’augmentation des inégalités de revenu a exercé un effet négatif sur notre mesure de niveau de vie. Les gains d’espérance de vie ont eu pratiquement le même impact sur le niveau de vie que la croissance économique, alors que l’impact de long-terme de l’emploi a été plus faible.
Classification-JEL: I18; I31; I32; I38; J17; J18
Keywords: living standards, measurement, welfare, well-being
Creation-Date: 2016-10-11
Number: 2016/5
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2016/5-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Jennifer Ribarsky
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Changku Kang
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Esther Bolton
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: The drivers of differences between growth in GDP and household adjusted disposable income in OECD countries
Abstract: Growth in household income has evolved differently from gross domestic product (GDP) in most OECD countries over the last eighteen years. Using the wealth of information available in the System of National Accounts, this paper provides an assessment of what may be driving this gap. A clear relationship, based on national accounts identities, between GDP and household income exists. This link allows for the calculation of each component’s contribution to the divergence in the growth rates. Based on this deconstruction, differences between the growth rates reflect several underlying effects that (often) offset each other. In many OECD countries, real GDP grew at a faster pace than real household income over the last eighteen years driven by different developments in prices faced by producers versus prices faced by consumers and a rising profit share of corporations. The positive evolution of the other components (such as government intervention) contributed to reducing the gap between the growth rates. Several indicators are investigated to help explain the underlying developments.
La croissances des revenus des ménages ont évolué différemment de celle du Produit Intérieur Brut (PIB) dans la plupart des pays de l’OCDE ces 18 dernières années. En utilisant la richesse des informations disponibles dans le Système de Comptabilité Nationale, ce document de travail donne une évaluation de ce qui pourrait être à l’origine de cet écart. Une relation claire, établie sur la base des identités de comptabilité nationale, entre le PIB et le revenu des ménages existe. Cette relation permet le calcul de la contribution de chaque composante à la divergence entre les taux de croissance. À partir de cette déconstruction, les différences entre les taux de croissance reflètent plusieurs effets sous-jacents lesquels (souvent) s’annulent entre eux. Dans de nombreux pays de l’OCDE, le PIB en termes réels a crû à un rythme plus soutenu que le revenu réel des ménages ces 18 dernières années, poussé par des évolutions différentes des prix payés par les producteurs de ceux payés par les consommateurs, ainsi qu’une hausse des taux de marges des sociétés. L’évolution positive des autres composantes (telle que l’intervention gouvernementale) ont contribué à la baisse de l’écart entre les taux de croissance. Plusieurs indicateurs complémentaires sont examinés afin d’expliciter des facteurs sous-jacents.
Creation-Date: 2016-05-20
Number: 2016/6
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2016/6-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Nadim Ahmad
Author-Name: Paul Schreyer
Title: Measuring GDP in a Digitalised Economy
Abstract: Recent years have seen a rapid emergence of new disruptive technologies with new forms of intermediation, service provision and consumption, with digitalisation being a common characteristic. These include new platforms that facilitate Peer-to-Peer transactions, such as AirBnB and Uber, new activities such as crowd sourcing, a growing category of the ‘occasional self-employed’ and prevalence of ‘free’ media services, funded by advertising and ‘Big data’. Against a backdrop of slowing rates of measured productivity growth, this has raised questions about the conceptual basis of GDP and output, and whether current compilation methods are adequate to capture them. This paper frames the discussion under an umbrella of the Digitalised Economy, covering also statistical challenges where digitalisation is a complicating feature such as international transactions and knowledge based assets. It delineates between conceptual and compilation issues and highlights areas where further investigations are merited. The overall conclusion is that, on balance, the accounting framework for GDP looks to be up to the challenges posed by digitalisation. Many practical measurement issues remain, however, in particular concerning price changes and where digitalisation meets internationalisation.
Les dernières années ont été marquées par l’apparition de nouvelles technologies de rupture, donnant lieu à de nouvelles formes d’intermédiation, de fourniture de services et de consommation. La caractéristique commune de ces activités est la numérisation. Elles incluent de nouveaux sites web facilitant les transactions entre particuliers comme AirBnB et Uber, de nouvelles activités telles que la production participative (crowdsourcing), une catégorie croissante de ‘travailleurs indépendants occasionnels’ et la prévalence de services de média ‘gratuit’ mais financés par la publicité et par les mégadonnées (Big Data). Dans un contexte de ralentissement des taux de croissance de la productivité mesurée, la question a été évoquée de savoir si les fondements conceptuels du PIB et de la production étaient encore valables et si les pratiques de collecte de données restaient adéquates pour mesurer ces nouvelles activités. Ce document présente cette question sous l’angle de l’économie numérisée tout en évoquant d’autres défis statistiques liés à la numérisation, telles que les transactions internationales et les actifs de la connaissance. Ce papier établit la distinction entre les problèmes conceptuels et les problèmes de collecte et identifie les domaines nécessitants davantage de travaux. La conclusion générale est que, tout compte fait, le cadre comptable du PIB semble être à la hauteur des défis posés par la numérisation. De nombreuses questions demeurent pourtant sur les mesures pratiques, en particulier concernant les mesures de variation des prix et dans les domaines statistiques où la numérisation s’inscrit dans un contexte international.
Creation-Date: 2016-06-17
Number: 2016/7
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2016/7-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Roberto Astolfi
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Michela Gamba
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Emmanuelle Guidetti
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Pierre-Alain Pionnier
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: The use of short-term indicators and survey data for predicting turning points in economic activity: A performance analysis of the OECD system of CLIs during the Great Recession
Abstract: After reviewing the main features of the statistics available in the MEI to inform policy makers, this paper discusses the performance of the CLIs during the Great Recession. This performance is assessed using both ex-post and real-time analyses. The analyses evaluate the ability of the OECD CLIs to anticipate the peak and the subsequent trough of the Great Recession in G7 countries, and the extent to which the initial signal has been maintained over time.
Après un examen des principales caractéristiques des statistiques disponibles dans les PIE, ce document évalue la performance des Indicateurs Composites Avancés de l’OCDE pendant la Grande Récession. Des analyses ex-post et en temps réel sont menées pour apprécier la capacité de ces indicateurs à anticiper le pic et le creux de la Grande Récession dans les pays du G7, ainsi que la stabilité dans le temps des points de retournement détectés.
Creation-Date: 2016-05-25
Number: 2016/8
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2016/8-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Lara Fleischer
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Conal Smith
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Carine Viac
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: A Review of General Social Surveys
Abstract: Societal progress is about improvements in the well-being of people and households. Assessing such progress requires looking at the diverse and multidimensional experiences and living conditions of people. Measuring well-being and progress is a key priority that the OECD is pursuing through its Better Life Initiative and the How’s Life report series that has been published bi-annually since 2011. In addition, the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have created a strong need for better data on multi-dimensional outcomes. However, no statistical framework exists linking conceptual frameworks of well-being with specific measurement instruments and outputs, and a lack of harmonised data suitable for international comparisons remains a key limitation to monitoring progress across countries. This review makes a first step towards developing a system of well-being statistics. A data source that has been underutilised in assessing the multidimensionality of human well-being and the joint distribution of outcomes are General Social Surveys, which are run by the majority of national statistical agencies as part of their regular survey programme. Using the OECD well-being framework, this review systematically considers the outcome domains of How’s Life?, taking stock of how each domain is being measured through General Social Surveys conducted in OECD countries and could be drawn upon in comparative analyses of well-being such as How’s Life?. The paper highlights inconsistencies between General Social Surveys across countries, and makes recommendations towards harmonization.
Le progrès des sociétés passe par une amélioration du bien-être des individus et des ménages. Pour évaluer ces progrès, il convient d’examiner le vécu et les conditions de vie des personnes, dans toute leur diversité et leur multi-dimensionnalité. Mesurer le bien-être et le progrès des sociétés est l’un des principaux objectifs visé par l’OCDE dans le cadre de l’Initiative du vivre mieux et de la série de rapports « Comment va la vie ? », publiés tous les deux ans depuis 2011. En outre, les objectifs de développement durable des Nations Unies créent un fort besoin d’indicateurs plus précis sur des problématiques pluridimensionnelles. Cependant, à l’heure actuelle, il n’existe pas de cadre statistique faisant le lien entre les cadres conceptuels relatifs au bien-être, les instruments de mesure spécifiques et les résultats. En outre, le manque de données harmonisées comparables au niveau international est un frein majeur au suivi des progrès d’un pays à l’autre. Cette étude ouvre la voie à un système de statistiques du bien-être. Les enquêtes sociales générales, conduites par la majorité des offices statistiques nationaux dans le cadre de leurs programmes d’enquêtes périodiques, constituent une source de données utiles à l’évaluation du caractère multidimensionnel du bien-être et de la distribution conjointe des résultats observés dans ce domaine, source qui a été sous-utilisée jusqu’à présent. En s’appuyant sur le cadre d’évaluation du bien-être de l’OCDE, cette étude examine de manière systématique les différents domaines couverts par le rapport « Comment va la vie ? », en faisant le point sur les méthodes d’évaluation appliquées pour chacun de ces domaines dans les enquêtes sociales générales menées dans les pays de l’OCDE et sur la façon dont elles pourraient être mises à profit dans des analyses comparables du bien-être, comme celle de « Comment va la vie ? ». Ce rapport met en évidence les incohérences entre les enquêtes sociales générales menées dans les différents pays, et formule des recommandations en vue d’une meilleure harmonisation.
Classification-JEL: I30; I31; C81
Keywords: methodology for collecting and organising microeconomic data, quality of life, well-being
Creation-Date: 2016-12-17
Number: 2016/9
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2016/9-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Jorrit Zwijnenburg
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Sophie Bournot
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Federico Giovannelli
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Expert Group on Disparities in a National Accounts Framework: Results from the 2015 Exercise
Abstract: In 2011, an Expert Group was launched to carry out a feasibility study on the compilation of distributional measures of income, consumption and wealth across household groups consistent with national accounts data. This group developed a methodology on the basis of which first experimental results on income, consumption and savings according to income quintiles were compiled and published in 2013. In 2015, the expert group engaged in a second exercise focusing on a more recent year and taking into account a number of adjustments to the methodology used in the previous exercise. This paper describes the sources, methods and results of this second exercise.The results of the exercise show that in general all countries are able to comply with the methodology. Furthermore, countries have micro data available for most of the national accounts items and in case of lacking data, imputations lead to comparable results. However, the results also show that in some cases gaps between the micro aggregates and the national accounts totals are quite substantial, possibly affecting the overall distributional results. Furthermore, more information is needed on how countries link data across various data sources. The experimental results show that Mexico records the highest income and consumption disparities, followed by the United States and Portugal, and that Slovenia records the lowest. The paper also shows that breakdowns into other household groups, such as age group and labour market status reveal very interesting information.
Classification-JEL: C82; D31; E01; E21
Keywords: distributional results, households, national accounts
Creation-Date: 2017-01-28
Number: 2016/10
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2016/10-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Taehyoung Cho
Author-Workplace-Name: Bank of Korea
Author-Name: Soobin Hwang
Author-Workplace-Name: Bank of Korea
Author-Name: Paul Schreyer
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Has the Labour Share Declined?: It Depends
Abstract: We revisit the issue of how best to measure the labour and capital shares in OECD economies, distinguishing between production- and income-based perspectives. The former adopts a producer perspective with gross income as a reference: it uses a production function in a market setting. The latter adopts a consumer perspective with net income as a reference, taking account of depreciation and including taxes and subsidies as perceived by final consumers. We confirm a statistically significant but small decline in the labour share across OECD countries over the past two decades under a production perspective. But this appears to result mainly from a rise in the gross capital share caused by rising depreciation rates. Accordingly, we find little or no decline in the labour share under an income perspective, where income is measured net and after depreciation. Using a novel dataset from Korea, we further dissect the capital share and suggest that in periods of price bubbles of land, rising asset values are a key element behind rising capital shares. We also show how introducing land prices can explain how both labour shares and real prices of investment goods can decline without assuming a large elasticity of substitution between labour and capital.
Classification-JEL: D33
Keywords: capital share, functional distribution, labour share
Creation-Date: 2017-01-28
Number: 2017/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2017/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Fabrice Murtin
Author-Name: Johan Mackenbach
Author-Workplace-Name: Erasmus University Rotterdam
Author-Name: Domantas Jasilionis
Author-Name: Marco Mira d'Ercole
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Inequalities in longevity by education in OECD countries: Insights from new OECD estimates
Abstract: This paper assesses inequality in longevity across education and gender groups in 23 OECD countries around 2011. Data on mortality rates by age, gender, educationals attainment and for, 17 countries, cause of death, were collected from national sources, with similar treatment applied to all countries in order to derive comparable measures of longevity at age 25 and 65 by gender and education. These estimates show that, on average, the gap in life expectancy between high and low-educationed people is 8 years for men and 5 years for women at age 25 years, and 3.5 years for men and 2.5 years for women at age 65. Other measures of inequalities in longevity by education (such as country averages of age-standardised mortality rates and the slope index of inequality) do not significantly change the inequality ranking of countries relative to one based on life expectancy measures. While significant, differences in longevity between groups with low and high educational attainment account, on average, for around 10% of overall differences in ages of death. Cardio-vascular diseases are the first cause of death for all gender and education groups after age 65 years, and the first cause of mortality inequality between the high and low-education elderly.
Ce document estime les inégalités de longévité par genre et niveaux d’éducation pour 23 pays de l’OCDE aux alentours de 2011. Des données de taux de mortalité par âge, sexe, éducation et, pour 17 pays, par cause de mortalité, ont été collectées à partir de sources statistiques nationales. Un traitement identique a été appliqué à toutes ces données afin d'obtenir des mesures comparables de longévité à 25 et 65 ans par sexe et niveau d’éducation. Ces estimations montrent que, en moyenne, les différences d’espérance de vie à 25 ans entre les personnes à haut et faible niveaux d’éducation sont de 8 ans pour les hommes et de 5 ans pour les femmes, alors que ces différences sont de 3.5 ans pour les hommes et de 2.5 ans pour les femmes à l’âge de 65 ans. D'autres mesures d’inégalité de longévité par niveau d’éducation (tels que les taux moyens de mortalité standardisés ou les indices de pente d’inégalité) fournissent globalement le même classement de pays en termes d’inégalité, par rapport aux indices basés sur l’espérance de vie. Toutefois les différences de longévité entre haut et faible niveaux d’éducation expliquent seulement 10% des differences d’âge à la mort parmi les personnes. Les maladies cardio-vasculaires sont la première cause de mortalité pour tous les groupes d’éducation et de genre après 65 ans, et la première cause d’inégalité de mortalité entre les seniors à haut et faible niveaux d’éducation.
Classification-JEL: I14; I18
Keywords: cause of death, health, inequality, life expectancy, longevity, mortality, socioeconomic gradient
Creation-Date: 2017-01-14
Number: 2017/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2017/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Santiago González
Author-Name: Lara Fleischer
Author-Name: Marco Mira d'Ercole
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Governance statistics in OECD countries and beyond: What exists, and what would be required to assess their quality?
Abstract: The paper provides a first assessment of the range of governance statistics that are available in OECD countries, reaching three main conclusions. First, while several statistics relating to various aspects of governance are already available, they differ in terms of the underlying concepts, the labels used to describe them, the range of institutions covered, and the detailed aspect or function considered: developing a common conceptual framework for governance is hence a prerequisite for gathering more robust and useful statistics in this field. Second, efforts should be devoted to thoroughly assess the quality of existing governance statistics, as a preliminary step towards providing general advice to statistical producers and users: the model currently used by the OECD with respect to measuring “trust”, based on an assessment of the reliability and validity of existing measures, could be usefully extended to other aspects of governance. Third, while politically sensitive, there are no a priori reasons why NSOs should consider governance statistics as falling outside their remit; these statistics should become part of their routine production, subject to the same quality standards and requirements that apply to other social, economic and environmental statistics.
On trouvera dans le présent document une première évaluation de l’éventail des statistiques disponibles au sein des pays de l’OCDE dans le domaine de la gouvernance. Trois grandes conclusions s’en dégagent. Premièrement, si plusieurs statistiques relatives à divers aspects de la gouvernance sont déjà disponibles, elles diffèrent sur le plan de leurs concepts sous-jacents, des appellations employées pour les décrire, de la gamme d’institutions couvertes et des aspects précis pris en compte : l’élaboration d’un cadre conceptuel commun en matière de gouvernance apparaît donc comme une condition préalable pour rassembler des statistiques plus robustes et utiles dans ce domaine. Deuxièmement, il faudrait s’employer à évaluer de façon exhaustive la qualité des statistiques existantes en matière de gouvernance, afin de pouvoir ensuite fournir des conseils d’ordre général aux producteurs et aux utilisateurs de statistiques ; le modèle actuellement utilisé par l'OCDE s’agissant de mesurer la confiance, à la lumière d’une évaluation de la fiabilité et de la validité des éléments de mesure existants, pourrait utilement être étendu à d’autres aspects de la gouvernance. Troisièmement, même si cette question est politiquement sensible, il n’y a aucune raison, a priori, pour que les offices statistiques nationaux n’intègrent pas les statistiques de gouvernance à leur production courante, avec les mêmes exigences et normes de qualité que pour les autres statistiques d’ordre social, économique ou environnemental.
Classification-JEL: C46; H11; H83; I31
Keywords: governance, methodology for collecting and organising microeconomic data, public insitutions, quality of democracy, rule of law, trust, well-being
Creation-Date: 2017-03-11
Number: 2017/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2017/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Guannan Miao
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Fabienne Fortanier
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Estimating Transport and Insurance Costs of International Trade
Abstract: Although the costs associated with the international transport and insurance of merchandise trade are an important determinant of the volume and geography of international trade, remarkably little (official) data exist. Combining the largest and most detailed cross-country sample of official national statistics on explicit CIF-FOB margins to date with estimates from an econometric gravity model, and using a novel approach to pool product codes across HS vintages, this paper presents the new OECD Database on International Transport and Insurance Costs (ITIC) that aims to fill this gap, and describes the methodology used in its construction. The database details the bilateral, product level international trade and insurance costs for more than 180 countries and partners, over 1 000 individual products, for the 1995-2014 time period, and provides an important new tool to further our understanding of global value chains, whilst also forming an important statistical input to the development of coherent and balanced bilateral trade statistics and to the TiVA database. In particular the database provides potential new insights on how distance, natural barriers such as mountain ranges, and inadequate infrastructure, shape regional (and global) value chains.
Classification-JEL: F10; F14
Keywords: CIF-FOB margins, International merchandise trade, International transport and insurance costs
Creation-Date: 2017-03-16
Number: 2017/4
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2017/4-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Goebel
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: A Primer on Government-Sponsored Pension Schemes in the National Accounts and their Impact on the Interpretation of Government Debt Statistics
Abstract: Government debt has many characteristics and thus cannot be fully captured by one indicator. There are several different ways of defining government debt, and each definition can lead to different interpretations of a government’s financial situation. As a result, international comparisons of government debt statistics must be conducted with care. This working paper will summarise some of the major differences in defining and measuring government debt and, based on available data, will demonstrate the impact of these differences when comparing the level of government debt as a percentage of GDP across various OECD countries. This paper will also look at the challenges in incorporating government-sponsored pension schemes in government debt statistics and the implications for making international comparisons of government debt. It will then attempt to compare government debt statistics by adjusting for some of these challenges. It will also present a complementary approach for analysing and comparing government debt, using projections of old age dependency and economic growth in order to provide additional context. The key findings of this paper are that: (i) international comparisons of government debt should exclude pension liabilities until more data are available from more countries; (ii) comparisons of government debt should be conducted separately for implicit and explicit liabilities as well as for funded and unfunded pension liabilities; (iii) further cooperation is required between the national accounts, actuary and public sector / business accounting communities to enable methodological consistency in the estimation of pension liabilities; and (iv) comparisons of government debt should not rely on one indicator but instead utilise a wide array of statistics in order to provide a more relevant and complete picture of government finances both within and across countries.
Creation-Date: 2017-04-11
Number: 2017/5
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2017/5-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Thilo Klein
Author-Name: Stefaan Verhulst
Author-Workplace-Name: The GovLab, New York University
Title: Access to new data sources for statistics: Business models and incentives for the corporate sector
Abstract: New data sources, commonly referred to as “Big Data”, have attracted growing interest from National Statistical Institutes. They have the potential to complement official and more conventional statistics used, for instance, to determine progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and other targets. However, it is often assumed that this type of data is readily available, which is not necessarily the case. This paper examines legal requirements and business incentives to obtain agreement on private data access, and more generally ways to facilitate the use of Big Data for statistical purposes. Using practical cases, the paper analyses the suitability of five generic data access models for different data sources and data uses in an emerging new data ecosystem. Concrete recommendations for policy action are presented in the conclusions.
Classification-JEL: C55; C81; C82
Keywords: Big Data, business model, data ecosystem, official statistics, public-private partnership (PPP)
Creation-Date: 2017-05-05
Number: 2017/6
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2017/6-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Sarah Flèche
Author-Name: Conal Smith
Title: Time use surveys and experienced well-being in France and the United States
Abstract: The last decade has seen a sustained surge of interest in measures of subjective well-being on the part of economists and other social scientists. The vast majority of the academic literature on subjective well-being focuses on measures of life evaluation, as does most discussion of how measures of subjective well-being can be applied to policy. However, measures of life evaluation have well-known limitations, and other measures of subjective well-being, including experienced well-being (i.e. people’s time use and emotional state over time), can be an important complement to measures of life evaluation. As of 2016, however, few countries have included experienced well-being in their official time use surveys, and there is relatively little understanding of how different methodological approaches to measuring experienced well-being affect the results obtained. This paper presents results using data from the US and the French time use surveys, showing that the different approaches adopted by these two countries have quite different implications for the data collected. Results highlight the sensitivity of experienced well-being measures – particularly the U-index – to the choice of affective states included, and shed light on the differing results found in the literature on how unemployment impacts upon experienced well-being.
Classification-JEL: C8; I31; J22
Keywords: experienced well-being, measurement, time use survey, U-index
Creation-Date: 2017-07-06
Number: 2017/7
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2017/7-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Nadim Ahmad
Author-Name: Timon Bohn
Author-Name: Nanno Mulder
Author-Name: Marcel Vaillant
Author-Name: Dayna Zaclicever
Title: Indicators on global value chains: A guide for empirical work
Abstract: Traditionally, the main source of data used to measure countries’ participation in international production networks or global value chains (GVCs) has been conventional international trade statistics. However, international fragmentation of production has weakened the analytic interpretability of these data as intermediate goods but also services cross borders many times on the way to their final destination. This is often referred to as the double (or multiple)-counting problem of international trade Statistics. This, in turn, has led to the development of a new branch of trade statistics, referred to as Trade in Value-Added (TiVA) providing new insights on GVCs, and corresponding databases, notably the OECD-WTO TiVA database, which provide a measure of international interdependencies through the construction of global input-output tables that show how producers in one country provide goods and/or services to producers and consumers in others. But with the field still relatively new, many users are struggling to fully understand how these new indicators should be used and indeed how they have been constructed. This document is designed to address those difficulties, providing, where appropriate guidance on “dos” and “don’ts”. It also reviews many other typical GVC indicators derived outside of input-output frameworks; recognising that gross measures of trade, and indicators derived from them, remain important and relevant for policy making.
Classification-JEL: C40; F1; M00
Keywords: global value chain indicators, globalisation indicators, international fragmentation of production, trade in value-added
Creation-Date: 2017-07-18
Number: 2017/8
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2017/8-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Nadim Ahmad
Author-Name: Jennifer Ribarsky
Author-Name: Marshall Reinsdorf
Title: Can potential mismeasurement of the digital economy explain the post-crisis slowdown in GDP and productivity growth?
Abstract: The digital economy has created some new measurement challenges for macroeconomic statistics and may have exacerbated some older ones, raising some concerns about the scope and estimation of GDP. Against a backdrop of slowing rates of measured productivity growth, this has raised questions about the conceptual basis of GDP and output, and whether current compilation methods are adequate to capture them (known as the mismeasurement hypothesis). In response to these concerns the international statistics community has reinforced efforts to investigate these concerns, chiefly under the vehicle of OECD-IMF collaboration and a newly formed Advisory Expert Group working under the auspices of the OECD’s Committee for Statistics and Statistical Policy. This paper is intended to provide momentum to these on-going efforts and to address immediate concerns about the potential scale of GDP mismeasurement in key areas where mismeasurement is often suspected. Notwithstanding the need for further work in some areas, notably with regards to cross-border transactions as well as potential mismeasurement in other macro-economic statistics, such as the consumer prices index, this paper concludes that even if mismeasurement is occurring, its scale is not sufficient to explain the widespread slowdown in measured GDP growth or multi-factor productivity growth. Nevertheless it’s important to note that this is a backward looking exercise. Even though the distortionary impact of any potential mismeasurement is currently thought to be small the growing size of digitised transactions could point to larger impacts in the future.
Classification-JEL: E1; E22; E24; E30
Keywords: digitalisation, GDP, mismeasurement, prices, Productivity
Creation-Date: 2017-07-21
Number: 2017/9
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2017/9-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Ryan E. Carlin
Author-Workplace-Name: Georgia State University
Author-Name: Gregory J. Love
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Mississippi
Author-Name: Conal Smith
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Measures of interpersonal trust: Evidence on their cross-national validity and reliability based on surveys and experimental data
Abstract: Interpersonal trust (i.e. trust in other people) is an issue of high interest to both policy-makers and researchers seeking to understand what drives social and economic outcomes. However, for trust to usefully inform policy and analysis it is necessary to have valid and reliable measures of it. Despite a large body of evidence on the relationship between trust and other social and economic outcomes, evidence on the validity of trust from experimental data is conflicting. In particular, while many studies find no correlation between survey measures of trust and experimental measures at an individual level, other studies suggest a significant, if modest, correlation at the country level. This article examines the relationship between survey and experimental measures of trust in others using a large dataset containing aggregate experimental and survey measures of trust from 167 studies conducted in 36 countries. Importantly, the dataset also includes individual measures of both survey and behavioural trust in seven countries, and data from two panel studies with repeated survey measures of trust. Using these multiple data sources, the paper investigates the degree to which survey measures of interpersonal trust are valid at both an individual and cross-country level. The paper shows the existence of a significant correlation between survey and experimental measures of interpersonal trust at the country-level. Evidence on measurement errors in existing small-scale studies underscores the importance of developing better quality data from both surveys and experiments.
Classification-JEL: C83; C91; Z10
Keywords: Interpersonal trust, measurement, trust game
Creation-Date: 2017-10-19
Number: 2017/10
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2017/10-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Santiago González
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Conal Smith
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: The accuracy of measures of institutional trust in household surveys: Evidence from the oecd trust database
Abstract: A key policy concern in recent years has been the decline in levels of trust by citizen in public institutions. Trust is one of the foundations upon which the legitimacy and sustainability of political systems are built. It is crucial to the implementation of a wide range of policies and influences people’s behavioural responses to such policies. However, despite its acknowledged importance, trust in public institutions is poorly understood and is not consistently measured across OECD countries. The OECD Trust Database brings together information from a wide range of different household surveys containing measures of trust and combines this with information on other social and economic outcomes. The size of the database and range of covariates make it possible to identify the underlying patterns captured by survey based measures of trust in institutions and systematically test the accuracy (i.e. reliability and validity) of these measures. Reliability is tested by examining the consistency of measures of institutional trust across different surveys and between different waves of the same survey. Validity is harder to test than reliability. It is however possible to examine the construct validity of institutional trust measures by looking at whether these measures show the expected correlation with other social and economic variables on a cross-country basis. Analysis of item-specific non-response rates provides important additional information on the face validity of institutional trust measures.
Classification-JEL: A13; C46; H11; H83
Keywords: accuracy, government, household surveys, reliability, trust
Creation-Date: 2017-11-07
Number: 2017/11
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2017/11-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Carlotta Balestra
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Richard Tonkin
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Inequalities in household wealth across OECD countries: Evidence from the OECD Wealth Distribution Database
Abstract: This paper describes how household wealth is distributed in 28 OECD countries, based on evidence from the second wave of the OECD Wealth Distribution Database. A number of general patterns emerge from these data. First, wealth concentration is twice the level of income inequality: across the 28 OECD countries covered, the wealthiest 10% of households hold, on average, 52% of total household wealth, while the 60% least wealthy households own little over 12%. Second, up to a quarter of all households report negative net worth (i.e. liabilities exceeding the value of their assets) in a number of countries. In addition, some countries feature large shares of households with high levels of debt relative to both their incomes and the assets that they hold; this potentially exposes such households to significant risks in the event of changes in asset prices or falls of their income. Third, more than one in three people are economically vulnerable, as they lack liquid financial assets to maintain a poverty-level living standard for at least three months. Fourth, one in three households has received some gift or bequest in their life, with this share being considerably larger among high income and high wealth households. The paper also describes changes in wealth distribution since the Great Recession among the sub-set of countries for which repeated observations are available in the OECD Wealth Distribution Database. Finally, the paper discusses a number of methodological challenges, notably on how to better account for the top end of the wealth distribution.
Classification-JEL: C81; D12; D31; D63; I32
Keywords: database, household wealth, OECD, wealth inequality
Creation-Date: 2018-06-21
Number: 2018/01
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2018/01-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Fabrice Murtin
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Lara Fleischer
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Vincent Siegerink
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Arnstein Aassve
Author-Workplace-Name: Bocconi University
Author-Name: Yann Algan
Author-Workplace-Name: Sciences Po, Paris
Author-Name: Romina Boarini
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Santiago González
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Zsuzsanna Lonti
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Gianluca Grimalda
Author-Workplace-Name: Kiel University
Author-Name: Rafael Hortala Vallve
Author-Workplace-Name: London School of Economics
Author-Name: Soonhee Kim
Author-Workplace-Name: Korea Development Institute
Author-Name: David Lee
Author-Workplace-Name: Korea Development Institute
Author-Name: Louis Putterman
Author-Workplace-Name: Brown university
Author-Name: Conal Smith
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Trust and its determinants: Evidence from the Trustlab experiment
Abstract: This paper describes the results of an international initiative on trust (Trustlab) run in six OECD countries between November 2016 and November 2017 (France, Germany, Italy, Korea, Slovenia and the United States). Trustlab combines cutting-edge techniques drawn from behavioural science and experimental economics with an extensive survey on the policy and contextual determinants of trust in others and trust in institutions, administered to representative samples of participants. The main results are as follows: 1) Self-reported measures of trust in institutions are validated experimentally, 2) Self-reported measures of trust in others capture a belief about trustworthiness (as well as altruistic preferences), whereas experimental measures rather capture willingness to cooperate and one’s own trustworthiness. Therefore, both measures are loosely related, and should be considered complementary rather than substitutes; 3) Perceptions of institutional performance strongly correlate with both trust in government and trust in others; 4) Perceived government integrity is the strongest determinant of trust in government; 5) In addition to indicators associated with social capital, such as neighbourhood connectedness and attitudes towards immigration, perceived satisfaction with public services, social preferences and expectations matter for trust in others; 6) There is a large scope for policy action, as an increase in all significant determinants of trust in government by one standard deviation may be conducive to an increase in trust by 30 to 60%.
Keywords: cooperative games, implicit association test, no cooperative games, trust, trust in institutions
Creation-Date: 2018-06-30
Number: 2018/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2018/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Carlotta Balestra
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Romina Boarini
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Elena Tosetto
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: What matters the most to people?: Evidence from the OECD Better Life Index users’ responses
Abstract: The OECD Better Life Index is an interactive composite index that aggregates average measures of country’s well-being outcomes through weights defined by users. This paper studies these weights by analysing the responses given by close to 130 000 users since 2011 to date. The paper has three goals. First, to investigate the factors shaping users’ preferences over a set of 11 well-being dimensions. Second, to provide insights into users’ preferences for a large group of countries which differ in terms of culture and living conditions. Third, to test for the effects of users’ satisfaction with respect to a given well-being dimension on the weight they attach to it, across different population groups. Various empirical models are used to identify responses’ patterns and see whether they can be accounted for by respondents’ characteristics and their perceived well-being. The paper finds that health status, education and life satisfaction are the aspects that matter the most for BLI users in OECD countries. Men assign more importance to income than women, while women value community and work-life balance more than men. Health, safety, housing and civic engagement become more important with age, while life satisfaction, work-life balance, jobs, income and community are particularly important for youth. There are also clear regional patterns in the choices by BLI users; for instance education, jobs and civic engagement are particularly important in South America while personal safety and work-life balance matter a lot in Asia-Pacific. Analysis carried out on a subset of observations (i.e. BLI-users who completed an extended questionnaire) finds that, for several well-being dimensions (i.e. jobs, housing, community, health, education, civic engagement, personal safety, life satisfaction and work-life balance), there is a positive and linear relationship between individual preferences and self-reported satisfaction in the same dimension, with evidence of distinctly different patterns of association within the population in the case of income and education.
Classification-JEL: C43; I31; O1
Keywords: Better Life Index, composite index, preferences, users, well-being
Creation-Date: 2018-07-24
Number: 2018/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2018/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Peter van de Ven
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Jorrit Zwijnenburg
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Matthew De Queljoe
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Including unpaid household activities: An estimate of its impact on macro-economic indicators in the G7 economies and the way forward
Abstract: The System of National Accounts, which provides information on important macroeconomic indicators such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), household disposable income and final consumption, typically excludes the value of unpaid household activities. Exceptions are made for the production of goods for own final consumption (e.g. subsistence farming), the services from owner-occupied dwellings, and the production from employment of paid domestic staff, but the output from unpaid domestic and personal services, such as the preparation of meals, taking care of children, cleaning, repairs, volunteering, etc., is all excluded. This report deals with the impact of including unpaid household activities on macro-economic aggregates for G7-countries. It builds upon earlier work by Ahmad and Koh (2011) and van de Ven and Zwijnenburg (2016). The report starts off with discussing the pros and cons of including unpaid household activities, or more specifically, the reasons why these activities are currently excluded from the macro-economic aggregates that can be derived from the framework of national accounts. It then discusses how estimates can be compiled using statistics from time use surveys and other available information. Here, also some of the complexities related to the approximate valuation of unpaid household activities are being addressed. Subsequently, results are presented for the level estimates of GDP as well as for economic growth when including the value of unpaid household activities for the G7 economies. The report concludes with a number of recommendations on the way forward, also touching upon some of the (potential) policy implications of the work on valuing unpaid household activities.
Classification-JEL: C82; D13; E01; J22
Keywords: households, national accounts, satellite accounts, time use, unpaid work
Creation-Date: 2018-07-28
Number: 2018/4
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2018/4-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: David Marguerit
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Guillaume Cohen
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Carrie Exton
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Child well-being and the Sustainable Development Goals: How far are OECD countries from reaching the targets for children and young people?
Abstract: This paper summarises available evidence on the distance that OECD countries need to travel in order to reach the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets for children and young people. More than 50 indicators are included in this analysis, covering 43 of the 169 targets, and 11 of the 17 Goals. The analysis finds that, on average, OECD countries are still far from reaching the targets pertaining to Goals 4 “Quality education”, and 8 “Decent work and economic growth”. Goals 1 “No poverty”, 2 “Zero hunger” and 16 “Peace, justice and strong institutions” are also highlighted as priority areas. However, the results vary widely across OECD countries, and among specific targets within each of the goals. Yet, all of these findings need to be considered in light of what it is not currently possible to measure. In particular, there are large data gaps for Goals 1 (“No poverty”), 5 (“Gender equality”), 11 (“Sustainable cities and communities”), and 16 (“Peace, justice and strong institutions”).
Classification-JEL: C10; O20; O21; Q01; Y20
Keywords: children, measurement, SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals, well-being
Creation-Date: 2018-09-27
Number: 2018/05
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2018/05-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Schreyer
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Belen Zinni
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Productivity measurement, R&D assets and mark-ups in OECD countries
Abstract: A key feature of the 2008 revision of the System of National Accounts was the treatment of R&D expenditure as investment. The question arises whether the standard approach towards accounting for growth contribution of assets is justified given the special nature of R&D that provides capital services by affecting the working of other inputs as a whole – akin to technical change and often requires up-front investment with sunk costs. We model R&D inputs with a restricted cost function and compare econometric estimates with those derived under a standard index number approach but find no significant differences. However, we cannot reject the hypothesis of increasing returns to scale. The standard MFP measure is then broken down into a scale effect and a residual productivity effect, each of which explains about half of overall MFP change. The scale effect points to the importance of the demand side and market size for productivity growth. We also compute mark-up rates of prices over marginal cost and find widespread evidence of rising mark-ups for the period 1985-2016.
Classification-JEL: D24
Keywords: Mark-ups, Productivity, R&D, Returns to scale
Creation-Date: 2018-10-29
Number: 2018/06
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2018/06-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Carrie Exton
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Michal Shinwell
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Policy use of well-being metrics: Describing countries’ experiences
Abstract: The last decade has seen major advances in the measurement of well-being in national statistics – but what are governments doing to incorporate these metrics and frameworks into policy decision making? This paper describes the progress made in many countries on measuring well-being at a national level, and the mechanisms being developed to mainstream both concepts and evidence on well-being into policy settings. In all cases, countries are adopting a multidimensional approach to the measurement of well-being, and several initiatives have been informed by extensive public consultation processes. For seven countries, detailed case studies in the Annex describe the development and implementation of policy mechanisms for integrating well-being evidence: Ecuador, France, Italy, New Zealand, Scotland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The paper finds that well-being evidence is applied at several different stages of the policy cycle, from strategic analysis and prioritization to evaluations of policy interventions. In most cases these initiatives are only a few years old, and institutional support will be vital for the durability of these mechanisms over time and through different political cycles.
Creation-Date: 2018-11-07
Number: 2018/07
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2018/07-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Michal Shinwell
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Efrat Shamir
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Measuring the impact of businesses on people’s well-being and sustainability: Taking stock of existing frameworks and initiatives
Abstract: Businesses have a significant impact on people’s economic and social conditions, as well as on environmental outcomes. This paper presents an overview of the various kinds of initiatives aimed at measuring or reporting on business’ impact, or certain aspects of it. It shows that despite the proliferation of information and frameworks to measure these impacts, there is currently no common understanding and practice on how to assess the performance of businesses in different social and environmental areas. Building on the OECD’s work on measuring well-being at the national level, the paper aims at better understanding how businesses can impact people’s well-being and sustainability. It contributes to, and complements, other initiatives undertaken by the OECD on responsible business conduct and inclusive growth. This analysis is a first attempt at extending to businesses the approach used by the Organisation to assess and benchmark the well-being performance of countries and sub-national regions, in view of creating a common language and improving the quality, comparability, and coherence of information on the impact of businesses on societal progress and people’s life.
Classification-JEL: G39; I31; J81
Keywords: business impacts, sustainability reporting, Well-being metrics
Creation-Date: 2018-11-09
Number: 2018/08
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2018/08-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Carlotta Balestra
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Lara Fleischer
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Diversity statistics in the OECD: How do OECD countries collect data on ethnic, racial and indigenous identity?
Abstract: Data on ethnic, racial and indigenous identity can help render certain minorities statistically visible, and expose potential discrimination and inequalities. This paper systematically reviews diversity data collection practices in OECD countries and selected key partners and identifies three common challenges: the legal treatment of ‘sensitive’ data and concerns around privacy; the use of different data sources for different policy purposes; and issues of comparability over time since identities are dynamic and multiple constructs. When relevant, recommendations and best practices to improve diversity data are put forward. These include: expanding the collection of data on ethnic and racial identities where legal frameworks permit; ensuring the representation of hard-to-reach populations such as indigenous communities; developing national diversity statistical standards to standardise information and allow linking data across sources; raising the timeliness and policy relevance of diversity data by including questions in both regular sample surveys and population censuses; and involving communities in the data collection process.
Classification-JEL: C80; I3; J15
Keywords: Data collection, ethnicity, indigenous peoples, migration, race, well-being
Creation-Date: 2018-11-12
Number: 2018/09
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2018/09-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Auke Rijpma
Author-Workplace-Name: Utrecht University
Author-Name: Jan Luiten van Zanden
Author-Workplace-Name: Utrecht University
Author-Name: Marco Mira d'Ercole
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: A long-term perspective on the development experience of emerging and industrialised economies
Abstract: This paper describes development patterns beyond GDP in a long-term historical perspective. It revisits the discussion on the goals of development in light of the current discussions on ‘Beyond GDP’, provides evidence on GDP and well-being outcomes since 1820 in a broad range of developing and emerging countries, and compares the experience of early industrialising countries and more recently emerging ones.
Classification-JEL: I31; N00
Keywords: beyond GDP, economic history, well-being
Creation-Date: 2018-11-16
Number: 2018/10
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2018/10-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Florian Flachenecker
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Emmanuelle Guidetti
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Pierre-Alain Pionnier
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Towards global SEEA Air Emission Accounts: Description and evaluation of the OECD methodology to estimate SEEA Air Emission Accounts for CO2, CH4 and N2O in Annex-I countries to the UNFCCC
Abstract: This paper describes and evaluates the OECD methodology to estimate Air Emission Accounts (AEAs) for carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), in line with the System of Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA).
Keywords: Air Emission Accounts, Greenhouse Gases, SEEA
Creation-Date: 2018-12-03
Number: 2018/11
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2018/11-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Ashley Ward
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Belen Zinni
Author-Name: Pascal Marianna
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: International productivity gaps: Are labour input measures comparable?
Abstract: Cross-country differences in the measurement of labour input contribute to observed productivity gaps across countries. In most countries, labour force surveys (LFS) form a primary source of information for employment related statistics, such as persons employed, employees and hours worked. However, because the coverage of LFS does not fully align with the coverage of activities used to estimate GDP, additional adjustments relying on complementary sources, such as administrative or business statistics, are often applied to bridge conceptual differences, and in many countries, the use of these sources is often preferred to LFS data. Evidence from the 2018 OECD/Eurostat national accounts labour input survey shows that the adjustments made to align measures of labour input with the corresponding measures of production according to the domestic concept, vary considerably across countries, with many countries making no adjustments, in particular, for the measurement of hours worked. This paper demonstrates that countries making no adjustments to average hours worked measures extracted from the original source, such as self-reported hours actually worked in the LFS, appear to systematically over-estimate labour input and, so, under-estimate labour productivity levels. To illustrate the size of this bias, for this group of countries, the paper adopts a simplified component method that introduces a series of explicit adjustments on working time using information available in LFS and complementary sources. The results point to a reduction in relative productivity gaps of around 10 percentage points in many countries compared to current estimates. Although future releases of OECD productivity (levels) statistics will incorporate these changes, it is important to stress that these estimates will only be used as a stop-gap while countries making no, or minimal adjustments, work to leverage all available data sources to produce average hours worked estimates that align with the national accounts domestic concept and that address self-reporting bias; which is the paper’s principal recommendation for those countries that currently make no or only partial adjustments. Indeed, many EU member states, coordinated by Eurostat, are already moving in this direction, with ESA 2010 derogations set to expire by 2020.
Classification-JEL: E1; E24; E26
Keywords: employment, hours worked, labour input, labour productivity, mismeasurement
Creation-Date: 2018-12-10
Number: 2018/12
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2018/12-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Carlotta Balestra
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Ana Llena-Nozal
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Fabrice Murtin
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Elena Tosetto
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Benoît Arnaud
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Inequalities in emerging economies: Informing the policy dialogue on inclusive growth
Abstract: The paper describes inequality trends in selected emerging economies (Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa) in a range of monetary (i.e. income) and non-monetary dimensions of people’s life (i.e. education, health status, employment and subjective well-being). Inequalities are analysed not only in terms of overall dispersion, but also as gaps between population groups defined by specific characteristics (i.e. sex, age, educational attainment and place of living). To the extent made possible by the nature of available data, measures of income inequality for these emerging countries, as well as for 7 Latin American countries (Bolivia, Dominic Republic, Ecuador, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay), are based on concepts and definitions similar to those used by the OECD for its member countries. All the emerging economies covered in the paper show levels of income inequality higher than in the five most unequal OECD countries, while the picture is more mixed when it comes to inequalities in other dimensions of people’s well-being. An annex complements the analysis by presenting an assessment of the quality of the available data on income distribution for the emerging countries covered in the paper.
Classification-JEL: D31; D63; I14; I24; I32; J01
Keywords: database, emerging economies, inequality, poverty, well-being
Creation-Date: 2018-12-13
Number: 2018/13
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2018/13-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Marshall Reinsdorf
Author-Workplace-Name: International Monetary Fund
Author-Name: Paul Schreyer
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Measuring consumer inflation in a digital economy
Abstract: The effect on the household consumption price index from possible sources of error in capturing digital products depends on the weight of the affected products. To calculate upper bounds for this effect, we apply weights based on the average structure of household consumption in OECD countries to a maximum plausible overstatement of price change for each affected or potentially affected product. The products account for about 35% of household expenditure in 2005, declining to 32% in 2015. The upper bound simulation effect on the growth rate of the consumption deflator is somewhat less than –0.6 percentage points in 2015 – large enough to improve the picture of GDP and productivity growth in advanced economies. However, this would not overturn the conclusion that productivity growth has slowed substantially compared over the past decades.
Classification-JEL: C43; D11; D60; E01; E31; O47
Keywords: cost of living index, digital replacements, digitalised economy, GDP growth, Inflation, productivity
Creation-Date: 2019-02-27
Number: 2019/01
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2019/01-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Ana Llena-Nozal
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Neil Martin
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Fabrice Murtin
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: The economy of well-being: Creating opportunities for people’s well-being and economic growth
Abstract: As well-being has matured as a statistical and measurement agenda, it has become increasingly relevant as a “compass” for policy, with a growing number of countries using well-being metrics to guide decision-making and inform budgetary processes. One remaining challenge has consisted in providing policy-makers with a better understanding of the linkages between the drivers of well-being and economic growth. This paper develops the concept of an “Economy of Well-being” as a basis for highlighting these linkages and showing how policy can most effectively leverage them. The paper defines an economy of well-being around the idea of a “virtuous circle” in which individual well-being and long-term economic growth are mutually reinforcing. It also explores the characteristics of an economy of well-being and the conditions under which it can be sustained. Secondly, based on a survey of existing empirical evidence, the paper contributes to outline how economies of well-being can be built. It provides analysis of several important channels through which economic growth and well-being support and reinforce one another, focusing on the multidimensional impact of policies in four areas that research has shown to be important for well-being: Education and Skills; Health; Social Protection and Redistribution; and Gender Equality.
Classification-JEL: D61; I14; I24; I38
Keywords: equality of opportunity, multidimensional analysis, policy linkages, social investment, well-being
Creation-Date: 2019-09-20
Number: 2019/02
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2019/02-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Catherine Doz
Author-Workplace-Name: Paris School of Economics
Author-Name: Laurent Ferrara
Author-Workplace-Name: SKEMA Business School
Author-Name: Pierre-Alain Pionnier
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Business cycle dynamics after the Great Recession: An extended Markov-Switching Dynamic Factor Model
Abstract: The Great Recession and the subsequent period of subdued GDP growth in most advanced economies have highlighted the need for macroeconomic forecasters to account for sudden and deep recessions, periods of higher macroeconomic volatility, and fluctuations in trend GDP growth. In this paper, we put forward an extension of the standard Markov-Switching Dynamic Factor Model (MS-DFM) by incorporating two new features: switches in volatility and time-variation in trend GDP growth. First, we show that volatility switches largely improve the detection of business cycle turning points in the low-volatility environment prevailing since the mid-1980s. It is an important result for the detection of future recessions since, according to our model, the US economy is now back to a low-volatility environment after an interruption during the Great Recession. Second, our model also captures a continuous decline in the US trend GDP growth that started a few years before the Great Recession and continued thereafter. These two extensions of the standard MS-DFM framework are supported by information criteria, marginal likelihood comparisons and improved real-time GDP forecasting performance.
Classification-JEL: C22; C51; E32; E37
Keywords: Great Moderation, Great Recession, Macroeconomic Forecasting, Markov-Switching Dynamic Factor Model (MS-DFM), Turning-Point Detection
Creation-Date: 2020-01-16
Number: 2020/01
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2020/01-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Guillaume Cohen
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Michal Shinwell
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: How far are OECD countries from achieving SDG targets for women and girls?: Applying a gender lens to measuring distance to SDG targets
Abstract: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) call to achieve peace and prosperity for all by 2030, leaving no one behind. This paper summarises available evidence to measure the distance that OECD countries need to travel in order to reach SDG targets related to women and girls. It finds that 102 of the 247 indicators in the UN Global Indicator Framework are gender-related. However, in practice, data for OECD countries are available for only 35 indicators, distributed across 9 of the 17 goals. Based on available data, OECD countries are on average closest to meeting targets for women on Health (Goal 3), mortality from homicides and occupational injuries (Goals 16 and 8). Conversely, they are further away from targets in three areas: personal safety (Goal 16), equal representation (Goals 9 and 5) and healthy life-styles (Goals 2 and 3). Where data is available for both men and women, the evidence shows that women are closer to SDG targets than men on all indicators related to Health (Goal 3), but are further away from targets in many employment-related targets (Goals 8 and 9) as well as on feeling safe (Goal 16) and ICT skills (Goal 4). No data are available for the planet goals (Goals 6, 12, 13, 14 and 15), for which few indicators are identified as gender-related.
Classification-JEL: J16
Keywords: gender, measurement, SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals
Creation-Date: 2020-07-15
Number: 2020/02
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2020/02-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Guillaume Cohen
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Michal Shinwell
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: How to measure distance to SDG targets anywhere: Adapting the methodology of the Measuring Distance to the SDG Targets study to go beyond OECD countries, with an application to selected Latin American countries
Abstract: Achieving the 2030 Agenda requires understanding how far countries are from achieving its 17 goals and their 169 targets. To assist member countries in this assessment, the OECD Measuring Distance to the SDG Targets study applied a specific methodology showing how far OECD countries will have to travel to achieve the 2030 targets. This paper expands the methodology for use in different settings, including in non-OECD countries. It also illustrates the impact of different methodological choices on this assessment. The paper also uses an innovative approach to classify SDG indicators along the input-process-output-outcome chain, and presents a case study of adapting the methodology in the setting of select LAC countries.
Classification-JEL: Q01; Q21; Q20; J16
Creation-Date: 2020-10-01
Number: 2020/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2020/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Sophie Cetre
Author-Workplace-Name: Sciences Po, Paris
Author-Name: Yann Algan
Author-Workplace-Name: Sciences Po, Paris
Author-Name: Gianluca Grimalda
Author-Workplace-Name: Kiel Institute for the World Economy
Author-Name: Fabrice Murtin
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Louis Putterman
Author-Workplace-Name: Brown university
Author-Name: Ulrich Schmidt
Author-Workplace-Name: Kiel Institute for the World Economy
Author-Name: Vincent Siegerink
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Ethnic bias, economic success and trust: Findings from large sample experiments in Germany and the United States through the Trustlab platform
Abstract: This paper studies ethnic in-group bias in online trust games played by two large representative samples in the United States and Germany through the Trustlab platform, which was launched by the OECD and several research partners in 2017. The ethnic in-group bias, defined as the propensity to favour members of one’s own ethnic group in terms of monetary payoff, is significant in both countries. In the United States, members of the three largest ethnic groups trust people from their own ethnic group more than those from other groups. African Americans have a larger in-group bias than White Americans and Hispanics. Ethnic differentiation is not selective, as each group tends to have lower trust in the two other ethnic groups but at roughly the same rate. In contrast, ethnic differentiation is strongly selective in Germany: subjects of German parentage discriminate twice as much against Turkish descent participants as against Eastern European descent participants. Members of both ethnic minorities in Germany trust each other less than their own ethnic group, but do not discriminate against ones of German parentage. We also examine whether releasing information on the trustee being rich reduces ethnic differentiation, while conjecturing that this is a way to remove the stereotype that ethnic minorities are “undeserving poor”. We show that, in this case, discrimination by the ethnic majority is indeed reduced. People of Turkish descent who are rich tend to be more trusted than lower-income people of Turkish descent. However, releasing information on income can backfire, as it can increase mistrust within minorities. Finally, we show that group loyalty exists not only according to ethnicity but also according to income, as rich German parentage subjects trust other rich in-group members significantly more than do non-rich Germans.
Classification-JEL: C99; J71
Keywords: ethnic discrimination, in-group bias, income inequality, online experiment, trust
Creation-Date: 2020-10-26
Number: 2020/04
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2020/04-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Catherine Girodet
Author-Name: Haukur Gudjonsson
Author-Name: Matthias Wicho
Author-Name: Bettina Wistrom
Author-Name: Jorrit Zwijnenburg
Title: New data collection on accrued-to-date social insurance pension entitlements in a national accounts context: Main findings
Abstract: This paper analyses results on social insurance pension liabilities and entitlements across OECD countries, on the basis of a new data collection. In addition to information on employment-related schemes (covered in the central framework of the national accounts), this new data collection also includes information related to social security pension schemes. As the latter make up a large part of pension liabilities and entitlements, this new data collection provides important new insights into the role of social insurance pensions across OECD countries and on how countries may be affected by ageing populations. The results show that pension liabilities and entitlements are, on average, more significant in European countries than in non-European OECD countries. Furthermore, the results show an increasing preference for defined contribution schemes over defined benefit schemes for private pension schemes, possibly in order to address some of the challenges brought about by an ageing society.
Classification-JEL: E01; H55; H75; J32
Keywords: Ageing, Central framework, National accounts, Pensions, Social insurance
Creation-Date: 2020-12-11
Number: 2020/05
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2020/05-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Jorrit Zwijnenburg
Author-Name: Sophie Bournot
Author-Name: David Grahn
Author-Name: Emmanuelle Guidetti
Title: Distribution of household income, consumption and saving in line with national accounts: Methodology and results from the 2020 collection round
Abstract: Economic inequality has been a matter of concern for policy makers and citizens. Evidence-based policies around important topics such as inequality need to rely on systematic, robust data and indicators. For that reason, the OECD and Eurostat have developed methodology and engaged in several rounds of data collection to measure disparities in line with national accounts (DNA). These estimates complement existing indicators on economic inequality by providing more comprehensive measures of inequality, by extending the analysis from income to consumption and saving, and by providing results that are fully consistent with macroeconomic aggregates, also ensuring a high degree of international comparability. This paper presents the latest developments of the DNA work.
Classification-JEL: D31; C82; E01; E21
Creation-Date: 2021-06-18
Number: 2021/01
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2021/01-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Peter van de Ven
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Developing thematic satellite accounts: The example of a thematic satellite account for transport
Abstract: The 2008 System of National Accounts (SNA) provides the international standards for compiling macro-economic statistics. In addition to the core set of accounts, the 2008 SNA also introduces satellite accounts, which are linked to, but distinct from, the central framework of national accounts. One type of satellite accounts involves some rearrangement of central classifications and the possible introduction of complementary elements, to give a more detailed description and monitoring of a certain theme, such as tourism, education, health, the digital economy and transport. They may involve some differences from the standards applied in the central framework, but they generally do not change the underlying concepts of the SNA in a fundamental way. The second type of satellite analysis is mainly based on concepts that are alternatives to those of the SNA. They may include a different production boundary, an enlarged concept of consumption or capital formation, an extension of the scope of assets, and so on. There is a growing demand for satellite accounts, especially for the first type of thematic satellite accounts. This paper aims to clarify the key steps for the compilation of such thematic satellite accounts, using the example of a satellite account for transport.
Classification-JEL: E01; L91
Creation-Date: 2021-08-24
Number: 2021/02
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2021/02-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Pierre-Alain Pionnier
Author-Name: Johannes Schuffels
Title: Estimating regional house price levels: Methodology and results of a pilot project with Spain
Abstract: While indices tracing the evolutions of regional house prices are increasingly available, this is less the case for similar data on house price levels. And where data on house price levels exist, they are not necessarily consistent with the patterns observed from house price indices. Yet, consistent regional statistics on house price levels are fundamental to assess housing affordability, potential barriers to labour mobility across regions, and for the design of housing policies. This article puts forward a method to compile regional house price levels that are consistent with the evolutions given by quality-adjusted house price indices, representative of the underlying stock of dwellings, and based on the information on house price levels that is available at all dates rather than in a single reference year. This method could be scaled up to different countries. The results obtained with Spanish data show that the decline in house prices following the global financial crisis of 2008-09 initially reduced the dispersion in house prices across Spanish regions, but this dispersion has increased again afterwards, and since 2016, it exceeds the one recorded in 2008. A comparison of price-per-m² to regional-income ratios shows that the relative housing affordability in the region of Madrid deteriorated compared to all other Spanish regions in the last decade. Monitoring whether shifts in housing demand following the COVID-19 pandemic will reverse this trend will be key.
Classification-JEL: R31; R32; C32; C43
Keywords: House price indices, House price levels, regional statistics, spain
Creation-Date: 2021-12-08
Number: 2021/03
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2021/03-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Guannan Miao
Author-Name: Enrico Wegner
Title: Using unit value indices as proxies for international merchandise trade prices
Abstract: In light of the need for detailed and timely internationally comparable trade price indices, this paper describes a multi-tiered methodology to mitigate many of the empirical challenges associated with using customs data, to provide more robust estimates of unit value indices (UVIs) by country and product. UVIs are available for both exports and imports, by reporting country and the CPA 2-digit level of classification. Although the approach cannot capture changes in the quality of products nor compositional changes happening at a lower than HS 6-digit classification, the results indicate that at higher levels of aggregation (SITC 1-digit level), estimated UVIs closely follow price changes obtained from other sources. This is observed both for products with significant and rapid quality changes, such as hi-tech products, and for products with a low rate of quality changes, such as commodities, other primary and low-tech goods. Furthermore, products where little quality change occurs over time show similarity between UVIs and price changes from other sources at lower levels of disaggregation. The methodology is used to produce the Merchandise Trade Price Index and the data is made publically available on .Stat under the International Trade and Balance of Payments heading.
Classification-JEL: C43; C82; E31
Creation-Date: 2022-02-17
Number: 2022/01
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2022/01-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Guannan Miao
Author-Name: Enrico Wegner
Title: Recent trends in transport and insurance costs and estimates at disaggregated product level
Abstract: This paper updates the OECD International Transport and Insurance Cost (ITIC) of Merchandise Trade database, which covers more than 180 countries and partners, and over 1000 products from 1995 to 2020. Transport and insurance costs, also known as CIF-FOB margins, are estimated using a gravity model. A cross-validation procedure is used to evaluate model performance. In addition to describing the methodology, the paper highlights that transport and insurance costs are declining as a fraction of trade value, but this reduction has been flattening out in more recent years. However, an alternative measure, the explicit CIF-FOB margins per kilogramme imported, suggests that transport and insurance costs have been actually rising since 2002. Both CIF-FOB margins and cost per kilogramme imported show increases in 2020 when compared to 2019. This is robust to corrections for compositional changes. The methodology is used to produce the International Transport and Insurance Costs of Merchandise Trade data base and the data is made publically available on .Stat under the International Trade and Balance of Payments heading.
Classification-JEL: C23; F14; L91
Creation-Date: 2022-02-18
Number: 2022/02
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2022/02-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: John Mitchell
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: James Lewis
Author-Workplace-Name: Office for National Statistics
Author-Name: Jorrit Zwijnenburg
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Rachida Dkhissi
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Thomas Prendergast
Author-Workplace-Name: Office for National Statistics
Title: International comparisons of the measurement of non-market output during the COVID-19 pandemic
Abstract: The measurement of non-market output, characterised by providing goods and services without economically significant prices, has always proved challenging for compilers of the National Accounts. Various approaches are available to meet these challenges, often resulting in slight differences in methodology between countries. Government policies, introduced in response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic exacerbated some of these existing differences, potentially influencing the GDP estimates across countries. This joint paper by the United Kingdom Office for National Statistics (ONS) and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) explains the methodological options available to statistical compilers and explores differences in methodologies used by countries to measure non-market output, analysing their implications for international comparisons of GDP growth during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Classification-JEL: H51; H52; C82; E01
Keywords: COVID, education, GDP, National Accounts methodology, non-market output
Creation-Date: 2022-02-21
Number: 2022/03
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2022/03-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Clarke
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Florian Flachenecker
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Emmanuelle Guidetti
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Pierre-Alain Pionnier
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: CO2 Emissions from air transport: A near-real-time global database for policy analysis
Abstract: By moving goods and people over large distances, air transport facilitates international trade and tourism and thus contributes to economic growth and job creation. At the same time, it also comes with environmental challenges, largely related to air emissions and their impact on global warming. Air transport has been disproportionately negatively affected by the COVID-19 pandemic with associated reductions in air emissions. However, recent projections show that, in the absence of accelerated technological developments and more ambitious policy measures, aviation-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions will grow again at a rapid pace after the pandemic. This paper describes a new OECD database providing near-real-time and global information on aviation-related CO2 emissions, with allocations across countries following either the territory or the residence principle. This database provides a public good for both statistical measurement and environmental policy analysis. On the statistical front, it will facilitate the compilation of global Air Emission Accounts according to the System of Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA), bring granular and timely information on a significant source of CO2 emissions, and allow tracking their evolution during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The comparison with official statistics that are available with a significant delay and at lower frequency demonstrates the accuracy of the OECD estimates. On the environmental policy front, it is expected that the OECD database will help monitor the impact of technological developments and policy measures to curb aviation-related CO2 emissions in the future.
Classification-JEL: L93; Q53; Q56
Keywords: air transport, big data, climate change, CO2 emissions, covid-19, environmental-economic accounting, seea, UNFCCC inventories
Creation-Date: 2022-03-08
Number: 2022/04
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2022/04-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Pierre-Alain Pionnier
Author-Name: Belen Zinni
Author-Name: Kéa Baret
Title: Sensitivity of capital and MFP measurement to asset depreciation patterns and initial capital stock estimates
Abstract: This paper discusses the sensitivity of capital and multifactor productivity (MFP) measurement to asset depreciation patterns and initial capital stock estimates. Applying the same depreciation rates in the US as in other G7 countries would reduce the US net investment rate and net capital stock by up to one third and increase US GDP by up to 0.5%. Capital and MFP growth would be less affected. Estimating initial capital stocks often involves assuming constant investment growth, but this leads to unreliable results. Relying on average K/Y ratios across countries works well for the US, but this might not be the case for other countries due to the international dispersion in K/Y ratios. Two main recommendations for statistical agencies emerge from this analysis. First, they should regularly review asset depreciation patterns to ensure that measured differences across countries are well justified. Second, they should backcast investment series as much as possible before relying on stationarity assumptions to estimate initial capital stocks.
Classification-JEL: E01; E22; E23; O47
Keywords: asset depreciation, capital services, capital stock, multifactor productivity, national accounts
Creation-Date: 2023-01-09
Number: 2023/01
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2023/01-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Clarke
Author-Name: Santaro Sakata
Author-Name: Sarah Barahona
Title: Public policy uses of the SEEA stocks and flows accounts
Abstract: The System of Environmental Economic Accounting Central Framework (SEEA CF) was adopted in 2012. In one decade, it has expanded to 92 countries, including most OECD countries. However, there is still work to be done by national statistics producers to increase the use of SEEA statistics. This paper focuses on the SEEA stocks and flows accounts, providing examples of where they are already used to support public policy making in high-priority areas such as climate change, environmental sustainability, the circular economy, and management of ecosystems and freshwater, as well as feeding into indicators, dashboards and other frameworks. Although these examples show that SEEA statistics are already informing public policy making in many countries, there are still important “influence gaps”. The second part of this paper discusses why these gaps exist and what can be done about them.
Classification-JEL: Q01; Q2; Q4; Q5
Keywords: circular economy, climate change, environmental policy-relevant statistics, environmental-economic accounting, evidence-based policy making, natural capital
Creation-Date: 2023-06-23
Number: 2023/02
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2023/02-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Annabelle Mourougane
Author-Name: Polina Knutsson
Author-Name: Rodrigo Pazos
Author-Name: Julia Schmidt
Author-Name: Francesco Palermo
Title: Nowcasting trade in value added indicators
Abstract: Trade in value added (TiVA) indicators are increasingly used to monitor countries’ integration into global supply chains. However, they are published with a significant lag - often two or three years - which reduces their relevance for monitoring recent economic developments. This paper aims to provide more timely insights into the international fragmentation of production by exploring new ways of nowcasting five TiVA indicators for the years 2021 and 2022 covering a panel of 41 economies at the economy-wide level and for 24 industry sectors. The analysis relies on a range of models, including Gradient boosted trees (GBM), and other machine-learning techniques, in a panel setting, uses a wide range of explanatory variables capturing domestic business cycles and global economic developments and corrects for publication lags to produce nowcasts in quasi-real time conditions. Resulting nowcasting algorithms significantly improve compared to the benchmark model and exhibit relatively low prediction errors at a one- and two-year horizon, although model performance varies across countries and sectors.
Classification-JEL: C4; C53; F17
Keywords: Global value chains, Machine learning, Nowcasting
Creation-Date: 2023-09-06
Number: 2023/03
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2023/03-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Clarke
Author-Name: Philip Chan
Author-Name: Matthew Dequeljoe
Author-Name: Yuri Kim
Author-Name: Sarah Barahona
Title: CO2 emissions from global shipping: A new experimental database
Abstract: The shipping industry is essential for international trade, but it is also an important source of CO2 emissions. To make progress towards climate targets, countries need to monitor CO2 emissions from vessels owned by their ship operator companies. However, most shipping activity takes place outside national borders, making it more difficult to monitor than activity taking place within countries. The OECD’s experimental database on OECD.stat provides a new source of data for CO2 emissions from global shipping, which is available monthly in near real time. This data will help national statistics producers to compile their Air Emission Accounts (AEAs) for the System of Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA). This Working Paper presents some initial results from the new data source and describes how they were produced. The method is based on granular and timely ship-level data provided by the United Nations Global Platform, and it uses a bottom-up estimation approach to produce results broken down by country and type of ship.
Classification-JEL: L91; Q56
Keywords: Climate, Environmental-economic accounting, Greenhouse gas emissions, Net zero, Transport
Creation-Date: 2023-09-12
Number: 2023/04
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2023/04-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Julia Schmidt
Author-Name: Graham Pilgrim
Author-Name: Annabelle Mourougane
Title: What is the role of data in jobs in the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States?: A natural language processing approach
Abstract: This paper estimates the data intensity of occupations/sectors (i.e. the share of job postings per occupation/sector related to the production of data) using natural language processing (NLP) on job advertisements in the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States. Online job advertisement data collected by Lightcast provide timely and disaggregated insights into labour demand and skill requirements of different professions. The paper makes three major contributions. First, indicators created from the Lightcast data add to the understanding of digital skills in the labour market. Second, the results may advance the measurement of data assets in national account statistics. Third, the NLP methodology can handle up to 66 languages and can be adapted to measure concepts beyond digital skills. Results provide a ranking of data intensity across occupations, with data analytics activities contributing most to aggregate data intensity shares in all three countries. At the sectoral level, the emerging picture is more heterogeneous across countries. Differences in labour demand primarily explain those variations, with low data-intensive professions contributing most to aggregate data intensity in the United Kingdom. Estimates of investment in data, using a sum of costs approach and sectoral intensity shares, point to lower levels in the United Kingdom and Canada than in the United States.
Classification-JEL: C80; C88; E01; J21
Keywords: Data asset, data economy, Data intensity, job advertisements, natural language processing
Creation-Date: 2023-09-18
Number: 2023/05
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2023/05-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Graham Pilgrim
Author-Name: Shirly Ang
Title: The OECD-UNSD Multinational Enterprise Information Platform
Abstract: The OECD and the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) have developed jointly the new Multinational Enterprise Information Platform (MEIP). MEIP is built on past OECD and UN efforts to compile statistics on the scale and scope of the international activities of Multinational Enterprises (MNEs). The new platform uses publicly available data to gather information on the world’s 500 largest MNEs in a timely manner, facilitating a comprehensive view of their physical and digital presence. It also includes a monitoring tool for large events such as Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A). The platform also provides a valuable benchmark for National Statistical Offices (NSOs) and researchers, allowing them to compare the national presence of an individual MNE to the global presence. Information on MNEs and their global network can also be visualised in a user-friendly dashboard.
Classification-JEL: C55; C81; F23
Keywords: business register, multinationals, open source
Creation-Date: 2024-02-02
Number: 2024/01
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2024/01-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Graham Pilgrim
Author-Name: Emmanuelle Guidetti
Author-Name: Annabelle Mourougane
Title: An ocean of data: The potential of data on vessel traffic
Abstract: Rising uncertainties and geo-political tensions, together with increasingly complex trade relations have increased the demand for monitoring global trade in a timely manner. Although it was primarily designed to ensure vessel safety, information from the Automatic Information System, which allows for the tracking of vessels across the globe, is particularly well suited for providing insights on port activity and maritime trade developments, which accounts for a large share of global trade. Data are available in quasi real time but need to be pre-processed and validated. This paper contributes to existing research in this field in two major ways. First, it proposes a new methodology to identify ports, at a higher level of granularity than in past research. Second, it builds indicators to monitor port congestion and trends in maritime trade flows and provides more granular information to better understand those flows. Those indicators will still need to be refined, by complementing the AIS database with additional data sources, but already provide a useful source of information to monitor trade, at the country and global levels.
Classification-JEL: C55; F17; C81
Keywords: big data, maritime trade, port activity, port congestion
Creation-Date: 2024-03-19
Number: 2024/02
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2024/02-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Santaro Sakata
Author-Name: Abenezer Zeleke Aklilu
Author-Name: Rodrigo Pizarro
Title: Greenhouse gas emissions data: Concepts and data availability
Abstract: Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions data is essential for tracking progress towards the Paris Agreement’s global temperature goals. In addition to the emissions inventories based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidelines, which are used for tracking progress under the framework of the Paris Agreement, there are other GHG emissions datasets that cater to different users and policy objectives. This paper evaluates three OECD datasets on GHG emissions: Air emissions – Greenhouse gas emissions inventories, Agricultural greenhouse gases emissions, and the Air Emissions Accounts (AEAs) based on the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting. It also looks at one dataset from the International Energy Agency: CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. It discusses the inventory and AEA approaches in terms of accounting principles (production- versus demand-based, territory versus residence), as well as classifications and scope of emissions. It looks at the coverage of the GHG emissions datasets and identifies the data gaps. Finally, the paper outlines several steps to enhance data coverage and quality of the datasets.
Classification-JEL: C82; E01; Q54; Q56
Keywords: Emissions source classifications, Official greenhouse gas emissions data gaps, Production- and demand-based emissions, Residence principle, Territory principle
Creation-Date: 2024-06-13
Number: 2024/03
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2024/03-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Tom Arend
Author-Name: Jarmila Botev
Author-Name: Emmanuelle Guidetti
Author-Name: Annabelle Mourougane
Author-Name: Minsu Park
Title: Seasonal adjustment of CPIs during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond
Abstract: This paper examines the presence of seasonality in CPI in 36 OECD economies that provide monthly CPI data and reviews the properties of standard methods, namely X-13 and TRAMO-SEATS, in performing the adjustment. Evidence from statistical tests points to the presence of seasonality in headline CPI and its components, with stronger seasonality in some components. There are also indications of changes in seasonal pattern from 1980 to 2022, but it is not systematic across countries. Simulations suggest that differences between the two methods are small when applied to CPI in OECD countries in normal times. Differences between the direct (adjusting all-item CPI and components independently) and the indirect (aggregating the seasonally adjusted components) approaches are also minimal when using the 12 divisions of the 1999 COICOP classification, limiting the need for a reconciliation method. Although large shocks should in theory affect seasonal adjustment, there is no strong evidence of a change in CPI seasonal patterns following the COVID-19 pandemic. This issue needs, however, to be revisited once the effects of the shock, including its impact on inflation have fully dissipated. The extent of revisions implied by the seasonal adjustment should be among the criteria for choosing a seasonal adjustment method, as CPI is often used in indexation and legal documents. The paper provides a summary of how communication is handled by selected OECD countries and provides a list of best practices that can be drawn upon by a National Statistical Office aiming to publish seasonally adjusted CPI.
Classification-JEL: C43; C82; E31
Keywords: CPI, seasonal adjustments
Creation-Date: 2024-06-26
Number: 2024/04
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2024/04-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Andres Fiallos
Author-Name: Antonella Liberatore
Author-Name: Steven Cassimon
Title: CIF/FOB margins: Insights on global transport and insurance costs of merchandise trade
Abstract: This paper presents the 2024 version of the OECD International Transport and Insurance Cost of Merchandise Trade (ITIC) database, offering insights into bilateral international transport and insurance costs across more than 200 countries and their trading partners. Covering over 1 200 products from 1995 to 2022, the database combines officially reported information with estimates based on a gravity model. The model operates at a detailed six-digit Harmonised System (HS) product code level, subsequently aggregated into four-digit HS product code categories for analysis. The findings of ITIC 2024 indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic had a more significant impact on international transport and insurance costs for trade between countries located in different continents compared to trade between partners within the same continent. Additionally, they confirm that trade costs have exhibited a declining trend during the study period, and that the CIF/FOB margins vary among different reporting entities, trading partners, and products.
Classification-JEL: C23; F14; L91
Keywords: CIF-FOB margin, gravity model, International Trade, Transport and Insurance costs
Creation-Date: 2024-06-28
Number: 2024/05
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2024/05-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Ashley Ward
Author-Name: Belen Zinni
Title: The composition of labour input: Sensitivity testing and results for productivity analysis
Abstract: Composition Adjusted-Labour Input (CALI) measures account for workers’ differences in skills and productive capacity. This study reviews the most relevant literature to have produced CALI estimates to date and presents a generic approach to produce CALI measures for 21 countries. It finds that education and age (proxy for work experience) are two key workers’ characteristics to be included in CALI measures, with additional workers characteristics having a more limited impact. Replacing a traditional measure of labour input, such as hours worked, with a measure of CALI in the growth accounts leads to a significant downward revision in multifactor productivity (MFP) growth in countries that experience large changes in the composition of labour.
Classification-JEL: E1; E24; J21
Keywords: growth accounts, hours worked, labour input, multifactor productivity (MFP), productivity
Creation-Date: 2024-08-06
Number: 2024/06
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2024/06-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Julia Schmidt
Author-Name: Graham Pilgrim
Author-Name: Annabelle Mourougane
Title: Towards a better understanding of data-intensive firms in the United Kingdom
Abstract: By combining information from online job postings with firm-level financial data provided by Orbis, as well as firm-level merchandise trade data, this paper seeks to get a deeper understanding of the characteristics and performance of data-intensive firms in the United Kingdom since 2015. Data-intensive firms are defined here as firms which are hiring data-related skills. One key contribution of the analysis is to match in a more efficient way the two data sources, Lightcast and Orbis, which are now used extensively in the economic literature. Both the number and the share of data-intensive firms increased sharply in the United Kingdom from 2015 to 2021, with a peak in 2020. The number of highly data-intensive companies and data-intensive multinationals (MNEs) display the same pattern. A large share of data-intensive firms operate within the information and communication industry and are predominantly located in the Greater London area, especially in London itself. Those firms tend to employ more staff and are more capitalised than non data-intensive firms. They are on average more productive, generate more revenues and trade more in foreign markets. While data-intensive firms can be found in all firm size groups, the firms displaying on average the highest level of data intensity were medium sized in 2015 but are now small sized. In terms of international trade, UK dataintensive firms are, generally, more export intensive than non data-intensive firms, but estimates vary across industries.
Creation-Date: 2024-09-05
Number: 2024/07
Handle: RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2024/07-EN