Globalisation and compétitivé : Indicateurs pertinents
L’entrée de l’économie dans sa phase de globalisation a radicalement modifié la nature de la concurrence. Désormais sur chaque marché sont en compétition simultanée de nombreux et nouveaux acteurs en provenance de tous les marchés du monde (voir section 1 et tableau récapitulatif). Cette nouvelle concurrence a accentué l’interdépendance des différents niveaux de mondialisation (commerce de produits et des services, investissements directs, transferts technologiques, mouvements de capitaux) où l’investissement direct est devenu un facteur central dans le processus de restructuration industrielle et au développement d’industries véritablement mondiales.Face aux défis de la globalisation, les firmes ont modifié leur stratégie en renforçant les activités sur lesquelles elles étaient en position dominante (recentrage), en cherchant la taille critique et en donnant la priorité à la croissance externe (fusions - acquisitions). Parallèlement elles ont multiplié les accords de coopération ...
Creation-Date: 1996-01-01
Number: 1996/5
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:1996/5-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Donald F. Barnett
Title: Factors Influencing the Steel Work Force: 1980 to 1995
Abstract: The steel industry in OECD countries has undergone profound change during the past several decades. Capacity has been reduced significantly, while substantial investment has been made to improve processing efficiency and product quality. Two key technological developments have driven this process. The first is rapid expansion of the use of continuous casting, a technology that has improved product quality, reduced energy consumption and greatly increased efficiency. The second is significant growth in electric furnace steelmaking, particularly at highly efficient small-scale mini-mills, that produce an expanding range of steel products using ferrous scrap as the principal raw material. These and other technological changes, combined with plant closures and other restructuring, have greatly reduced industry employment. Despite growth in finished steel production, employment has fallen by close to 40 per cent in the OECD area since 1980.This document examines how the employment ...
Le secteur de l'acier des pays de l'OCDE s'est profondément transformé au cours des dernières décennies. Les capacités ont été fortement réduites, tandis que d'importants investissements ont été consacrés à l'amélioration de l'efficacité du traitement et de la qualité des produits. Deux importantes avancées technologiques ont donné l'impulsion à ce processus. La première est la diffusion rapide de la coulée continue, technique qui a amélioré la qualité des produits, réduit la consommation d'énergie et considérablement accru les rendements. La seconde est l’essor rapide de la fabrication d'acier dans des fours électriques, en particulier des micro-fours très efficaces, qui produisent une gamme de plus en plus étendue de produits d'acier en utilisant la ferraille comme principale matière première. Ces progrès et d'autres changements technologiques, combinés à la fermeture d'aciéries et à d'autres opérations de restructuration, ont fortement réduit l'emploi dans ce secteur. En dépit ...
Creation-Date: 1996-01-01
Number: 1996/6
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:1996/6-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Alison Young
Title: Measuring R&D in the Services
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to identify the main problems of comparison between countries and over time of the data on R&D performed in the services industries collected by Member countries and reported to OECD, given the recent rapid growth in their share of total R&D expenditures in the business enterprise sector.The degree to which national R&D surveys cover the service industries varies considerably. Some have made substantial efforts to extend this coverage recently in response both to national policy needs and to the implementation the revised OECD R&D questionnaire, notably concerning the computer services industry/software R&D. The coverage and classification of special R&D institutes continues to vary between countries. The coverage and quality of the data is clearly improving but considerable further progress will be needed before the R&D statistics for service industries can be used for integrated economic studies.Despite these variations in coverage, the data already ...
Ce papier a pour objectif de recenser les principaux problèmes de comparaison entre pays et dans le temps lies aux données de recherche -- développement (R-D) dans le secteur des services recueillies par les pays Membres et communiquées à l’OCDE, étant donné leur poids croissent dans l’ensemble des dépenses de R-D du secteur des entreprises.La prise en considération de l’industrie des services dans les enquêtes nationales sur la R-D est extrêmement variable. Certains pays ont fait récemment des efforts considérables pour élargir le champ couvert, notamment dans le domaine de la R-D liée aux logiciels et aux activités informatiques, afin de répondre aux besoins des décideurs nationaux et de tenir compte de l’introduction du questionnaire révisé de l’OCDE. La prise en compte et la classification des instituts de R-D spécialisés continuent à varier d’un pays à l’autre. Le champ couvert par les données et leur qualité s’améliorent notablement, mais de nouveaux progrès importants ...
Creation-Date: 1996-01-01
Number: 1996/7
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:1996/7-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Alessandra Colecchia
Author-Name: George Papaconstantinou
Title: The Evolution of Skills in OECD Countries and the Role of Technology
Abstract: The aim of this paper is two-fold: to highlight stylised facts about recent trends in the skill distribution of employment and to analyse the role that technological change might have in explaining these dynamics. Data on industrial employment broken down by occupation recently assembled by the OECD Secretariat are used to examine the changing skill composition of OECD economies, the occupational structure of industry and services, and the dynamics of upskilling. They show that in most OECD countries during the 1980s, employment grew fastest in high-skilled jobs and slowest – or declined – in low-skilled jobs. The upskilling trend is more apparent in manufacturing than in services, while overall the shift to higher skilled jobs has occurred primarily within industries, rather than between them. Econometric work that explores the role of technology in the changing skill mix in five of the G7 countries in the 1980s shows that upskilling has occurred faster in industries that have ...
L’objectif de ce document est double : mettre en évidence les grandes lignes de l’évolution récente de la structure de l’emploi par niveau de qualification et analyser le rôle que peuvent y jouer les mutations technologiques. Les données sur l’emploi industriel ventilées par profession, récemment réunies par le Secrétariat de l’OCDE, permettent d’examiner l’évolution de la structure des économies de l’OCDE par niveau de qualification, la structure professionnelle des industries et des services et la dynamique du relèvement des qualifications. Ces données font apparaître que dans la plupart des pays de l’OCDE, au cours des années 80, l’emploi s’est accru plus rapidement dans les professions hautement qualifiées et plus lentement – dans les professions peu qualifiées – lorsqu’il n’a pas reculé. Le relèvement des qualifications est plus patent dans les industries manufacturières que dans les services, mais dans l’ensemble cette évolution au profit des emplois plus qualifiés est ...
Creation-Date: 1996-01-01
Number: 1996/8
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:1996/8-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Yoshiko Okubo
Title: Bibliometric Indicators and Analysis of Research Systems: Methods and Examples
Abstract: This report – linked to the technical documents of the OECD manuals for the measurement of R&D activities (“Frascati Family”) – presents the essential elements of bibliometrics and its application to the analysis of research systems. Bibliometrics is based on the enumeration and statistical analysis of scientific output in the form of articles, publications, citations, patents and other, more complex indicators. It is an important tool in evaluating research activities, laboratories and scientists, as well as the scientific specialisations and performance of countries. The report, having set the background for the development of bibliometrics, presents the databases on which bibliometrics is built, as well as the principal indicators used. Twenty-five examples are presented at the end of the document, illustrating the various uses of bibliometric methods for analysing research systems. These indicators measure scientific output, by counting the number of papers; the impact of ...
Creation-Date: 1997-01-01
Number: 1997/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:1997/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas Hatzichronoglou
Title: Revision of the High-Technology Sector and Product Classification
Abstract: This paper describes the methods used to classify the OECD countries’ industrial sectors and manufactures by level of technology, and presents the resulting classifications. In the proposed new classification by industrial sector, the concept of technology intensity has been expanded to take into account both the level of technology specific to the sector (measured by the ratio of R&D expenditure to value added) and the technology embodied in purchases of intermediate and capital goods. Four groups of industries have been identified on the basis of the degree of technology intensity.The classification by product consists solely of high-technology products (products which are the most technology-intensive). The classification was drawn up by the OECD Secretariat in collaboration with Eurostat, the object being to finalise the approach by sector and provide a more appropriate instrument for analysing international trade. Because no detailed data were available for services, the two ...
Révision des classifications des secteurs et des produits de haute technologie
Ce document expose les méthodes pour classer les secteurs industriels et les produits manufacturés des pays de l’OCDE selon leur intensité technologique et présente les classifications qui en résultent. Dans la nouvelle classification proposée par secteur industriel, la notion d’intensité technologique a été élargie pour tenir compte à la fois de l’effort technologique propre au secteur (mesuré par le ratio des dépenses de R-D sur la valeur ajoutée) et de la technologie incorporée dans les achats de biens intermédiaires et d’équipement. Quatre groupes d’industries ont été identifiés en fonction du niveau de leur intensité technologique.La classification par produit se réfère exclusivement aux produits de haute technologie (produits dont l’intensité technologique est la plus élevée). Cette classification a été élaborée par le Secrétariat de l’OCDE en coopération avec Eurostat, afin de compléter l’approche par secteur et fournir un instrument plus approprié pour l’analyse des ...
Creation-Date: 1997-01-01
Number: 1997/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:1997/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Karine Lepron
Author-Name: Paul Schreyer
Title: Relative Trade-Weighted Unit Labour Costs by Industry
Abstract: This document presents three alternative methods for the construction of indicators of relative tradeweighted unit labour costs by industry as well as the empirical results based on these methods for 18 OECD Member countries. With some exceptions, the results show that the indicators derived from the alternative methods are highly correlated. It also turns out that there are significant variations in time profiles of relative unit labour costs by industry, an observation that underlines the usefulness of industryspecific information for an in-depth analysis of price competitiveness ...
Coûts unitaires relatifs de la main d'oeuvre pondérés par les échanges, par branche d'industrie
Ce document présente trois méthodes possibles pour la construction des indicateurs de coûts unitaires relatifs de la main-d’oeuvre pondérés par les échanges, par branche d’industrie, ainsi que les résultats empiriques basés sur ces méthodes pour 18 pays Membres de l’OCDE. Mises à part quelques exceptions, les résultats montrent que les indicateurs dérivés de ces différentes méthodes sont très corrélés. On note également des variations significatives au cours du temps des coûts unitaires relatifs de la main-d’oeuvre par branche d’industrie, une observation qui souligne l’utilité de cette information au nieveau sectoriel pour une analyse plus poussée de la compétitivité-prix ...
Creation-Date: 1998-03-18
Number: 1998/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:1998/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Schreyer
Title: Information and Communication Technology and the Measurement of Real Output, Final Demand and Productivity
Abstract: Over the past decades, the majority of information and communication technology (ICT) products have undergone rapid technical change. To the extent that such technical progress benefits consumers and users, quality improvements should be reflected in official price and quantity indices. When this is not the case, there is a tendency to overestimate price movements and underestimate volume changes of ICT products. All statistical offices deal with this issue, but the degree and nature of quality adjustment of price indices of ICT products varies considerably across OECD countries. The present work does not venture to determine “best practice” for quality adjustment in statistical offices. However, it simulates measurement effects on key economic variables (real output, private final consumption, government expenditure, investment, exports and imports), and productivity, under the assumption that the price indices of ICT products are fully quality-adjusted. The paper draws on ...
Les technologies de l'information et des communications : mesure de la production réelle, de la demande finale et de la productivité
Au cours de ces dernières décennies, la majorité des produits des technologies de l'information et de la communication (TIC) ont fait l'objet d'une évolution technique rapide. Dans la mesure où ces progrès techniques profitent aux consommateurs et aux utilisateurs, les améliorations apportées à la qualité devraient être prises en compte dans les indices officiels de prix et de quantité. Quand ce n'est pas le cas, on a tendance à surestimer les mouvements de prix et à sous-estimer les variations des volumes des produits liés aux TIC. Tous les services de statistiques font face à ce problème, mais le degré et la nature de l'ajustement des indices de prix des produits des TIC en fonction de la qualité varient considérablement d'un pays à l'autre dans la zone de l'OCDE. La présente étude ne prétend pas mettre en évidence une "pratique exemplaire" d'ajustement en fonction de la qualité dans les services statistiques. Cependant, elle simule les effets des mesures sur des variables ...
Creation-Date: 1998-07-13
Number: 1998/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:1998/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Kazuyuki Motohashi
Title: Institutional Arrangements for Access to Confidential Micro-Level Data in OECD Countries
Abstract: This document, based on country surveys carried out by the OECD, compares the experiences of OECD countries in dealing with confidentiality constraints in an effort to meet the demand for policy-relevant analysis using micro-data. It shows that countries have made significant efforts to implement confidentiality rules and practices which balance increasing demands for microdata for policy analysis with the protection of confidential information on individual firms or establishments. Country-specific descriptions of data sources for micro datasets, the legal framework, and conditions for access to and use of data are provided for Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States ...
Dispositions institutionnelles relatives a l'accès aux microdonnées confidentielles dans les pays membres de l'OCDE
Ce document présente une étude comparative des dispositions adoptées par les pays Membres pour faire face aux contraintes de confidentialité tout en répondant au besoin de microdonnées pour les analyses de l’action gouvernementale, sur la base d’une enquête par pays de l’OCDE. On y montre que chaque pays s’est efforcé de mettre en place des règles et pratiques de confidentialité qui répondent au besoin croissant de microdonnées pour les analyses de l’action gouvernementale, tout en assurant une protection adéquate des informations confidentielles des différents établissements ou entreprises. On y trouvera également des descriptions pays par pays des sources d’ensembles de microdonnées, du cadre juridique et des modalités de l’accès aux données et de leur utilisation pour l’Allemagne, l’Australie, le Canada, le Danemark, les États-Unis, la Finlande, la France, l’Italie, le Japon, la Norvège, les Pays-Bas, la République tchèque, le Royaume-Uni et la Suisse ...
Creation-Date: 1998-07-09
Number: 1998/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:1998/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: OECD
Title: OECD Data on Skills: Employment by Industry and Occupation
Abstract: This document is aimed at disseminating to a wider public the data on employment by industry and occupations for ten OECD countries, that have been collected over the last few years in the context of analytical work aimed at exploring empirically the changing patterns of skills in OECD countries. The industrial coverage of the data allows them to be used in conjunction with similar disaggregated OECD databases, while the occupational detail and time coverage track the evolution of skills profiles over the last one or two decades. The data in this document have been declassified by the Statistical Working Party of the OECD Industry Committee with the understanding that they represent OECD Secretariat estimates and not official country submissions.The country-specific data are not included in the paper version of this document, but are available on the OECD Web site at the following address: http://www.oecd.org/dsti/sti/prod/sti_wp.htm ...
Les données de l'OCDE sur les compétences : L'emploi par industrie et par activité professionnelle
Ce document a pour but une diffusion plus large des données de l’emploi par industrie et par activité professionnelle pour 10 pays de l’OCDE. Ces données ont été collectées au cours des dernières années dans le cadre des travaux analytiques sur l’évolution des compétences dans les pays de l’OCDE. La couverture industrielle en permet l’utilisation conjointe avec d’autres bases de données désagrégées de l’OCDE. Le détail de la ventilation par activité et la période couverte permettent de suivre l’évolution des profils de compétence sur les deux dernières décennies. Les données présentées dans ce rapport ont été déclassifiées par le Groupe de travail sur les statistiques industrielles du Comité de l’industrie. Il faut en effet souligner qu’il s’agit d’estimations du Secrétariat de l’OCDE et non pas de soumissions officielles des pays Membres.Les données relatives aux pays ne figurent pas dans la version papier de ce rapport, mais sont mises à la disposition du public sur le site Web de l’OCDE à l’adresse suivante : http://www.oecd.org/dsti/sti/prod/sti_wp.htm> ...
Creation-Date: 1998-07-15
Number: 1998/4
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:1998/4-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie
Title: Assessment of the Belgian S&T Statistical System and Priorities for Development Work: An OECD Perspective
Abstract: The objective of this report is to make recommendations regarding the most important S&T statistical information required by the DSTI to enable it to include Belgian indicators more frequently in its official reports and publications. The suggested priority areas are defined with respect to OECD’s most important S&T statistics and indicators, recent progress in Belgian institutions and OECD future prospects in terms of new indicators. The main recommendations are: i) the methodological framework implemented to compute the ANBERD database provides strong foundations that would allow for the construction of other basic S&T statistics and analytical indicators; ii) Belgium should join the group of core countries for which a feasibility study on the mobility of human resources is to be launched; iii) the R&D survey sampling procedure could be improved by implementing it in the light of the CIS questionnaires and extended to comprehend complementary information related to new ...
L’objectif de ce rapport est de proposer des recommandations concernant les principales statistiques de S&T requises par la DSTI pour lui permettre d’inclure les indicateurs belges plus fréquemment au sein de ses rapports officiels et publications. Les priorités sont définies par rapport aux indicateurs de S&T les plus couramment utilisés au sein de l’OCDE, aux avancées récentes des institutions belges et au développement futur de nouveaux indicateurs à l’OCDE. Les recommandations principales sont les suivantes : i) le cadre méthodologique utilisé pour la construction de la banque de données ANBERD pourrait être exploité pour la construction de statistiques de base de S&T et d’indicateurs analytiques ; ii) la Belgique devrait se joindre au groupe de pays pour lesquels une étude de faisabilité sur la mobilité des ressources humaines est réalisée ; iii) la procédure d’échantillonnage des enquêtes R&D pourrait être améliorée à la lumière des questionnaires CIS et élargie de manière à ...
Creation-Date: 1998-12-18
Number: 1998/5
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:1998/5-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Geneviève Muzart
Title: Description of National Innovation Surveys Carried Out, or Foreseen, in 1997-99 in OECD Non-CIS-2 Participants and NESTI Observer Countries
Abstract: Following the revision of the Oslo Manual (1997) and the preparation of the second Community Innovation Survey (CIS-2), a number of OECD and NESTI observer countries have carried out (or are preparing) new innovation surveys. According to national policy needs, these new national innovation surveys may or may not fully follow the Oslo Manual methodology and/or the proposed CIS-2 questionnaire prepared by EUROSTAT in co-operation with national experts and the OECD.The following document is intended to provide the main characteristics of national innovation surveys carried out (or intended to be carried out) in 1997-99 in OECD non-CIS-2 participants and NESTI observer countries. After a summary description of all national innovation surveys (including CIS-2 participants), more detailed information is presented by country for non-CIS-2 participants. This basic information will be helpful in evaluating the extent to which internationally comparable information could be expected from ...
Faisant suite à la révision du Manuel d’Oslo (1997) et à la préparation de la seconde enquête communautaire sur l’innovation (ECI-2), un certain nombre de pays de l’OCDE et de pays observateurs au groupe ENIST ont mené une nouvelle enquête sur l’innovation (ou sont en train de la préparer). En fonction des besoins de la politique nationale, cette nouvelle enquête peut être ou non tout à fait conforme à la méthodologie du Manuel d’Oslo et/ou au questionnaire proposé pour l’ECI-2 mis au point par EUROSTAT en coopération avec les experts nationaux et l’OCDE.Ce papier a pour objectif de recenser les principales caractéristiques des enquêtes nationales sur l’innovation menées (ou à venir) au cours des années 1997-99 dans les pays de l’OCDE ne participant pas à l’ECI-2 ainsi que dans les pays observateurs au groupe des ENIST. Après un résumé des principales caractéristiques de l’ensemble des enquêtes nationales (y compris ECI-2), une description plus détaillée par pays est présentée pour ...
Creation-Date: 1999-05-19
Number: 1999/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:1999/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas Hatzichronoglou
Title: The Globalisation of Industry in the OECD Countries
Abstract: The most highly internationalised industries are thought to be more competitive than the rest, since their high exposure to international competition forces them to strive constantly to become more efficient and they are in a position to take advantage of all the opportunities that arise in world markets. But to determine whether this is in fact the case, each country’s industries must first be classified in terms of their degree of globalisation.This report proposes a method for classifying each country’s manufacturing industries by their extent of globalisation, using a set of indicators. The results obtained show that the degree of globalisation is more closely linked to the characteristics of industrial sectors than to the country’s specialisation. These results could be improved significantly if some of the proposed indicators were available ...
La mondialisation des industries dans les pays de l'OCDE
Les industries les plus internationalisées sont considérées comme plus performantes que les autres à cause de l’effort permanent d’efficacité que nécessite leur forte exposition à la concurrence internationale et leur capacité à saisir toutes les opportunités qui se présentent sur les marchés mondiaux. La vérification empirique d’une telle proposition exige un classement préalable des différentes industries de chaque pays en fonction de leur degré de mondialisation.Le présente rapport propose une méthode qui permet de classer les industries manufacturières de chaque pays selon leur degré de mondialisation, à l’aide d’un ensemble d’indicateurs. Les résultats obtenus montrent que le degré de mondialisation des différentes industries dépend davantage des caractéristiques des secteurs industriels plutôt que de la spécialisation de chaque pays. Ces résultats pourraient être sensiblement améliorés si certains indicateurs proposés étaient disponibles ...
Creation-Date: 1999-09-20
Number: 1999/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:1999/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Lionel Fontagné
Title: Foreign Direct Investment and International Trade: Complements or Substitutes?
Abstract: The relationships between trade and foreign investment (FDI) are at the core of globalisation. Analytical work has recently been developed by OECD in order to explore the nature of these links in quantitative terms. This report combines the previous more technical work developed over the last three years.This empirical work revealed the complexity of these links but, at the same time, showed the main and positive influence of foreign direct investment on international trade particularly after the mid– 1980s. Empirical results show that foreign direct investment abroad stimulates the growth of exports from countries of origin and consequently this investment is complementary to trade ...
L'investissement étranger direct et le commerce international : Sont-ils complementaires ou substituables ?
Les liens entre les échanges et les investissements étrangers directs sont au coeur du processus de mondialisation. Des travaux analytiques ont été développés récemment par l’OCDE pour explorer la nature de ces liens sur le plan quantitatif. Le présent rapport fait une synthèse des précédents travaux à caractère plus technique qui étaient développés au cours des trois dernières années.Ces travaux empiriques ont révélé la complexité de ces liens, mais ont également démontré l’influence majeure et positive qu’exerce l’investissement direct sur les échanges, particulièrement après le milieu des années 80. Les données ont montré que les investissements directs à l’étranger stimulent l’accroissement des exportations des pays d’origine et sont par conséquent complémentaires aux échanges ...
Creation-Date: 1999-10-14
Number: 1999/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:1999/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Nam-Hoon Kang
Author-Name: Sara Johansson
Title: Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions: Their Role in Industrial Globalisation
Abstract: This paper examines recent trends and drivers of cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As) which grew six-fold in 1991-98 and now account for more than 85% of foreign direct investment. They are prompted by a range of factors, including excess capacity and increased competition in traditional industries and new market opportunities in high-technology sectors. However, the main driver of M&As in place of greenfield investment is the need to acquire complementary intangible assets –technology, human resources, brand names, etc. In allowing for global industrial restructuring and efficiency gains, crossborder M&As can yield dividends in terms of company performance and profits. The extent to which they result in benefits for home and host countries is argued to be strongly influenced by policy frameworks ...
Fusions et acquisitions internationales : Leur rôle dans la mondialisation de l'industrie
Le présent document analyse les tendances récentes en matière de fusions et acquisitions (F-A) internationales, ainsi que les éléments moteurs de ces regroupements, qui se sont multipliés par six entre 1991 et 1998 pour représenter actuellement plus de 85 % des investissements directs étrangers. Ils résultent d’une série de facteurs, notamment les surcapacités et l’intensification de la concurrence dans les activités traditionnelles ainsi que des nouveaux débouchés qui s’offrent dans les secteurs de haute technologie. Toutefois, le principal facteur qui conduit les entreprises à préférer les F-A aux nouveaux investissements est la nécessité d’acquérir des actifs incorporels complémentaires – technologie, ressources humaines, marques commerciales, etc. Les F-A internationales, qui sont à l’origine d’une restructuration industrielle à l’échelle mondiale et de gains d’efficience, peuvent avoir des effets positifs sur les résultats des entreprises. On fait valoir que les avantages ...
Creation-Date: 2000-01-07
Number: 2000/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2000/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Schreyer
Title: The Contribution of Information and Communication Technology to Output Growth: A Study of the G7 Countries
Abstract: This paper deals with the contribution of information and communication technology (ICT) to economic growth and to labour and multi-factor productivity. It uses a well-established growth accounting framework to assess the role of ICTs as capital inputs and the contribution of these capital inputs to output growth. The paper provides an international perspective by presenting results for the G7 countries. For this purpose, data on ICT investment expenditure were compiled from several sources, to construct measures of ICT capital stocks and capital services. Special care was taken to account for the methodological differences in price deflators for computers as they exist across OECD countries. For all seven countries, the report finds that ICT capital goods have been important contributors to economic growth, although the role of ICT has been most accentuated in the United States. An important limitation of the study lies in the timeliness of internationally comparable data. ...
Cette étude examine la contribution des technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) à la croissance économique, ainsi qu’à la productivité du travail et à la productivité totale des facteurs. Elle s’appuie sur un cadre éprouvé d’analyse causale de la croissance pour évaluer le rôle des TIC en tant qu’apports de capital et la contribution de ces apports à la croissance de la production. L’étude propose un tour d’horizon international en présentant les résultats des pays du G7. A cette fin, des données sur les dépenses d’équipement en TIC ont été recueillies auprès de plusieurs sources et classées de façon à obtenir des mesures du stock de capital sous forme de TIC et des services tirés de ce capital. Les différences méthodologiques entre les pays de l’OCDE en ce qui concerne les coefficients d’ajustement des prix des ordinateurs ont été soigneusement prises en compte. Il apparaît que les biens d’équipement des TIC ont joué un rôle important dans la croissance ...
Creation-Date: 2000-03-22
Number: 2000/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2000/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Schreyer
Title: High-Growth Firms and Employment
Abstract: This STI Working Paper deals with this group of rapidly expanding firms. It does so by placing the discussion into a context of entrepreneurship, arguing that there are two main aspects to this notion: one of business start-ups and market entry, and another one of innovation. Evidence is based on results from five OECD countries (Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain and Sweden) as well as from Quebec (Canada). Each of these studies used a firm-level data set to identify high-growth firms and their differentiating characteristics. High-growth firms are those firms that rank first according to a measure that combines relative (percentage) and absolute rates of employment expansion.Despite considerable differences in the underlying data and some of the methodologies, number of common findings emerge: High-growth firms account for a disproportionately large part of gross jobs gained. Small firms exhibit higher net job creation rates than large firms do. At the same time, significant flows ...
Les entreprises à forte croissance et l'emploi
Ce rapport est consacré à la catégorie des entreprises qui connaissent une expansion rapide. Il commence par replacer le propos dans le contexte de l’entrepreneuriat, en partant du principe que la notion d’entreprise à forte croissance comporte principalement deux aspects : i) la création d’entreprise et l’entrée sur le marché ; et ii) l’innovation. Les chiffres présentés sont tirés des résultats d’études portant sur cinq pays Membres de l’OCDE (Allemagne, Espagne, Italie, Pays-Bas et Suède), ainsi que sur le Québec (Canada). Chacune de ces études s’appuie sur des séries de données recueillies auprès des entreprises afin de recenser celles qui ont une forte croissance et de mettre en évidence leurs caractéristiques distinctives. Les entreprises à forte croissance sont celles qui arrivent en tête du classement établi à partir d’une mesure combinée de la croissance relative(exprimée en pourcentage) et de la croissance absolue.En dépit de différences considérables entre les données de ...
Creation-Date: 2000-05-30
Number: 2000/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2000/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Dominique Guellec
Author-Name: Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie
Title: The Impact of Public R&D Expenditure on Business R&D
Abstract: This document attempts to quantify the aggregate net effect of government funding on business R&D in 17 OECD Member countries over the past two decades. Grants, procurement, tax incentives and direct performance of research (in public laboratories or universities) are the major policy tools in the field. The major results of the study are the following: Direct government funding of R&D performed by firms (either grants or procurement) has a positive effect on business financed R&D (one dollar given to firms results in 1.70 dollars of research on average). Tax incentives have a positive (although rather short-lived) effect on business-financed R&D. Direct funding as well as tax incentives are more effective when they are stable over time: firms do not invest in additional R&D if they are uncertain of the durability of the government support. Direct government funding and R&D tax incentives are substitutes: increased intensity of one reduces the effect of the other on business R&D. The ...
Ce document vise à quantifier l’effet des financements gouvernementaux sur la dépense de R-D des entreprises au niveau agrégé, pour 17 pays Membres de l’OCDE sur les deux dernières décennies. Les dons, les achats publics, les incitations fiscales et la réalisation directe de la recherche (dans les laboratoires publics ou les universités) sont les principaux outils de la politique dans ce domaine. Les principaux résultats de l’étude sont les suivants : Le financement direct par le gouvernement de la recherche réalisée par les entreprises (dons ou achats publics) a un effet positif sur le financement de la recherche par les entreprises (un dollar versé aux firmes se traduit en moyenne par 1.70 dollars de recherche). Les incitations fiscales ont un effet positif (bien de court terme) sur le financement de la recherche par les entreprises. Le financement direct comme les incitations fiscales sont plus efficaces lorsqu’ils sont stables dans le temps : les firmes n’effectuent pas de ...
Creation-Date: 2000-06-14
Number: 2000/4
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2000/4-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Nam-Hoon Kang
Author-Name: Kentaro Sakai
Title: International Strategic Alliances: Their Role in Industrial Globalisation
Abstract: This paper reviews recent trends in international strategic alliances, which have grown more than fivefold between 1989 and 1999 paralleling the increase in cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As). The paper covers frequency, type, purpose and geographical patterns of international alliances during the 1990s as an important aspect of industrial globalisation and analyses sectoral trends in industries such as telecommunications, pharmaceuticals, automobiles and airlines. While international alliances provide firms with strategic flexibility, enabling them to respond to changing market conditions, they can also be effective paths for achieving global scale in enterprise operations along with M&As and greenfield investment. Driving forces behind international strategic alliances include cost economising in production and R&D, strengthening market presence, and accessing intangible assets. The paper presents the recent and comprehensive data available on strategic alliances and ...
Alliances stratégiques internationales : Leur role dans la mondialisation de l'industrie
Ce document fait le point sur les tendances en matière d’alliances stratégiques internationales entre 1989 et 1999, période pendant laquelle ces opérations ont plus que quintuplé, tout comme, d’ailleurs, les fusions-acquisitions transnationales. Sont étudiées la fréquence, le type, l’objet et les profils géographiques des alliances internationales, qui ont constitué un élément majeur de la mondialisation de l’industrie. Les tendances sectorielles sont examinées dans l’automobile, les télécommunications, les produits pharmaceutiques et les compagnies aériennes. Tout en offrant aux sociétés une souplesse stratégique qui leur permet de répondre aux évolutions de l’environnement de marché, les alliances stratégiques internationales constituent aussi des moyens complémentaires pour atteindre une échelle mondiale dans les activités des entreprises, au même titre que les fusions-acquisitions et les investissements ex nihilo. Leurs motivations sont multiples : économiser sur les coûts de ...
Creation-Date: 2000-07-07
Number: 2000/5
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2000/5-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Brigitte van Beuzekom
Title: Biotechnology Statistics in OECD Member Countries: An Inventory
Abstract: This document reflects recent efforts made by the OECD to obtain an accurate assessment of the current state of biotechnology statistics in OECD Member and Observer countries. The authors are grateful to Statistics Canada for the funding that made this project possible.The inventory was prepared by Brigitte van Beuzekom of the OECD’s Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry, and benefited from contributions from Bill Pattinson of the OECD Secretariat and delegates involved in the OECD Ad hoc Meeting on Biotechnology Statistics. This version of the inventory is provisional and subject to revisions; it is also available on Internet at http://www.oecd.org/s_t/biotech/stats/biotech_inventory.htm. Revisions will be posted on the Internet as they become available. Comments are welcome and should be sent by e-mail to Brigitte van Beuzekom [e-mail: brigitte.vanbeuzekom@oecd.org] ...
Statistiques de la biotechnologie dans les pays membres de l'OCDE : Inventaire
Ce document reflète les récents efforts de l’OCDE pour établir un état des lieux précis de la disponibilité des statistiques de la biotechnologie dans les pays membres de l’OCDE et dans les pays observateurs. Les auteurs remercient Statistique Canada sans le financement duquel ce projet n’aurait pas été réalisable.Cet inventaire a été préparé par Brigitte van Beuzekom de la Direction de la science, de la technologie et de l’industrie de l’OCDE, avec les contributions de Bill Pattinson du Secrétariat de l’OCDE ainsi que celles des délégués impliqués dans la réunion Ad Hoc sur les statistiques de la biotechnologie. Cet inventaire est provisoire et sera sujet à révisions. Il est également disponible sur Internet : http://www.oecd.org/s_t/biotech/stats/biotech_inventory.htm. Les révisions de ce document seront apportées directement sur Internet. Tous commentaires sont les bienvenus et devront être adressés par e-mail à Brigitte van Beuzekom [e-mail: brigitte.vanbeuzekom@oecd.org] ...
Creation-Date: 2000-09-08
Number: 2000/6
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2000/6-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Günseli Baygan
Author-Name: Michael Freudenberg
Title: The Internationalisation of Venture Capital Activity in OECD Countries: Implications for Measurement and Policy
Abstract: Venture capital has grown significantly in most OECD countries during the 1990s, and is increasingly associated with improved firm performance in terms of survival rates, innovation and growth. This paper compares venture capital activity across OECD countries by taking into account international venture capital flows. Most comparisons are based on data concerning investments made by venture capital funds located in a given country (“country of management”). In contrast, this paper also uses a more policy relevant measure that examines data on investments made in a country (“country of destination”), by subtracting cross-border outflows and including inflows. For countries such as Ireland, Denmark and Switzerland, inflows plus outflows largely outweigh investments by domestic venture capital funds. Some countries, especially Ireland and Denmark, have significant net inflows of venture capital, while net outflows appear for the United Kingdom and Switzerland. While such cross-border ...
L'internationalisation de l'activité de capital-risque dans les pays membres de l'OCDE : Implications pour l'evaluation et l'action des pouvoirs publics
Le capital-risque a augmenté de manière considérable dans la plupart des pays Membres de l’OCDE au cours des années 90. Cette activité est de plus en plus souvent associée à la performance des entreprises, en termes de survie, d’innovation et de croissance. Le présent document compare l’activité de capital-risque dans les pays Membres de l’OCDE en tenant compte des flux internationaux de capital-risque. La plupart des études sont basées sur des données relatives aux investissements par des fonds de capital-risque localisés dans un pays donné (“pays gestionnaire”). Par contre, ce papier s’appuie également sur des données qui permettent d’analyser, de manière plus pertinente en termes de politique économique, les investissements dans un pays donné (“pays destinataire”), en incluant les entrées mais en excluant les sorties de capitaux. Dans certains pays comme l’Irlande, le Danemark et la Suisse, le montant global des entrées et des sorties de capitaux est nettement supérieur à celui ...
Creation-Date: 2000-12-19
Number: 2000/7
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2000/7-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Bart Verspagen
Title: Economic Growth and Technological Change: An Evolutionary Interpretation
Abstract: This paper provides a perspective from evolutionary economic theory on recent growth differences in the OECD area. The empirical analysis contained in the paper offers a number of findings. First, the United States seems to be diverging from the other OECD countries, while the latter are still, by and large, converging to the OECD average. Second, the estimated model of evolutionary growth suggests that convergence based on the assimilation of foreign technology is becoming a more active process. R&D now seems to be crucial for catching-up and is no longer an activity that is unequivocally associated with moving the world technological frontier. Third, differences between countries in terms of pure technological competencies, i.e. patenting, have become more important in explaining growth differentials. These trends suggest that the absorption of foreign technology requires more active efforts, and that technological differences between countries translate more easily ...
Croissance économique et changement technologique : Une interprétation évolutionniste
Ce document fournit la perspective de théorie économique évolutionniste sur les différences récentes de croissance entre les pays de l’OCDE. L’analyse empirique menée dans le rapport offre un certain nombre de résultats. En premier lieu, les États-Unis semblent diverger des autres pays de l’OCDE, alors que ces derniers convergent, généralement, vers la moyenne de l’OCDE. Deuxièmement, le modèle évolutionniste de croissance estimé suggère que la convergence basée sur l’assimilation de la technologie étrangère devient un processus plus actif. La R-D semble maintenant être cruciale pour rattraper un retard et n’est plus une activité qui vise systématiquement à déplacer la frontière technologique du monde. Troisièmement, les différences entre les pays en termes de compétences technologiques pures, c’est-à-dire les dépôts de brevets, sont devenues plus importantes dans l’explication des différentiels de croissance. Ces tendances suggèrent que l’absorption de la technologie étrangère exige ...
Creation-Date: 2001-01-09
Number: 2001/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2001/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: David B. Audretsch
Author-Workplace-Name: Indiana University and Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR)
Author-Name: Roy Thurik
Author-Workplace-Name: Erasmus University-Rotterdam and EIM Research Consultancy
Title: Linking Entrepreneurship to Growth
Abstract: This paper provides a link between the degree of entrepreneurial activity in a country and the growth performance. While a recent wave of empirical evidence suggests that the extent to which countries have shifted towards an increased role of entrepreneurship varies considerably across countries, virtually nothing is known about the consequences of lagging behind in this process. Do countries that have shifted towards a greater role for entrepreneurship enjoy greater growth? This question is crucial to policy makers, because if the opportunity cost, measured in terms of forgone growth, of a slow adjustment towards a greater role for entrepreneurship is relatively low, the consequences of not engaging in a rapid adjustment process are relatively trivial. However, if the opportunity cost is high, the consequences are more alarming. This paper offers two distinct approaches, based on two different measures of entrepreneurship – the relative share of economic activity accounted for by ...
Liens entre entreprenariat et croissance
Ce rapport se penche sur les liens qui unissent le degré d’entreprenariat d’un pays et le dynamisme de sa croissance. Si une récente déferlante de données empiriques semble indiquer que la mesure dans laquelle les pays développent l’entreprenariat varie sensiblement d’un pays à l’autre, on ne sait pratiquement rien des conséquences qui peuvent découler d’un retard en la matière. Les pays où l’entreprenariat a gagné en importance bénéficient-ils d’une croissance plus forte ? Cette question est vitale pour les décideurs car si le coût d’opportunité, mesuré en termes de moindre croissance, d’une adaptation lente au développement de l’entreprenariat est relativement faible, les conséquences d’une non participation à un processus d’adaptation rapide sont relativement insignifiantes. En revanche, si le coût d’opportunité est élevé, les conséquences sont plus inquiétantes. Ce rapport propose deux méthodes distinctes, fondées sur deux mesures différentes de l’entreprenariat – la part ...
Creation-Date: 2001-05-09
Number: 2001/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2001/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Dominique Guellec
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie
Author-Workplace-Name: Brussels University
Title: R&D and Productivity Growth: Panel Data Analysis of 16 OECD Countries
Abstract: This study investigates the long-term effects of various types of R&D on multifactor productivity growth, which is the spillover effect of R&D. Econometric estimates are conducted on a panel of 16 OECD countries, over the period 1980-98. All results are averages over countries and time, and little can be said about country specificities.Major results are as follows: an increase of 1% in business R&D generates 0.13% in productivity growth. The effect is larger in countries which are intensive in business R&D, and in countries where the share of defence-related government funding is lower; a 1% increase in foreign R&D generates 0.44% in productivity growth, and the effect is larger in countries intensive in business R&D; 1% more in public R&D generates 0.17% in productivity growth. The effect is larger in countries where the share of universities (as opposed to government labs) is higher, in countries where the share of defence is lower, and in countries which are intensive in business ...
Cette étude analyse les effets de long terme de différents types de R-D sur la croissance de la productivité totale des facteurs, qui est l’effet « spillover » de la R-D. Les estimations économétriques sont conduites sur un panel de 16 pays de l’OCDE sur la période 1980-98. Les résultats obtenus sont des moyennes sur l’ensemble des pays et des années, ils ne reflètent pas les spécificités nationales. Les principaux résultats sont les suivants. Un supplément de 1 % de R-D des entreprises engendre une croissance de 0.13 % de la productivité. Cet effet est plus fort dans les pays où les entreprises réalisent plus de R-D, et dans les pays où la part des financements gouvernementaux liés à la défense est plus faible. Un supplément de 1 % de R-D étrangère engendre une croissance de 0.44 % de la productivité, et cet effet est plus fort dans les pays où les entreprises réalisent plus de R-D. Un supplément de 1% de R-D publique engendre une croissance de 0.17 % de la productivité. Cet effet ...
Creation-Date: 2001-06-14
Number: 2001/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2001/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Dirk Pilat
Author-Name: Franck Lee
Title: Productivity Growth in ICT-producing and ICT-using Industries: A Source of Growth Differentials in the OECD?
Abstract: This paper examines the roles of the ICT-producing sector and of key ICT-using industries in overall productivity growth in OECD countries. The ICT-producing sector provides a considerable contribution to productivity growth in several OECD countries and explains some of the pick-up in productivity growth in the United States in the second half of the 1990s. ICT manufacturing, in particular, has been characterised by very high rates of productivity growth in many countries. Some countries with a large ICT sector, such as Finland and Ireland, have experienced above-average multifactor productivity (MFP) growth in the second half of the 1990s. But some countries with a small ICT sector, such as Australia, have also observed rapid MFP growth, suggesting that a large ICT sector is no prerequisite for faster MFP growth. In some countries, notably Finland and the United States, certain ICT-using ...
La croissance de la productivité dans les industries productrices et utilisatrices de technologies de l'information et des communications : Une source de différentiels de croissance dans la zone de l'OCDE ?
Ce document analyse les rôles respectifs du secteur qui produit les biens et services basés sur les technologies de l'information et des communications (TIC) et des principales industries utilisatrices de TIC dans la croissance globale de la productivité. Le secteur producteur de TIC contribue de façon considérable à la croissance de la productivité dans plusieurs pays Membres de l'OCDE et explique aussi en partie la reprise de la croissance de la productivité aux États-Unis au cours de la seconde moitié des années 90. Dans les industries manufacturières du secteur des TIC, en particulier, la croissance de la productivité a été très forte dans de nombreux pays. Certains pays qui disposent d'un important secteur des TIC (Finlande, Irlande) ont connu des taux de croissance de la PMF plus élevés au cours de la seconde moitié des années 90. Toutefois, d’autres pays dont le secteur des TIC est plus réduit, comme l'Australie, ont eux aussi enregistré une progression rapide de la PMF, ce qui ...
Creation-Date: 2001-06-18
Number: 2001/4
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2001/4-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Bart van Ark
Title: The Renewal of the Old Economy: An International Comparative Perspective
Abstract: This paper presents international comparisons of the contribution of information and communication technology (ICT) to output and productivity growth during the 1990s. It makes a distinction between ICT-producing manufacturing and service industries, intensive ICT-using manufacturing and service industries and the rest of the economy (the “non-ICT” sector). The paper presents measures of the contributions of each sector to growth and acceleration of growth in output, employment and labour productivity for ten major OECD countries during the 1990s. The main findings are that the productivity growth differentials between the United States and most European countries are partly explained by a larger and more productive ICT-producing sector in the United States, but also by bigger productivity contributions from ICT-using industries and services in the United States. The main reason for the productivity deceleration in most European countries is due to the under performance of the ...
Le renouvellement de l'ancienne économie : Une étude comparative internationale
Ce rapport présente des comparaisons internationales concernant la contribution des technologies de l’information et des communications (TIC) à la croissance de la production et de la productivité au cours des années 90. Il opère une distinction entre les branches manufacturières et de services produisant des TIC, les branches manufacturières et de services utilisant de façon intensive les TIC et le reste de l’économie (le secteur « hors TIC »). On y trouvera des mesures de la contribution apportée par chaque secteur à la croissance ainsi qu’à l’accélération de la croissance de la production, de l’emploi et de la productivité du travail dans dix grands pays de l’OCDE durant les années 90. La principale conclusion qui se dégage de l’étude est que les écarts de progression de la productivité entre les Etats-Unis et la plupart des pays européens s’expliquent en partie par l’existence aux Etats-Unis d’un secteur producteur de TIC plus grand et plus productif, mais aussi par l’apport plus ...
Creation-Date: 2001-10-10
Number: 2001/5
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2001/5-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Brigitte van Beuzekom
Title: Biotechnology Statistics in OECD Member Countries: Compendium of Existing National Statistics
Abstract: This document reflects recent efforts made by the OECD to obtain an accurate assessment of the current state of biotechnology statistics in OECD Member and Observer countries.This project was realised thanks in large part to a voluntary contribution provided by the Government of Canada. The Compendium was prepared by Brigitte van Beuzekom of the OECD’s Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry. In addition, this Compendium benefited from the contribution of Anthony Arundel of MERIT, who served as an outside reviewer during the preparation of the Compendium and from delegates involved in the OECD ad hoc Meeting on Biotechnology Statistics. Thanks to Sandrine Kergroach-Connan for her help in the preparation of the Trade and Venture Capital sections.Comments are welcome and should be sent to Brigitte van Beuzekom, c/o OECD/DSTI OECD, 2 rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris, Cedex 16, France ...
Statistiques de la biotechnologie dans les pays membres de l'OCDE : Un recueil de données nationales
Ce document reflète les récents efforts de l’OCDE pour établir un état des lieux précis de la disponibilité des statistiques de la biotechnologie dans les pays Membres de l’OCDE et dans les pays observateurs.Ce projet a pu être réalisé principalement grâce à une contribution volontaire du gouvernement canadien. Ce recueil a été préparé par Brigitte van Beuzekom de la Direction de la science, de la technologie et de l’industrie de l’OCDE. Ce recueil a également été revu par Anthony Arundel de MERIT lors de sa préparation, ainsi que par les délégués impliqués dans la réunion ad hoc de l’OCDE sur les statistiques de la biotechnologie. Merci à Sandrine Kergroach-Connan pour son aide dans la preparation des sections sur le commerce et le capital-risque.Tous commentaires sont les bienvenus et devront être adressés à Brigitte van Beuzekom, c/o OECD/DSTI OECD, 2 rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris, Cedex 16, France ...
Creation-Date: 2001-09-13
Number: 2001/6
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2001/6-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Alessandra Colecchia
Author-Name: Paul Schreyer
Title: ICT Investment and Economic Growth in the 1990s: Is the United States a Unique Case? A Comparative Study of Nine OECD Countries
Abstract: Investment in information technologies has by no means been confined to the United States and yet, average European or Japanese growth experience has been quite different. The paper compares the impact of ICT capital accumulation on output growth in Australia, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. The analysis uses a newly compiled database of investment in ICT equipment and software based on the System of National Accounts 1993 (SNA93). Over the past two decades, ICT contributed between 0.2 and 0.5 percentage points per year to economic growth, depending on the country. During the second half of the 1990s, this contribution rose to 0.3 to 0.9 percentage points per year. The paper shows that, despite differences between countries, the United States has not been alone in benefiting from the positive effects of ICT capital investment on economic growth nor was the United States the sole country to experience an acceleration of these ...
Investissement en TIC et croissance économique dans les années 1990 : Les États-Unis représent-ils un cas unique ? Une comparaison de neuf pays membres de l'OCDE
L’investissement dans les technologies de l’information n’a pas été confiné aux États-Unis, toutefois la croissance en Europe et au Japon est assez différent. On trouvera dans ce papier une comparaison de l'incidence de l'accumulation de capital de TIC sur la performance économique en Allemagne, en Australie, au Canada, aux États-Unis, en Finlande, en France, en Italie, au Japon et au Rouyame-Uni. Cette étude fait usage d’une nouvelle base de données sur l'investissement en logiciel et en équipement de TIC, fondée sur le Système de comptabilité nationale de 1993 (SCN 93). Au cours des 20 dernières années, les TIC ont contribué à la croissance économique entre 0.2 et 0.5 point de pourcentage par an, selon le pays. Au cours des 5 dernières années (1995-2000), cette contribution a atteint des valeurs annuelles comprises entre 0.3 et 0.9 point. On montre que, malgré les différences qui existent entre les pays, les États-Unis n’ont pas été les seuls a beneficier de l'incidence positive ...
Creation-Date: 2001-10-25
Number: 2001/7
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2001/7-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: John R. Baldwin
Author-Name: David Sabourin
Title: Impact of the Adoption of Advanced Information and Communication Technologies on Firm Performance in the Canadian Manufacturing Sector
Abstract: This paper investigates the evolution of the industrial structure in the Canadian manufacturing sector and its relationship to technological change by examining the take-up of advanced technologies and how it is related to the stochastic growth process in the plant population. Its framework is grounded in the view that growth is a stochastic process that involves learning. Experimentation with new technologies rewards some firms with superior growth and profitability. Examining how growth is associated with the choice of different technology strategies indicates which of these is being rewarded.The evolution of this process is studied by examining the relationship between the uptake of advanced technologies and the performance of plants in the manufacturing sector. This is done by using crosssectional data on advanced technology use and by combining it with longitudinal panel data on plant performance. In particular, the paper examines the relationship between the use of information ...
Impact de l'adoption des techniques de l'information et des communications sur la performance des entreprises dans le secteur manufacturier au Canada
Le présent document s’intéresse à l’évolution de la structure industrielle du secteur manufacturier au Canada de même qu’à son lien avec le changement technologique en examinant l’adoption de technologies de pointe et son rapport avec le processus de croissance stochastique dans la population des usines. Il s’articule autour du point de vue selon lequel la croissance est un processus stochastique dans lequel intervient l’apprentissage. L’expérimentation des nouvelles technologies récompense certaines enterprises à croissance et à rentabilité supérieures. Pour savoir lesquelles, on y examine le rapport entre la croissance et le choix de différentes stratégies technologiques.Le document étudie l’évolution de ce processus en sondant la relation entre l’adoption de nouvelles technologies et la performance des usines dans le secteur manufacturier; cela se fait par la combinaison de données transversales sur les technologies de pointe à des données de panel longitudinales sur la ...
Creation-Date: 2002-01-18
Number: 2002/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2002/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: John R. Baldwin
Author-Workplace-Name: Statistics Canada
Author-Name: Wulong Gu
Author-Workplace-Name: Statistics Canada
Title: Plant Turnover and Productivity Growth in Canadian Manufacturing
Abstract: Entry is important because new firms and new plants provide an important source of competition to incumbents. They are a source of new products and technologies. In this paper, we outline the size of the turnover in plants that have entered and exited the Canadian manufacturing sector over each of the last three decades – 1973-79, 1979-88 and 1988-97. We also examine the contribution of plant turnover to labour productivity growth in the manufacturing sector over the three periods. Plant turnover makes a significant contribution to productivity growth as more productive entrants replace exiting plants that are less productive. We also find that a disproportionately large fraction of the contribution of plant turnover to productivity growth is due to multi-plant or foreign-controlled firms closing down and opening up new plants. The plants opened up by multi-plant or foreign-controlled firms are typically much more productive than those opened by single-plant or domestic-controlled ...
Entrées et sorties d'usines et croissance de la productivité dans le secteur manufacturier au canada
Les entrées sur le marché sont importantes parce que les nouvelles entreprises et les nouvelles usines, qui génèrent de nouveaux produits et de nouvelles technologies, font une vive concurrence aux enterprises existantes. Dans le présent document, nous examinons l’importance du roulement des usines dans le secteur manufacturier canadien, c’est-à-dire le nombre d’entrées et de sorties, au cours des trois dernières décennies, soit de 1973 à 1979, de 1979 à 1988 et de 1988 à 1997. Nous examinons aussi la contribution de ce roulement à la croissance de la productivité du travail dans le secteur manufacturier au cours de ces trios périodes. Le roulement des usines contribue de façon importante à la croissance de la productivité, les usines entrantes plus productives remplaçant les usines sortantes moins productives. Par ailleurs, nous constatons qu’une part disproportionnellement élevée de l’effet des entrées et des sorties sur la croissance de la productivité est attribuable à la ...
Creation-Date: 2002-02-27
Number: 2002/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2002/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: John R. Baldwin
Author-Workplace-Name: Statistics Canada
Author-Name: Desmond Beckstead
Author-Workplace-Name: Statistics Canada
Author-Name: Andrée Girard
Author-Workplace-Name: Statistics Canada
Title: The Importance of Entry to Canadian Manufacuring, with an Appendix on Measurement Issues
Abstract: Understanding the importance of the dynamic entry process in the Canadian economy involves measuring size of entry. The main purpose of this paper is to summarise the information that we have on the amount of entry in Canada.The paper also fulfils another purpose. Some studies have focused on cross-country comparisons (Geroski and Schwalbach, 1991: OECD, 2001). Interpretation of the results of these studies is difficult unless methodological issues regarding how entry is measured are addressed. Without an understanding of the extent to which different databases produce different results, international comparisons are difficult to evaluate. Cross-country comparisons that are derived from extremely different data sources may be misleading because of the lack of comparability.Since there is more than one reliable database that can be used to estimate entry in Canada, this paper asks how measured entry rates vary across different Canadian databases. By examining the difference in entry ...
L'importance de l'entrée dans le secteur canadien de la fabrication, document accompagné d'une annexe sur les questions de mesure
Il faut mesurer l’étendue de l’entrée dans l’économie canadienne pour comprendre l’importance du processus dynamique d’entrée à l’intérieur de cette économie. Le présent document a principalement pour objectif de résumer l’information dont nous disposons sur l’envergure de l’entrée dans l’économie au Canada.Il réalise également un autre objectif. Certaines études sont axées sur des comparaisons entre pays (Geroski et Schwalbach, 1991; OCDE, 2001). Il est difficile d’interpréter les résultats de ces études à moins d’aborder des questions méthodologiques qui se rattachent à la façon de mesurer l’entrée dans l’économie. Il est également difficile d’évaluer des comparaisons au niveau international si l’on ne comprend pas à quel point des bases de données différentes produisent des résultats différents. Les comparaisons entre pays établies à partir de sources de données extrêmement différentes peuvent être trompeuses en raison de leur manque de comparabilité.Parce qu’il existe plus ...
Creation-Date: 2002-02-27
Number: 2002/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2002/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Kentaro Sakai
Title: Global Industrial Restructuring: Implications for Small Firms
Abstract: Global industrial restructuring in the current era is characterised by an increase in cross-border strategic alliances, mergers and acquisitions (M&As) and other types of business networking. This presents new international opportunities for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Cross-border business networking allows SMEs to expand their markets and distribution channels, to realise economies of scale and scope in products and processes, and to profit from the sale and licensing of technology-based assets. Governments can help SMEs realise the benefits of global restructuring by maintaining a flexible business environment and openness in foreign investment and trade, fostering inter-firm networking, and upgrading SME capabilities to participate in international networks and foreign markets. This paper assesses the drivers of global industrial restructuring and the impacts on small firms. It presents a detailed sectoral analysis of small-firm participation in cross-border ...
Les conséquences de la restructuration industrielle mondiale sur les petites entreprises
La restructuration industrielle à l’échelle mondiale se caractérise aujourd’hui par une multiplication des alliances stratégiques et fusions-acquisitions (F&A) transfrontalières ainsi que par le développement d’autres types de réseaux d’entreprises. Cette évolution ouvre aux petites et moyennes entreprises (PME) de nouvelles perspectives au niveau international. Les réseaux d’entreprises transfrontaliers leur permettent d’élargir leurs marchés et leurs circuits de distribution, de réaliser des économies d’échelle et de gamme au niveau des produits et des procédés et de retirer des bénéfices de la vente d’actifs à forte intensité technologique et de la concession de licences. Les pouvoirs publics peuvent aider les PME à recueillir les fruits de la restructuration industrielle mondiale en veillant à assurer aux entreprises des conditions d’activité souples en même temps qu’une certaine ouverture aux échanges et aux investissements étrangers en encourageant la formation de réseaux ...
Creation-Date: 2002-02-15
Number: 2002/4
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2002/4-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel K. N. Johnson
Title: The OECD Technology Concordance (OTC): Patents by Industry of Manufacture and Sector of Use
Abstract: While patent data are now readily available for most nations, these data are still of minimal use for economic analysis due to their mode of presentation. Patents are recorded for administrative purposes using the International Patent Classification (IPC) system, which categorises inventions by product or process. Instead, most economic researchers and analysts are interested in the particular sectors of the economy responsible for the invention or its subsequent use. The OECD Technology Concordance (OTC) presented here, like its predecessor the Yale Technology Concordance, is a tool that bridges definitions, allowing researchers to transform IPC-based patent data into patent counts by sector of the economy. This paper presents the methodology, some sample output and empirical tests of the method. It should be noted that the methodological work on the distribution of patent data by industry at the OECD is an early stage and further improvement of the OTC is expected in the ...
Il est facile aujourd’hui de se procurer des données sur les brevets dans la plupart des pays, mais leur mode de présentation leur enlève presque toute pertinence pour l’analyse économique. Les brevets sont enregistrés à des fins administratives selon le système de Classification internationale des brevets (CIB), dans lequel les inventions sont regroupées par produits ou procédés. Par contre, la plupart des données et des analyses économiques portent sur les secteurs de l’économie à l’origine d’une invention ou sur ceux qui en sont les utilisateurs. A l’instar du Technology Concordance de Yale en usage avant lui, le Technology Concordance de l’OCDE (OTC) présenté ici est un outil qui établit un lien entre les deux logiques et permet aux chercheurs, à partir des données sur les brevets classées selon le système CIB, de répertorier les brevets par secteur économique. On trouvera dans le présent document, la méthodologie, quelques exemples d’application, et des essais empiriques de la ...
Creation-Date: 2002-03-01
Number: 2002/5
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2002/5-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Dean Parham
Title: The Role of Exit and Entry in Australian Productivity Growth
Abstract: The central aim of this paper is to report findings from an Australian study of the influence of firm dynamics on labour productivity growth during Australia’s productivity surge in the 1990s. Like studies of other countries, the within-firm effects are found to dominate net entry and exit effects. While the time interval is relatively short (three years) and the representativeness of the sample is open to question, the findings suggest that Australian firms behaved more in line with the “US model” than with the “European model”. The paper also raises a number of data issues in using the Business Longitudinal Survey for this kind of analysis ...
Le rôle des entrées et sorties d'entreprises dans la croissance de la productivité en Australie
L’objet principal de ce document est de rendre compte des conclusions d’une étude australienne relative à l’influence de la dynamique des entreprises sur la croissance de la productivité du travail enregistré en Australie dans les années 90. Comme pour d’autres pays, on constate que les effets intraentreprise sont plus importants que les effets nets d’entrée et de sortie. La période considérée est relativement courte (3 ans) et la représentativité de l’échantillon n’est pas sans défaut, mais l’étude montre que le comportement des entreprises australiennes a été plus proche du « modèle américain » que du « modèle européen ». Le présent document soulève par ailleurs un certain nombre de questions que pose l’utilisation du Business Longitudinal Survey pour ce type d’analyse ...
Creation-Date: 2002-03-07
Number: 2002/6
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2002/6-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Peter Bøegh-Nielsen
Title: Statistics on New Enterprises, Entrepreneurs and Survival of Start-Ups: The Danish Experience
Abstract: The paper describes the methodology elaborated and used by Statistics Denmark to produce statistics on new enterprises. Statistics Denmark has developed its statistical monitoring of new enterprises based solely on the use of administrative registers. The paper also lists the indicators developed for measuring the new enterprises, the persons behind these enterprises – the new entrepreneurs, both men and women – and their qualifications. The ultimate goal of any policy targeting new enterprise start-ups is not only the creation but also the survival of the new enterprises in order to create new job possibilities and new products and services in today’s rapidly changing economy. Statistics Denmark has developed a longitudinal database as an analytical tool enabling policy makers to evaluate the programmes for new enterprises. It includes all new enterprises and enables the identification and modelling of indicators that are significant for the survival of new enterprises ...
Ce document décrit la méthodologie élaborée et utilisée par Statistiques Danemark pour produire des statistiques sur les nouvelles entreprises. Statistiques Danemark a développé ce suivi statistique des nouvelles entreprises en s’appuyant uniquement sur des registres administratifs. Ce document énumère également les indicateurs mis au point pour jauger les nouvelles entreprises et les personnes à leur tête, les nouveaux chefs d’entreprise, à la fois hommes et femmes, ainsi que leurs qualifications. Une politique en faveur de la création de nouvelles entreprises a pour objectif ultime non seulement de créer de nouvelles entreprises mais aussi d’assurer leur survie, pour que celles-ci créent de nouveaux emplois, ainsi que de nouveaux produits et services dans une économie en constante évolution. Afin de permettre aux responsables des politiques d’évaluer les programmes en faveur des nouvelles entreprises, Statistiques Danemark a élaboré un dernier outil, une base de données ...
Creation-Date: 2002-03-06
Number: 2002/7
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2002/7-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: George van Leeuwen
Title: Linking Innovation to Productivity Growth Using Two Waves of the Community Innovation Survey
Abstract: Using two waves of the Community Innovation Survey (CIS) for the Netherlands, this paper integrates recent lines of research to estimate the contribution of innovation to manufacturing multifactor productivity (MFP) growth. The model uses CIS data to control for the complementarity between internal and external knowledge bases, and investigates the importance of within-firm time interdependencies for inputs into innovation and innovation output. The results show the benefits of including more information on the technological environment of firms. Furthermore, the model shows that tracking the innovation performance of the same firms over time leads to a lower persistence of innovativeness when measured from the output side than when measured from the input side through use of R&D. Moreover, the contribution of innovation to MFP increases when estimating a static innovation model that uses the data obtained after pooling the two waves of CIS. The latter result reflects the ...
Liens entre innovation et croissance de la productivité mis en evidence par les deux premieres enquêtes communautaires sur l'innovation
A partir des deux enquêtes communautaires sur l’innovation (ECI) réalisées pour les Pays-Bas, le present document reprend les pistes de recherche les plus récentes pour estimer la part de l’innovation dans la croissance de la productivité multi-factorielle. Le modèle s’appuie sur les données des ECI pour vérifier la complémentarité entre les bases de connaissances internes et externes, tout en mesurant l’importance des interdépendances chronologiques à l’intérieur des entreprises, qu’il s’agisse des éléments entrant dans l’innovation ou de la production d’innovation. L’intérêt de prendre en compte davantage d’informations sur le contexte technologique des entreprises est mis en évidence. Le modèle montre en outre qu’en suivant dans le temps les caractéristiques de l’innovation pour les mêmes entreprises, on observe une moindre persistance de la capacité d’innovation si celle-ci est mesurée en termes de résultats que si elle est mesurée en termes de R-D. Qui plus est, la part de ...
Creation-Date: 2002-08-20
Number: 2002/8
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2002/8-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Duanjie Chen
Author-Workplace-Name: Macrosys Research and Technology
Author-Name: Franck Lee
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Jack M. Mintz
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Toronto and C.D. Howe Institute
Title: Taxation, SMEs and Entrepreneurship
Abstract: This paper discusses the implications of tax policy for the growth of entrepreneurship and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Some existing features of OECD tax systems are biased against entrepreneurs and small firms. For instance, double taxation of distributed corporate profits can discourage incorporation of small firms while it can also favour debt over equity financing, the latter most required by SMEs. Conversely, a number of OECD countries have features in their tax systems that favour selfemployed individuals and SMEs to encourage growth. These include lower corporate income tax rates, exemptions from value-added taxes and investment tax credits. It is, however, not clear that the benefits of preferential tax treatment of self-employed individuals and SMEs outweigh the costs of moving away from tax neutrality. There are a number of areas where OECD governments can improve the tax climate for small firms and entrepreneurs. They can reduce progressivity in personal ...
Fiscalité, PME et entreprenariat
Le présent document traite des effets de la politique fiscale sur l’entreprenariat et les PME. Les systèmes fiscaux en vigueur dans les pays Membres de l'OCDE présentent parfois des aspects qui pénalisent les entrepreneurs et les petites entreprises. A titre d’exemple, la double imposition des bénéfices distributes peut dissuader les petites entreprises de se constituer en sociétés anonymes, ou peut favoriser l’endettement au détriment du financement par augmentation des fonds propres, ce dont ont le plus besoin les PME. A l’inverse, un certain nombre de pays Membres de l'OCDE ont mis en place, pour stimuler la croissance, des mesures fiscales en faveur des travailleurs indépendants et des PME : baisse des taux de l’impôt sur les sociétés, exonération de la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée et crédit d’impôt pour les investissements, par exemple. Il n’est pas évident toutefois que les avantages de ce traitement fiscal préférentiel à l’intention des travailleurs indépendants et des PME ...
Creation-Date: 2002-08-09
Number: 2002/9
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2002/9-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Vladimir López-Bassols
Title: ICT Skills and Employment
Abstract: Given their role in the current transformation of advanced economies, information and communication technologies (ICTs) offer the promise of new business and employment opportunities along with higher productivity gains, but also make new demands on skills. OECD countries are thus confronted with the dual challenge of ensuring that the growth of new industries and activities is not stifled by labour bottlenecks and skill mismatches and that their population is equipped to master the basic IT skills which these transformations require. Despite recent claims of a widespread IT worker shortage, this study argues that although there is indeed some evidence of tightness in labour markets for particular categories of IT workers, the main issue of concern for policy makers and firms should be the gap between the skills of current and future IT workers and those sought by firms.Both short- and long-term strategies can be implemented to address the rapidly changing skill requirements for ICT ...
Compétences et emploi dans le domaine des tic
Étant donné le rôle joué par les technologies de l'information et des communications (TIC) dans la transformation actuelle des économies avancées, ces technologies apportent la promesse de nouvelles possibilités d'activité et d'emploi, ainsi que d’importants gains de productivité, mais elles imposent aussi de nouvelles exigences en matière de compétences. Les pays de l'OCDE sont actuellement confrontés à la double difficulté de s'assurer que la croissance de nouvelles activités et de nouvelles industries ne soit pas étranglée par les pénuries de main-d'œuvre et l'inadéquation des compétences, tout en faisant en sorte que la population dans son ensemble soit équipée pour maîtriser les compétences de base en TI qu'exigent ces transformations. Malgré les affirmations récentes d’une pénurie massive de main-d'œuvre en TI, cette étude soutient que malgré une certaine tension dans le marché du travail pour des catégories précises de travailleurs des TI, les décideurs politiques devraient ...
Creation-Date: 2002-07-17
Number: 2002/10
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2002/10-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Carl Shapiro
Title: Competition Policy and Innovation
Abstract: This paper seeks to improve understanding of the links between innovation and competition policy. It is intended to help OECD Member countries identify ways in which they can design and implement policies that best promote innovation while protecting against anti-competitive behaviour. Special attention is given to the need for firms to co-operate during the innovation process, e.g. by forming joint ventures and by engaging in co-operative standard setting activities, and the special challenges such co-operation poses for competition policy. The paper specifically addresses competition challenges that arise from inter-firm co-operation that aims to commercialise inventions, diffuse innovation more broadly throughout the economy, or extend and elaborate on existing technology. Although the economic principles articulated here apply across the entire economy, the paper focuses attention on the information and communications technology sector, where the opportunities for innovation ...
Politique de la concurrence et innovation
Ce papier a pour objectif de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des relations entre innovation et politique de la concurrence afin d’aider les pays-Membres de l’OCDE à identifier des orientations pour la conception et la mise en œuvre de politiques de soutien à l’innovation tout en restreignant les pratiques anti-concurrentielles. Une attention spéciale est portée sur les besoins de coopération entre firmes au cours du processus d’innovation, à travers notamment la formation de joint ventures ou la détermination de standards communs, ainsi que sur les enjeux posés à la politique concurrentielle par la coopération technologique. Dans cette perspective, ce papier discute spécifiquement des enjeux liés à la concurrence que soulèvent les coopérations inter-firmes ayant pour objectifs la commercialisation des inventions, l’accroissement de la diffusion des innovations dans l’économie, ou encore l’élaboration à partir de technologies existantes. Bien que les principes économiques ...
Creation-Date: 2002-04-22
Number: 2002/11
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2002/11-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Kazuyuki Motohashi
Title: Use of Plant-Level Micro-Data for the Evaluation of SME Innovation Policy in Japan
Abstract: Japan’s SME policies have reached a turning point. The traditional policy of “lifting up SMEs” has been changed into a more pro-competitive policy to foster entrepreneurship and innovation in SMEs. This paper evaluates this policy and the new innovation promotion schemes initiated by METI through an examination of plant-level micro data. Longitudinal micro-data from the Census of Manufacturing are linked to the list of firms participating in SME innovation policy schemes under the Law on Creative Activities in SMEs and the Law on Supporting Business Innovation in SMEs. The plant-level pattern of industrial dynamics suggests that both policies for new business start-ups and for innovation creation in existing firms are important. In addition, positive effects on sales growth are observed for firms that participate in the programme on Creative Activity Laws ...
Utilisation de micro-données recueillies au niveau de l'entreprise pour évaluer la politique d'innovation des PME japonaises
Au Japon, les politiques concernant les PME ont évolué de manière décisive. La politique traditionnelle qui consistait à « donner un coup de pouce » à ces entreprises a été abandonnée en faveur d’une politique plus axée sur la concurrence afin d’y encourager l’esprit d’entreprise et l’innovation. Le présent document évalue cette politique ainsi que les nouveaux programmes de promotion de l’innovation lancés par le METI, en examinant des micro-données recueillies au niveau de l’entreprise. Les données longitudinales provenant du Recensement des industries manufacturières sont liées à la liste des entreprises participant au programme d’action en faveur de l’innovation dans les PME en vertu de la loi sur les activités créatives dans les PME et de la loi sur l’aide à l’innovation dans les PME. La simulation effectuée grâce au modèle de dynamique industrielle au niveau de l’entreprise conduit à penser que ces deux dispositions – concernant la création de « jeunes pousses » et ...
Classification-JEL: C35; L10; L50
Keywords: croissance des entreprises, firm growth, modèle de sélection d'échantillons, politique d'innovation dans les PME, programme evaluation, sample selection model, SME innovation policy, évaluation des programmes
Creation-Date: 2002-01-16
Number: 2002/12
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2002/12-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Carlo Milana
Author-Name: Alessandro Zeli
Title: The Contribution of ICT to Production Efficiency in Italy: Firm-Level Evidence Using Data Envelopment Analysis and Econometric Estimations
Abstract: This paper examines the impact of information and communications technologies (ICTs) on technical production efficiency in a wide range of Italian industries. Technical efficiency, defined as the firm’s distance from the production efficiency frontier, is one important component of productivity. Assessing the role of ICTs in the organisation and control of production processes may be of primary interest for those firms that are trying to rationalise their production organisation and techniques. The survey of firms examined, the Italian ISTAT SCI covering all firms with at least 20 employees, offers an opportunity to test the hypothesis that ICTs, in both hardware and software components, can positively influence production performance. The analysis is carried out within industries defined by the OECD STAN database, to ease international comparability of the empirical results. Technical efficiency of each individual firm is measured by means of data envelopment analysis, a ...
La contribution des TIC à l'efficience de la production en Italie : Eléments au niveau de l'entreprise obtenus par analyse de l'enveloppement des données et estimations économétriques
Ce rapport analyse l’incidence des technologies de l’information et des communications (TIC) sur l’efficience de la production technique dans un large éventail d’industries italiennes. L’efficience technique, définie comme l’éloignement de l’entreprise par rapport à la frontière de l’efficience de la production, est une composante importante de la productivité. L’évaluation du rôle des TIC dans l’organisation et le contrôle des processus de production peut être d’un intérêt majeur pour les enterprises qui s’efforcent de rationaliser leur organisation et leurs techniques de production. L’enquête auprès des entreprises sur laquelle porte l’étude, qui est l’enquête sur les comptes des entreprises (SCI) de l’ISTAT couvrant l’ensemble des entreprises d’au moins de 20 salariés, offre une possibilité de tester l’hypothèse selon laquelle les TIC, qu’il s’agisse du matériel ou du logiciel, peuvent avoir une influence positive sur les performances de la production. L’analyse est réalisée à ...
Classification-JEL: D2; L2; O4
Keywords: efficience technique, ICT, productivity, productivité, technical efficiency, TIC
Creation-Date: 2002-09-13
Number: 2002/13
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2002/13-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Marian Murphy
Title: Organisational Change and Firm Performance
Abstract: Organisational change encompasses production processes (quality management, lean production, business re-engineering), management approaches (teamwork, training, flexible work and compensation) and external relations (outsourcing, customer relations, networking). Performance improvements from organisational investments are greatest when production, management and consumer approaches are combined, and when these bundled practices are implemented in conjunction with information and communications technologies (ICT). One explanation for the “productivity” may be that organizational change is key to realising benefits from ICT, while ICT is essential to implementing organisational change, necessitating combined investments to raise productivity growth. The proportion of OECD firms that introduced organisational changes rose significantly in the 1990s and the incidence of organizational change has been highest in service sectors. Larger firms, particularly those exposed to international ...
Le changement organisationnel englobe les procédés de production (gestion de la qualité, production économe en ressources, reconfiguration de l'entreprise), les méthodes de gestion (travail en équipe, formation, travail et rémunération flexibles) et les relations extérieures (externalisation, relations avec la clientèle, constitution de réseaux). Les améliorations des performances découlant d'investissements à finalité organisationnelle sont les plus importantes lorsque les stratégies de production, de gestion et de relations avec le consommateur sont intégrées et mises en œuvre de pair avec les technologies de l'information et des communications (TIC). Le “paradoxe de la productivité” tient peut-être à ce que le changement organisationnel est essentiel pour concrétiser les avantages des TIC, alors que ces mêmes TIC sont indispensables pour mettre en œuvre le changement organisationnel, ce qui nécessite des investissements combinés pour accélérer l’accroissement de la ...
Creation-Date: 2002-04-05
Number: 2002/14
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2002/14-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Atsushi Umino
Title: Broadband Infrastructure Deployment: The Role of Government Assistance
Abstract: The potential economic importance of electronic commerce, and the role of broadband in supporting e-commerce, has increasingly led governments to place emphasis on facilitating access to broadband networks. To a large extent the emphasis has been on a range of policies aimed at supporting development and diffusion of high speed network capability in the local loop. Although broadband infrastructure deployment is in the process of development and the extent to which it will cover entire populations or geographic areas is still not clear, governments appear to want to accelerate the infrastructure investment.There is a wide range of government initiatives structured in different ways and their underlying justifications are often quite different. In this context, the main concern of this paper is to examine whether these initiatives are efficient in spurring broadband deployment and to what extent governments should be involved. The paper argues that government policies should ...
Déploiement de l'infrastructure à large bande : Le rôle de l'aide publique
Compte tenu du vaste potentiel économique du commerce électronique et du rôle que la large bande joue dans son développement, les pouvoirs publics s’attachent davantage à faciliter l’accès aux réseaux à large bande. L’accent est mis dans une large mesure sur le développement et la diffusion d’infrastructures haut débit dans la boucle locale. Bien que son déploiement soit toujours en cours et que l’on ignore encore dans quelle mesure elle couvrira l’ensemble de la population ou des zones géographiques, les pouvoirs publics semblent désireux d’accélérer les investissements dans l’infrastructure.Les initiatives des pouvoirs publics sont très variées, diversement structurées, et leurs justifications sont souvent très différentes. Dans ce contexte, le présent document cherche avant tout à définir si ces initiatives parviennent réellement à accélérer le déploiement de la large bande et dans quelle mesure le gouvernement devrait intervenir. Ce document avance également l’idée que les ...
Creation-Date: 2002-05-22
Number: 2002/15
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2002/15-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Frank Lichtenberg
Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University
Author-Name: Suchin Virabhak
Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University
Title: Using Patents Data to Map Technical Change in Health-Related Areas
Abstract: This document reports findings regarding the use of patents data for understanding various dimensions of technical change in health-related areas. Reported counts are based on “Triadic Patent Families”, that is sets of patents covering a single invention, filed altogether in Europe, Japan and the US. There were nearly 40 000 health-related patent families filed in the 1988-1995 period, which is 16% of the total number of patent families, with a majority (58%) of Medical Preparations (mainly drugs), followed by Surgery (13%), Media Devices (10%) and Prostheses (9%). The share of health patent inventors residing in the US is 56% (it is 35% in all families), EU is 27% (32% in all families), and Japan is 11% (28% in all families). The share of the US has been increasing between 1988 and 1995, whereas the share of Japan was shrinking. Internationalisation of research (measured by the share of patents with inventors residing in two or more different countries) has been growing steadily ...
Ce document étudie les enseignements qui peuvent être tirés de l’utilisation des brevets pour comprendre différentes dimensions du progrès technique dans les domaines liés à la santé. Les comptages sont bases sur les “familles triadiques de brevets”, qui sont des ensembles de brevets couvrant une même invention, demandés à la fois en Europe, aux États-Unis et au Japon. Il y a eu environ 40 000 familles de brevets demandées au cours de la période 1988-1995, soit 16% du nombre total de familles, avec une majorité (58%) de Préparations médicales (principalement des médicaments), suivies par la Chirurgie (13%), les Dispositifs d’introduction (10%) et les Prothèses (9%). La part des inventeurs de brevets liés à la santé résidant aux États-Unis est de 56% (elle est de 35% pour l’ensemble des familles), la part de l’UE est de 27% (32% pour l’ensemble des familles), et celle du Japon est de 11% (28% pour l’ensemble des familles). La part des États-Unis s’est accrue entre 1988 et ...
Creation-Date: 2002-01-16
Number: 2002/16
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2002/16-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Günseli Baygan
Title: Venture Capital Policy Review: United Kingdom
Abstract: Despite high levels of private equity financing in the United Kingdom, relatively little funding is reaching small, technology-based companies. Institutional investors, both domestic and foreign, remain focused on later-stage deals. The United Kingdom has implemented several policy initiatives to improve the access of small firms to equity financing, including generous tax incentives and support for business angel networks. However, problems persist in targeting financing to smaller enterprises, start-ups and outlying regions. A new policy approach, which follows the example of the United States, has recently been introduced. This combines government equity with private sector management to leverage private financing for small deal sizes and also eases rules on institutional investors. This paper analyses trends in UK venture capital markets and makes policy recommendations which have been developed through an OECD peer review process ...
Politiques de capital-risque au Royaume-Uni
Malgré le niveau élevé d’investissement privé par prises de participation qui prévaut au Royaume-Uni, l’apport de capitaux aux petites entreprises de technologie est relativement peu abondant. Les investisseurs institutionnels tant nationaux qu’étrangers continuent d’intervenir en priorité dans les dossiers d’entreprises plus matures. Le Royaume-Uni a mis en œuvre différentes initiatives visant à améliorer l’accès des petites entreprises au financement par prises de participation, dont des dispositifs généreux d’incitation fiscale et le soutien de réseaux d’investisseurs providentiels (business angels). Il reste toutefois difficile d’axer les financements sur les PME, les jeunes entreprises et les régions excentrées. Une nouvelle stratégie inspirée de l’exemple américain a récemment été mise en œuvre. Elle conjugue apport de capitaux publics et gestion privée pour attirer des financements privés au profit de petits projets, et assouplit le régime applicable aux investisseurs ...
Creation-Date: 2003-01-28
Number: 2003/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2003/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Günseli Baygan
Title: Venture Capital Policies in Korea
Abstract: The Korean venture capital market has grown dramatically in recent years, starting from a negligible base in the early 1990s and almost tripling between 1998 and 2001. Korea now ranks among the leading OECD countries in venture capital investment as a share of GDP. Korea weathered the severe financial crisis of 1997-98 to face the challenge of reducing the influence of large corporations (the chaebol) and augmenting the role of technology-oriented small firms. The government jump-started the venture capital market in 1998 through direct infusion of equity capital, generous tax incentives and equity guarantees, and the designation of certain small firms as “venture businesses”. Concerns relate to the need to further privatise the venture capital system and to increase the supply of investment-ready small firms. This paper analyses trends in Korean venture capital markets and makes policy recommendations which have been developed through an OECD peer review process ...
Politiques de capital-risque en Corée
Le marché coréen du capital-risque, d’importance négligeable au début des années 1990, s’est très fortement développé ces dernières années : il a presque triplé entre 1998 et 2001. En pourcentage du PIB, la Corée se situe désormais parmi les pays de l’OCDE les plus avancés pour ce qui concerne l’investissement en capital-risque. La Corée a subi la forte crise financière de 1997-98 et a réussi à relever le défi consistant à réduire l’influence des grandes entreprises (les chaebol) et à accroître le rôle des petites entreprises de technologie. En 1998, le gouvernement a pris l’initiative de développer le marché du capitalrisque en procédant à des injections directes de capitaux, en octroyant des aides fiscales et des garanties du capital généreuses, et en accordant à certaines petites entreprises le statut d’« entreprises à risque élevé ». Les sujets de préoccupation sont essentiellement la nécessité de privatiser davantage le système de capitalrisque et celle d’accroître le nombre ...
Creation-Date: 2003-01-28
Number: 2003/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2003/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Günseli Baygan
Title: Venture Capital Policies in Israel
Abstract: Israel has a higher level of venture capital as a share of GDP than any OECD country. Most Israeli venture capital is channelled to early-stage companies, particularly start-ups in sectors based on information and communications technology (ICT) and biotechnology. The Israeli venture capital industry was built through government funding, particularly through the YOZMA group, which leveraged financing from foreign corporations and institutions. There is now a need for a change in tactics to maintain private venture funding for both portfolio and seed firms. While new incentives are being given to foreign investors, domestic venture investments could be encouraged through tax breaks, expanded opportunities for institutional investors, and reforms to the Israeli stock exchange. Israel needs to sustain growth in the venture sector while reducing dependence on a limited number of capital sources. This paper analyses trends in Israeli venture capital markets and makes policy ...
Politiques de capital-risque en Israël
La part du capital-risque dans le PIB d’Israël est la plus élevée de toute la zone OCDE. Pour l’essentiel, le capital-risque israélien est dirigé vers des entreprises aux premiers stades de leur existence, en particulier vers les jeunes entreprises opérant dans les technologies de l’information et des communications (TIC) et les biotechnologies. Le secteur israélien du capital-risque s’est constitué grâce à l’effet de levier qu’ont exercé les fonds publics, notamment via le groupe YOZMA, sur les apports émanant d’entreprises et d’institutions étrangères. Il est aujourd’hui nécessaire de changer de tactique pour maintenir les apports de capital-risque privé tant pour les entreprises existantes que pour celles en phase de démarrage. Tandis que les investisseurs étrangers bénéficient de nouvelles incitations, on pourrait utiliser des allègements fiscaux, un accroissement des opportunités offertes aux investisseurs institutionnels et une réforme de la Bourse israélienne pour stimuler ...
Creation-Date: 2003-01-28
Number: 2003/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2003/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Günseli Baygan
Title: Venture Capital Policies in Canada
Abstract: Canada has one of the highest levels of venture capital investment as a share of GDP among OECD countries. Between 1995 and 2001, Canada realised phenomenal growth in venture capital supply and the creation of over 200 new venture capital funds. However, the largest share of Canadian venture capital goes to follow-on funding of smaller firms -- rather than to new deals involving start-ups -- and to traditional manufacturing sectors. In the late 1990s, the Canadian government began attempts to diversify the sources of venture funds through liberalising rules for institutional and foreign investors, modifying tax incentives and introducing government equity funds. Foreign investors, particularly from the United States, are now the major players and are targeting their funding to technology-based start-ups. This paper analyses trends in Canadian venture capital markets and makes policy recommendations which have been developed through an OECD peer review process ...
Politiques de capital-risque au Canada
Exprimés en pourcentage du PIB, les niveaux d’investissement en capital-risque du Canada sont parmi les plus élevés des pays Membres de l’OCDE. Entre 1995 et 2001, la croissance de l’offre de capital-risque y a été phénoménale et plus de 200 fonds nouveaux de capital-risque se sont créés. Toutefois, l’essentiel du capital-risque canadien est consacré à la poursuite du financement de petites et moyennes entreprises (PME) – et non de nouveaux dossiers impliquant de jeunes entreprises – et aux secteurs manufacturiers traditionnels. À la fin des années 1990, les pouvoirs publics canadiens se sont lancés dans des tentatives de diversification des sources de capital-risque en libéralisant la réglementation applicable aux investisseurs institutionnels et étrangers, en modifiant les avantages fiscaux et en créant des fonds publics de participation au capital. Les investisseurs étrangers – américains notamment – sont maintenant les principaux acteurs du secteur ; leurs financements ciblent ...
Creation-Date: 2003-01-28
Number: 2003/4
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2003/4-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Anthony Arundel
Title: Biotechnology Indicators and Public Policy
Abstract: This working paper provides input and a framework for a broader discussion of the identification of user needs that should inform the development of biotechnology statistics and indicators. This document identifies and evaluates the main types of indicators that may be required to inform policy actions. Given the embryonic state of biotechnology, the main focus for policy is on S&T policies where four main types of S&T policies – supporting biotechnology research, diffusing biotechnology knowledge and expertise, commercialising biotechnology research and encouraging the adoption (application and use) of biotechnology – are used as a framework for developing relevant statistics. In addition to more generic S&T polices, the paper explores the development of indicators by major application area – agriculture, health, industrial processing and environmental applications. The paper includes both an evaluation of how existing indicators can be used, and the types of new indicators that ...
Creation-Date: 2003-06-25
Number: 2003/5
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2003/5-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Nadim Ahmad
Title: Measuring Investment in Software
Abstract: The latest system of national accounts (SNA93) recommended that purchases of software (and any own-account production) should be capitalised as long as the acquisition satisfied conventional asset requirements. This change added about 1% to GDP in most OECD economies in the mid-1990s. However, the range of the revision has been significantly different across countries, leading many observers to question the comparability of these statistics. An OECD task force set up in October 2001 confirmed that differences in estimation procedures contributed significantly to the differences in software capitalisation rates, and a set of recommendations describing a harmonised method for estimating software were formulated. Most of these recommendations were approved at the OECD 2002 National Accounts Expert meeting. This paper reviews the recommendations in its annexes, giving more expansive explanations in some areas, and provides estimates of changes to GDP levels and growth that might be ...
La mesure de l'investissement dans les logiciels
La plus récente des éditions du Système de comptabilité nationale (SCN 93) a recommandé de considérer les achats de logiciels (et toute production pour compte propre) comme un investissement pour autant que l'acquisition satisfasse aux critères applicables aux actifs traditionnels. Cette modification devait se traduire par une progression d'environ 1 % du PIB dans la plupart des économies de l'OCDE vers le milieu des années 90. Toutefois la portée de cette révision a été sensiblement différente suivant les pays, ce qui a conduit de nombreux observateurs à s'interroger sur la comparabilité de ces statistiques. Un groupe spécial de l'OCDE créé en octobre 2001 a confirmé que des différences dans les procédures d'estimation contribuaient fortement aux écarts dans les taux de capitalisation des logiciels, et une série de recommandations décrivant une méthodologie unifiée pour l'estimation du logiciel a été formulée. La plupart de ces recommandations ont été approuvées lors de la Réunion ...
Creation-Date: 2003-05-19
Number: 2003/6
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2003/6-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Anita Wölfl
Title: Productivity Growth in Service Industries: An Assessment of Recent Patterns and the Role of Measurement
Abstract: This paper examines recent patterns in productivity growth of service industries and analyses the role of problems in measuring service productivity growth on industry and aggregate productivity growth. At the aggregate level, unbalanced growth can be observed between a dynamic manufacturing sector on one hand and a rather stagnant service sector on the other. The service sector itself is, however, composed of a set of heterogenous industries with productivity growth rates ranging from low or negative rates to growth rates exceeding those of high-growth manufacturing industries. The empirical evidence suggests that low or negative productivity growth rates in several services are linked to measurement problems. Computing constant price service output is particularly important. Potential under-estimation of service productivity growth leads eventually to an under-estimation of aggregate productivity growth, via aggregation effects and the flows of intermediate inputs. There ...
Croissance de la productivité dans le secteur des services analyse des tendances actuelles et rôle de la mesure
Le présent document examine les tendances de la croissance de la productivité dans les industries de services, et analyse le rôle des problèmes rencontrés pour mesurer la croissance de la productivité des services au niveau sectoriel et global. Au niveau global, on observe un déséquilibre de la croissance entre un secteur manufacturier dynamique d’un côté, et un secteur des services plutôt atone de l’autre. Le secteur des services lui-même se compose néanmoins d’un éventail d’industries hétérogènes dont la croissance de la productivité oscille entre des taux faibles ou négatifs et des taux supérieurs à ceux des industries manufacturières à forte croissance. Les données empiriques indiquent que les taux faibles ou négatifs de plusieurs domaines de services sont liés à des problèmes de mesure. La valorisation de la production de services est un point particulièrement important. La sous-estimation potentielle de la croissance de la productivité de services aboutit, en raison d’effets ...
Creation-Date: 2003-06-25
Number: 2003/7
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2003/7-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Jerry Sheehan
Author-Name: Andrew Wyckoff
Title: Targeting R&D: Economic and Policy Implications of Increasing R&D Spending
Abstract: Setting R&D spending targets based on R&D intensities (GERD as a share of GDP) has been a part of science and technology policy in many OECD countries for at least 35 years. What is new is that the targeting of R&D has become more widespread and a more visible goal commanding considerable attention in high-level white papers, summits and policy proclamations. This paper examines the factors that have contributed to the growing popularity of these targets and analyses in more detail the economic and structural consequences of achieving the increased levels of R&D spending by looking at the profile of individual countries with a high R&D intensity and those countries who have achieved a recent significant gain in their intensity. It then traces some of the implications of a higher R&D intensity for the European Union: the R&D spending levels that would be required to meet the target announced by Ministers at the 2002 summit in Barcelona, the human resources needed to conduct this R&D ...
Creation-Date: 2003-07-24
Number: 2003/8
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2003/8-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Isabelle Recotillet
Title: Availability and Characteristics of Surveys on the Destination of Doctorate Recipients in OECD Countries
Abstract: As far as we know, there is no study that identifies databases relating to the destination of doctorate recipients, including at international level. Young scientists unquestionably play an important role in research and innovation. Consequently, it is necessary to develop statistical sources to find out about the destinations of doctorate recipents. Such information is extremely valuable to the authorities for framing research and innovation policies.This study has two objectives: first, to review existing statistical sources in the OECD countries, and to discuss their comparability. All told, 21 countries replied to the questionnaire on the existence of such databases, representing 25 data sources available for analysis. The analysis focused on the main aspects of the labour market for young researchers: the existence of queues for academic posts with, correlatively, post-doctoral training, relations between public research systems and industrial ...
Creation-Date: 2003-05-27
Number: 2003/9
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2003/9-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Günseli Baygan
Title: Venture Capital Policies in Denmark
Abstract: Denmark has one of the lowest levels of venture capital investment as a share of GDP among OECD countries. The Danish government tried a number of supply-side initiatives in the 1990s with varying degrees of success. Problems stem from a lack of equity investment culture, the high levels and complexity of taxes, a dominant role played by banks in venture financing, and few contributions from other institutional investors. A new strategy focuses on providing seed capital to start-ups through a reorganised government equity fund and technology incubators. The challenge is to build on this momentum to further diversify early-stage financing and deepen the entrepreneurial culture. This paper analyses trends in Danish venture capital markets and makes policy recommendations which have been developed through an OECD peer review process.
Politiques de capital-risque au Danemark
Au Danemark, le niveau des investissements en capital-risque, exprimé en pourcentage du PIB, est l’un des plus faibles des pays de l’OCDE. Dans les années 1990, le gouvernement a fait plusieurs tentatives pour agir du côté de l’offre, mais les mesures prises n’ont pas toujours obtenu le succès escompté. Les problèmes sont de plusieurs ordres : absence de culture de l’investissement à risque, niveaux élevés d’imposition et complexité du système fiscal, rôle prépondérant des banques et faible contribution des autres investisseurs institutionnels sur le marché. Une nouvelle stratégie a été adoptée qui table maintenant sur un fonds d’investissement public réorganisé et sur des incubateurs d’entreprises technologiques pour fournir des capitaux d’amorçage aux jeunes entreprises. Il faudra poursuivre dans cette voie pour diversifier encore davantage les financements proposés aux entreprises en phase de création et développer la culture de l’entreprenariat. La présente étude examine les ...
Creation-Date: 2003-06-25
Number: 2003/10
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2003/10-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Günseli Baygan
Title: Venture Capital Policies in Sweden
Abstract: Sweden has one of the highest levels of private equity investment as a share of GDP among OECD countries. However, its strength lies in later-stage investments, financed primarily by foreign investors. This reflects an industrial structure based on large manufacturing conglomerates. A lack of entrepreneurial demand and equity-related management expertise hinder the growth of the domestic venture capital industry. The Swedish government is now considering a set of changes to its regulatory and fiscal system to better target the needs of small, technology-based firms. Removing quantitative restrictions on institutional investors, lowering tax rates, and restructuring equity programmes are necessary steps. This paper analyses trends in Swedish venture capital markets and makes policy recommendations which have been developed through an OECD peer review process ...
Politiques de capital-risque en Suède
La Suède fait partie des pays de l’OCDE où la part des investissements en capital-risque dans le PIB est la plus élevée. Étant donné la structure industrielle du pays, et la place prépondérante qu’y occupent les grands groupes industriels, il s’agit toutefois pour l’essentiel d’investissements d’origine étrangère destinés à des entreprises déjà bien établies. Au plan national, l’absence de demande du côté des entrepreneurs et le manque de compétences en gestion pour les investissements en fonds propres entravent le développement de l’industrie du capital-risque. Le gouvernement suédois envisage actuellement de modifier divers aspects du cadre fiscal et réglementaire de l’investissement afin de mieux répondre aux besoins des entreprises technologiques de petite taille. La suppression des restrictions quantitatives appliquées aux opérations des investisseurs institutionnels, la diminution des taux d’imposition et la restructuration des programmes de prises de participation seraient à ...
Creation-Date: 2003-06-25
Number: 2003/11
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2003/11-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Günseli Baygan
Title: Venture Capital Policy Review: United States
Abstract: The United States has the oldest and most developed venture capital industry in the OECD. Several successful high-technology companies in computers and communications, as well as in healthrelated sectors and services, were venture-backed. Young high-growth firms also benefit from a continuum of complementary finance from business angels, institutional investors and second-tier stock markets. The government played an active role in the early phases of the venture capital industry through the Small Business Investment Company (SBIC) program and various technology development schemes. A reduction in capital gains tax rates and liberalisation of rules for pension fund investments in risky assets in the late 1970s also unlocked new capital sources. Venture capital activity, however, has been quite cyclical. Periods of high fund-raising and investment in the 1980s and 1990s were followed by market downturns with negative effects on small firm survival and growth. Fundamental structural ...
Politiques de capital-risque aux Etats-Unis
Le secteur du capital-risque aux Etats-Unis est le plus ancien et le mieux développé des pays de l’OCDE. Plusieurs sociétés de haute technologie, qui ont fait leurs preuves dans l’informatique et les communications, mais aussi dans les secteurs et services liés à la santé, ont été financées par du capital-risque. Les jeunes entreprises à forte croissance bénéficient également d’apports réguliers de financements complémentaires de la part des investisseurs providentiels (business angels), des investisseurs institutionnels, et des seconds marchés. Les pouvoirs publics ont joué un rôle déterminant pendant les premières phases du développement du secteur du capital-risque aux Etats-Unis par le biais du program Small Business Investment Company (SBIC) et de divers dispositifs de promotion de la technologie. La réduction des taux d’imposition des plus-values et l’assouplissement des règles applicables aux fonds de pension permettant à ces derniers de faire des investissement à risque à ...
Creation-Date: 2003-08-21
Number: 2003/12
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2003/12-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Andrew Devlin
Title: An Overview of Biotechnology Statistics in Selected Countries
Abstract: This report provides an update of the current state of the biotechnology industry based on primarily official statistical sources. As biotechnology becomes increasingly viewed as a strategic sector, the need for reliable biotechnology statistics from which informed policy decisions can be made grows. This report addresses that need by compiling statistics on biotechnology both on a country-by-country basis and to a limited degree across countries. Also included is a brief overview of some of the important biotechnology policies where the information is publicly available.This work has benefited from the OECD working with member countries and observer countries to develop methodological tools for measuring biotechnology. While some of this work is provisional, will change as experience in the field is gained and should not be viewed as the definitive reference, the data contained in this report represents a significant step forward from only a few years ago when only a few OECD ...
Panorama des statistiques des biotechnologies dans quelques pays choisis
Le présent rapport fait le point sur l’état actuel du secteur des biotechnologies en se fondant principalement sur des sources statistiques officielles. L’émergence des biotechnologies comme secteur stratégique renforce le besoin de disposer de statistiques fiables susceptibles d’éclairer les choix publics dans ce domaine. C’est dans cette optique que sont réunies dans ce rapport des statistiques nationales relatives à ce secteur et, bien que moins nombreuses, des comparaisons internationales. Y sont en outre présentées quelques-unes des principales politiques biotechnologiques pour lesquelles l’information est accessible librement.Ce travail a pu être réalisé grâce aux activités de développement d’outils méthodologiques de mesure des biotechnologies menées par l’OCDE en collaboration avec les pays membres et les pays observateurs. Bien qu’une partie des travaux présentés soit provisoire, appelée à évoluer à mesure que s’accumuleront les expériences dans ce domaine et, par ...
Creation-Date: 2003-11-26
Number: 2003/13
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2003/13-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Nadim Ahmad
Author-Name: François Lequiller
Author-Name: Pascal Marianna
Author-Name: Dirk Pilat
Author-Name: Paul Schreyer
Author-Name: Anita Wölfl
Title: Comparing Labour Productivity Growth in the OECD Area: The Role of Measurement
Abstract: This paper examines how measurement problems affect international comparisons of labour productivity. It suggests that these measurement problems do not significantly affect the assessment of aggregate productivity patterns in the OECD area. However, these problems do influence the more detailed assessment of productivity growth, notably the role of specific sectors and demand components in aggregate performance. The paper shows that there are only a few significant problems regarding the comparability of nominal GDP across OECD countries, the most important being the treatment of software investment. In most cases, efforts are underway to reduce the size of these differences. Measurement differences for real GDP are also important, although several of these factors have impacts that work in different directions. Moreover, several of these problems primarily affect the distribution of total GDP across different expenditure categories and across different activities, not necessarily ...
Comparaisons de la croissance de la productivité de la main-d'œuvre au niveau de la zone de l'OCDE : L'importance des questions de mesure
Le présent document examine en quoi les problèmes de mesure affectent les comparaisons internationales de la productivité de la main-d’œuvre. Il montre que ces problèmes n’ont pas de répercussions notables sur l’évaluation du profil général d’évolution de la productivité dans la zone de l’OCDE. Par contre, ils ont une influence dès lors qu’on veut pousser plus avant l’analyse de la croissance de la productivité, notamment déterminer la part qui est imputable à un secteur particulier ou à telle ou telle composante de la demande. Les auteurs observent que la comparabilité entre pays de l’OCDE des données sur le PIB nominal soulève peu de problèmes importants et que le principal de ces derniers est lié au traitement des investissements en logiciels. Dans la plupart des cas, des efforts sont déployés pour réduire l’ampleur de ces divergences. Les disparités au niveau de la mesure du PIB réel sont également importantes, même si elles ne jouent pas toutes dans la même direction. Qui plus ...
Creation-Date: 2003-12-12
Number: 2003/14
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2003/14-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Nadim Ahmad
Author-Name: Andrew Wyckoff
Title: Carbon Dioxide Emissions Embodied in International Trade of Goods
Abstract: Efforts such as the Kyoto Protocol to reduce emissions that may be linked to climate change focus on six greenhouse gases (GHG). Carbon dioxide is by far the largest of these by volume, representing about 80% of the total emissions of these six gases. Almost all carbon dioxide is emitted during the combustion of fossil fuels and OECD countries account for over half of the total carbon dioxide emission in the world while an additional four countries (Brazil, China, India and Russia) together account for a further quarter of the global total. Many policies designed to reduce these emissions set emission reduction goals based on some previous level (e.g. 1990 in the case of Kyoto for many countries) which is used as a benchmark for success and compliance to the protocol. But changes in emissions at the national level can occur for many reasons: including the relocation of production abroad, and/or by import substitution. This may have a negligible impact on global emissions but, if ...
Les émissions de dioxyde de carbone incorporées dans les échanges internationaux de marchandises
Des initiatives telles que le Protocole de Kyoto qui visent à réduire les émissions susceptibles de contribuer au changement climatique portent essentiellement sur six gaz à effet de serre (GES). Le dioxyde de carbone est de loin le plus important d'entre eux en volume, puisqu'il représente environ 80 % des émissions totales de ces six gaz. La quasi-totalité des émissions de ce gaz sont imputables à l'utilisation de combustibles fossiles et les pays de l'OCDE sont responsables de plus de la moitié des émissions totales de dioxyde de carbone dans le monde, tandis que quatre autres pays (Brésil, Chine, Inde et Russie) représentent ensemble un quart du total. Nombre de politiques visant à réduire ces émissions fixent des objectifs de réduction fondées sur un niveau antérieur (dans le cas de Kyoto, par exemple, celui de 1990 pour de nombreux pays) qui sert de repère pour juger du respect du protocole et de sa réussite. Or l'évolution des émissions au niveau national peut s'expliquer ...
Creation-Date: 2003-11-03
Number: 2003/15
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2003/15-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Freudenberg
Title: Composite Indicators of Country Performance: A Critical Assessment
Abstract: Composite indicators are synthetic indices of individual indicators and are increasingly being used to rank countries in various performance and policy areas. Using composites, countries have been compared with regard to their competitiveness, innovative abilities, degree of globalisation and environmental sustainability. Composite indicators are useful in their ability to integrate large amounts of information into easily understood formats and are valued as a communication and political tool. However, the construction of composites suffers from many methodological difficulties, with the result that they can be misleading and easily manipulated. This paper reviews the steps in constructing composite indicators and their inherent weaknesses. A detailed statistical example is given in a case study. The paper also offers suggestions on how to improve the transparency and use of composite indicators for analytical and policy purposes ...
Indicateurs composites de performances des pays : Examen critique
Les indicateurs composites, qui résultent de la fusion de plusieurs indicateurs, sont de plus en plus utilisés pour classer les pays dans des performances et des domaines d’action divers. A l’aide de ces indicateurs, des pays ont été comparés dans les domaines de la compétitivité, la capacité d’innovation, le niveau de mondialisation et la viabilité écologique. Les indicateurs composites sont appréciés en raison de leur capacité à intégrer de grandes quantités d'informations sous une forme aisément compréhensible, ce qui fait d’eux des outils de communication et des instruments d’action précieux. L’élaboration des indicateurs composites soulève néanmoins de nombreuses difficultés méthodologiques ; ils peuvent de ce fait être sources d’erreurs et sont aisés à manipuler. Le présent document décrit les différentes étapes d’élaboration des indicateurs composites et les lacunes qui leur sont inhérentes. L’annexe fournit des tableaux statistiques détaillés. Le document propose également ...
Creation-Date: 2003-11-12
Number: 2003/16
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2003/16-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Günseli Baygan
Title: Venture Capital Policy Review: Norway
Abstract: The Norwegian venture capital market is oriented towards expansion investments in traditional sectors and suffers from a lack of private risk capital as well as of entrepreneurial demand. Norway needs to increase the entry of innovative start-ups in order to diversify the economy beyond its resource-based sectors. In addition to reducing its dominant role in providing venture capital through privatisation of SND Invest, the government should further privatise industrial holdings, reduce quantitative restrictions on institutional investors, and remove the wealth tax which deters venture investing. This paper analyses trends in Norwegian venture capital markets and makes policy recommendations which have been developed through an OECD peer review process.
Examen des politiques de capital-risque : Norvège
Le marché norvégien du capital-risque est essentiellement axé sur les investissements au stade du développement dans les secteurs traditionnels et il souffre d’un manque de financements privés et d’une demande insuffisante de création d’entreprises. Il faudrait que la Norvège multiplie les créations d’entreprises innovantes pour diversifier son économie en élargissant la part des secteurs qui ne sont pas fondés sur les ressources naturelles. Tout en réduisant leur rôle prépondérant dans les apports en capital-risque par le biais d’une privatisation de SND Invest, les autorités devraient privatiser de nouveaux holdings industriels, éliminer une partie des restrictions quantitatives imposées aux investisseurs institutionnels et supprimer l’impôt sur la fortune, qui freine l’investissement en capital-risque. Cet article analyse les tendances des marchés de capital-risque en Norvège et présente les recommandations qui ont été formulées à l’issue d’un examen par les pairs réalisé dans ...
Creation-Date: 2003-12-08
Number: 2003/17
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2003/17-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Ricardo Tejada
Title: Venture Capital Policy Review: Spain
Abstract: Spain's expanding venture capital market is still biased towards mature firms in traditional sectors with little investment in technology-based start-ups. Although the country has benefited from substantial inflows of foreign venture capital, steps are needed to increase domestic levels of entrepreneurship and risk investment expertise. The government maintains a number of small firms participatory loan schemes, which could be transformed into privately-managed equity programmes to attract venture investors. Restrictions relating to authorised venture investors and amounts could also be lightened. This paper analyses trends in Spanish venture capital markets and makes policy recommendations which have been developed through an OECD peer review process ...
Examens des politiques de capital-risque : Espagne
Le marché du capital-risque en Espagne, en expansion, privilégie encore les entreprises parvenues à maturité des secteurs traditionnels et peu d’investissements sont consacrés aux jeunes entreprises des secteurs technologiques. L’Espagne a bénéficié d’importantes entrées de capital-risque étranger, mais de nouvelles mesures s’imposent pour accroître les créations d’entreprises d’origine intérieure et développer l’expertise dans le domaine de l’investissement à risque. Le gouvernement met en œuvre un certain nombre de dispositifs de prêts participatifs au profit des petites entreprises. Ce dispositif pourrait être transformé en programmes de capital-investissement gérés par le secteur privé, de façon à attirer davantage d’investisseurs en capital-risque. On pourrait aussi assouplir les restrictions concernant le régime de l’investissement en capital-risque et le montant des financements. Cet article analyse les tendances des marchés de capital-risque en Espagne et présente les ...
Creation-Date: 2003-12-08
Number: 2003/18
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2003/18-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Ricardo Tejada
Title: Venture Capital Policy Review: Portugal
Abstract: The small Portuguese venture capital market is characterised by expansion-stage investments in manufacturing industries, primarily consumer goods. Government equity programmes, which have tended to be investment vehicles for European structural funds, have crowded out potential private investors. Recent initiatives, including a new venture captial law and a scheme aimed at leveraging private venture funding, should help stimulate venture activity. Measures are also needed to foster the emergence of more entrepreneurs, create a less risk-averse investment culture, and take fuller advantage of international venture capital flows. This paper analyses trends in Portuguese venture capital markets and makes policy recommendations which have been developed through an OECD peer review process ...
Examens des politiques de capital-risque : Portugal
Le marché portugais du capital-risque, de petite dimension, se caractérise surtout par des investissements au stade du développement dans les industries manufacturières, en particulier celles qui produisent des biens de consommation. Les programmes de capital-investissement qui ont été mis en place par le gouvernement et qui ont eu tendance à servir de support d’investissement pour les fonds structurels européens ont évincé les investisseurs privés potentiels. Plusieurs mesures récentes, dont une nouvelle loi sur le capital-risque et un dispositif destiné à exercer un effet de levier sur les financements privés, devraient contribuer à stimuler l’activité dans le secteur du capital-risque. Il faudrait aussi faire en sorte que les entrepreneurs soient plus nombreux, instaurer une culture de l’investissement empreinte d’une moindre aversion au risque et tirer davantage parti des flux internationaux de capital-risque. Cet article analyse les tendances des marchés de capital-risque au ...
Creation-Date: 2003-12-08
Number: 2003/19
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2003/19-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Nicola Brandt
Title: Business Dynamics in Europe
Abstract: This study presents evidence on firm entry and exit, growth and survival derived with new data from Eurostat, covering nine European Union member countries. One contribution of the study is an analysis of the role of data quality for studies of firm demographics. Confronting results obtained with the Eurostat data with those of a previous OECD cross-country firm-level data project reveals that different size thresholds and difficulties in distinguishing genuine firm entry and exit from mergers & acquisitions, ownership changes or changes in legal form can have sizeable impacts on results. Cross-country differences in firm entry and exit rates are analysed with a special emphasis on detailed information and communication technology (ICT) related sectors, which has not been possible with previously available cross-country data. After controlling for some basic factors, such as countries’ industry composition, crosscountry differences in entry and exit rates in mature sectors turn out ...
Dynamique des entreprises en Europe
Cette étude présente, à partir de nouvelles statistiques d’Eurostat qui couvrent neuf pays membres de l’Union européenne, des données sur l’entrée, la sortie, la croissance et la survie des entreprises. Elle comporte notamment une analyse de l’importance que revêt la qualité des données dans les études sur la démographie des entreprises. La confrontation des résultats obtenus à l’aide des données d’Eurostat avec ceux d’un projet précédent de l’OCDE sur des données internationales au niveau de l’entreprise révèle que les différences de seuils de taille ainsi que les difficultés liées à la distinction entre ce qui constitue véritablement des entrées ou sorties d’entreprises d’une part et les fusions et acquisitions d’autre part, les transferts de propriété et la modification de la forme juridique peuvent avoir des effets non négligeables sur les résultats. L’étude analyse les différences internationales en ce qui concerne les taux d’entrée et de sortie des entreprises, en faisant une ...
Classification-JEL: C81; G33; L11; M13
Keywords: entry, entrée, exit, micro data, micro-données, sortie, survie, survival
Creation-Date: 2004-03-11
Number: 2004/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2004/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Hélène Dernis
Author-Name: Mosahid Khan
Title: Triadic Patent Families Methodology
Abstract: Patent indicators – within the science and technology (S&T) context – are used to measure inventive performance, diffusion of knowledge and internationalisation of innovative activities – across countries, firms, industries, technology areas, etc. A common approach is to calculate patent indicators based on information (filings, grants, etc.) from a particular patent office. While the richness and strength of those indicators are broadly recognised, they are affected by “home” advantage bias – where proportionate to their inventive activity, domestic applicants tend to file more patents in their home country compared to foreign applicants.Patents taken in various countries to protect inventions can be linked together to build triadic patent families: a set of patents taken at the European Patent Office (EPO), the Japanese Patent Office (JPO), and the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) that share one or more priorities. Patent families are derived from priority application ...
Méthodologie relative aux familles triadiques de brevets
Les indicateurs sur les brevets sont utilisés, dans le cadre de la science et de la technologie (S-T), pour mesurer les performances de l’innovation, la diffusion du savoir et la mondialisation des activités innovantes dans les pays, les entreprises, les industries ou les domaines technologiques. Une technique fréquemment utilisée pour leur comptage consiste à s’appuyer sur les informations (nombres de demandes, de délivrances, etc.) d’un office de brevets spécifique. Si la richesse et l’importance de ces indicateurs sont largement reconnues, leur fiabilité n’en est pas moins soumise à des biais liés à l’avantage national : proportionnellement à leurs activités de découverte, les demandeurs nationaux déposent généralement davantage de brevets dans leur pays d’origine que les demandeurs étrangers.Les brevets déposés dans divers pays pour protéger des inventions peuvent être regroupés en familles triadiques de brevets : un groupe de brevets déposés auprès de l’Office européen des ...
Creation-Date: 2004-03-17
Number: 2004/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2004/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Nicola Brandt
Title: Business Dynamics, Regulation and Performance
Abstract: Building on an earlier study of patterns on firm entry, exit growth and survival based on new data from Eurostat covering nine European Union member countries (Brandt, 2004), this paper takes a closer look at the role of policies and institutions for firm entry and survival and at the link between new firm creation and economic performance. The earlier study revealed that firm entry rates, i.e. the number of new firms in a market in relation to all active enterprises, were particularly high in Information and Communication (ICT) related industries in recent years. This lends some support to the idea present in some theories of economic growth that new firms are important for the development and implementation of new technologies. This paper takes a closer look at the relationship between firm entry and economic performance. Results reveals that high rates of firm entry tend to coincide with rapid productivity, output and employment growth, especially in the ICT related services ...
Dynamique de l'entreprise, réglementation et performance
S'appuyant sur une étude antérieure concernant les profils d'entrée, de sortie, de croissance et de survie des entreprises, elle-même fondée sur de nouvelles données d'Eurostat portant sur neuf pays membres de l'Union européenne (Brandt, 2004), le présent rapport examine de plus près le rôle des politiques et des institutions dans l'entrée sur le marché et la survie des entreprises, ainsi que le lien entre la création de nouvelles entreprises et les performances économiques. L'étude initiale révélait que les taux d'entrée des entreprises, c'est-à-dire le nombre de nouvelles entreprises en proportion de l'ensemble des entreprises en activité sur un marché, avaient été particulièrement élevés dans les branches d'activité liées à l'information et aux communications (TIC) ces dernières années. Cela tend à confirmer l'idée avancée dans certaines études théoriques sur la croissance économique selon laquelle les nouvelles entreprises jouent un rôle important dans le développement et la ...
Creation-Date: 2004-03-17
Number: 2004/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2004/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Chiara Criscuolo
Author-Name: Ralf Martin
Title: An Emerging Knowledge-Based Economy in China?: Indicators from OECD Databases
Abstract: This paper shows that China is catching up rapidly with other dynamic Asian economies and the Triad economies on a score of indicators relating to the knowledge-based economy. Taking into account that a number of measurement issues hamper international comparability to varying degrees, some of the main results are the following. • Economic growth in China has outpaced the other economies substantially. Nevertheless, GDP per capita is still considerably smaller than that of the other economies. • The main contributor to GDP in China is industry (mining; manufacturing; electricity, gas and water supply; and construction), which saw its share rise by 10 percentage points to 52% between 1990 and 2002. • Trade in goods as a percentage of GDP doubled between 1990 and 2002, reaching a level well above that of the Triad economies. The largest contribution to this expansion was made by...
Les multinationales et le rôle préponderant de la productivité américaine : Le cas de la Grande-Bretagne
D'après des études américaines au niveau de l'entreprise, les multinationales américaines sont plus productives que les autres multinationales. Cette situation pourrait s'expliquer par le rôle prééminent de la productivité aux États-Unis ou par la facilité avec laquelle les entreprises américaines exercent leurs activités sur le territoire de leur pays. La démonstration serait plus convaincante si les entreprises américaines étaient en tête à l'extérieur des États-Unis. Nous étudions la productivité des établissements industriels détenus par des entreprises américaines situées au Royaume-Uni. Notre étude se démarque de beaucoup d'études consacrées aux établissements industriels à capitaux étrangers de trois manières. Premièrement, grâce à une nouvelle base de données, nous pouvons identifier non seulement les multinationales étrangères, mais également les multinationales nationales. Nous concluons que les multinationales du Royaume-Uni sont moins productives que les établissements ...
Creation-Date: 2004-03-22
Number: 2004/4
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2004/4-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Chiara Criscuolo
Author-Workplace-Name: University College London
Author-Name: Ralf Martin
Author-Workplace-Name: London School of Economics
Title: Multinationals and U.S. Productivity Leadership: Evidence from Great Britain
Abstract: US plant level studies show US multinational enterprises (MNE) are more productive than other MNEs. This could reflect US productivity leadership or could be due to the ease in which US firms operate in their home surroundings. The evidence would therefore be more compelling if US firms were leaders outside the US. We study the productivity of plants owned by US firms located in the UK. Our study differs from many studies of foreign owned plants in three ways. Firstly, using a newly available dataset we can identify not only foreign but also domestic MNEs. We find that UK MNEs are less productive than US owned plants, but as productive as non US foreign owned plants. Secondly, having a panel dataset we distinguish between different hypotheses regarding the nature of the US and MNE advantage. We find strong evidence that the US advantage lies in the ability to takeover already productive plants. Whereas we find some evidence for a shared asset effect for MNEs in general we do not find any evidence that the US advantage is driven by superior shares assets. Thirdly, this paper features a novel approach to TFP calculation.
Classification-JEL: F23; L60
Creation-Date: 2004-04-21
Number: 2004/5
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2004/5-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Binod Khadria
Title: Migration of Highly Skilled Indians: Case Studies of IT and the Health Professionals
Abstract: This paper describes the results of two specific primary surveys, one of IT professionals in the city of Bangalore and their role in making the city a corridor for international mobility of Indian professionals, and the second survey of health professionals (doctors and nurses) in the city of New Delhi. In these surveys, highly skilled Indians were asked about their motivations for emigrating, their experiences abroad, their reasons for coming back to India and their perception of their current situation. These surveys were carried out as a supplement to a study on estimating the stocks, flows and international mobility of human resources in science and technology (HRST) in India. The results of that work are reported in STI Working Paper 2004/7 (Khadria 2004.
Migration des Indiens hautement qualifiés: Etudes de cas concernant des professionnels des technologies de l'information et de la santé
Ce document présente les résultats de deux enquêtes de terrain, dont l’une est consacrée aux professionnels des technologies de l’information de la ville de Bangalore et au rôle qu’ils jouent en faisant de la ville une porte d’accès à la mobilité internationale pour les professionnels indiens, et l’autre aux professionnels de santé (médecins et infirmières) de la ville de New Delhi. Les enquêteurs ont interrogé des Indiens hautement qualifiés sur les raisons qui les avaient amené à émigrer, leur expérience à l’étranger, les raisons de leur retour en Inde et la perception qu’ils avaient de leur situation actuelle. Ces enquêtes venaient compléter une étude sur l’estimation des effectifs, des flux et de la mobilité internationale des ressources humaines consacrées à la science et à la technologie (RHST) en Inde. Les résultats de ces travaux figurent dans le document de travail STI 2004/7 (Khadria, 2004).
Creation-Date: 2004-04-21
Number: 2004/6
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2004/6-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Binod Khadria
Title: Human Resources in Science and Technology in India and the International Mobility of Highly Skilled Indians
Abstract: This paper provides estimates of the stocks and flows of human resources in science and technology (HRST) in India, and their breakdown by education and occupation. Furthermore, the paper provides estimates of the number of highly skilled people moving to India and out of India during the 1990s, mainly to the United States. This part of the study also includes a brief, critical overview of Indian concerns on policy matters pertaining to various forms of migration of highly skilled professionals.Regarding the stocks of highly skilled people in India, the paper estimates that in 1991, between 13 and 16 million people in India could be classified as HRST because of their qualification, a number which had grown to approximately 25 million in 2000. When expressed as a percentage of the population aged 15-64, this meant an increase of more than one percentage point, from between 2.5% and 3% in 1991 to just over 4% in 2000. In 1991, 10.2 million people could be categorised as HRST because ...
Ressources humaines consacrées à la science et à la technologie en Inde et mobilité internationale des Indiens hautement qualifiés
Ce document fournit des estimations des effectifs et des flux de ressources humaines consacrées à la science et à la technologie (RHST) en Inde, et de leur répartition en fonction de la formation et de la profession. Il donne aussi une estimation des mouvements d’entrée et de sortie du pays des personnes à qualifications élevées dans les années 90, mouvements dirigés essentiellement vers les États-Unis. Cette partie de l’étude comprend également un bref panorama critique des préoccupations suscitées en Inde par l’action publique en rapport avec diverses formes de migration de professionnels hautement qualifiés.D’après les estimations, l’Inde comptait en 1991 entre 13 et 16 millions de personnes pouvant être considérées comme des RHST du fait de leur qualification ; en 2000, ces effectifs atteignaient 25 millions de personnes environ. Exprimée en pourcentage de la population de 15 à 64 ans, cette variation correspond à une hausse d’un point, de 2.5 % à 3 % en 1991 à un peu plus de 4 ...
Creation-Date: 2004-05-27
Number: 2004/7
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2004/7-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Brigitte van Beuzekom
Title: Biotechnology Statistics in OECD Member Countries: An Inventory
Abstract: This document reflects recent efforts made by the OECD to obtain an accurate assessment of the current state of biotechnology statistics in OECD member and observer countries. It is an update of the original document, which was released in 2000.The inventory was prepared by Brigitte van Beuzekom of the OECD’s Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry, and benefited from contributions of the delegates involved in the OECD Ad hoc Meeting on Biotechnology Statistics. Comments are welcome and should be sent by e-mail to Brigitte van Beuzekom [e-mail: brigitte.vanbeuzekom@oecd.org] ...
Ce document reflète les récents efforts de l’OCDE pour établir un état des lieux précis de la disponibilité des statistiques de la biotechnologie dans les pays membres de l’OCDE et dans les pays observateurs. Il s'agit d'une mise à jour du document paru en 2000.Cet inventaire a été préparé par Brigitte van Beuzekom de la direction de la Science, de la Technologie et de l’Industrie de l’OCDE, avec les contributions des délégués impliqués dans la réunion Ad hoc sur les statistiques de la biotechnologie. Tous commentaires sont les bienvenus et devront être adressés par mél à Brigitte van Beuzekom [Courriel: brigitte.vanbeuzekom@oecd.org] ...
Creation-Date: 2004-09-08
Number: 2004/8
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2004/8-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Jack Triplett
Title: Handbook on Hedonic Indexes and Quality Adjustments in Price Indexes: Special Application to Information Technology Products
Abstract: This handbook reviews the methods employed in price indexes to adjust for quality change: “conventional” quality adjustment methods, which are explained in Chapter II, and hedonic price indexes (Chapter III). Hedonic indexes have a prominent place in price indexes for information and communication technology (ICT) products in several OECD countries, and are also used for measuring prices for some other goods and services, notably housing. The handbook’s objective is to contribute to a better understanding of the merits and shortcomings of conventional and hedonic methods, and to provide an analytic basis for choosing among them.This handbook compares and contrasts the logic and statistical properties of hedonic methods and conventional methods and the results of employing them in different circumstances. In Chapter IV, it reviews empirical evidence on the difference that alternative methods make in practice, and offers an evaluation framework for determining which is better. In ...
Creation-Date: 2004-10-08
Number: 2004/9
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2004/9-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Rodolfo Barrere
Author-Name: Lucas Luchilo
Author-Name: Julio Raffo
Title: Highly Skilled Labour and International Mobility in South America
Abstract: This paper presents the main trends in respect of the supply of human resources in science and technology (HRST) in Latin America and the international mobility of its highly skilled labour. This will be done through the identification of potential data sources, followed by a presentation of indicators drawn from these sources. In addition, a short section is devoted to the main policy aspects surrounding these issues.The section on policy issues will show that the main South American countries have in common a lack of strong or efficient policies for the migration of highly skilled human resources, although in recent years important changes have occurred in some of the countries of the region.Available information sources on highly skilled labour and international mobility in South American countries are similar to those from OECD countries as far as the main types of collected data is concerned. Potential sources are labour force surveys, population ...
Ce document présente les principales tendances de l’offre de ressources humaines en science et technologie (RHST) en Amérique latine ainsi que la mobilité internationale de la main-d’œuvre hautement qualifiée de cette région. Nous commençons par répertorier les sources de données possibles, puis nous présentons des indicateurs tirés de ces sources. En outre, nous consacrons une courte section aux principales questions de fond qui s’inscrivent dans cette problématique.La section relative aux questions de fond montre que les principaux pays d’Amérique du Sud ont ceci en commun de ne pas avoir instauré de politique vigoureuse ou efficace en matière de migrations de ressources humaines hautement qualifiées bien que, ces dernières années, d’importants changements soient intervenus dans quelques pays de la région.Concernant la main-d’œuvre hautement qualifiée et la mobilité internationale de ces travailleurs, les sources d’information disponibles dans les pays d’Amérique ...
Creation-Date: 2004-12-23
Number: 2004/10
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2004/10-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Gang Zhang
Title: Promoting IPR Policy and Enforcement in China: Summary of Dialogues between OECD and China
Abstract: Intellectual property rights (IPRs) have an important role to play in helping China realise a modernisation strategy based on technological upgrading and integration into the global economy. Through the protection they offer to inventors, IPR regimes can help promote domestic technological innovation and facilitate transfer of foreign technology. Having recognised the importance of IPRs, the Chinese government has taken great strides in the past two decades to develop a modern system of IPR legislation and to further amend it in accordance with China’s membership in the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Progress with respect to IPR enforcement, however, still falls short of the levels needed to stimulate Chinese innovation and meet the expectations of the international business community.This report summarises two policy dialogues that the OECD organised with China in Spring 2004 on IPR issues. These dialogues aimed at assisting China in its efforts to further improve IPR ...
Améliorer le régime des droits de propriete intellectuelle et le respect de leur protection en Chine : Resumé des échanges entre l'ocde et la Chine
Les droits de propriété intellectuelle (DPI) ont un rôle majeur à jouer dans la réussite de la stratégie de modernisation de la Chine, fondée sur le relèvement du niveau technologique et l’intégration dans l’économie mondiale. Au travers de la protection donnée aux inventeurs, les régimes de DPI contribuent au développement de l’innovation dans l’économie nationale et facilitent les transferts de technologie étrangère. Conscient de l’importance des DPI, au cours des 20 dernières années le gouvernement chinois a consenti un effort considérable à la mise en place d’un régime moderne régissant les DPI, totalement inexistant jusque-là, et en l’améliorant encore à l’occasion de l’adhésion du pays à l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC). Cependant, le progrès réalisé du point de vue du respect de la législation relative aux DPI n’est pas encore suffisant tant au regard de ses effets sur le développement de l’innovation qu’à celui des attentes des milieux d’affaires internationaux ...
Creation-Date: 2005-02-09
Number: 2005/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2005/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Mosahid Khan
Author-Name: Hélène Dernis
Title: Impact of Patent Co-Operation Treaty Data on Epo Patent Statistics and Improving the Timeliness of EPO Indicators
Abstract: The Patent Cooperation Treaty provides the possibility to seek patent rights in a large number of countries by filing a single international application with a single patent office. Since the mid-1980s, the patent cooperation treaty (PCT) procedure has become a popular method for filing patent applications, as is reflected in the substantial increase in PCT applications over the past 15 years.This paper analyses the impact of the PCT data on the European Patent Office (EPO) patent statistics, and explores methods to improve the timeliness of the EPO indicators by estimating the number of PCT applications which enter the EPO regional phase (see Annex A for details). This paper shows the following main impacts of PCT data in the EPO patent statistics: Including all EPO designated PCT applications data will overestimate the total number of EPO patent applications; and It will introduce a bias in favour of non-EPC countries (countries that are not signatory ...
Répercussions du traité de coopération en matière de brevets sur les statistiques des brevets de l'oeb et possibilités d'amélioration de ces indicateurs
Le Traité de coopération en matière de brevets permet, en déposant une seule demande internationale de brevet, d’obtenir la protection d’une invention conférée par un brevet dans un grand nombre de pays. Depuis le milieu des années 80, la procédure en vertu du traité de coopération en matière de brevets (PCT) connaît un succès grandissant, ainsi qu’en témoigne l’augmentation considérable du nombre de demandes PCT au cours des 15 dernières années.Le présent document analyse les répercussions des données du PCT sur les statistiques de l’Office européen des brevets (OEB) et étudie les possibilités d’améliorer la disponibilité de ces indicateurs pour les années récentes en effectuant des estimations du nombre de demandes PCT entrant dans la phase régionale de l’OEB (voir l’Annexe A pour plus de détails). Le présent document met en évidence les répercussions principales suivantes: Si l’on inclut les données relatives à la totalité des demandes PCT désignant ...
Creation-Date: 2005-02-09
Number: 2005/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2005/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Anita Wölfl
Title: The Service Economy in OECD Countries: OECD/Centre d'études prospectives et d'informations internationales (CEPII)
Abstract: Improving the performance of the services sector is important to enhance aggregate economic growth. This is primarily since the service sector has become the quantitatively most important sector in all OECD economies. The growing role of services is not only the result of a resource re-allocation towards services, as the sector with low productivity growth. It is also related to demand side factors, such as a high income elasticity of demand for some services, demographic developments, the provision of certain services as public goods, and the growing role of services as providers of intermediate inputs. The empirical evidence points to several areas where employment and productivity growth in services is held back. For example, labour-intensive production in many services industries may reduce the potential for productivity growth. Innovation is held back by obstacles that are particularly relevant for services industries. The evidence also shows that the regulatory environment for ...
L'économie de services dans les pays de l'OCDE : OCDE/Centre d'études prospectives et d'informations internationales (CEPII)
Il est important d’améliorer les performances du secteur des services pour renforcer la croissance économique globale. Celui-ci est en effet devenu dans tous les pays de l’OCDE le secteur le plus important sur le plan quantitatif. Le rôle croissant des services ne résulte pas seulement d’une réaffectation des ressources en direction de cette branche d’activité, dont la productivité augmente peu. D’autres facteurs entrent en ligne de compte du côté de la demande, comme la forte élasticité revenu de la demande de certains services, l’évolution démographique, la fourniture de certains services à titre de biens publics et le rôle croissant des services en tant que fournisseurs de facteurs de production intermédiaires. Les données empiriques dont on dispose montrent que l’emploi et la productivité progressent peu dans plusieurs domaines. La forte intensité de main-d’œuvre de nombreux secteurs de services peut réduire les possibilités de croissance de la productivité. L’innovation est ...
Creation-Date: 2005-02-11
Number: 2005/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2005/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Masahiro Katsuno
Title: Status and Overview of Official ICT Indicators for China
Abstract: This paper examines the state of official ICT statistics in China and tries to assess ICT development in China from the currently available information. This can be seen as a first order stocktaking. The aim would be to move to a situation where data can be collected more systematically from China so as to compare them internationally.Compared with OECD countries, statistics play a unique role in China, as they are an important tool for showing the progress made towards reaching the quantitative goals set in each Five-Year Plan. The provision of statistical data by various government bodies is therefore quite comprehensive, but because of he objective of these statistics, the information is often not or only partially comparable internationally. Most data from non-official sources are based on official statistics. The Chinese government recently passed legislation which restricts the collection of statistical data by foreign bodies, be they private or ...
Indicateurs officiels sur les TIC en Chine: tour d'horizon et bilan de la situation
Ce document examine la situation en matière de statistiques officielles des TIC en Chine et s’efforce d’évaluer le développement des TIC en Chine en se basant sur les informations existantes. Ce travail peut être considéré comme une première tentative de bilan. L’objectif serait d’accéder à une situation dans laquelle les données peuvent être collectées de manière plus systématique en Chine afin de pouvoir figurer dans des comparaisons internationales.En Chine, les statistiques occupent une place particulière par rapport aux pays de l’OCDE : elles constituent un outil important pour démontrer les progrès accomplis au regard des objectifs quantitatifs fixés dans chaque plan quinquennal. Les données statistiques fournies par les différentes instances gouvernementales sont donc assez complètes, mais étant donné la finalité de ces statistiques, l’information n’est souvent pas comparable internationalement, ou elle ne l’est qu’en partie. La plupart des données des sources non ...
Creation-Date: 2005-03-22
Number: 2005/4
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2005/4-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Dirk Pilat
Author-Name: Anita Wölfl
Title: Measuring the Interaction Between Manufacturing and Services
Abstract: This paper examines the interaction between services and manufacturing using several types of data and shows that the distinction between manufacturing and services is blurring. Services make important contributions to production, mainly through their direct contribution to total output and final demand, but to some degree also through their indirect contribution via other industries. However, services are more independent from other industries than the manufacturing sector. Most inputs that are necessary to produce services are derived from the services sector itself. Moreover, their role as providers of intermediate inputs to other industries is not yet as strong as that of the manufacturing sector. The paper also shows that a growing share of workers in the manufacturing sector is engaged in services-related occupations. Using a broad definition of service-related workers, up to 50% of manufacturing workers are in such occupations. Using firm-level data the paper finds that, despite anecdotal evidence on a growing share of services turnover within the manufacturing sector, manufacturing enterprises in most countries are not very diversified in their constituting establishment, i.e. they do not have many establishments engaged in services production. Canada is a notable exception in this respect. In other countries, it is likely that diversification primarily occurs at the level of the enterprise group. On the other hand, data on products suggest that manufacturing firms and establishments appear to derive a growing share of turnover from services, notably in countries such as Finland and Sweden.
Mesure de l'interaction entre les industries manufacturières et les services
Cette étude examine l’interaction qui existe entre les services et les industries manufacturières, en s’appuyant sur différents types de données. Elle montre que la distinction entre les industries manufacturières et les services tend à s’estomper. Les services apportent d’importantes contributions à la production, principalement sous forme d’apports directs à la production totale et à la demande finale, mais aussi, dans une certaine mesure, à travers leur contribution indirecte. Toutefois, les services sont plus indépendants des autres industries que ne l’est le secteur manufacturier. La plus grande partie des intrants nécessaires à la production des services procède du secteur des services lui-même. De plus, la place des services dans la fourniture d’intrants intermédiaires à d’autres secteurs n’est pas encore aussi importante que celle de l’industrie manufacturière. Ce travail révèle en outre qu’une proportion croissante des travailleurs du secteur manufacturier est employée à des fonctions liées aux services. Si l’on utilise une définition large des fonctions liées aux services, jusqu’à 50 % des travailleurs du secteur manufacturier relèvent de telles fonctions. En s’appuyant sur des données micro-économiques, ce document montre que, malgré des éléments épars qui sembleraient indiquer qu’une part croissante du chiffre d’affaires du secteur manufacturier correspond à des activités de services, dans la plupart des pays, les entreprises manufacturières restent assez peu diversifiées, ce qui signifie qu’elles ne comptent pas beaucoup d’établissements produisant des services. Le Canada constitue une exception notable à cet égard. Dans d’autres pays, il semble plutôt que la diversification s’opère essentiellement au niveau du groupe. Enfin, les données sur les produits suggèrent que les entreprises et les établissements du secteur manufacturier réalisent une part plus importante de leur chiffre d’affaires grâce aux services, notamment dans des pays comme la Finlande et la Suède.
Creation-Date: 2005-05-31
Number: 2005/5
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2005/5-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Sachin Chaturvedi
Title: Dynamics of Biotechnology Research and Industry in India: Statistics, Perspectives and Key Policy Issues
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, an inventory is made of biotechnology data collection in India. This will include an assessment of how the need for biotechnology related statistics is being addressed, mainly in terms of patent data, commercialisation of genetically modified organisms, R&D allocations for biotechnology and industry statistics. In general, limited efforts have been made by different Indian agencies to collect statistics on biotechnology. One of the reasons for this scarcity of statistics is a missing consensus in India on a definition of biotechnology. However, initiatives are underway to address this and to establish a measurement framework. A second objective of this document is to present a broad overview of the status of biotechnology in India, with a focus on the agricultural and the health sector. First the funding and research programmes of various institutions are discussed, followed by an overview of human resources development and training possibilities in the country. A third section discusses capital venture funding and the role of financial institutions, while the last two sections look at initiatives by state governments and the policy regulations in place.
Dynamique de la recherche et de l'industrie biotechnologiques en Inde : Statistiques, perspectives et principaux enjeux
Cet ouvrage répond à un double objectif. Il vise tout d’abord à faire le point sur la collecte des données relatives aux biotechnologies en Inde, notamment à travers une évaluation des solutions apportées aux besoins de statistiques dans les domaines suivants : brevets, commercialisation d’organismes génétiquement modifiés, crédits de R-D consacrés aux statistiques des biotechnologies et de l’industrie. Les différentes instances indiennes concernées ont en général relativement peu investi dans la collecte de statistiques, entre autres parce qu’il n’existe en Inde aucun consensus sur la définition des biotechnologies. Des initiatives ont toutefois été engagées dans le but d’y remédier et d’établir un cadre d’analyse. Cette publication a par ailleurs pour ambition de présenter un vaste panorama des biotechnologies en Inde, en privilégiant plus particulièrement les secteurs de l’agriculture et de la santé. Sont tout d’abord décrits les dispositifs de financement et les programmes de recherche de diverses institutions, puis est présenté un tour d’horizon des perspectives de développement des ressources humaines et de formation. Une troisième section est consacrée à l’analyse du financement du capital-risque et du rôle des institutions financières, tandis que les deux dernières sections passent en revue les actions engagées par les autorités publiques des Etats et les réglementations en place.
Creation-Date: 2005-05-31
Number: 2005/6
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2005/6-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Deniz Eröcal
Title: Case Studies of Successful Companies in the Services Sector and Lessons for Public Policy
Abstract: The success of individual firms can illustrate lessons learned from economy-wide research on how public policy and private company policy affect the development of the services sector. This review of some 14 case studies of large international services firms shows that three factors are common to their success: (1) Many successful services companies examined owe their existence and success to the opening up of markets; (2) The opening up of markets enabled new entrants to take another step towards success, namely innovation. Such innovation — either in terms of processes or products — helps firms to differentiate themselves from other, often more traditional, firms. The strong focus on innovation is often associated with an important role of venture or risk capital. In many cases, successful services firms were also pioneers in introducing information and communication technology (ICT) and developing other key technology applications; and (3) A motivating work organisation. Firm case studies also highlight the importance of factors internal to a firm, notably the organisation of work, entrepreneurial management, the motivation of workers, and the company culture. These factors differ considerably across firms, but may include the decentralisation of responsibilities and flat hierarchies, compensation according to performance or compensation aimed at achieving worker loyalty (e.g. through profit sharing or stock options). Public policies related to innovation, ICT or work organisation, are important for company success in many cases, but almost always in a context of open and contestable markets.
Etudes de cas d'entreprises à succès dans le secteur des services et enseignements pour les pouvoirs publics
La réussite de certaines entreprises peut servir à illustrer les enseignements tirés d’une étude macroéconomique sur les effets que les politiques menées par les pouvoirs publics et les entreprises peuvent avoir sur le développement du secteur des services. Cette synthèse de quelque 14 études de cas portant sur de grandes entreprises internationales de services fait ressortir trois facteurs communs de réussite : (1) bon nombre des entreprises de services examinées doivent leur existence et leur succès à l’ouverture des marchés ; (2) celle-ci a permis à de nouveaux entrants de miser sur un autre atout pour réussir, à savoir l’innovation. Cette innovation – de procédés ou de produits – aide ces entreprises à se différencier des autres, souvent plus classiques dans leur fonctionnement. La place importante faite à l’innovation est souvent associée au rôle du capital-risque. Beaucoup d’entreprises de services florissantes ont été parmi les premières à adopter les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) et à mettre au point d’autres applications décisives de la technologie ; (3) une organisation du travail motivante. Les études de cas sur les entreprises mettent également en évidence l’importance de facteurs internes, notamment l’organisation du travail, l’esprit d’entreprise, la motivation du personnel et la culture d’entreprise. Ces facteurs varient considérablement selon les entreprises, mais ils peuvent aussi faire intervenir la décentralisation des responsabilités, la réduction des niveaux hiérarchiques, un système de rémunération au rendement ou axé sur la fidélisation du personnel (par exemple, par un régime d’intéressement ou de stockoptions). Les politiques publiques concernant l’innovation, les TIC ou l’organisation du travail sont souvent importantes pour la réussite des entreprises, mais c’est presque toujours dans le cadre de marchés ouverts et contestables.
Creation-Date: 2005-06-15
Number: 2005/7
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2005/7-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Chiara Criscuolo
Title: The Contribution of Foreign Affilliates to Productivity Growth: Evidence from OECD Countries
Abstract: This study uses new information to determine the role of foreign affiliates in productivity growth. The study has three aims. Firstly, the study quantifies the contribution of foreign affiliates to productivity growth in OECD countries using a growth accounting approach. Secondly, the analysis shows how much of this contribution derives from an increase in the employment share of foreign affiliates in the host country relative to an increase in the productivity of existing foreign affiliates. Thirdly, the study compares the presence of foreign affiliates across OECD countries. The information is derived by matching three OECD data sources: the STAN database for industrial analysis, the AFA (Activities of Foreign Affiliates) and FATS (Foreign Affiliates in Trade and Services) databases. Despite its limitations, this combined database provides longitudinal industry level information on both the presence and the productivity of foreign affiliates in OECD countries. The analysis confirms that foreign affiliates can make an important contribution to productivity growth. The contribution is larger in the manufacturing sector. In the services sector and in low-tech manufacturing sectors, the largest component of the contribution of foreign affiliates is due to the increased employment share of foreign affiliates. In medium- and high-tech sectors, the contribution is mainly driven by stronger productivity growth of existing foreign affiliates. In the United States the contribution is consistently driven by stronger productivity growth of existing foreign affiliates in both the manufacturing and the services sectors.
La constribution des filiales étrangères à la croissance de la productivité : Observations concernant les pays de l'OCDE
La présente étude utilise de nouvelles informations pour déterminer le rôle joué par les filiales étrangères dans la croissance de la productivité. L'analyse s'articule autour de trois axes. Premièrement, l'étude quantifie la contribution des filiales étrangères aux gains de productivité dans les pays de l'OCDE à partir d'une analyse causale de la croissance. Deuxièmement, l'analyse montre dans quelle mesure cette contribution résulte d'une augmentation du poids relatif des filiales étrangères dans l'emploi du pays hôte, ou de gains de productivité réalisés par les filiales étrangères existantes. Troisièmement, l'étude compare la présence des filiales étrangères dans différents pays de l'OCDE. Les informations utilisées sont obtenues par rapprochement de trois sources de données de l'OCDE : la base de données sur l'analyse structurelle (STAN), la base de données sur les activités des filiales étrangères (AFA) et la base de données sur les échanges de services des filiales étrangères (FATS). Malgré ses limites, l'ensemble de données ainsi constitué offre des informations longitudinales par secteur tant sur la présence que sur la productivité des filiales étrangères dans les pays de l'OCDE. L'analyse confirme que les filiales étrangères peuvent contribuer de manière importante à la croissance de la productivité. Cette contribution est plus forte dans le secteur manufacturier. Dans les services et dans les secteurs manufacturiers de basse technologie, la contribution des filiales étrangères est principalement imputable à l'augmentation de leur poids relatif dans l'emploi. Dans les secteurs de moyenne et haute technologie, cette contribution repose essentiellement sur une croissance plus forte de la productivité des filiales étrangères existantes. Aux États-Unis, cette contribution résulte systématiquement d'une croissance plus forte de la productivité des filiales étrangères existantes, tant dans le secteur manufacturier que dans les services.
Creation-Date: 2005-08-30
Number: 2005/8
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2005/8-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Colin Webb
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Hélène Dernis
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Dietmar Harhoff
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Munich (LMU)
Author-Name: Karin Hoisl
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Munich (LMU)
Title: Analysing European and International Patent Citations: A Set of EPO Patent Database Building Blocks
Abstract: This paper presents a preliminary set of European and international citation data tables designed to enable researchers to become familiar with the subject and undertake a range of analyses. It addresses analytical and statistical issues such as why citations from international searches and European searches should be combined; the calculation of citation lags; use of International Patent Classification (IPC) codes for grouping patents according to technology; treatment of references to Non-Patent Literature (NPL); and the notion that many publications, from different patenting authorities, covering the same invention can be cited. Differences between US and European citations are also discussed.
L'analyse des citations de brevets Européens et internationaux : Une selection de modules de la base de données de brevets de l'OEB
Ce document présente une première sélection de données sur les citations européennes et internationales. Ces modules ont été construits afin de permettre aux chercheurs de se familiariser avec les citations et d'engager un certain nombre d’analyses. Plusieurs questions analytiques et statistiques sont abordées, notamment : pourquoi combiner les citations issues des recherches internationales avec celles des recherches européennes ; calculer des délais de citation ; utiliser les codes de la Classification internationale des brevets (CIB) pour regrouper les brevets par technologies ; comment considérer les références à la littérature non-brevet (NPL) ; et comment comptabiliser les citations lorsque plusieurs brevets, publiés par différents offices de brevet, pour la même invention sont cités. Les divergences entre citations américaines et européennes sont également étudiées.
Creation-Date: 2005-10-18
Number: 2005/9
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2005/9-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Kul B. Luintel
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Wales
Author-Name: Mosahid Khan
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: An Empirical Contribution to Knowledge Production and Economic Growth
Abstract: We examine the dynamics of knowledge production for a panel of 19 OECD countries. A new and unique data set is used to proxy the domestic flows of “new-to-the-world” knowledge and ideas. We rigorously address the cross-country heterogeneity in the production of knowledge and the endogeneous nature of this process. The parameters of the knowledge production function point to large cross-country differences. Domestic and foreign stocks of knowledge and ideas have a net positive effect on the production (flows) of new ideas. Countries with a low domestic knowledge base appear to improve their TFP considerably through the accumulation of knowledge. This effect is very modest for countries that already have a sizeable domestic knowledge base. We find ample evidence of duplicate R&D but no support for endogenous growth. Given the heterogeneous nature of knowledge production across OECD countries, R&D policy will need to be adapted to the specific nature of each country; a one-size-fits-all approach will not be effective.
Production de connaissances et croissance économique: Une contribution empririque
Cet article examine la dynamique de la production de connaissances dans un échantillon de 19 pays de l’OCDE, au moyen d’un ensemble nouveau et original de données servant à représenter les flux intérieurs de connaissances et données « nouvelles pour le monde entier ». L’hétérogénéité entre pays de la production de connaissances et le caractère endogène du processus sont examinés à la loupe. Les paramètres de la fonction de production de connaissances font ressortir de grandes différences entre les pays. Les stocks intérieurs et étrangers de connaissances et d’idées ont un effet positif net sur la production (les flux) de nouvelles idées. Les pays dotés d’une base de connaissances nationale modeste semblent améliorer considérablement leur PTF par l’accumulation de connaissances. Cet effet est très limité pour les pays qui disposent déjà d’une base de connaissances nationale d’une certaine importance. Les auteurs observent de nombreux éléments montrant une duplication de la R-D, mais aucun signe de croissance endogène. Etant donné le caractère hétérogène de la production de connaissances parmi les pays de l’OCDE, la politique de R-D devra être adaptée aux spécificités de chaque pays ; Il n’existe de formule unique applicable à tous.
Classification-JEL: C15; F02; F12; O3; O4
Keywords: dynamic heterogeneity, knowledge stocks, methods of moments
Creation-Date: 2005-12-14
Number: 2005/10
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2005/10-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Karsten Bjerring Olsen
Title: Productivity Impacts of Offshoring and Outsourcing: A Review
Abstract: Despite the attention that offshore outsourcing currently demands in the public media, there is little empirical evidence on its economic impact. As a consequence of rising fears of job losses associated with the phenomenon, most existing research on the subject is primarily concerned with addressing related labour market issues. The impacts on productivity, however, have received only little attention. This paper surveys the empirical literature on offshore outsourcing and its productivity effects. Due to the small number of existing studies, the survey also includes research that may serve as indirect evidence of the phenomenon’s link to productivity, such as its effect on skill upgrading. The most apparent conclusion drawn from the review is that there appears to be no clear patterns as to how offshore outsourcing affects productivity, and that much depends on both sector and firm-specific characteristics. There are some indications, however, that positive productivity effects from foreign material sourcing depends on the degree to which firms are already globally engaged, but also that such engagements generally could be close to their optimum level in developed economies. There is little existing research on offshoring of services, but it appears that its productivity enhancing effects generally are small in manufacturing plants while being of a somewhat greater magnitude for firms in the services sector.
Límpact des délocalisations sur la productivité : Vue d'ensemble
Malgré l’intérêt que les délocalisations à l’étranger suscitent dans les médias, on dispose de peu d’éléments empiriques sur leur impact économique. Le phénomène de délocalisation faisant craindre de plus en plus des pertes d’emplois, la plupart des études qui y sont consacrées s’attachent essentiellement aux aspects qui ont trait au marché du travail, l’impact sur la productivité ne retenant guère l’attention. On commentera dans ce document les recherches empiriques sur les délocalisations à l’étranger et leur impact en termes de productivité. Vu le petit nombre d’études disponibles, on prendra également en compte les travaux qui éclairent indirectement le lien avec la productivité, notamment du point de vue de l’amélioration des qualifications. La conclusion la plus nette qui ressort de ce panorama est la suivante : il ne se dégage aucun profil clair quant à la façon dont la délocalisation à l’étranger influe sur la productivité, les caractéristiques du secteur et de l’entreprise jouant à cet égard un grand rôle. Certains éléments montrent néanmoins que l’impact positif que peut avoir la délocalisation matérielle à l’étranger est fonction du degré d’implication mondiale de l’entreprise, cette implication pouvant en général être proche de l’optimum dans les économies développées. Les recherches sont peu nombreuses sur la délocalisation des services ; il apparaît néanmoins que les gains de productivité dont la délocalisation s’accompagne dans le secteur manufacturier sont généralement faibles, alors qu’ils sont un peu plus nets dans le secteur des services.
Creation-Date: 2006-03-06
Number: 2006/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2006/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Chris Dent
Author-Name: Paul Jensen
Author-Name: Sophie Waller
Author-Name: Beth Webster
Title: Research Use of Patented Knowledge: A Review
Abstract: This Working Paper reviews issues related to research access to patented inventions, with a particular focus on the role of research exemptions (or experimental use exemptions) in protecting such access. It outlines factors that may affect the ability of researchers to access patented inventions for legitimate research purposes, it reviews evidence of current and anticipated limitations on access, and explores different options for the formulation of research exemptions that balance research use and patent holder’s rights.
Le présent document du travail passe en revue les questions concernant l’accès des chercheurs aux inventions brevetées, en examinant notamment le rôle que les exemptions de recherche (ou les exemptions pour utilisation expérimentale) jouent dans la protection de cet accès. Le document souligne les facteurs pouvant affecter la capacité des chercheurs s’accéder aux inventions brevetées à des fins de recherche légitimes, examine les indices concernant les limites actuelles ou prévues imposées à l’accès et étudie les différents options permettant de formuler des exemptions de recherche qui maintiennent un juste équilibre entre l’utilisation des inventions à des fins de recherche et les droits des titulaires des brevets.
Creation-Date: 2006-03-17
Number: 2006/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2006/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Mosahid Khan
Author-Name: Hélène Dernis
Title: Global Overview of Innovative Activities from the Patent Indicators Perspective
Abstract: This paper provides an overview of innovative activities across a wide range of OECD member and non-member countries, based on international comparable patent indicators. Patent data are frequently used to measure innovative activities, because patent-based indicators reflect the inventive performance of countries, regions, firms, as well as other aspects of the dynamics of the innovation process.
Aperçu des activités innovantes au travers d'indicateurs basés sur les brevets
Ce document propose un aperçu des activités en matière d’innovation dans un grand nombre de pays de l’OCDE et quelques non membres, au travers d’indicateurs basés sur les brevets. Les données sur les brevets sont souvent utilisées pour mesurer les activités d’innovation. Elles reflètent en effet la performance de pays, régions, entreprises en matière d’innovation, et d’autres aspects de la dynamique du processus d’innovation.
Creation-Date: 2006-05-02
Number: 2006/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2006/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Jacek Warda
Author-Workplace-Name: JW Innovation Associates Inc.
Title: Tax Treatment of Business Investments in Intellectual Assets: An International Comparison
Abstract: In a knowledge-based economy, business performance and overall levels of economic growth are increasingly dependent on the development and exploitation of intellectual assets. A number of OECD countries offer tax incentives to encourage and reward business expenditures on intellectual assets. This working paper examines the tax treatment of corporate expenditures on selected intellectual assets and develops an indicator of the relative generosity of tax systems in OECD countries to such investments. Five types of intellectual assets are considered: research and development (R&D), patents, workforce training, software and organisational change. The paper shows that although tax incentives have, to date, mainly favoured R&D expenditures, they are gradually embracing other types of intellectual assets, especially in those countries that provide more generous tax treatment of R&D. Nineteen OECD countries had specific R&D tax incentives in place in 2005, up from only 12 in 1996, and 6 offered tax incentives for corporate training.
Dans une économie du savoir, la performance des entreprises et les taux de croissance économique globaux dépendent de plus en plus du développement et de l’exploitation d’actifs intellectuels. Un certain nombre de pays de l’OCDE appliquent des mesures d’incitation fiscale afin d’encourager et de valoriser les dépenses des entreprises portant sur des actifs intellectuels. Ce document de travail examine le régime fiscal des dépenses des entreprises portant sur certains actifs intellectuels et définit un indicateur de la générosité relative des systèmes fiscaux des pays de l’OCDE vis-à-vis de ces investissements. Cinq catégories d’actifs intellectuels sont envisagées : recherche et développement (R-D), brevets, formation de la main-d’oeuvre, logiciels et changement organisationnel. La note montre que, si les incitations fiscales ont surtout à ce jour favorisé les dépenses de R-D, elles s’appliquent aussi de plus en plus à d’autres catégories d’actifs intellectuels, surtout dans les pays qui accordent déjà un régime fiscal plus généreux à la R-D. Dix-huit pays de l’OCDE appliquaient des mesures d’incitation fiscale spécifique à la R-D en 2005, au lieu de 12 seulement en 1996, et 6 d’entre eux appliquaient des mesures d’incitation fiscale aux dépenses de formation des entreprises.
Creation-Date: 2006-05-22
Number: 2006/4
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2006/4-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Shigeki Kamiyama
Author-Name: Jerry Sheehan
Author-Name: Catalina Martinez
Title: Valuation and Exploitation of Intellectual Property
Abstract: As firms shift to more open models of innovation based on collaboration and external sourcing of knowledge, they are exploiting their intellectual property, notably patents, not only by incorporating protected inventions into new products, processes and services, but also by licensing them to other firms or public research organisations (PROs), using them as bargaining chips in negotiations with other firms, and as a means of attracting external financing from banks, venture capitalists and other sources...
Valorisation et exploitation de la propriété intellectuelle
A mesure que les entreprises s’orientent vers des modèles d’innovation plus ouverts fondés sur la collaboration et l’exploitation de sources externes de connaissances, elles tirent profit de leur propriété intellectuelle, notamment de leurs brevets, non seulement en intégrant des inventions protégées dans des produits, procédés et services nouveaux, mais aussi en les concédant sous licence à d’autres entreprises ou à des organismes de recherche publics, en les utilisant comme monnaie d’échange dans les négociations engagées avec d’autres entreprises et comme un moyen d’obtenir des financements extérieurs auprès des institutions bancaires, des investisseurs en capital-risque et d’autres sources...
Creation-Date: 2006-06-30
Number: 2006/5
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2006/5-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Mosahid Khan
Author-Name: Kul B. Luintel
Title: Sources of Knowledge and Productivity: How Robust is the Relationship?
Abstract: We estimate domestic productivity relationships for a sample of 16 OECD countries through probably the most general specification yet. We identify ten key determinants of productivity - all derived from different theoretical models. Our specification may address the potential problem of omitted variables. The issues of cross-country heterogeneity and endogeneity are addressed. The sources of knowledge appear robust in driving productivity; however, other determinants postulated by different theoretical models are also significant. The productivity relationships are heterogeneous across OECD countries implying that country-specific factors may play an important role in domestic productivity policy.
Quelle est la robustesse de la relation entre sources de connaissances et productivité ?
Nous estimons des relations concernant la productivité intérieure pour un échantillon de 16 pays de l'OCDE, en utilisant une spécification qui est probablement la plus générale ayant été employée jusqu'ici. Nous identifions dix déterminants essentiels de la productivité, tous obtenus à partir de modèles théoriques différents. Notre spécification peut permettre de remédier au problème potentiel soulevé par l'omission de certaines variables. Les problèmes d'hétérogénéité entre pays et d'endogénéité sont également traités. La relation de détermination existant entre les sources de connaissances et la productivité semble robuste, mais d'autres déterminants retenus par différents modèles théoriques jouent également un rôle significatif. Les relations concernant la productivité sont hétérogènes entre les pays de l'OCDE, ce qui tend à indiquer que des facteurs nationaux spécifiques peuvent jouer un rôle important dans la politique relative à la productivité intérieure.
Classification-JEL: C15; F12; F2; O3; O4
Keywords: dynamic heterogeneity, hétérogénéité dynamique, methods of moments, méthodes de moments, productivité multifactorielle, sources of knowledge
Creation-Date: 2006-07-28
Number: 2006/6
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2006/6-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Brian Wixted
Author-Name: Norihiko Yamano
Author-Name: Colin Webb
Title: Input-Output Analysis in an Increasingly Globalised World: Applications of OECD's Harmonised International Tables
Abstract: Input-output (I-O) analysis has been around for nearly 70 years, and although its use has ebbed and flowed over the years, it has always retained a dedicated core of users in the worldwide research community. Recently however, there seems to have been a notable increase in the use of input-output tables in empirical analyses addressing a wide range of policy issues. This is partly due to the improved availability and quality of national input-output tables as well as modern IT capabilities allowing more complex analyses to be undertaken by more researchers. A quick glance through recent editions of the journal Economic Systems Research confirms the variety of research topics that can benefit from inputoutput analysis as does a recent user survey conducted by OECD...
Analyse des entrées-sorties dans un contexte de mondialisation généralisée : Utilisation des tableaux internationaux harmonisés de l'OCDE
L'analyse des tableaux d'entrées-sorties existe depuis bientôt 70 ans et si leur utilisation a connu des hauts et des bas à travers le temps, ces tableaux suscitent toujours l'intérêt d'un noyau d'utilisateurs du monde entier, spécialisés dans la recherche. Depuis peu, l'exploitation de ces tableaux a toutefois pris de l'ampleur et donne lieu à des analyses empiriques portant sur un grand nombre de questions d'ordre politique. Cela est en partie dû à l'amélioration de la disponibilité et de la qualité des tableaux d'entrées-sorties ainsi qu'aux capacités des technologies de l'information modernes qui désormais permettent aux chercheurs de mener à bien des analyses plus complexes. Les dernières éditions du journal Economic Systems Research, tout comme les réponses à l'enquête menée récemment par l'OCDE auprès de ses utilisateurs, confirment la variété des sujets traités à partir d'analyses des entrées-sorties....
Creation-Date: 2006-08-31
Number: 2006/7
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2006/7-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Norihiko Yamano
Author-Name: Nadim Ahmad
Title: The OECD Input-Output Database: 2006 Edition
Abstract: The development of the OECD?s input-output database started over a decade ago and is currently undergoing its second update. Over the years, the database has been used in a number of analytical applications both within and outside the OECD. Two major applications within the OECD concerned the analysis of the diffusion of embodied technology and, more recently, the measurement of carbon dioxide emissions embodied in the international trade of goods. The latest update is being conducted as part of an OECD project looking at global value chains. This paper describes how the database has developed over the last decade, both from a collection and a compilation...
Creation-Date: 2006-10-20
Number: 2006/8
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2006/8-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Dirk Pilat
Author-Name: Agnès Cimper
Author-Name: Karsten Bjerring Olsen
Author-Name: Colin Webb
Title: The Changing Nature of Manufacturing in OECD Economies
Abstract: This paper provides empirical evidence on the changing nature of manufacturing in OECD countries, including the continued loss of employment in the manufacturing. It examines the extent to which manufacturing output and employment are declining in OECD countries and explores possible causes, including increased productivity, slow growth in demand for manufacturing products, loss of markets to imports, statistical and classification issues, and so on. The paper finds that the share of manufacturing in OECD economies is declining and argues that this is likely to continue. It also presents...
Creation-Date: 2006-10-27
Number: 2006/9
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2006/9-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Masatsura Igami
Author-Name: Ayaka Saka
Title: Capturing the Evolving Nature of Science, the Development of New Scientific Indicators and the Mapping of Science
Abstract: There is a long history describing the structure and evolution of science. Recent unprecedented progress in access, use, and analysis of information on scientific publications and patents open innovative ways to study the structure and evolution of science. Especially, a mapping of knowledge has received wide recognition as a new, evolving area of research. The ultimate goal of this study is to contribute to endeavours to understand and track the changing nature of science. In this study, current trends in scientific activities were mapped and their characteristics were examined. Research areas were explored through a co-citation analysis and a map of science was generated to analyse how research areas were related to each other. Methodology which is commonly used in social network analysis was also applied to examine knowledge networks at the institutional level. The analysis clearly shows the multi-disciplinary character of some research, such as ‘Nano materials and devices’, ‘Genomics’, and ‘Environment’. A precursor of the emergence of nano-bioscience is also observed. Measurement of countries’ specialisation clearly indicates an increased share of the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) in some research. The BRICs are currently in a stage of intense catching up and their importance in knowledge networks is likely to become substantial. Social network analysis at the institutional level reveals that the structure of knowledge networks strongly depends on research and each institution probably has its own function in the network. These results show how science is evolving not only across disciplines but also across countries or regions.
Mise en évidence du caractère évolutif de la science, élaboration de nouveaux indicateurs scientifiques et typologie de la science
Il existe une longue tradition de description de la structure et de l’évolution de la science. Cependant, les progrès récents sans précédent dans l’accès à l’information sur les publications et brevets scientifiques et dans l’utilisation et l’analyse de cette information ouvrent des voies nouvelles pour étudier la structure et l’évolution de la science. En particulier la typologie du savoir est de plus en plus reconnue comme un nouveau domaine de recherche prometteur. Le but ultime de cette étude est de contribuer aux efforts pour comprendre et retracer le caractère évolutif de la science. Dans cette étude, les tendances actuelles des activités scientifiques ont été mises en évidence et leurs caractéristiques analysées. Les domaines de recherche ont été explorés au moyen d’une analyse de co-citations et une typologie de la science a été dressée pour analyser les liens existant entre les différents domaines scientifiques. Une méthodologie couramment employée dans l’analyse des réseaux sociaux a également été utilisée pour examiner les réseaux de connaissance au niveau institutionnel. L’analyse a clairement montré le caractère pluridisciplinaire de certaines recherches, comme les « nanomatériaux et nanodispositifs », la « génomique » et l«’environnement ». Un précurseur de l’émergence de la nanobioscience a également été observé. La mesure de la spécialisation des pays a clairement indiqué l’émergence des BRICs (Brésil, Russie, Inde et Chine) dans certaines recherches. Les BRICs sont actuellement engagés dans une phase intense de rattrapage et ils vont certainement prendre une importance significative dans les réseaux de connaissance. L’analyse des réseaux sociaux au niveau des institutions a montré que la structure des réseaux de connaissance est fortement conditionnée par la recherche et que chaque institution occupe sans doute une fonction propre dans le réseau. Ces résultats ont mis en évidence la façon dont la science évolue non seulement entre les disciplines, mais aussi entre les pays et les régions.
Creation-Date: 2007-02-20
Number: 2007/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2007/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Laudeline Auriol
Title: Labour Market Characteristics and International Mobility of Doctorate Holders: Results for Seven Countries
Abstract: This paper presents the first results of a project initiated in 2004 by the OECD in collaboration with Eurostat and the UNESCO Institute for Statistics, and aimed at developing a regular and internationally comparable production system of indicators on the careers and mobility of doctorate holders. A first data collection was launched in September 2005, from which the results for seven countries are presented here. These data shed light on the main demographic, educational, labour market and mobility patterns of doctoral graduates. They also mark some progress in the understanding of both...
Creation-Date: 2007-02-05
Number: 2007/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2007/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Hélène Dernis
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Nowcasting Patent Indicators
Abstract: Indicators based on patents provide a good measure of the innovative performance and technology outputs of countries. However, because of legal rules imposed by the patent application process, information on patents is generally publicly disclosed after 18 months. Patent indicators are consequently faced with a timeliness issue, which can extend to more than five years depending on the computational method used to develop indicators. This study aims at designing simple but robust methods that would enable to "nowcast" patent indicators - forecast the present (or the recent past) - in order to mitigate the timeliness issue. The nowcasting exercise is conducted here on two separate sets of patent indicators: the number of patents applied to the European Patent Office (EPO) and the number of Triadic Patent Families (patents taken at the EPO, the Japan Patent Office (JPO) and the United States Patent and Trademarks Office (USPTO)). Portion of patent filings at the EPO were made under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). The nowcasting method developed in the present document is based on estimates of the transfer rate of patents filed under PCT into the EPO regional phase, given that information on PCT patents at international phase is disclosed before reaching the regional/national phase. This method provides robust estimates up to year t-2 (instead of year t-4), even though patenting activity of small patenting countries or emerging economies are difficult to predict, in terms of both level and growth...
Prévisions des indicateurs brevets (nowcast)
Les indicateurs de brevets proposent une bonne mesure de la performance des pays dans les activités d'innovation et de leurs productions technologiques. Cependant, les règles légales liées aux procédures de dépôt de brevets impliquent des délais de 18 mois avant la révélation publique du contenu des brevets. Les indicateurs brevets font par conséquent face à des problèmes de disponibilité pour les années les plus récentes. La disponibilité peut être décalée à plus de cinq ans selon les méthodes utilisées pour compiler les indicateurs. Cette étude vise à développer des méthodes d'estimations simples et néanmoins robustes, pour évaluer le présent ou le passé récent (« nowcast »), afin de pallier au problème de disponibilité des dernières années. Dans ce document, le travail d'estimation est mené sur deux ensembles d'indicateurs distincts : le nombre de demandes de brevets déposées auprès de l'Office européen des brevets (OEB) et le nombre de Familles de brevets « triadiques » (brevets pris à l'OEB, au Japan Patent Office (JPO) et à l'United States Patent and Trademarks Office (USPTO)). Une partie des demandes de brevets auprès de l'OEB se fait via le Traité de coopération en matière de brevets (PCT). La méthode de prévision mise en place ici est basée sur les taux de transfert des demandes de brevet PCT dans la phase régionale à l'OEB, le contenu des brevets PCT étant en effet rendu public lorsqu'ils sont encore en phase internationale. Cette méthode fournit alors des estimations robustes jusque l'année t-2 (au lieu de t-4). Néanmoins, l'activité récente des pays déposant un petit nombre de brevets et des économies émergentes reste difficile à prévoir, que ce soit en terme de volume comme en terme de croissance...
Creation-Date: 2007-10-05
Number: 2007/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2007/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Masatsura Igami
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Teruo Okazaki
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Capturing Nanotechnology's Current State of Development via Analysis of Patents
Abstract: This analysis aims at capturing current inventive activities in nanotechnologies based on the analysis of patent applications to the European Patent Office (EPO).
Nanotechnologies: Etat des lieux dressé à partir d'une analyse des brevets
L'analyse présentée a pour objet de mettre en évidence les activités d'invention conduites à l'heure actuelle dans le domaine des nanotechnologies à partir d'une analyse des demandes de brevets déposées auprès de l'Office européen des brevets (OEB).
Creation-Date: 2007-05-23
Number: 2007/4
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2007/4-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Anita Wölfl
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre d’Etudes Prospectives et d’Informations Internationales
Author-Name: Dana Hajkova
Author-Workplace-Name: Czech National Bank
Title: Measuring Multifactor Productivity Growth
Abstract: This paper quantifies and examines the contribution of capital, labour and multifactor productivity (MFP) to GDP growth and analyses the role of measurement of capital and labour inputs for the MFP estimate, using a comprehensive growth accounting exercise for 14 OECD countries. For most OECD countries, the strongest contributions to GDP growth over the past decade have come from growth in total capital input and MFP. This is to some extent related to an increasing role of information and telecommunication technologies in economic growth, particularly over the 1995-2003 period. The importance of measurement issues varies substantially with the type of measurement issue being considered. Substantial differences are observed between employment and hours worked based MFP growth rates. Also, the respective weights with which capital and labour enter the growth accounting equation, and thus, the assumptions concerning the efficiency of production and competition in product markets, significantly influence the resulting MFP estimate. Finally, the results suggest that policy conclusions on the basis of different empirical studies should be made very carefully, in particular as regards the time period for which the respective studies have been undertaken, as well as whether actual or trended time series are being considered.
Ce document évalue et examine la contribution du capital, de la main-d'oeuvre et de la productivité globale des facteurs (PGF) à la croissance du PIB, et analyse le rôle de la mesure des apports de capital et de travail dans l'estimation de la PGF, par un travail complet de quantification comptable de la croissance portant sur 14 pays de l'OCDE. Dans la plupart des cas, c'est la croissance des apports totaux de capital et celle de la PGF qui ont contribué le plus fortement à la croissance du PIB ces dix dernières années. Cette évolution est liée dans une certaine mesure au rôle de plus en plus grand des technologies de l'information et de la communication dans la croissance économique, en particulier pendant la période 1995-2003. L'importance des questions de mesure varie beaucoup en fonction de leur type. On observe des différences considérables entre les taux de croissance de la PGF fondés sur l'emploi et sur les heures travaillées. En outre, la part relative du capital et du travail dans l'équation comptable de la croissance et, par conséquent, les hypothèses concernant l'efficacité de la production et la concurrence sur les marchés de produits, influent sensiblement sur l'estimation de la PGF obtenue. Enfin, il semble qu'on ne puisse tirer de conclusions des différentes études empiriques qu'en exerçant la plus grande prudence, en particulier en vérifiant la période à laquelle ces études ont été effectuées, et en déterminant si les séries chronologiques considérées sont des séries réelles ou des séries de tendances.
Creation-Date: 2007-10-15
Number: 2007/5
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2007/5-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Laudeline Auriol
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Bernard Felix
Author-Workplace-Name: Eurostat
Author-Name: Ernesto Fernandez-Polcuch
Author-Workplace-Name: UNESCO Institute for Statistics
Title: Mapping Careers and Mobility of Doctorate Holders: Dratf Guidelines, Model Questionnaire and Indicators
Abstract: Human resources are recognised as being key to the creation, commercialisation and diffusion of innovation. Among them, doctorate holders are not only the most qualified in terms of educational attainment, but also those who are specifically trained to conduct research. Not much is known however about their career and mobility patterns on the labour market. This is why the OECD launched in 2004 a collaborative project with the UNESCO Institute for Statistics and Eurostat aimed at developing internationally comparable indicators on the careers and mobility of doctorate holders. An expert group with representatives from national statistical bodies was formed to develop the technical components of the project and start compiling data at national level. This document presents the three main technical components of the project which are: 1) the methodological guidelines; 2) a core model questionnaire and instruction manual; and 3) the output indicator tables used for reporting data at the international level. The current draft was discussed by the OECD Working Party of National Experts on Science and Technology Indicators (NESTI) in June 2007 and approved for broader diffusion. Its aim is to provide guidance to countries that wish to implement the project at national level. It is planned to work on a new and improved version following the outcomes of the data collection launched in November 2007.
Suivi des carrières et de la mobilité des titulaires de doctorats : proposition de directives, questionnaire modèle et indicateurs
Les ressources humaines ont un rôle déterminant pour la création, la commercialisation et la diffusion d'innovations. Parmi cette population, les titulaires de doctorat ne sont pas seulement ceux les plus qualifiés en terme de niveau d'éducation, mais aussi ceux qui ont été spécifiquement formés à la recherche. Peu de choses sont connues néanmoins sur leurs trajectoires de carrières et de mobilités. C'est pourquoi l'OCDE a lancé en 2004 un projet en collaboration avec l'Institut statistique de l'UNESCO et Eurostat ayant pour objectif de développer des indicateurs sur les carrières et la mobilité des titulaires de doctorat comparables au plan international. Un groupe d'experts formés de représentants des agences statistiques nationales a été mis en place pour développer les composantes techniques du projet et initier la collecte de données au niveau national. Ce document présente les trois principales composantes techniques du projet qui sont : 1) les directives méthodologiques ; 2) un questionnaire modèle et manuel d'instruction ; et 3) des tableaux d'indicateurs de sortie utilisés pour recueillir les données au niveau international. Le document dans sa présente forme a été discuté par le Groupe de travail des experts nationaux sur les indicateurs de science et de technologie (GENIST) en juin 2007 et approuvé pour une diffusion plus large. Il est prévu d'en préparer une version améliorée sur la base de l'expérience acquise au cours de la collecte de données lancée en novembre 2007.
Creation-Date: 2007-12-17
Number: 2007/6
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2007/6-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Koen De Backer
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Norihiko Yamano
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: The Measurement of Globalisation using International Input-Output Tables
Abstract: One of the distinctive characteristics of the current globalisation process is the emergence of global value chains. Within global value chains and international production networks, not only are final goods traded internationally, but intermediate goods (parts and components) and, in recent years, services also increasingly are. This trend significantly alters the economic relations between countries and increasingly casts doubt on empirical indicators such as trade and FDI that are traditionally used to measure globalisation. Input-output tables may provide much finer detail in describing current globalisation as they offer information on the use of goods instead of the rather arbitrary classification schemes that divide goods into intermediate and other categories. Moreover, input-output tables also incorporate information on the use of services, enabling measurement of the increasing offshoring of service activities in today's business activities. Based on the OECD Input-Output Database, which includes harmonised tables for 38 countries (of which 10 emerging non-OECD economies), this paper brings together empirical evidence on the growing importance of global value chains and the increasing interdependence between countries. Input-output indicators are presented for individual countries and individual industries, aiming to demonstrate the changing characteristics of current globalisation.
Creation-Date: 2007-12-31
Number: 2007/8
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2007/8-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Michel J. G. van Eeten
Author-Workplace-Name: Delft University of Technology
Author-Name: Johannes M. Bauer
Author-Workplace-Name: Michigan State University
Title: Economics of Malware: Security Decisions, Incentives and Externalities
Abstract: Malicious software, or malware for short, has become a critical security threat to all who rely on the Internet for their daily business, whether they are large organisations or home users. While originating in criminal behaviour, the magnitude and impact of the malware threat are also influenced by the decisions and behaviour of legitimate market players such as Internet Service Providers (ISPs), software vendors, e-commerce companies, hardware manufacturers, registrars and, last but not least, end users. This working paper reports on qualitative empirical research into the incentives of market players when dealing with malware. The results indicate a number of market-based incentive mechanisms that contribute to enhanced security but also other instances in which decentralised actions may lead to sub-optimal outcomes - i.e. where significant externalities emerge.
Economie du “Malware” : décisions de sécurité, incitations et externalités
Les logiciels malveillants, ou "malware", sont devenus une menace sérieuse pour tout ceux dont les activités quotidiennes reposent sur l‘utilisation d‘Internet, qu‘il s‘agisse de grandes organisations ou de particuliers. Bien qu‘elle trouve sa source dans un comportement criminel, l‘étendue et les conséquences de cette menace sont également influencées par les décisions et les comportements d‘acteurs légitimes du marché tels que les fournisseurs d‘accès Internet, vendeurs de logiciels, entreprises de commerce électronique, fabricants de matériel informatique et registres, sans oublier les utilisateurs finals. Ce document reflète le contenu d‘une recherche qualitative et empirique concernant les incitations des acteurs du marché lorsqu‘ils sont confrontés au malware. Les résultats indiquent qu‘il existe des incitations fondées sur le marché qui contribuent à augmenter la sécurité mais également des cas dans lesquels des actions décentralisées peuvent conduire à des résultats sous-optimaux, i.e. où des externalités significatives émergent.
Creation-Date: 2008-05-29
Number: 2008/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2008/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Stéphane Maraut
Author-Name: Hélène Dernis
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Colin Webb
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Vincenzo Spiezia
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Dominique Guellec
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: The OECD REGPAT Database: A Presentation
Abstract: The OECD REGPAT database presents patent data that have been linked to regions according to the addresses of the applicants and inventors. The data have been 'regionalised' at a very detailed level so that more than 2 000 regions are covered across OECD countries. REGPAT allows patent data to be used in connection with other regional data such as GDP or labour force statistics, and other patent-based information such as citations, technical fields and patent holder's characteristics (industry, university, etc.), thus providing researchers with the means to develop a rich set of new indicators and undertake a broad range of analyses to address issues relating to the regional dimension of innovation. By making regionalised patent data available to all students interested in the field, the OECD aims to stimulate research and contribute to a better understanding of the regional dimension of innovation. In addition, the methodology used for the construction of REGPAT is published, to give users the opportunity to suggest modifications and thus contribute to improvements in the quality of REGPAT. The full technical description of the REGPAT database as accessible to users is provided in annex. Patent data provide unique insights into the outcome and characteristics of inventive activities, including at regional level. They have limitations however, like all data sources, and should be handled with methodological care.
Base de données REGPAT de l'OCDE : Présentation
La base REGPAT de l'OCDE présente des données relatives aux brevets appariées à des régions en fonction des adresses des demandeurs et inventeurs. Le niveau de détail de cette « régionalisation » est très poussé, de sorte que plus de 2 000 régions de toute la zone OCDE sont couvertes. REGPAT permet d'utiliser les données concernant les brevets en relation avec d'autres données régionales telles que le PIB ou les statistiques sur la main-d'oeuvre, et avec d'autres informations propres aux brevets - citations, domaines techniques, caractéristiques du détenteur du brevet (secteur d'activité, université, etc.) ; les chercheurs peuvent ainsi agencer à leur guise un ensemble élargi d'indicateurs nouveaux et se livrer à des analyses très diverses portant sur les questions liées à la dimension régionale de l'innovation. En mettant des données régionalisées sur les brevets à la disposition de tous les analystes qui s'intéressent à ce domaine, l'OCDE a pour objectif de stimuler la recherche et de concourir à mieux faire appréhender cette dimension. Par ailleurs, la méthodologie présidant à la construction de REGPAT est rendue publique, de sorte que ses utilisateurs peuvent suggérer des modifications et, par là, contribuer à son amélioration qualitative. La description technique complète de la base telle qu'y accède l'usager est fournie en annexe. Les données relatives aux brevets livrent des enseignements sans équivalents sur les résultats et les caractéristiques des activités d'invention, y compris au niveau régional. Comme toutes les sources de données, elles comportent toutefois des limites et doivent être manipulées avec les précautions méthodologiques d'usage.
Creation-Date: 2008-06-03
Number: 2008/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2008/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Stefano Usai
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Cagliari
Title: The Geography of Inventive Activities in OECD Regions
Abstract: This work reflects an initial analysis employing a pioneering new OECD database; it is among the first systematic attempts to analyse comparatively the distribution of innovative activity across regions in OECD economies with a set of homogenous measures for both input and output in the process of knowledge production and dissemination. The descriptive analysis shows that there are important differences in the inventive performance of regions in OECD economies, as measured by indicators for one of the key types of intellectual assets (i.e., patents). Inventive performance is concentrated in some regions in continental Europe, in North America and Japan. Highly inventive regions tend to cluster together. This spatial dependence is found to have increased over time. The inventive performance of regions is directly influenced by the availability of human capital and R&D expenditure. Local agglomeration factors (proxied by the density of population) are also found to have a significant impact while some negative effects appear when regions are mainly rural or when they are mainly service-oriented. Cross-country differences point to the importance of national innovation systems which shape the institutional framework within which innovation takes form and diffuses.
La Géographie des activités d'invention dans les régions de l'OCDE
Ce travail est le fruit d’une première analyse à partir d’une base de données OCDE nouvelle et novatrice. Il correspond à l’une des premières tentatives d’effectuer de manière systématique des analyses comparatives de la distribution de l’activité d’innovation entre les régions, dans les économies de l’OCDE, et comporte une batterie d’indicateurs homogènes du processus de production et de diffusion du savoir (facteurs de production et produits). L’analyse descriptive montre que, dans les économies de l’OCDE, l’inventivité des régions, telle que mesurée par les indicateurs de l’un des principaux types d’actifs intellectuels (les brevets, par exemple), n’est absolument pas homogène. L’inventivité se concentre dans quelques régions du continent européen, d’Amérique du Nord et du Japon. Les régions à forte inventivité ont tendance à se constituer en réseaux. On a d’ailleurs constaté que cette dépendance spatiale a augmenté au fil du temps. La disponibilité de capital humain et les dépenses de R-D influent directement sur l’inventivité des régions. On observe également que des facteurs d’agglomération locaux (dont la variable indicatrice est la densité de la population) ont un impact significatif alors que certains effets négatifs se font sentir quand les régions sont principalement rurales ou principalement orientées vers les services. Les disparités transnationales mettent en exergue l’importance des systèmes nationaux d’innovation qui façonnent le cadre institutionnel au sein duquel l’innovation prend forme et se diffuse.
Creation-Date: 2008-12-01
Number: 2008/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2008/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Koen De Backer
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Vladimir López-Bassols
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Catalina Martinez
Author-Workplace-Name: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas
Title: Open Innovation in a Global Perspective: What Do Existing Data Tell Us?
Abstract: Open innovation has received a lot of attention in the business management literature and recently also in policy discussions. Until now, most of the empirical evidence has been based on case study work offering detailed insights into some best practices of open innovation in companies’ innovation strategies. While existing large-scale data may offer interesting empirical evidence on open innovation, they have surprisingly not really been analysed in great detail. Especially the increasing importance of open innovation on a global scale in so-called global innovation networks, calls for internationally comparable data on open innovation. This paper presents different indicators using existing data on R&D investments, innovation survey data, patent data and data on licensing, illustrating the increasing importance and the different characteristics of open innovation across companies, industries and countries.
L'Innovation ouverte dans une perspective mondiale? : Que nous disent les données disponibles?
L'innovation ouverte a suscité une grande attention dans les travaux publiés sur la gestion d'entreprise,ainsi que dans le cadre des débats récents sur l'action publique. Pour l'heure, la plupart des données empiriques sur le sujet reposent sur des études de cas, offrant des indications précises sur certaines des meilleures pratiques observées en matière d'innovation ouverte dans le cadre des stratégies d'innovation des entreprises. Alors que de vastes ensembles de données pourraient offrir des éléments empiriques intéressants sur l'innovation ouverte, ils n'ont étonnamment pas vraiment été analysés de manière très poussée. Or, compte tenu de l'importance croissante que revêt en particulier l'innovation ouverte à l'échelle mondiale dans le cadre des « réseaux mondiaux d'innovation », il est nécessaire que l'on puisse disposer de données comparables au niveau international sur l'innovation ouverte. Nous présentons dans ce document différents indicateurs fondés sur des données disponibles relatives aux investissements en recherche-développement (R-D), tirées d'enquêtes sur l'innovation, relatives aux brevets et portant sur les concessions de licences, qui illustrent l'importance grandissante et les caractéristiques diverses de l'innovation ouverte dans une multitude d'entreprises, de secteurs d'activité et de pays.
Creation-Date: 2008-12-16
Number: 2008/4
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2008/4-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Axel Mittelstädt
Author-Name: Fabienne Cerri
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Fostering Entrepreneurship for Innovation
Abstract: Entrepreneurship and firm creation have long been recognised as a vital force driving innovation. With globalization and the co-incident shift towards a knowledge-based economy, the link between entrepreneurship policy and innovation has received renewed attention. By underpinning firm creation and firm expansion entrepreneurship policies strengthen innovation, increasing productivity in the enterprise sector. In return, policies fostering innovation will tend to spur firm creation as the results of R&D are commercialized. Many countries have taken initiatives since early 2000 to test the potential of entrepreneurship and SME policies, articulating these with an innovation-oriented policy approach. This report consists of a synthesis report based on four country case studies on the role of entrepreneurship policies in supporting innovation in Korea, Mexico, Norway and Turkey. These country case studies are appended to the synthesis report.
Promouvoir l'entrepreunariat pour soutenir l'innovation
L’entrepreneuriat et les créations d’entreprises sont traditionnellement considérés comme l’un des principaux moteurs de l’innovation. Avec la mondialisation et la transition concomitante vers une économie du savoir, le lien entre les politiques de l’innovation et celles en faveur de l’entrepreneuriat revient sur le devant de la scène. En soutenant la création d’entreprises et leur expansion les politiques en faveur de l’entrepreneuriat renforcent l’innovation et la croissance de la productivité. Réciproquement, les politiques de soutien à l’innovation favorisent généralement la création d’entreprises, car les résultats des activités de R-D sont commercialisés. De nombreux pays ont engagé, dès le début des années 2000, un examen systématique des politiques en faveur de l’entrepreneuriat et des PME, en optant pour une approche axée sur l’innovation. Ce rapport consiste d’un rapport de synthèse basé sur quatre études de cas portant sur le rôle joué par les politiques en faveur de l’entrepreneuriat dans la promotion de l’innovation en Corée, au Mexique, en Norvège et en Turquie. Chacune de ces études de cas est annexée au rapport de synthèse.
Creation-Date: 2008-12-30
Number: 2008/5
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2008/5-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Martin Schaaper
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Measuring China's Innovation System: National Specificities and International Comparisons
Abstract: This working paper provides input to the OECD Review of Innovation Policy for China (OECD, 2008), which was released in September 2008. Science and technology (S&T) have been pinpointed by the Chinese State Council as a key driving force for sustainable economic growth and the transformation of China into an innovation-oriented nation on the basis of the development of a national innovation system with strong indigenous innovation capacity. One of the targets set in the National Guidelines for the Medium- and Long-term Plan for Science and Technology Development (2006-20) is to raise the ratio of R&D to GDP to 2% by 2010 and to 2.5% or more by 2020. This is an extremely ambitious target, as it implies the need for R&D expenditure to increase by at least 10-15% annually.
Évaluation du système d'innovation de la Chine : Spécificités nationales et comparaisons internationales
Ce document de travail est une contribution à la Revue de l’OCDE sur les politiques d’innovation pour la Chine (OCDE, 2008) qui a été publiée en septembre. La science et la technologie (S-T) ont été identifiées par le Conseil d’État chinois comme étant des ressorts essentiels pour l’instauration d’une croissance économique durable et la transformation de la Chine en un pays orienté vers l’innovation grâce à la mise en oeuvre d’un système national d’innovation doté d’une solide capacité d’innovation propre. Les lignes directrices nationales pour les programmes à moyen et long termes de développement de la science et de la technologie (2006-2020) ont notamment pour objectif de porter la R-D à 2 % du PIB d’ici 2010 et à 2,5 % ou plus d’ici 2020. Il s’agit là d’un objectif extrêmement ambitieux qui suppose que les dépenses de R-D augmentent d’au moins 10 à 15 % par an de manière continue.
Creation-Date: 2009-01-15
Number: 2009/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2009/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Sarah Box
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: OECD Work on Innovation – A Stocktaking of Existing Work
Abstract: In May 2007, OECD Ministers mandated the preparation of an OECD Innovation Strategy. The Strategy has two broad aims: first, addressing countries’ needs for a more comprehensive, coherent and timely understanding of how to promote, measure and assess innovation and its underlying dynamics of change; and, second, shedding light on appropriate multi-sector and whole-of-government approaches to innovation as a driver of sustainable growth, productivity and development and as a tool to address global challenges. Work on the Strategy is to take place over 2008-09, with a synthesis report to be delivered to the Ministerial Council Meeting in 2010. This paper forms part of the first phase of work on the Innovation Strategy. It draws on OECD work from the last ten years to provide a broad-brush overview of “what we know” about good policy practices for innovation. It also highlights recent changes in innovation processes and patterns, describes the increasing levels of internationalisation, and draws together early thinking on the contribution of innovation to solving global challenges related to the environment.
En mai 2007, les ministres de l’OCDE ont prescrit l’élaboration d’une Stratégie de l’OCDE pour l’innovation, axée sur deux objectifs majeurs : 1) répondre aux besoins des pays qui souhaitent avoir une vision plus précise, plus cohérente et plus actuelle de la façon dont ils pourraient promouvoir, mesurer et évaluer l’innovation et la dynamique du changement qui la sous-tend, et 2) mettre en lumière des approches multisectorielles, englobant tous les niveaux d’administration, capables de faire de l’innovation un vecteur de croissance, de productivité et de développement durables et de contribuer à la résolution des problèmes mondiaux. Les travaux relatifs à la Stratégie se dérouleront sur la période 2008-2009 et un rapport de synthèse sera publié lors de la Réunion du Conseil au niveau des Ministres en 2010. Le présent rapport s’inscrit dans le cadre de la première phase de travail sur la Stratégie pour l’innovation. Il s’appuie sur les travaux menés par l’OCDE au cours des dix dernières années afin de faire un rapide tour d’horizon des connaissances existantes sur les pratiques exemplaires en matière de politiques de soutien à l’innovation. Il met également en évidence l’évolution récente des processus et des modèles d’innovation, explique l’internationalisation croissante de l’innovation et réunit les premières théories sur le rôle de l’innovation dans la résolution des défis liés à l’environnement au niveau mondial.
Creation-Date: 2009-02-02
Number: 2009/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2009/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Satoshi Nakano
Author-Workplace-Name: Keio University
Author-Name: Asako Okamura
Author-Workplace-Name: Japan Science and Technology Agency
Author-Name: Norihisa Sakurai
Author-Workplace-Name: Central Research Institute of the Electric Power Industry
Author-Name: Masayuki Suzuki
Author-Workplace-Name: Dai-ichi Research Institute Inc.
Author-Name: Yoshiaki Tojo
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Norihiko Yamano
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: The Measurement of CO2 Embodiments in International Trade: Evidence from the Harmonised Input-Output and Bilateral Trade Database
Abstract: Efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions which are linked to the global climate system such as the Kyoto Protocol might fail, if emission-restricted states relocate their carbon-intensive production activities to non-restricted countries where the primary production factors depend on more GHG-intensive sources. Such a relocation process and increased ‘carbon trade’ appear to be contrary to the GHG reductions envisioned in international agreements. This study addresses the issue of carbon embodiments in trade using internationally-comparable OECD data sources (Input-Output, Bilateral Goods Trade and CO2 emissions) for 41 countries/regions by 17 industries. Simulation results under base case scenarios for the mid-1990s and the early 2000s suggest that “trade deficits” of CO2 emissions are observed in 21 OECD countries in the early 2000s and that for 16 countries, the magnitude of the trade deficit increased in the late 1990s. While a third (860 Mt CO2) of the global increase in production-based emissions took place within the non-OECD economies in the late 1990s, more than half of the consumption-based emission (1550 Mt CO2) is still attributable to OECD consumption. The sensitivity simulations imply that an increase in global trade intensity has an increasing impact on embodied emissions while technology transfers from carbon-intensive countries to high carbon-intensive countries reduce global emissions and carbon trade gaps.
Les efforts visant à réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) liées au système climatique mondial, notamment dans le cadre du Protocole de Kyoto, risquent d’échouer si les États où s’appliquent des limitations des émissions délocalisent leurs activités de production à forte intensité de carbone vers des pays où ces restrictions ne sont pas imposées et où les facteurs de production primaire sont tributaires de sources qui émettent plus de GES. Ce processus de délocalisation et l’augmentation des ‘échanges de carbone’ vont à l’encontre des réductions des GES envisagées dans les accords internationaux. Cette étude aborde la question des quantités de carbone incorporées dans les échanges en utilisant des sources de données de l’OCDE comparables au plan international (entrées-sorties, commerce bilatéral et émissions de CO2) concernant 41 pays/régions et 17 branches d’activité. Dans les résultats des simulations effectuées avec des scénarios de référence couvrant le milieu des années 1990 et le début des années 2000, on observe des “déficits des échanges” d’émissions de CO2 dans 21 pays de l’OCDE au début des années 2000 et, s’agissant de 16 pays, un accroissement du solde négatif de ces échanges à la fin des années 1990. Si un tiers (860 Mt de CO2) de l’augmentation mondiale des émissions dues à la production a été produit dans des économies non membres de l’OCDE à la fin des années 1990, plus de la moitié des émissions associées à la consommation (1550 Mt de CO2) sont encore imputables à la consommation de la zone OCDE. Les simulations des sensibilités laissent supposer qu’un accroissement de l’intensité des échanges mondiaux a un effet à la hausse sur les émissions incorporées, tandis que les transferts de technologie des pays moins émetteurs de carbone vers les pays gros émetteurs réduisent les émissions mondiales et les soldes négatifs des échanges de carbone.
Creation-Date: 2009-02-06
Number: 2009/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2009/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Dong Guo
Author-Name: Colin Webb
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Norihiko Yamano
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Towards Harmonised Bilateral Trade Data for Inter-Country Input-Output Analyses: Statistical Issues
Abstract: Understanding the increasingly complex structures of international trade is an important concern for policy makers, as deepening economic integration is characterised by the growing trade in intermediate goods and services between countries. Analyses based on international input-output tables can help address trade-related policy issues as well as providing other insights into the socio-economic and environmental impacts of globalisation. To link national input-output tables in order to carry out interdependent analyses across countries requires a consistent set of harmonised international bilateral trade data that ideally reflects recent output by the economic activities in question. This paper discusses the challenges faced when attempting to construct appropriate bilateral trade matrices using annual data collected by the OECD and United Nations, as well as national sources. While the main focus is on the increasing presence of “re-exports” in reported exports of goods data, this paper also addresses some other statistical and data issues that need to be considered, such as treatment of confidential (or “unallocated”) trade in goods; trade in secondhand goods, scrap metal and other waste; differences in trade statistics across international statistical agencies; and the additional problems encountered when converting product-based trade data to industry-based classifications. Issues concerning Balance of Payments data, the main source for trade in services, are also addressed.
Vers des données harmonisées sur les échanges bilatéraux pour l'analyse internationale des entrées-sorties : Problèmes statistiques
Comprendre les structures de plus en plus complexes du commerce international constitue un enjeu important pour les responsables de l'action publique, dans la mesure où le renforcement de l'intégration économique se caractérise par des échanges croissants de services ainsi que de biens intermédiaires entre pays. Les analyses réalisées à partir de tableaux d'entrées-sorties internationaux peuvent apporter des éléments de réponse aux questions de politique publique liées aux échanges, et fournir d'autres enseignements sur les répercussions socioéconomiques et environnementales de la mondialisation. Pour analyser les relations d’interdépendance entre pays, il est nécessaire de coupler les tableaux d’entrées-sorties nationaux; pour ce faire, il faut disposer d’un ensemble de données harmonisées cohérentes portant sur les échanges internationaux et correspondant, dans l’idéal, à la production récente des activités économiques. Ce document examine les difficultés rencontrées pour construire des tableaux de commerce bilatéral adéquats, à partir des bases de données annuelles sur le commerce international gérées par l’OCDE et les Nations Unies, ou d’informations provenant de sources nationales. Ce papier traite principalement de la présence croissante des « réexportations » dans les exportations de marchandises recensées et il soulève également d’autres problèmes statistiques, ou liés aux données, dont il faut tenir compte. Il s’agit notamment des différences de données du commerce entre les divers organismes statistiques internationaux, du traitement des échanges des biens confidentiels (ou « non attribués »), du commerce des biens d’occasion, de débris de métaux et autres déchets, ainsi que des problèmes liés à la conversion des données d’échange par produit en données sectorielles. Ce document traite aussi des problèmes liés aux échanges de services provenant de la Balance des Paiements.
Creation-Date: 2009-02-25
Number: 2009/4
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2009/4-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Maria Pluvia Zuniga
Author-Name: Dominique Guellec
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Who Licenses out Patents and Why?: Lessons from a Business Survey
Abstract: The increasing importance of licensing for innovation is supported by ample anecdotal evidence. However, statistics on this topic are scarce. The OECD, together with the European Patent Office and the University of Tokyo, carried out a business survey on the licensing-out of patents. The goal was to investigate the intensity of licensing to affiliated and non-affiliated companies, its evolution, the characteristics, motivations and obstacles met by companies doing or willing to license. The target population was patent holders: 600 European firms and 1 600 Japanese firms responded to the survey, in the second half of 2007. The results show that patent licensing is widespread among patenting firms: around one company in five in Europe licenses patents to non-affiliated partners, whereas more than one in four does so in Japan. The relationship between size of the firm and probability to license out is U-shaped: small firms and large firms are more likely to license out their patented inventions. In Europe, SMEs have more difficulties to license out their patents than large firms. The major barrier to licensing out patent markets is informational (identifying partners). Finally, we also find that more than one third of young European firms (born after 2000) deem patents as quite or very important to convince private investors and venture capitalists to provide them with funds.
Qui licencie des brevets et pourquoi? : Enseignements d'une enquête
L’importance accrue des licences de brevets pour l’innovation est attestée par nombre d’anecdotes. Cependant, les statistiques sur ce domaine sont rares. L’OCDE, en partenariat avec l’Office européen des brevets et l’Université de Tokyo, a conduit une enquête sur les licences de brevets. L’objectif était de mesurer l’intensité de l’activité de licence avec les entreprises affiliées et non-affiliées (indépendantes), son évolution, ses caractéristiques, ses motivations et les obstacles rencontrés par les entreprises qui souhaitent licencier. La population couverte comprend les titulaires de brevet: 600 entreprises européennes et 1 600 entreprises japonaises ont répondu à l’enquête, conduite dans la seconde moitié de 2007. Les réponses montrent que les licences de brevets sont très courantes parmi les entreprises titulaires de brevets: environ une entreprise sur cinq en Europe, et plus d’une sur quatre au Japon, licencient des brevets à des partenaires indépendants. La relation entre taille de l’entreprise et probabilité de licencier est en forme de U: les petites entreprises et les grandes ont une plus grande propension à licencier leurs brevets. En Europe, les petites et moyennes entreprises rencontrent plus d’obstacles que les grandes lorsqu’elles souhaitent licencier. Le principal obstacle à la licence est d’ordre informationnel: identifier des partenaires. Finalement, on trouve aussi qu’un tiers des entreprises européennes nées après 2000 estiment que les brevets sont plutôt ou très importants pour convaincre les investisseurs et capital risqueurs de leur fournir des fonds.
Classification-JEL: D45; O32; O34
Creation-Date: 2009-03-31
Number: 2009/5
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2009/5-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Valentine Millot
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Trademarks as an Indicator of Product and Marketing Innovations
Abstract: Non-technological innovation is a major factor of competitiveness and productivity growth in the economy, notably in the service industries. However, the measurement of non-technological innovation and of innovation in the service industries is currently very poor, as traditional data sources like R&D or patents do not apply to these types of innovations. This document presents a strong candidate for quantifying non-technological innovation: trademark data. Trademarks constitute a rich and easily accessible source of data. Besides, several studies have shown that they are highly correlated with various innovation variables (patents, share of innovative sales). Lastly, trademarks have a large perimeter of application; they are present in almost every sector of the economy. Trademark data are then likely to convey information on two key (overlapping) aspects of innovation that are not well covered by traditional indicators: innovation in the service sectors and marketing innovation. This paper aims at presenting trademarks, their potential link with innovations and their main statistical properties, to see if they may actually serve as an innovation indicator.
Les marques comme indicateur d'innovations de produit et de commercialisation
L’innovation non technologique est un facteur majeur de croissance et de compétitivité, notamment dans les industries de services. Néanmoins, la mesure de l’innovation non technologique et de l’innovation dans les services est à l’heure actuelle très insuffisante, les indicateurs traditionnels tels que les dépenses de R&D ou les brevets ne s’appliquant pas à ce type d’innovation. Ce document présente un candidat de poids pour quantifier l’innovation non-technologique: les données de marques. Les marques constituent une source de données riche et facilement accessible. Par ailleurs, plusieurs études ont montré une forte corrélation entre les marques et différentes variables d’innovation (brevets, part de ventes liées à l’activité innovante). De plus, le périmètre d’application des marques est très étendu, elles sont présentes presque dans tous les secteurs de l’économie. Les marques sont ainsi susceptibles de fournir de l’information sur deux aspects importants de l’innovation (se superposant en partie) que les indicateurs traditionnels couvrent mal: les innovations dans les services et les innovations de commercialisation. Ce document vise à présenter les marques, leur lien potentiel avec l’innovation et leurs principales propriétés statistiques, de manière à déterminer si elles peuvent effectivement servir d’indicateur d’innovation.
Creation-Date: 2009-04-08
Number: 2009/6
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2009/6-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Christopher Palmberg
Author-Name: Hélène Dernis
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Claire Miguet
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Nanotechnology: An Overview Based on Indicators and Statistics
Abstract: Nanotechnology is commonly considered to offer considerable promise extending from business opportunities throughout various industries to broader socio-economic benefits, especially in the context of pressing global challenges such as those related to energy, health care, clean water and climate change. Governments around the world have invested heavily in R&D in this field and companies are also becoming increasingly engaged. Despite this promise, investments and company involvement in nanotechnology developments are still poorly monitored. The objective of this report is to provide a comprehensive overview of these developments through a systematic and critical analysis of available indicators and statistics, while acknowledging that there is a need for further work to both broaden the range of, and develop further, nanotechnology metrics.
Panorama de la nanotechnologie : Indicateurs et statistiques
On s’accorde généralement à reconnaître que la nanotechnologie est extrêmement prometteuse en raison non seulement de ses possibles débouchés commerciaux dans tout un éventail de branches mais aussi de ses retombées socio-économiques plus générales, face notamment à l’urgence des enjeux mondiaux concernant par exemple l’énergie, les soins de santé, l’eau potable et le changement climatique. Des Gouvernements du monde entier ont fortement investi dans la R-D dans ce domaine, dans lequel les entreprises s’engagent également de plus en plus. Malgré ces promesses, les investissements et les participations des entreprises dans les développements de la nanotechnologie sont encore mal mesurés. L’objet de ce rapport est de brosser un panorama détaillé de ces développements à travers une analyse systématique et critique des indicateurs et statistiques disponibles, étant entendu que les travaux doivent être poursuivis pour à la fois élargir et affiner le champ de l’appareil statistique sur la nanotechnologie.
Creation-Date: 2009-06-25
Number: 2009/7
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2009/7-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Dominique Guellec
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Catalina Martinez
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Public Goods and Policies (IPP-CSIC)
Author-Name: Maria Pluvia Zuniga
Title: Pre-Emptive Patenting: Securing Market Exclusion and Freedom of Operation
Abstract: We investigate statistically the characteristics, functioning and incidence of pre-emptive patenting, defined as patent filings whose main effect is to hamper the grant of other patents. Patent applications can be used to prevent the grant of exclusive rights on markets and technologies to others in order to ensure freedom of operation to their holder or keep patent-less competitors out of the market. Combining data from examination outcomes and prior art at the European Patent Office (EPO), we develop a methodology to identify pre-emptive patent applications. We find evidence of pre-emption associated to patent applications cited as compromising patentability while being deemed non inventive. Furthermore, amongst them, those which are withdrawn by the applicant have the strongest pre-emptive power. The coincidence of low inventiveness and high pre-emptive impact supports the idea that some of these patents may be strategically designed by their applicants to block patenting by others.
Nous analysons statistiquement les caractéristiques, le fonctionnement et les effets des brevets préemptifs, définis comme des (demandes de) brevets dont l’effet principal est d’empêcher la délivrance d’autres brevets. Les demandes de brevets peuvent être utilisées pour empêcher la délivrance de droits exclusifs à d’autres parties sur des marchés et des technologies en vue d’assurer la liberté de manœuvre à leur titulaire ou de maintenir des compétiteurs sans brevets à l’écart du marché. Combinant des données du résultat de l’examen et de l’art antérieur de l’Office Européen des Brevets (OEB), nous développons une méthodologie qui identifie les demandes préemptives de brevets. Nous trouvons des évidences de préemption pour des demandes de brevets citées comme compromettant la brevetabilité d’autres demandes alors qu’elles ne sont pas elles-mêmes jugés inventives. De plus parmi elles, celles qui sont abandonnées par le demandeur lui-même ont le pouvoir préemptif le plus fort. La coïncidence de faible inventivité et de pouvoir préemptif fort suggère que certaines de ces demandes de brevets sont stratégiquement conçues par leur titulaire en vue de bloquer la prise de brevet par d’autres.
Classification-JEL: C25; C51; K41; L00; L20
Keywords: blocking patents, citations, offensive and defensive patenting, patents, pre-emptive patenting
Creation-Date: 2009-12-30
Number: 2009/8
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2009/8-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Tomoya Yanagisawa
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Dominique Guellec
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: The Emerging Patent Marketplace
Abstract: Facilitating the mobilisation, sharing, or exchange of patents is increasingly important to promote innovation in this globalised and well-networked world, where the circulation of ideas and technologies is essential to innovation. In the context of open innovation, patents are expected to play a role as a means for transferring ideas and technologies from one entity to another, in addition to acting as a means for excluding others from using companies’ own ideas and technologies. In such a situation, a variety of new entities focusing on patent-related transactions are emerging. Some IP specialist firms seek to monetise patents by creating strategic patent portfolios and licensing them. Others provide websites to establish online marketplaces where patents and ideas could be traded. And still others establish a co-operative venture that buys and licenses patents to its members for defensive purpose. They also include IP investment banks that will lend against the value of IP, and firms that seek to create funds, similar to mutual funds, which allow investors to earn revenue from royalties. These new players now could significantly influence the circulation of patents. It would be important for governments to deepen their understanding of how these new players are performing in the patent transaction markets in order to support their development in the most socially beneficial directions. This may also be important for traditional technology-oriented companies, since the effective use of patent transaction markets will help them improve their innovation process and strengthen their competitiveness. Therefore, analysis of the functions, business models, and activities of IP specialist firms is the central topic of this research.
Le nouveau marché des brevets
De plus en plus, il est important de faciliter la mobilisation, le partage ou l’échange de brevets pour promouvoir l’innovation dans ce monde globalisé et très interconnecté où la circulation des idées et des technologies est essentielle pour l’innovation. Dans l’optique de l’innovation ouverte, les brevets devraient jouer un rôle en tant que moyen de transfert d’idées et de technologies d’une entité à l’autre, tout en servant à empêcher que d’autres utilisent les idées et technologies appartenant aux entreprises. Dans ces conditions, il apparaît actuellement diverses entités nouvelles dont l’activité est axée sur les transactions relatives aux brevets. Certaines entreprises spécialisées en PI cherchent à monétiser des brevets en créant des portefeuilles de brevets stratégiques et en concédant les licences d’exploitation qui s’y rattachent. D’autres s’emploient à mettre en place sur des sites Web des marchés en ligne où les brevets et les idées pourraient faire l’objet d’échanges. D’autres encore constituent des coopératives qui achètent des brevets et cèdent les licences d’exploitation à leurs membres à des fins défensives. On voit aussi se créer des banques d’investissement spécialisées dans la PI, qui octroient des prêts en utilisant la valeur de la PI comme garantie, et des entreprises qui cherchent à créer des fonds, comparables à des fonds communs de placement, permettant aux investisseurs de tirer des revenus des redevances. Ces nouveaux acteurs pourraient exercer désormais une puissante influence sur la circulation des brevets. Il importe, pour les pouvoirs publics, de mieux connaître les comportements de ces nouveaux acteurs sur les marchés où s’opèrent les transactions sur les brevets afin de pouvoir favoriser un essor de ces marchés tendant vers ce qui sera optimal pour la collectivité. Il peut être important aussi pour les entreprises classiques à vocation technologique de bien appréhender ces évolutions, car l’utilisation des marchés des transactions concernant les brevets les aidera à améliorer leur processus d’innovation et à renforcer leur compétitivité. L’analyse des fonctions, des modèles économiques et des activités des entreprises spécialisées en PI constitue donc le thème central de cette recherche.
Keywords: brevets, innovation, innovation, IP, IP market, licence de brevet, marché de la PI, marché des technologies, patent licence, patents, PI, technology market
Creation-Date: 2009-12-22
Number: 2009/9
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2009/9-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Laudeline Auriol
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Bernard Felix
Author-Workplace-Name: Eurostat
Author-Name: Martin Schaaper
Author-Workplace-Name: UNESCO Institute for Statistics
Title: Mapping Careers and Mobility of Doctorate Holders: Draft Guidelines, Model Questionnaire and Indicators – Second Edition – the OECD/UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EUROSTAT Careers of Doctorate Holders Project
Abstract: Human resources are recognised as being key to the creation, commercialisation and diffusion of innovation. Among them, doctorate holders are not only the most qualified in terms of educational attainment, but also those who are specifically trained to conduct research. In 2004, the OECD launched a collaborative project with the UNESCO Institute for Statistics and Eurostat aimed at developing internationally comparable indicators on the labour market, career path and mobility of doctorate holders. This Working Paper presents the second edition of the technical guidelines used in the framework of the Careers of Doctorate Holders (CDH) project. The technical guidelines are composed of: i) the methodological guidelines; ii) a core model questionnaire and instruction manual; and iii) the output tables used for reporting data at the international level and related definitions. This second edition builds on the experience resulting from the first large scale data collection, which was based on the first edition of the technical guidelines released in 2007. In addition to a number of basic adjustments, it proposes new ways to measure post-doctoral positions and types of mobility, including international mobility. The current draft is the result of discussions among the members of the CDH expert group. Its aim is to provide guidance to countries that wish to implement the project at national level.
Suivi des carrières et de la mobilité des titulaires de doctorats : proposition de directives, questionnaire modèle et indicateurs – deuxième édition – le projet OCDE / Institut statistique de l'UNESCO / EUROSTAT sur les carrières des titulaires de doctorats
Les ressources humaines ont un rôle déterminant pour la création, la commercialisation et la diffusion d’innovations. Parmi cette population, les titulaires de doctorat ne sont pas seulement ceux les plus qualifiés en terme de niveau d’éducation, mais aussi ceux qui ont été spécifiquement formés à la recherche. En 2004, l’OCDE a lancé un projet en collaboration avec l’Institut statistique de l’UNESCO et Eurostat ayant pour objectif de développer des indicateurs sur le marché du travail, les carrières et la mobilité des titulaires de doctorat comparables au plan international. Ce document de travail présente la seconde édition des lignes directrices utilisées dans le cadre du projet sur les Carrières des Titulaires de Doctorat (CTD). Les lignes directrices se composent : i) des directives méthodologiques ; ii) d’un questionnaire modèle et manuel d’instruction ; et iii) des tableaux de sortie utilisés pour recueillir les données au niveau international et des définitions qui y sont associées. Cette seconde édition résulte de l’expérience acquise au cours de la première collecte de données de grande échelle, laquelle était fondée sur la première édition des lignes directrices datant de 2007. En complément d’un cerain nombre d’ajustements de base, elles proposent de nouvelles pistes de mesure des emplois « postdocs » et des types de mobilité. Le document dans sa présente forme est le résultat des discussions menées par le groupe des experts CDT. Il est destiné à guider les pays qui souhaitent implanter le projet au niveau national.
Creation-Date: 2010-01-05
Number: 2010/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2010/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Catalina Martinez
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Public Goods and Policies (IPP-CSIC)
Title: Insight into Different Types of Patent Families
Abstract: What are patent families? What is the impact of adopting one definition or another? Are some definitions of patent families better suited than others for certain uses in statistical and economic analysis? The aim of this paper is to provide some answers to these questions, compare the methodologies and outcomes of the most commonly used patent family definitions and provide guidance on how to build families based on raw data from the EPO Worldwide Patent Statistics database (PATSTAT). One of our findings, based on a characterisation of family structures, is that extended patent families and other family definitions, such as equivalents and single-priority families, provide identical outcomes for about 75% of the families with earliest priority dates in the 1990s because they have quite simple structures. Differences across definitions only become apparent for the families with more complex structures, which represent 25% of the families of that period.
Éclairage sur différents types de familles de brevets
Qu’est-ce qu’une famille de brevets ? Quelles conséquences l’adoption de telle ou telle définition peut-elle avoir ? Certaines définitions des familles de brevets sont-elles mieux adaptées que d’autres à certains usages en analyse statistique et économique ? Le présent document a pour objet d’apporter des réponses à ces questions, de comparer les méthodologies et les résultats des définitions de familles de brevets les plus courantes et de donner des indications sur la marche à suivre pour construire des familles de brevets à partir des données brutes de la base de données mondiale de l’OEB sur les brevets (PATSTAT). L’une de nos conclusions, fondée sur une caractérisation des structures des familles de brevets, est que des familles de brevets étendues et d’autres types de familles de brevets, tels que les équivalents et les familles de brevets partageant la même priorité, fournissent des résultats identiques pour 75 % environ des familles dont les premières dates de priorité se situent dans les années 90, car elles présentent des structures relativement simples. Les définitions ne commencent à diverger que pour les familles offrant des structures plus complexes, lesquelles représentent 25 % de l’ensemble pour cette période.
Creation-Date: 2010-02-12
Number: 2010/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2010/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Josh Lerner
Author-Workplace-Name: Harvard University
Title: Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Financial Market Cycles
Abstract: While hard data is difficult to find, the financial crisis appears to have had a substantial negative effect on investors’ willingness to finance innovative entrepreneurship. This dearth of capital is particularly worrisome in light of the widely recognised need for innovative ventures—the so-called “green shoots”— to reignite economic growth after the world-wide recession. A growing body of evidence suggests a strong relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation, and economic growth. This document first reviews the evidence concerning the relationship between innovation and entrepreneurship. It then turns to understanding the consequences of market cycles for these activities. We look at the way that financial considerations impact the innovation investment decision, and innovation in entrepreneurial ventures specifically.
Il est difficile de trouver des données objectives sur la question, mais la crise financière semble avoir eu un effet négatif sensible sur la disposition des investisseurs à financer les entreprises innovantes. Cette pénurie de capital est particulièrement inquiétante à la lumière du besoin largement admis d'entreprises innovantes – les fameuses « jeunes pousses » – pour relancer la croissance économique après la récession mondiale. De plus en plus d’éléments laissent à penser qu'il existe un lien fort entre entrepreneuriat, innovation et croissance économique. Ce document s’ouvre sur un examen des informations disponibles concernant la relation entre innovation et entrepreneuriat. Je m’efforce ensuite de cerner les conséquences des cycles des marchés sur ces activités. J’examine la façon dont les considérations financières se répercutent sur les décisions d’investissement en matière d'innovation, et plus précisément s’agissant de l’innovation réalisée dans les jeunes entreprises.
Creation-Date: 2010-03-18
Number: 2010/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2010/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Laudeline Auriol
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Careers of Doctorate Holders: Employment and Mobility Patterns
Abstract: This paper presents the results of the first large-scale data collection conducted in the framework of the OECD/UNESCO Institute for Statistics/Eurostat project on Careers of Doctorate Holders (CDH). Doctorate holders represent a crucial human resource for research and innovation. While they benefit from an employment premium, doctoral graduates encounter a number of difficulties on the labour market, notably in terms of working conditions. These difficulties are to some extent linked to the changes affecting the research systems, where employment conditions have become less attractive. Women, whose presence among doctoral graduates has grown over the years, are more affected by these challenges. The labour market of doctoral graduates is more internationalised than that of other tertiary-level graduates and the doctoral population is a highly internationally mobile one. In the European countries for which data are available, 15% to 30% of doctorate holders who are citizens of the reporting country have experienced mobility abroad during the past ten years. Migration and mobility patterns of doctoral graduates are similar to those of other tertiary level and other categories of the population with important flows towards the United States, principally from the Asian countries, and large intra-European flows, notably towards France, Germany and the United Kingdom. While a number of foreign graduates receive their doctorate in the host country, a large share (and the majority in the Western European countries for which data are available) have acquired their doctoral degree out of the host country and experienced mobility afterwards. Mobility of doctorate holders is driven by a variety of reasons that can be academic, job related as well as family and personal.
Les carrières des titulaires de doctorat : données d'emploi et de mobilité
Ce document présente les résultats de la première collecte de données de grande échelle menée dans le cadre du projet conjoint OCDE/Institut Statistique de l’UNESCO/Eurostat sur les Carrières des Titulaires de Doctorat (CTD). Les titulaires de doctorat constituent une ressource capitale pour la recherche et l’innovation. Bien que bénéficiant d’un avantage en termes de taux d’emploi, les diplômés de doctorat sont confrontés à un certain nombre d’obstacles sur le marché du travail, notamment en ce qui concerne leurs conditions d’engagement. Ces difficultés sont en partie liées aux transformations affectant les systèmes de recherche, où les conditions d’emploi sont devenues moins attractives. Les femmes, dont la présence parmi les diplômés de doctorat s’est accrue au cours des années, sont davantage affectées par ces écueils. L’internationalisation du marché du travail est plus marquée pour les diplômés de doctorat que pour les autres diplômés de l’université et la population doctorale est fortement mobile au plan international. Dans les pays européens pour lesquels les données sont disponibles, 15% à 30% des ressortissants du pays titulaires d’un doctorat ont effectué une mobilité à l’étranger au cours des dernières années. Les destinations des diplômés de doctorat migrants ou mobiles sont semblables à celles des autres diplômés de l’enseignement supérieur et des autres catégories de population, avec des flux importants vers les États- Unis, principalement en provenance des pays d’Asie, et des flux intra-européens conséquents, notamment vers l’Allemagne, la France et le Royaume-Uni. Bien qu’un certain nombre de diplômés étrangers reçoivent leur doctorat dans le pays hôte, une proportion importante (et la majorité dans les pays d’Europe de l’ouest pour lesquels les données sont disponibles) obtiennent leur diplôme de doctorat en dehors du pays. La mobilité des titulaires de doctorat est motivée par des raisons diverses qui peuvent être académiques, professionnelles aussi bien que familiales et personnelles.
Creation-Date: 2010-03-26
Number: 2010/4
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2010/4-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Michel J. G. van Eeten
Author-Workplace-Name: Delft University of Technology
Author-Name: Johannes M. Bauer
Author-Workplace-Name: Michigan State University
Author-Name: Hadi Asghari
Author-Workplace-Name: Delft University of Technology
Author-Name: Shirin Tabatabaie
Author-Workplace-Name: Delft University of Technology
Title: The Role of Internet Service Providers in Botnet Mitigation: An Empirical Analysis Based on Spam Data
Abstract: Botnets – networks of machines infected with malicious software – are widely regarded as a critical security threat. Measures that directly address the end users who own the infected machines are useful, but have proven insufficient to reduce the overall problem. Recent studies have shifted attention to Internet Service Providers (ISPs), the providers of Internet access to end users, as possible control points for botnet activity….
Creation-Date: 2010-11-12
Number: 2010/5
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2010/5-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Phillip Toner
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Sydney
Title: Workforce Skills and Innovation: An Overview of Major Themes in the Literature
Abstract: This paper provides an account of the main approaches, debates and evidence in the literature on the role of workforce skills in the innovation process in developed economies. It draws on multiple sources including the innovation studies discipline, neoclassical Human Capital theory, institutionalist labour market studies and the work organisation discipline. Extensive use is also made of official survey data to describe and quantify the diversity of skills and occupations involved in specific types of innovation activities.
Creation-Date: 2011-01-07
Number: 2011/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2011/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Andrea Beltramello
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Koen De Backer
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Victor Mercader
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Laurent Moussiegt
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Opening Japan: Comparisons with Other G20 Countries and Lessons Learned from International Experience
Abstract: Openness has been shown to be an important driver of economic growth. Because of the broad character of the current globalisation process, openness has many dimensions: trade (in both goods and services), foreign direct investment (FDI), circulation of people (including the highly skilled), and internationalisation of R&D, technology and knowledge. Economies not only benefit from inward flows of goods, services, people, capital and knowledge, but also from outward flows of those factors of production. But economic openness does not necessarily yield automatic benefits, and governments may need to complement policies to open the economy with policies that help individuals and firms adjust to liberalisation and ensure that aggregate benefits for the domestic economy are optimised. This working paper aims to assess the openness of the Japanese economy and to show how policies promoting openness are conducive to long-term growth. First, the paper benchmarks Japan in terms of openness in an international perspective relative to other G20 countries. Second, it reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on the link between openness and economic growth. Third, it illustrates the role that governments can play in stimulating openness and growth by presenting several case studies of countries that have implemented specific policies to promote openness in particular domains.
Creation-Date: 2011-08-22
Number: 2011/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2011/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Kiichiro Fukasaku
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Bo Meng
Author-Workplace-Name: IDE-JETRO
Author-Name: Norihiko Yamano
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Recent Developments in Asian Economic Integration: Measuring Indicators of Trade Integration and Fragmentation
Abstract: This paper analyses the contribution to and engagement in global supply chains of Asian emerging economies by measuring several globalisation indicators based on the harmonised input-output and bilateral trade databases developed by the OECD. It focuses on major structural changes in the Asian trade network from the perspective of integration and fragmentation in global supply chains. It shows that greater fragmentation and higher dependence on supplies of intermediate goods and services from neighbouring countries have gone hand-in-hand and led to deepening economic integration between ASEAN and East Asia. ASEAN policy makers, therefore, need to consider their integration strategies from the perspective of the whole East Asian region and not just among ASEAN countries themselves.
L'évolution récente de l'intégration économique en asie : La mesure de l'intégration des échanges et de la fragmentation
Ce document analyse la contribution et la participation des économies asiatiques émergentes et en développement aux chaînes d’approvisionnement mondiales, en mesurant plusieurs indicateurs de la mondialisation établis d’après la base de données entrées-sorties et la base de données sur les échanges bilatéraux constituées par l’OCDE, après leur harmonisation. Il porte en particulier sur les évolutions structurelles majeures intervenues dans les échanges intra-asiatiques, sous l’angle de l’intégration et de la fragmentation dans les chaînes d’approvisionnement mondiales. Il démontre que l’intensification de la fragmentation et la dépendance accrue vis-à-vis des approvisionnements en biens intermédiaires et en services auprès de pays voisins sont allées de pair avec le renforcement, qu’elles ont d’ailleurs entraîné, de l’intégration économique au sein de l’ANASE et en Asie de l’Est. Les résultats présentés dans ce document, qui s’appuient sur des données concrètes, ont des répercussions significatives sur les stratégies d’intégration économique régionale mises en oeuvre dans la région Asie-Pacifique. Les pays membres de l’ANASE doivent en particulier envisager leur stratégie de renforcement de l’intégration à l’échelle de l’Asie de l’Est dans son ensemble, et pas uniquement à celle de l’ANASE à proprement parler.
Classification-JEL: F14; F15; O19
Creation-Date: 2011-12-12
Number: 2011/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2011/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Rebecca Ann Freeman
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Accounting for the Self-Employed in Labour Share Estimates: The Case of the United States
Abstract: The imputation of the labour income of the self-employed typically relies upon the assumption that individuals of this group earn the same average hourly compensation as employees, either at the total economy or industry level. While this assumption is convenient in that it relies upon readily available information on the composition of the labour force and on the compensation of employees, it nevertheless remains somewhat simplistic and thus questionable in its validity. This shortcoming is addressed here by investigating a more refined method to impute the labour income of the self-employed in the United States. Imputations are based on the assumption that the labour income of the self-employed equals the average earnings of employees of the same sex and within the same age group, working in the same industry and having the same level of education. The proposed estimation of the labour income of the self-employed is followed by an analysis of how adjusted total labour income might impact the value of the labour share of output. Results for the United States show that applying this alternative methodology leads to a 2.5 percentage point rise in labour shares of output at the total economy level, led by larger increases of this indicator in sectors such as agriculture and hunting as well as professional, business and other service industries. The time profile in recent years, i.e. 2003-2009, of the labour share of output remains nevertheless unchanged when applying the proposed adjustment methodology.
Keywords: ASEC Supplement, labour income, labour share of output, Self-employed, US Current Population Survey (CPS), wage share
Creation-Date: 2011-12-01
Number: 2011/4
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2011/4-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Caroline Paunov
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Imports, Innovation and Employment after Crisis: Evidence from a Developing Country
Abstract: Imports are often perceived as a threat to employment. However, access to imported intermediate inputs can be essential to stimulate innovation and generate employment. We investigate this question based on a unique dataset of Ecuadorian manufacturing firms, their final products and intermediate inputs. Using fixed effects instrumental variable estimation we find that firms' importing activities lead to product innovation, increase firms' product scope, reduce production costs and create employment. These impacts arise not only for producers in high-tech industries but also for firms in more traditional sectors. Employment effects are much stronger several years after the country's economic crisis.
Classification-JEL: D22; F16; L6; O12; O30; O54
Keywords: economic crisis, Ecuador, employment, imports, input production costs, intermediate inputs, multi-product firms, product innovation, product scope
Creation-Date: 2011-12-19
Number: 2011/5
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2011/5-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Shiguang Zhu
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Norihiko Yamano
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Agnès Cimper
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Compilation of Bilateral Trade Database by Industry and End-Use Category
Abstract: During the last decade, the volume of international trade has increased significantly as international economic integration has deepened, especially in emerging countries, and national industrial structures have become increasingly aligned with international trade in intermediate goods. The OECD STAN Bilateral Trade Database by Industry and End-use Category (BTDIxE) presents international trade in goods flows broken down both by industry sectors and by end-use categories, allowing insights into the patterns of trade in intermediate goods between countries to track global production networks and supply chains as well as helping to address other trade-related policy issues such as trade in value added and tasks.
Keywords: global value chains, trade in intermediates, trade statistics
Creation-Date: 2011-12-20
Number: 2011/6
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2011/6-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Branco Ponomariov
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Texas
Author-Name: Craig Boardman
Author-Workplace-Name: Ohio State University
Title: Organizational Behavior and Human Resources Management for Public to Private Knowledge Transfer: An Analytic Review of the Literature
Abstract: This paper reviews the current academic thinking on knowledge transfer channels between universities and private industry, from a human resource perspective. It also offers a general framework for “re-organising” the literature, so as to identify gaps in the understanding of organisational behavior and human resource management for university-industry knowledge transfer. The review highlights that knowledge transfer channels with highest “relational intensity” are also most valued by industry, and that most knowledge transfer channels are not currently institutionalized or formalized. It concludes that knowledge transfer between universities and industry is characterized by important management challenges, which require an understanding of the extent and nature of individuals’ involvement. However, the existing literature emphasises the outcomes rather than processes of knowledge transfer. Future research looking at knowledge transfer processes at the individual and organizational level of analysis would provide valuable information for better policy-making.
Comportement des organisations et gestion des ressources humaines dans le cadre des transferts de connaissances du public vers le privé : Revue analytique de littérature
Ce document donne un état des lieux de la réflexion universitaire sur les différents canaux utilisés pour les transferts de connaissances entre les universités et l’industrie, sous l’angle des ressources humaines. Il propose également un cadre général pour « réorganiser » la littérature existante afin de mettre en évidence les points d’ombre qui subsistent quant au comportement des organisations et à la gestion des ressources humaines dans le cadre des transferts de connaissances du monde universitaire vers l’industrie. L’étude souligne que les canaux de transfert de connaissances caractérisés par une forte « intensité relationnelle » sont aussi les mieux appréciés par l’industrie, et que la plupart des canaux de transfert de connaissances ne sont actuellement pas officialisés ou formalisés. Elle conclut que les transferts de connaissances posent des problèmes en termes de management, qui requièrent une meilleure compréhension de la nature et de la portée de l’engagement des individus. Or, la littérature existante est focalisée sur les résultats et non sur les processus de transfert de connaissances. Des recherches analysant les processus de transferts de connaissances aux niveaux individuel et organisationnel permettraient de produire des informations utiles pour l’élaboration des politiques.
Creation-Date: 2012-03-05
Number: 2012/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2012/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Andrea Beltramello
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Koen De Backer
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Laurent Moussiegt
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: The Export Performance of Countries within Global Value Chains (GVCs)
Abstract: The growing importance of global value chains (GVCs) in the international organisation of production increasingly challenges the traditional way of measuring countries’ export performance and hence international competitiveness. As a result of growing production fragmentation, a country’s export bundle nowadays incorporates imports of intermediate goods representing a (large) part of its value. In this case, simply looking at the evolution of exports may misrepresent the international competitive position of a country. This paper discusses the export performance of countries along the value chain by distinguishing upstream activities (i.e. the production of intermediate inputs) and more downstream activities (e.g. the final assembly of products). The empirical analysis first shows how imports of intermediates increasingly determine the export competitiveness of countries in final products. Second, the paper analyses the developments at the intensive and extensive margins of trade and studies how structural changes in terms of geographical and sectoral composition, largely outside the influence of national policies, have contributed to countries’ export performance.
L'importance croissante des chaînes de valeur mondiales (CVM) dans l'organisation internationale de la production remet en question la façon traditionnelle de mesurer la performance à l’exportation et par conséquent la compétitivité internationale des pays. De nos jours, en raison de la fragmentation de la production, les exportations d'un pays intègrent des importations de biens intermédiaires qui représentent une partie (importante) de leur valeur. Dans ce cas, regarder exclusivement l'évolution des exportations peut biaiser la position concurrentielle internationale d'un pays. Ce document de travail examine la performance à l’exportation des pays au long des CVM, en distinguant les activités en amont (à savoir la production d'intrants) des activités en aval (par exemple l'assemblage final des produits). L'analyse empirique montre d'abord que les importations de biens intermédiaires déterminent de plus en plus la compétitivité des exportations des biens finaux des pays. Deuxièmement, le document de travail analyse les développements au niveau des marges intensive et extensive du commerce, et examine comment les changements structurels en termes de composition géographique et sectorielle des exportations, qui sont en grande partie hors de l'influence des politiques nationales, ont contribué à la performance à l’exportation des pays.
Creation-Date: 2012-04-12
Number: 2012/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2012/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Koen De Backer
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Norihiko Yamano
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: International Comparative Evidence on Global Value Chains
Abstract: The past decades have witnessed a rapid globalisation of economic activity which has significantly changed the outlook of the world economy. International production, trade and investments are increasingly organised within so-called global value chains (GVCs) where the different stages in the production process are located across different economies. Until now, GVCs have been largely discussed from a conceptual and theoretical view, but empirical work on international fragmentation has stayed a bit behind.The review of the available data and indicators on GVCs in this paper shows the increasing importance of GVCs in today's global economy, but at the same time clearly highlights some major shortcomings. While the empirical evidence based on trade data is less convincing, Input-Output data clearly reveal the growing spread of international production networks. Indicators on imported intermediates, offshoring and vertical specialisation all illustrate the growing fragmentation of production across more economies. Trade data seem to show the increasing importance of GVCs only in an indirect way but the existing trade data are not detailed enough and are not collected on the right level of analysis to analyse the international fragmentation and GVCs.Policy makers show an increasing interest in GVCs because of the pervasive effects GVCs have on national economies and are especially looking for more and better policy evidence. Important policy issues like the impact of GVCs on the competitiveness of countries and attractiveness for international investments can only be addressed by new and better metrics. The OECD is developing new empirical evidence studying the emergence of GVCs based on international trade data and Input-Output data. In addition, the OECD is currently cooperating with other international agencies and academic experts to develop new metrics for GVCs, for example data on trade in value added.
Données factuelles internationales comparables sur les chaînes de valeur mondiales
Depuis quelques décennies, l’activité économique planétaire connaît une mondialisation rapide, qui transforme profondément le paysage de l’économie mondiale. La production, les échanges et l’investissement internationaux s’organisent de plus en plus en chaînes de valeur mondiales (CVM) dans lesquelles les différents segments des processus de production sont répartis sur plusieurs territoires. Jusqu’à présent, les CVM ont principalement été étudiées d’un point de vue conceptuel et théorique, les travaux empiriques sur la segmentation internationale ayant été quelque peu délaissés. L’examen des données et indicateurs disponibles sur les CVM dans cette étude met en évidence l’importance accrue des CVM dans l’économie mondiale, tout en faisant clairement apparaître d’importants manques. Si les éléments empiriques reposant sur les chiffres des échanges sont peu convaincants, les données d’entrées-sorties montrent clairement l’extension grandissante des réseaux internationaux de production. Les indicateurs sur les importations de produits intermédiaires, sur les délocalisations et sur la spécialisation verticale illustrent tous la segmentation croissante de la production entre un plus grand nombre d’économies. Les données sur les échanges semblent montrer l’importance croissante des CVM, d’une manière indirecte, et celles dont on dispose ne sont pas suffisamment détaillées et ne sont pas collectées à un niveau d’analyse qui conviendrait pour analyser la segmentation internationale et les CVM. Les responsables politiques manifestent un intérêt croissant pour les CVM en raison de leurs effets profonds sur les économies nationales, et ils ont particulièrement besoin de données plus exhaustives et de meilleure qualité. Certains enjeux importants pour les politiques, tels que l’impact des CVM sur la compétitivité des pays et leur attractivité pour l’investissement international, ne peuvent être abordés qu’à l’aide de mesures nouvelles et de meilleure qualité. L’OCDE produit de nouveaux éléments empiriques pour étudier l’émergence des CVM à partir des données sur les échanges internationaux et les entrées-sorties. Par ailleurs, l’OCDE coopère actuellement avec d’autres instances internationales et avec des experts universitaires à la construction de nouvelles mesures pour les CVM, par exemple de données sur les échanges en valeur ajoutée.
Creation-Date: 2012-04-23
Number: 2012/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2012/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Jan van Steen
Author-Workplace-Name: Rathenau Instituut
Title: Modes of Public Funding of Research and Development: Towards Internationally Comparable Indicators
Abstract: This paper presents the results of the data collection across 18 participating countries, demonstrating that it is possible to produce new policy relevant indicators on public funding of R&D in addition to those envisaged in the OECD Frascati Manual. The initial findings of the data collection highlight interesting differences across countries in terms of their approaches to funding R&D. But before conclusions can be drawn on the effectiveness of the different country funding profiles, further work is needed in order to increase the reliability and comparability of the different indicators.
Creation-Date: 2012-05-22
Number: 2012/4
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2012/4-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Mariagrazia Squicciarini
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Marie Le Mouel
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Defining and Measuring Investment in Organisational Capital: Using US Microdata to Develop a Task-based Approach
Abstract: This work seeks to quantify investment in Organisational Capital (OC) by looking at the task content of occupations. It relies on the literature suggesting OC to be embodied in a firm’s workforce and defines OC as those tasks performed by employees – irrespective of their occupational titles – likely to affect a firm’s medium to long-term functioning. Using US Occupational Information Network (O*NET) data, it operationalises the task-based definition and identifies 84 occupations, including 22 managerial occupations, performing OC related tasks. Employment and earnings data from the US are used to calculate investment in OC at macro and 2-digit sectoral levels. Estimates suggest that previous measures seemingly underestimated investment in OC at the macro level, and that large sectoral differences exist. Manufacturing shows significant own-account investment in OC relative to the value added it generates. Services appear as larger purchasers of OC from external sources, relative to own-account investment. Building on the insights of the labour mobility literature about the disruptive effect of (voluntary) job separations, this work uses employee tenure and turnover data for the US to obtain sector specific depreciation rates. Estimates mainly range between 10% and 25% and suggest that OC depreciates more slowly than previously assumed.
Keywords: embeddedness, O*NET, organisational capital, tasks, US Current Population Survey (CPS), US Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey
Creation-Date: 2012-09-25
Number: 2012/5
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2012/5-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Marion Frenz
Author-Workplace-Name: University of London
Author-Name: Ray Lambert
Author-Workplace-Name: University of London
Title: Mixed Modes of Innovation: An Empiric Approach to Capturing Firms' Innovation Behaviour
Abstract: This study uses exploratory data analysis techniques to develop typologies of innovation modes or strategies for groups of firms. Analysing micro-level survey data from 18 countries we identify five innovation modes. The coherence and relevance of the innovation modes is tested by using them as explanatory factors in equations explaining economic performance. In most countries one or more innovation modes are positively associated with labour productivity. However, there is no consistent cross-country pattern as to which modes show significant associations with productivity. Even if common innovation patterns have been identified, there is no ‘single’ mode or form of innovation across countries that underlies the overall impact of innovation and there appear to be major national differences in patterns of competitive and comparative advantage with respect to levels of productivity as well as growth in turnover and employment. Importantly, sectoral innovation orientations are embedded in national systems, as well as exhibiting a degree of convergence at sectoral level.
Creation-Date: 2012-12-17
Number: 2012/6
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2012/6-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Laudeline Auriol
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Martin Schaaper
Author-Workplace-Name: UNESCO Institute for Statistics
Author-Name: Bernard Felix
Author-Workplace-Name: European Commission
Title: Mapping Careers and Mobility of Doctorate Holders: Draft Guidelines, Model Questionnaire and Indicators – Third Edition
Abstract: In 2004, the OECD launched a collaborative project with the UNESCO Institute for Statistics and Eurostat aimed at developing internationally comparable indicators on the labour market, career path and mobility of doctorate holders. This paper presents the third edition of the technical guidelines used in the framework of the Careers of Doctorate Holders (CDH) project. The technical guidelines are composed of: i) the methodological guidelines; ii) a core model questionnaire and instruction manual; and iii) the output tables used for reporting data at the international level and related definitions. This edition builds on the experience resulting from the two first large scale data collections, which were based on the previous editions of the technical guidelines released in 2007 and 2010. In addition to a number of basic adjustments, it proposes improvements in the wording of the survey questions as well as new ways to measure competencies and skills of doctorate holders both at the time of their advanced research degree completion and in their current employment.
Suivi des carrières et de la mobilité des titulaires de doctorats : proposition de directives, questionnaire modèle et indicateurs – troisième édition
Les ressources humaines ont un rôle déterminant pour la création, la commercialisation et la diffusion d’innovations. En particulier, les titulaires de doctorat sont à la fois ceux qui sont es plus qualifiés en terme de niveau d’éducation, mais aussi ceux qui ont été spécifiquement formés à la recherche. En 2004, l’OCDE a lancé un projet en collaboration avec l’Institut statistique de l’UNESCO et Eurostat ayant pour objectif de développer des indicateurs sur le marché du travail, les carrières et la mobilité des titulaires de doctorat comparables au plan international. Ce document de travail présente la troisième édition des lignes directrices utilisées dans le cadre du projet sur les Carrières des Titulaires de Doctorat (CTD). Les lignes directrices se composent : i) des directives méthodologiques ; ii) d’un questionnaire modèle et manuel d’instruction ; et iii) des tableaux de sortie utilisés pour recueillir les données au niveau international et des définitions qui y sont associées. Cette troisième édition résulte de l’expérience acquise au cours des deux premières collectes de données de grande échelle, lesquelles étaient fondées sur les premières éditions des lignes directrices datant de 2007 et 2010. En complément d’un certain nombre d’ajustements de base, elles proposent des améliorations dans la formulation des questions de l’enquête, ainsi que de nouvelles pistes de mesure des compétences des titulaires de doctorat au moment de l’attribution de leur doctorat et dans leur emploi. Le document dans sa présente forme est le résultat des discussions menées par le groupe des experts CDT, notamment ceux ayant participé en 2011-2012 au projet KNOWINNO financé par le 7e Programme Cadre de l’UE. Il est destiné à guider les pays qui souhaitent mener une enquête dédiée et produire des indicateurs comparables au plan international.
Creation-Date: 2012-12-31
Number: 2012/7
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2012/7-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Caroline Paunov
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Innovation and Inclusive Development: A Discussion of the Main Policy Issues
Abstract: Inclusive development is a key policy priority since growth processes have not always helped lowerincome groups. Innovation is a major driver of growth and its relationship with inequalities in income and opportunities raises some important policy questions: Do innovation and the resulting technological change necessarily lead to increased inequalities? Do policies aimed at supporting innovation foster inequalities? To what extent can innovation be mobilised to improve the life conditions of the lower income groups? These questions are the basis of this report, which, prepared for the OECD-DST Conference on Innovation for Inclusive Development, reviews the existing evidence in response.
L'innovation et le développement inclusif : une discussion des principales questions politiques
Le développement inclusif est une priorité politique importante car la croissance économique ne bénéficie pas toujours aux groupes à faible revenu. L'innovation est un moteur de la croissance, et sa relation avec les inégalités de revenus et d'opportunités soulève des questions majeures : l'innovation et le changement technologique qui en résulte conduisent-ils nécessairement à l'accroissement des inégalités ? Les politiques visant à soutenir l'innovation conduisent-elles à une augmentation des inégalités ? Dans quelle mesure l'innovation peut-elle être mobilisée pour améliorer les conditions de vie des groupes à faible revenu ? Ces questions sont au départ du présent rapport, préparé pour la Conférence de l'OCDE et du DST sur l'innovation et le développement inclusif, qui passe en revue les informations et connaissances existantes sur le sujet.
Classification-JEL: D20; I30; L30; O10; O30
Keywords: developing and emerging economies, dispersions d’innovation et de productivité à l’intérieur des pays, frugal and grassroots innovations, frugales et « grassroots », ICTs for inclusive development, inclusive, inclusives, inequalities in income and opportunities, innovation, inégalités de revenus et d’opportunités, TICs pour le développement inclusif, within-country innovation and productivity dispersion, économies en développement et émergentes
Creation-Date: 2013-01-29
Number: 2013/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2013/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Charles Hulten
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Maryland
Title: Stimulating Economic Growth through Knowledge-Based Investment
Abstract: Recent studies have shown that knowledge-based capital (KBC) is an important source of economic growth in many of the world’s advanced economies (much more so than R&D alone) and is positively correlated with real GDP per capita in a cross-section of these economies. This literature is still in its infancy and there is, as yet, no systematic discussion of KBC policy. This paper makes an attempt to fill this gap.
Stimuler la croissance économique par l'investissement intellectuel
Des études récentes révèlent que le capital intellectuel constitue une source importante de croissance économique (bien plus que la R-D) dans de nombreuses économies avancées du monde et qu’en général il y affiche une corrélation positive avec le PIB réel par habitant. Les travaux dans ce domaine n’en étant qu’à leurs débuts, l’action à mener à l’égard du capital intellectuel ne fait pas encore l’objet d’une réflexion systématique. La présente étude tâche d’y remédier.
Creation-Date: 2013-05-22
Number: 2013/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2013/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Mariagrazia Squicciarini
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Hélène Dernis
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Chiara Criscuolo
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Measuring Patent Quality: Indicators of Technological and Economic Value
Abstract: This work contributes to the definition and measurement of patent quality. It proposes a wide array of indicators capturing the technological and economic value of patented inventions, and the possible impact that these might have on subsequent technological developments. The measures proposed build extensively upon recent literature, rely on information contained in the patent documents, and are calculated on patent cohorts defined by the combination of the technology field and the year of filing of patents. This is done to account for possible time- and technology-related shocks. The description of the indicators is accompanied by statistics compiled on patents from the European Patent Office, as well as tests aimed at addressing the sensitivity of the measures to alternative specifications and the correlations that may exist among them. The indicators proposed, which can be constructed on all patents, have the advantage of relying on a homogeneous set of information and of being comparable across countries and over time. To facilitate their compilation on data from other Intellectual Property (IP) offices, the SQL-based program codes used to calculate the indicators are also supplied. The paper is further accompanied by a dataset – to be obtained upon request – containing the indicators calculated on EPO patent documents published during the period 1978-2012, as well as some cohort specific statistics (i.e. main moments and key percentiles).
Evaluer la qualité des brevets : Des indicateurs de valeur technologique et économique
Ce travail apporte une contribution à la définition et à l’évaluation de la qualité des brevets. Le large éventail d’indicateurs proposé vise à saisir la valeur des inventions brevetées, au niveau technologique comme au niveau économique, et à estimer l’impact potentiel de ces inventions sur les développements technologiques ultérieurs. Ces mesures reposent principalement sur des travaux récents dans le domaine et exploitent l’information disponible dans les documents brevets. Pour tenir compte de possibles effets temporels et technologiques, les indicateurs sont calculés par cohortes, définies par l’année de dépôt de la demande de brevet et le domaine technologique auquel celle-ci se réfère. La description de chaque indicateur s’accompagne de statistiques établies sur les brevets déposés auprès de l’Office Européen des Brevets (OEB). S’ensuivent des tests évaluant la sensibilité des définitions à différentes spécifications et leur corrélation entre elles. Les indicateurs présentés ici peuvent être construits pour tout document de brevet. Ils ont pour avantages de reposer sur un ensemble d’information homogène et d’être comparables entre pays et dans le temps. Le code des programmes SQL développés pour le calcul des indicateurs est également détaillé, afin de faciliter la compilation de ces indicateurs sur des données d’autres bureaux de propriété intellectuelle. En parallèle, les indicateurs finaux sont mis à disposition des utilisateurs, à la demande, pour l’ensemble des brevets OEB publiés entre 1978 et 2012, ainsi que des statistiques agrégées par cohortes (i.e. principaux moments et centiles).
Creation-Date: 2013-06-06
Number: 2013/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2013/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Laudeline Auriol
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Max Misu
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Rebecca Ann Freeman
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Careers of Doctorate Holders: Analysis of Labour Market and Mobility Indicators
Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of the labour market and mobility indicators generated by the second large-scale data collection on Careers of Doctorate Holders, a joint project by the OECD, UNESCO Institute for Statistics and Eurostat. There has been a steady increase in the number of doctoral degrees being awarded across the OECD and the evidence points to a sustained labour market premium of doctorate holders relative to other highly qualified individuals in 2009, prior to the potential impact of the economic crisis. Women and younger doctoral graduates, however, fare relatively worse in terms of employment rates, but these results are less marked than for lower degree holders. While temporary positions are increasingly common in academics, coinciding with the rise of postdoctoral positions, they are less so in business. Natural scientists and engineers are those who are more likely to be engaged in research, while social scientists find more opportunities in non-research occupations. Doctorate holders in the medical and health sciences are generally better paid. Earnings are also typically higher in the business sector than in other sectors, but there are exceptions. Job mobility patterns differ markedly across countries, with mobility being more frequent among doctorates not working in research. Oftentimes mobility from the business sector to the higher education sector is higher than the other way around. International mobility, as well as migration of doctoral graduates, have kept increasing over the decade.
Creation-Date: 2013-11-05
Number: 2013/4
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2013/4-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Mariagrazia Squicciarini
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Hélène Dernis
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: A Cross-Country Characterisation of the Patenting Behaviour of Firms based on Matched Firm and Patent Data
Abstract: This work proposes a characterisation of the patenting behaviours of firms. It relies on patent data linked to firm data from a commercial dataset, regards firms of 20 or more employees located in 15 countries, and refers to the period 1999-2010. The way in which patent assignees’ names are linked to firm names is explained, and the coverage and representativeness of the firm database used is discussed using information from structural business statistics. The profile of patenting and non-patenting firms is delineated on the basis of characteristics such as firm size, ownership, firm age and industry, and of combinations thereof. Statistics related to the sector-specific patterns of patent renewals are also shown.
Creation-Date: 2013-09-10
Number: 2013/5
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2013/5-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Chiara Criscuolo
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Carlo Menon
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Environmental Policies and Risk Finance in the Green Sector: Cross-country Evidence
Abstract: Start-up firms play a crucial role in bringing to the market the innovations needed to move to a greener growth path. Risk finance is essential for allowing new ventures to commercialise new ideas and grow, especially in emerging sectors. Still, very little is known about the drivers and the characteristics of risk finance in the green sector. This paper aims to fill this gap by providing a detailed description of risk finance in the green sector across 29 OECD and BRIICS countries over the period 2005-2010 and identifying the role that policies might have in shaping high-growth investments in this sector. Results are drawn from a comprehensive deal-level database of businesses seeking financing in the green industry combined with indicators of renewable policies and government R&D expenditures. The results suggest that both supply-side policies and environmental deployment policies, designed with a long-term perspective of creating a market for environmental technologies, are associated with higher levels of risk finance relative to more short-term fiscal policies, such as tax incentives and rebates. In addition, when focusing on renewable energy generation, the results confirm the positive association of generous feed-in tariffs (FITs) with risk-finance investment. However in the solar sector excessively generous FITs tend to discourage investment.
Politiques de l'environnement et financement par capital-risque dans le secteur vert : Données internationales
Les jeunes entreprises jouent un rôle fondamental dans la mise sur le marché des innovations nécessaires à l’évolution vers une trajectoire de croissance plus respectueuse de l’environnement. Le financement par capital-risque est essentiel pour leur permettre de croître et de commercialiser de nouvelles idées, notamment dans les secteurs émergents. Pourtant, les déterminants et les caractéristiques de ce financement dans le secteur vert sont toujours en grande partie méconnus. Le présent document vise à combler cette lacune en décrivant de façon détaillée le financement par capital-risque dans le secteur vert dans 29 pays de l’OCDE et BRIICS au cours de la période 2005-2010, et en mettant en évidence l’influence qu’ont pu avoir les politiques publiques sur la configuration des investissements dans les entreprises à forte croissance de ce secteur. Les résultats proviennent d’une vaste base de données des transactions des entreprises du secteur vert à la recherche de financements, qui a été croisée avec des indicateurs des politiques relatives aux énergies renouvelables et des dépenses publiques de R-D. Ils donnent à penser qu’aussi bien les politiques agissant sur l’offre que les politiques de déploiement conçues dans une perspective à long terme pour créer un marché pour les technologiques environnementales donnent lieu à un volume plus important de financement par capital-risque que des mesures budgétaires à plus court terme comme les incitations fiscales et les allégements d’impôts. En outre, les résultats concernant la production d’énergie renouvelable confirment la corrélation positive entre tarifs d’achat généreux et investissements en capital-risque. Cela étant, les tarifs d’achat excessivement généreux dans la filière solaire ont tendance à décourager l’investissement.
Creation-Date: 2014-03-31
Number: 2014/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2014/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Chiara Criscuolo
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Peter N. Gal
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Carlo Menon
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: DynEmp: A Stata® Routine for Distributed Micro-data Analysis of Business Dynamics
Abstract: This paper introduces a new Stata® command, dynemp, which implements a distributed micro-data analysis of business and employment dynamics and firm demographics. The data source it requires are business registers or comparable firm- or establishment- level longitudinal databases which cover the (near-) universe of companies in all business sectors. Access to such confidential data is usually restricted and the micro-level data cannot be brought together to a single platform for cross-country analysis. To solve this confidentiality problem while also maintaining a high level of harmonisation of the key economic concepts (gross job flows, growth rates of employment, definition of high-growth firms, etc.), dynemp can be distributed in a network of researchers who have access to the national confidential microdata. In such manner, the rich firm-level employment dynamics can be analysed from new angles (such as firm age and size), significantly expanding the scope of the analysis insofar possible using more aggregated data.
Keywords: employment dynamics, firm demographics, job flows
Creation-Date: 2014-05-22
Number: 2014/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2014/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Chiara Criscuolo
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Nick Johnstone
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Carlo Menon
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Victoria Shestalova
Author-Workplace-Name: CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis
Title: Renewable Energy Policies and Cross-border Investment: Evidence from Mergers and Acquisitions in Solar and Wind Energy
Abstract: The study assesses the role of feed-in tariffs (FITs) and renewable energy certificates (RECs) in creating incentives for cross-border investments and for investments in particular technological portfolios via M&A. The analysis explores the dataset on M&As in alternative energy sources worldwide over 2005-2011. The results suggests that FITs encourage more diversified M&A than RECs. With respect to foreign investment, the study finds a linear relationship between FITs and cross-border M&As in the wind energy sector, but an inverted U-shaped relationship in the solar energy sector. One possible explanation for the latter may lie in reduced policy credibility due to the public finance implications of ‘generous’ FITs. Another possible explanation for this finding concerns the use of high solar FITs by countries whose natural conditions provide little comparative advantage in solar energy, suggesting that low profitability and limited potential of solar energy in those countries might have deterred the entry of foreign investors.
Classification-JEL: G34; Q42; Q48
Keywords: energy portfolio, foreign direct investment, M&A, renewable energy policy, solar and wind energy
Creation-Date: 2014-10-28
Number: 2014/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2014/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Fernando Galindo-Rueda
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Valentine Millot
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Measuring Design and its Role in Innovation
Abstract: This working paper sums up the main findings of an OECD project aiming to provide an evidence basis for focusing efforts to improve the measurement of technological and non-technological forms of business innovation, with particular focus on the role of design. It reviews a broad range of novel design-related measures, indicating their advantages and limitations in terms of policy relevance and insights. The analysis of design provides a valuable test-case for assessing the robustness of the overall framework for measuring innovation as proposed in the OECD/Eurostat Oslo Manual. It identifies a number of areas for potential development in a future revision, focused on the role of users and the implementation of the definition of innovation and innovation activities. It also identifies a range of design concepts based on an informal consultation with the design expert community. The paper also illustrates a number of findings arising from the first-time use of a set of experimental and optional questions on design implementing a “ladder-type” model of design which describes levels of sophistication and integration of the design function within the firm. Cognitive testing and analysis of the microdata from a large and representative sample of Danish firms shows a high degree of respondent acceptance of the experimental questions and supports their predictive validity vis-à-vis a number of hypotheses on the use of design and a series of innovation and economic outcomes potentially associated to it.
Keywords: design, innovation, measurement, surveys, technology
Creation-Date: 2015-01-19
Number: 2015/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2015/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Silvia Appelt
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Brigitte van Beuzekom
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Fernando Galindo-Rueda
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Roberto de Pinho
Title: Which factors influence the international mobility of research scientists?
Abstract: This paper investigates the factors that influence the international mobility of research scientists using a new measure of mobility derived from changes in affiliations reported by publishing scientists in a major global index of scholarly publications over the period 1996-2011. Using a gravity-based empirical framework, our research shows that measures of geographic and socioeconomic and scientific distance correlate negatively with scientist mobility between two countries. Scientific collaboration appears to be a major factor associated with the mobility of scientists. The analysis shows that the mobility of scientists particularly relies on flows of tertiary-level students in the opposite direction, from destination to origin country. This provides strong evidence that brain circulation is a complex and multi-directional phenomenon. For a majority of country pairs (dyads) in our sample, the mobility of scientists is generally better described by commensurate knowledge flows in both directions, rather than one dominating the other. The analysis also shows that mobility can be positively influenced by convergence in economic conditions and resources dedicated to R&D, as well as reduced visa-related restrictions.
Creation-Date: 2015-04-27
Number: 2015/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2015/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Nagayuki Saito
Author-Workplace-Name: KDDI R&D Laboratories
Title: Internet Literacy in Japan
Abstract: The rise in Internet usage among young people has seen a corresponding increase in international concern regarding their online safety. In February 2012, the OECD Council adopted a “Recommendation on the Protection of Children Online”. The Recommendation called for governments to support evidence-based policies for the protection of children, including surveys to better understand Internet usage by children and the evolving risks, and programmes to increase awareness of this issue. In line with this Recommendation, the Japanese government has inititated efforts to develop improved indicators to measure Internet literacy among youth. This report describes the results of the Internet literacy indicator development project and constitutes a feasibility study for the development of Internet literacy among youth in different countries. The project formulated an Internet Literacy Assessment Indicator for Students (ILAS), which targeted 15-year-old students to measure their ability to utilise the Internet safely and securely. In 2011, a formative evaluation was conducted for a sample of 569 first-year high-school students from 14 high schools. In 2012, the study conducted a revised nationwide test on a broader sample of 2 464 students from 23 high schools. Evaluation of the results of the ILAS test system confirmed its reliability and validity, attesting to its value as a useful and practical assessment system for measuring youth Internet literacy.
Creation-Date: 2015-05-27
Number: 2015/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2015/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Florian Egli
Author-Name: Nick Johnstone
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Carlo Menon
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Identifying and inducing breakthrough inventions: An application related to climate change mitigation
Abstract: Most of the projections of the cost of meeting climate change mitigation targets hinge crucially upon assumptions made about the cost and timing of the development of breakthrough technologies. However, very little is known about the conditions which are likely to give rise to breakthrough technologies. This paper seeks to uncover attributes of inventions – as reflected in patent data – which serve as “leading indicators” of subsequent technological and market development in climate change mitigation technologies. The role of industrial generality emerges as being robustly correlated with subsequent technological diffusion, whether measured as subsequent patent counts, commercial applicability, or attractiveness to risk finance. The indicator of closeness to science shows also a positive association with later technological diffusion. Originality and radicalness have more ambiguous results. This work can be seen as a foundation for the future development of a methodology providing guidance to policymakers in the choices made with respect to public support for different technological fields.
Classification-JEL: O31; O33; Q54; Q55
Keywords: climate change mitigation policy, green growth
Creation-Date: 2015-06-24
Number: 2015/4
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2015/4-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Ivan Haščič
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Jérôme Silva
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Nick Johnstone
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: The Use of Patent Statistics for International Comparisons and Analysis of Narrow Technological Fields
Abstract: Patent data provide an increasingly used means to analyse innovation performance worldwide including in countries with incomplete data coverage, such as some developing countries. This paper discusses the specific issues associated with using patent data for measuring and analysing innovation in narrow technological fields, such as many environment-related technologies. To improve cross-country comparability of patent statistics, the paper advocates the use of indicators based on patent family size because they are more flexible and can be adapted to various applications. The paper also examines certain idiosyncratic characteristics of patent databases and proposes approaches to mitigate potential biases in empirical cross-country analyses. While doing so is particularly important for analyses of narrow technological fields such as many environment- and climate-related technologies, some of these issues are relevant for patent analysis more broadly.
Classification-JEL: O3; O31; O34; Q2; Q4; Q5
Keywords: environmental technologies, indicators, innovation
Creation-Date: 2015-06-24
Number: 2015/5
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2015/5-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Flavio Calvino
Author-Name: Chiara Criscuolo
Author-Name: Carlo Menon
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Cross-country evidence on start-up dynamics
Abstract: The report provides a description of start-up dynamics exploiting the richness of the recently collected DynEmp v.2 database. The contribution of new firms in terms of new jobs to the existing workforce can be expressed as a combination of four different elements: the start-up rate; the average size of firms at point of entry; the survival rate; and the average growth rate of survivors. This decomposition shows that the four elements interplay in very different ways, even across economies with similar aggregate start-up contributions. The most homogenous component across countries is the survival rate, which is equal to just above 60% after three years from entry, to about 50% after five years, and to just over 40% after seven years. Furthermore, in most countries the probability of exiting is highest at the age of two, and decreases (linearly) beyond that age. When looking at employment growth of surviving businesses, it is found that the large majority of surviving micro start-ups do not grow; however, the tiny proportion of small start-ups which do grow creates a disproportionate amount of jobs.
Classification-JEL: D22; L11; L26
Keywords: employment dynamics, entrepreneurship, firm demographics, start-ups
Creation-Date: 2015-07-03
Number: 2015/6
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2015/6-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Anthony de Carvalho
Author-Name: Naoki Sekiguchi
Title: The structure of steel exports: Changes in specialisation and the role of innovation
Abstract: This paper examines changes in the steel-related export structure of the ten largest steelmaking economies between 2004 and 2014, in terms of the steel products exported and the market destination for those exports. To shed light on how exporters’ patterns of specialisation have changed in the period since 2004, indices of “Revealed Comparative Advantage” (RCA) are developed for a number of low, medium and high value-added steel products, indicating that export specialisation patterns may be changing noticeably as some steel producers in emerging economies move up the value chain and begin exporting more sophisticated steel products. The paper also assesses the role of innovation, as measured by patents, in determining the export structure of countries, and finds a positive correlation between innovation activity and export specialisation in higher value-added steel segments.
Classification-JEL: F14; L6; O34
Keywords: comparative advantage, patents, trade
Creation-Date: 2015-07-29
Number: 2015/7
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2015/7-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Marie Le Mouel
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Mariagrazia Squicciarini
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Cross-Country Estimates of Employment and Investment in Organisational Capital: A Task-Based Methodology Using Piaac Data
Abstract: This work proposes a task-based methodology for the measurement of employment and investment in organisational capital (OC) in 20 OECD countries. It builds on the methodology of Squicciarini and Le Mouel (2012) and uses information from the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). OC is defined as firm-specific organisational knowledge resulting from the performance of tasks affecting the long-term functioning of firms, such as developing objectives and strategies; organising, planning and supervising production; and managing human resources. Cross-country heterogeneity in OC-related occupations emerges: while 20 occupational classes of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO 2008) are on average identified as being OC-related, country-specific values range between 14 (in Korea) and 24 occupations (in Poland). A core group of managerial occupations are consistently identified as OC occupations across countries, whereas differences arise in the selection of professionals and associate professionals in science and engineering, health, education, and business administration. Estimates suggest the share of OC occupations in total employment to amount to 16% on average, with country-specific values that vary between 9.5% (Denmark) and 26% (United Kingdom); and that total investment in OC, as a share of value-added, ranges from 1.4% in the Czech Republic to 3.7% in the United Kingdom, with an average 2.2% across all countries. Managers appear to account for less than half of total employment and investment in OC. Total investment in OC results higher in services than in manufacturing. In the services sector, on average half of investment in OC comes from small firms, while in manufacturing, 45% of investment in OC comes from large firms. Finally, the importance of OC investment in the public sector is investigated. With only few exceptions, investment in OC is higher in the public sector than in the private sector. These estimates of OC investment can be used to analyse its role with respect to skill use and mismatch, its impact on the routinisation of tasks and resulting polarisation of wage distribution, and its role in firms' integration and upgrading along global value chains (GVC).
Creation-Date: 2015-10-12
Number: 2015/8
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2015/8-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Mariagrazia Squicciarini
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Luca Marcolin
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Peter Horvát
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Estimating Cross-Country Investment in Training: An Experimental Methodology Using PIAAC Data
Abstract: The present work proposes a novel methodology for the measurement of investment in human capital in the form of training. Differently from existing studies, the expenditures-based approach pursued encompasses investment in formal and on-the-job training, as well as in informal learning and yields estimates that account for both the opportunity and the direct cost of the different forms of training considered. Using a wide array of data sources, including new and rich individual-level data collected through the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) survey as well as Labour Force Surveys (LFS) and System of National Accounts (SNA) data, the study proposes estimates of investment in training for the years 2011-2012. These cover 22 OECD countries and are provided at both the economy and industry levels. Estimates suggest that average total investment in training corresponds to 6.7% of gross value added (GVA), with investment in on-the-job training (amounting to 2.4% of GVA, on average) that are substantially in line with those of previous literature. Wide sector and country heterogeneity in the relative importance of investment in formal and on-the-job and informal learning also emerge. On average, production appears more intensive in on-the-job training (relative to other training types) than overall services, but not relative to business services only. Public-oriented services such as education and health services invest a greater (smaller) proportion of total training expenditure in formal (on-the-job) training than other sectors and the overall economy.
Creation-Date: 2015-10-12
Number: 2015/9
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2015/9-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Silvia Appelt
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Fernando Galindo-Rueda
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Measuring the Link between Public Procurement and Innovation
Abstract: This paper presents the findings of a recent OECD project on the measurement of the link between public procurement and innovation that is intended to contribute to the review and implementation of the OECD measurement frameworks for R&D and innovation. The report highlights what concepts, definitions and measurement approaches can be used, with currently available data or suitably adapted sources, to produce policy-relevant indicators on the use of innovation procurement and carry out empirical analyses on the impact of public procurement on R&D, innovation and broader economic outcomes. Exploiting recent R&D and innovation survey data and administrative procurement records, it provides novel multi-country evidence on the incidence of public procurement of innovation. An exploratory analysis based on procurement, company account, R&D, patent and trademark data helps showcase the use of combined micro-data sources for analytical applications and points out important links between firm-level procurement activity, R&D and economic performance.
Keywords: innovation, measurement, public procurement, R&D, statistics
Creation-Date: 2016-07-07
Number: 2016/3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2016/3-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Fernando Galindo-Rueda
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Fabien Verger
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: OECD Taxonomy of Economic Activities Based on R&D Intensity
Abstract: This paper provides a new taxonomy of industries according to their level of R&D intensity - the ratio of R&D to value added within an industry. Manufacturing and non-manufacturing activities are clustered into five groups (high, medium-high, medium, medium-low, and low R&D intensity industries), drawing on new and expanded evidence from most OECD countries and some partner economies. This paper also reports on differences in R&D intensity within industries across countries. This document represents an update and reframing of previous OECD taxonomies based on earlier versions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), including services, whose coverage has improved in the R&D tables published by OECD (ANBERD). This taxonomy aims to support the presentation of statistics for industry groups when R&D is a relevant discriminant factor. Other existing or in-development taxonomies may be more appropriate for capturing differences in overall knowledge intensity or technology use.
Creation-Date: 2016-07-16
Number: 2016/4
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2016/4-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Kirsten S. Wiebe
Author-Name: Norihiko Yamano
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Estimating CO2 Emissions Embodied in Final Demand and Trade Using the OECD ICIO 2015: Methodology and Results
Abstract: Reliable carbon emissions statistics are essential for formulating responses to climate change including global negotiations such as those concluded in Kyoto in 1997 or recently in Paris at COP21. Typically, emissions statistics are compiled according to production-based or territorial emission accounting methods: measuring emissions occurring within sovereign borders. However, these estimates do not account for global production chains i.e. emissions from many countries may be implicated in the production of final goods and services. Using the 2015 edition of the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) tables and detailed IEA CO2 emissions from fuel combustion data, estimates of emissions embodied in final demand and in international trade were generated to contribute to a better understanding of how CO2 emissions around the world are driven by global consumption patterns. After explaining the methodology in detail, some general results are described and examples given of how to use and interpret the derived indicators.
Creation-Date: 2016-09-03
Number: 2016/5
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2016/5-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Matej Bajgar
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Chiara Criscuolo
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Impact of apprenticeships on individuals and firms: Lessons for evaluating Modern Apprenticeships in Scotland
Abstract: This review summarises existing studies evaluating the impact of apprenticeships on individuals and firms and provides a brief overview of relevant evaluations in three related policy areas: education; active labour market programmes; and private on-the-job training. Based on the reviewed literature, it draws a number of lessons that are relevant for evaluating apprenticeship programmes in OECD member countries, such as the Modern Apprenticeships in Scotland. First, rigorous evaluation depends on the existence of suitable, high-quality data. Second, the measured effects of apprenticeships depend on the time elapsed since the end of the training period. Third, the outcomes most commonly examined in the existing literature are wages and the probability of employment. Fourth, it is important to employ methods that take into account not only observed but also unobserved individual characteristics. Finally, comparing apprentices to different “control groups” might provide different and complementary evidence on the impact of apprenticeships.
Classification-JEL: I26; J24; M53
Keywords: apprenticeships, evaluation, impact, return to schooling, training
Creation-Date: 2016-10-11
Number: 2016/6
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2016/6-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Carol Corrado
Author-Workplace-Name: Georgetown University
Author-Name: Olga Ukhaneva
Author-Workplace-Name: Georgetown University
Title: Hedonic Prices for Fixed Broadband Services: Estimation across OECD Countries
Abstract: This paper sets out a framework to estimate quality-adjusted price levels and price changes for fixed broadband services in OECD countries. We extend and adapt existing hedonic frameworks for international and interarea comparisons and consider the extended country product dummy approach. Hedonic pricing studies often are context and data dependent, and this study is no exception. We find that the multilevel structure of international broadband price datasets suggests modeling hedonic functions at the company level. This not only mitigates efficiency loss due to lack of subscriber information on individual plans but also allows for company costs and markups to influence estimates of hedonic function coefficients. Incorporating random variation in hedonic slope coefficients at the ISP level produces results that statistically dominate standard models where slope coefficients are the same across countries, and we suggest how price comparisons based on random coefficient hedonic models might be useful in telecommunications policy analysis.
Classification-JEL: C23; C43; C82; E01; E31; F40; L16; L96
Keywords: broadband, comparability, price
Creation-Date: 2016-10-20
Number: 2016/7
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2016/7-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Takashi Inaba
Author-Name: Mariagrazia Squicciarini
Title: ICT: A new taxonomy based on the international patent classification
Abstract: This work proposes a definition of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) based on the technology classes of the International Patent Classification (IPC) in which patents are classified. This new taxonomy, called the “J tag”, aligns with the definitions of the ICT sector (2007) and of ICT products (2008) put forward by the OECD, and stems from the in-depth knowledge of Japan Patent Office experts, as well of experts from the Intellectual Property (IP) Offices participating in the OECD-led IP Task Force. Expert judgment of patent class content, relevance for ICT-related products, completeness and accuracy are the principles guiding the inclusion of IPC classes in the “J tag” taxonomy. ICT technologies are subdivided into 13 areas defined with respect to the specific technical features and functions they are supposed to accomplish (e.g. mobile communication), and details provided about the ways in which technologies relate to ICT products.
Creation-Date: 2017-02-18
Number: 2017/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2017/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Planes-Satorra
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Caroline Paunov
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Inclusive innovation policies: Lessons from international case studies
Abstract: Innovation policies are central to growth agendas in most countries, but have figured much less prominently in strategies to promote social inclusion. In recent years, many countries have implemented “inclusive innovation policies”– a specific set of innovation policies that aim to boost the capacities and opportunities of disadvantaged individuals to engage in innovation activities, including research and entrepreneurship. Examples include the provision of grants to researchers from disadvantaged groups, the deployment of programmes to popularise science and technology, the provision of micro-credit to entrepreneurs and the provision of grants to firms locating their R&D activities in peripheral regions. This paper analyses the role that inclusive innovation policies can play in tackling social, industrial and territorial inclusiveness challenges by drawing on 33 detailed policy examples from 15 countries. The paper discusses why these policies should be a priority, explores the specific challenges that arise in their implementation and provides recommendations as to how the challenges can best be addressed.
Creation-Date: 2017-04-25
Number: 2017/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2017/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Robert Grundke
Author-Name: Stéphanie Jamet
Author-Name: Margarita Kalamova
Author-Name: Mariagrazia Squicciarini
Title: Having the right mix: The role of skill bundles for comparative advantage and industry performance in GVCs
Abstract: This study investigates the role of countries’ skills endowment for comparative advantage. It tests the theoretical model of Ohnsorge and Trefler (2007) who argue that it is the bundling of various skills at the worker level and their joint distribution that matter for trade specialisation. This departs from the literature assuming that workers are endowed with only one type of skills, generally measured by educational attainment. The model’s predictions are tested using information on cognitive skills from the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) and Trade in Value Added (TiVA) data. Results show that workers' skills bundles and their distribution have larger effects on specialisation than countries’ endowment of capital per employee, or the relative endowment of workers possessing different levels of education. Furthermore, this study tests the model of Bombardini et al. (2012) and finds evidence that the within-country dispersion of skills significantly affects specialisation patterns.
Creation-Date: 2017-05-05
Number: 2017/03
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2017/03-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Giuseppe Berlingieri
Author-Name: Patrick Blanchenay
Author-Name: Sara Calligaris
Author-Name: Chiara Criscuolo
Title: The Multiprod project: A comprehensive overview
Abstract: This paper is a technical document, designed to serve as a reference document for subsequent papers arising out of MultiProd, a project of the Committee on Industry, Innovation and Entrepreneurship and the Working Party on Industry Analysis, aimed at studying productivity patterns across countries and over time. MultiProd provides harmonised micro-aggregated data of paramount importance for investigating the extent to which different policy frameworks can shape firm productivity and examining the way resources are allocated to more productive firms.The paper discusses the project’s main contributions in relation to the current literature, in particular how using micro-aggregated data can help policy-makers understand and measure the efficiency of resource allocation in the economy, the dependence of economic activity on a small number of large firms, and wage inequality.
Creation-Date: 2017-05-16
Number: 2017/04
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2017/04-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Robert Grundke
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Stéphanie Jamet
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Margarita Kalamova
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: François Keslair
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Mariagrazia Squicciarini
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Skills and global value chains: A characterisation
Abstract: This study follows a job task-based approach to measure the skills of individuals. It exploits information contained in the OECD Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) and conducts an exploratory state-of-the-art factor analysis to obtain six task-based skills indicators that are comparable across 31 countries. By combining the PIAAC-based skills indicators with OECD Trade in Value Added (TiVA) data, light is shed on the way skills and their distributions (at the country-industry level) relate to industry performance and to integration into global value chains (GVCs). The results underline the importance of cognitive skills such as literacy, numeracy and problem solving for any industry to thrive in the global economy. Also, a persistent and positive association with labour productivity and participation in GVCs is observed, at the industry level, for non-cognitive skills such as managing and communication skills, ICT skills and workers’ readiness to learn and to think creatively.
Creation-Date: 2017-06-23
Number: 2017/05
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2017/05-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Ker
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Fernando Galindo-Rueda
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Frascati Manual R&D and the System of National Accounts
Abstract: This working paper looks at the Frascati Manual (FM) framework for Research and Development (R&D) statistics and the System of National Accounts (SNA) framework of comprehensive economic accounts - giving an overview of their shared history and analysing similarities and differences in their approaches to measuring R&D following a fundamental change of the treatment of R&D in the 2008 SNA. The working paper also highlights the various actions taken in the 2015 revision of the FM which respond to National Accounts data needs and thereby aims to provide a common platform for collaboration and dialogue between FM and SNA practitioners. Finally, the FM and SNA R&D statistics are presented and their conceptual, data, and coverage underpinnings compared, helping to elucidate issues that need to be communicated to users so that they can better understand and interpret these related but different R&D statistics.
Creation-Date: 2017-10-16
Number: 2017/06
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2017/06-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Gianluca Tarasconi
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Carlo Menon
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Matching Crunchbase with patent data
Abstract: This note describes a procedure to match companies and individuals listed in Crunchbase, a new database on innovative start-ups and companies, with patent applicants and inventors reported in PATSTAT, the worldwide intellectual property database maintained by the European Patent Office. Given that neither administrative nor other unique identifiers are available in either of the two databases, the matching is based on a “fuzzy” procedure that exploits the available overlapping information across the two databases. A general overview of the resulting database completes the note.
Creation-Date: 2017-11-03
Number: 2017/07
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2017/07-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Jean-Michel Dalle
Author-Name: Matthijs den Besten
Author-Name: Carlo Menon
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Using Crunchbase for economic and managerial research
Abstract: This note describes a new database on innovative start-ups and companies, called Crunchbase, with a focus on its potential for economic and managerial research. Crunchbase is rapidly being discovered by scholars from different fields. It has notably already informed studies on specific sectors as well as studies of networks in the start-up ecosystem. This note first describes the contents of Crunchbase and then reviews academic research that has used it. We further suggest that many more valuable avenues for economic and managerial research can be opened through the combination of Crunchbase with selected supplementary data sources and provide two such examples.
Classification-JEL: L26; M13; O31
Keywords: patents, start-ups, venture capital
Creation-Date: 2017-11-03
Number: 2017/08
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2017/08-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Yoshihiro Hashiguchi
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Norihiko Yamano
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Colin Webb
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Economic shocks and changes in global production structures: Methods for measuring economic resilience
Abstract: Conventional studies on the impacts of economic shocks using global input-output tables (sensitivity analyses) assume stable production structures and thus, only reveal the marginal impacts of changes in final demand. However, when economic shocks occur, whether at home or abroad, economic agents are expected to react to reduce the negative impact or amplify the positive effects. The ability of a country to contain economic losses can be defined as the resilience to economic shocks. Using the OECD's annual Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) tables, 1995 to 2011, this paper investigates the relationship between changes in final demand and production structures for 61 economies. Our findings are summarised as follows. Production and final demand structures tend to change to reduce the negative feedbacks from final demand shocks. During economic downturns, structures tend to change so that the dependence on domestic services increases, while the dependence on domestic demand for goods, and the dependence on foreign demand for domestic goods and services, both decrease. Therefore, the domestic service sector seems to play a key role in temporarily containing the negative feedback. Countries that are able to prop up their economy by domestic service sectors instead of domestic goods and foreign sectors are more resilient to negative economic shocks.
Classification-JEL: C14; D57; E12; F47
Keywords: economic resilience, global value chains, input-output, structural changes
Creation-Date: 2017-11-03
Number: 2017/09
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2017/09-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Steffi Friedrichs
Author-Name: Brigitte van Beuzekom
Title: Revised proposal for the revision of the statistical definitions of biotechnology and nanotechnology
Abstract: Agreement on a harmonised application of clear statistical definitions of technologies is pertinent to the delineation of technology fields both with regard to each other and within the context of wider economic developments. Biotechnology and nanotechnology are both enabling technologies, which find applications and give rise to innovations in many industry sectors, contributing to determine wide ranges of economic and societal impact. This document revises the OECD's statistical definition of biotechnology, which had last been reviewed in 2008, and proposes the adoption of a statistical definition of nanotechnology in the same format. The statistical definitions proposed in this document are indicative rather than exhaustive and are expected to change over time as biotechnology and nanotechnology activities evolve.
Creation-Date: 2018-01-18
Number: 2018/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2018/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Stefano Breschi
Author-Name: Julie Lassébie
Author-Name: Carlo Menon
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: A portrait of innovative start-ups across countries
Abstract: The report presents new cross-country descriptive evidence on innovative start-ups and related venture capital investments drawing upon Crunchbase, a new dataset that is unprecedented in terms of scope and comprehensiveness. The analysis employs a mix of different statistical techniques (descriptive graphics, econometric analysis, and machine learning) to highlight a number of findings. First, there are significant cross-country differences in the professional and educational background of start-ups’ founders, notably the share of founders with previous academic experience and in the share of “serial entrepreneurs”. Conversely, the founders’ average age is rather constant across countries, but shows a fair degree of variability across sectors. Second, IP assets, and in particular the presence of an inventor in the team of founders, are strongly associated with start-ups’ success. Finally, female founders are less likely to receive funding, receive lower amounts when they do receive financing, and have a lower probability of successful exit, when other factors are controlled for.
Creation-Date: 2018-02-08
Number: 2018/2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2018/2-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Koen De Backer
Author-Name: Timothy DeStefano
Author-Name: Carlo Menon
Author-Name: Jung Ran Suh
Title: Industrial robotics and the global organisation of production
Abstract: Increased robot use, fuelled by price declines and the increased dexterity of these machines, is expected to affect existing/future production technologies and the organisation of production within GVCs. In order to safeguard their competitiveness in an increasingly digitalised global economy, governments across OECD and emerging economies are implementing a range of policy measures/programmes to support the investment in and use of robotics. This paper assesses the extent to which robotics impact the organisation of production through offshoring and backshoring. The results indicate that the use of industrial robots in developed economies appears to be slowing the offshoring rates, although it is not yet prompting firms to bring jobs back home. However, the effect is very recent, especially in labour-intensive sectors, and not yet apparent in developing countries. The findings suggest the rate of global value chain expansion may be slower than in the past.
Creation-Date: 2018-02-27
Number: 2018/03
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2018/03-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Anu Shukla-Jones
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Steffi Friedrichs
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: David E. Winickoff
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Gene editing in an international context: Scientific, economic and social issues across sectors
Abstract: Gene editing techniques represent a major advance in the field of biotechnological research and application, promising significant benefits across the domains of human health, sustainability and the economy. There is broad agreement that gene editing techniques go beyond incremental advances of past biotechnologies. However, harnessing the potential of gene editing techniques will require meeting significant policy challenges in arenas of governance, ethics, and public engagement. This report summarises the discussions of a group of international experts of science, technology and policy, as well as policymakers at a dedicated workshop entitled “Gene editing in an international context: scientific, economic and social issues across sectors” in Ottawa, Canada on 29-30 September 2016.
Creation-Date: 2018-03-23
Number: 2018/04
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2018/04-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Charles Cadestin
Author-Name: Koen De Backer
Author-Name: Isabelle Desnoyers-James
Author-Name: Sébastien Miroudot
Author-Name: Ming Ye
Author-Name: Davide Rigo
Author-Workplace-Name: Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies
Title: Multinational enterprises and global value chains: New Insights on the trade-investment nexus
Abstract: Because of their numerous and large activities across different countries, Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) are believed to be central and dominant actors in the global economy. In addition, it has been argued that the growing fragmentation of production within global value chains (GVCs) in the past decades is largely driven by MNEs.It is remarkable then that despite their acclaimed importance, empirical evidence on MNEs is not widely available and largely incomplete, with data only available for a subset of OECD economies. Based on the new OECD analytical AMNE database including information on MNEs across 43 industries and countries on a bilateral basis, this paper derives new insights on the importance of MNEs today. As the new database also allows the linking with the OECD TiVA database, the new evidence additionally discusses in detail the trade and investment nexus within GVCs and suggests that MNEs’ role in GVCs goes beyond trade and investment policy.
Creation-Date: 2018-03-26
Number: 2018/05
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2018/05-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Steffi Friedrichs
Title: Report on statistics and indicators of biotechnology and nanotechnology
Abstract: This report brings together the latest available patenting and bibliometric activity data on biotechnology, nanotechnology and related emerging and converging technologies. The data has been collected by the secretariat to the OECD Working Party on Biotechnology, Nanotechnology and Converging Technologies (BNCT).This report combines highlights of the indicators and statistics for both biotechnology and nanotechnology, collated and analysed by the BNCT. It provides a summary of trends and developments in biotechnology and nanotechnology over the last 20 to 25 years, based on the longitudinal analyses of patents. In addition, an experimental indicator, which aims to identify trends and developments of research areas of biotechnology and nanotechnology, was introduced: publication titles of the two technology fields were analysed using a text-mining approach, and an overlay map of the most often use keyword co-occurrences was created, in order to visualise the developments over time in each research area.
Creation-Date: 2018-03-27
Number: 2018/06
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2018/06-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Qian Dai
Author-Name: Eunjung Shin
Author-Workplace-Name: Science and Technology Policy Institute (STEPI)
Author-Name: Carthage Smith
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Open and inclusive collaboration in science: A framework
Abstract: Digitalisation is fundamentally changing science and the paper lays out some of the opportunities, risks and major policy challenges associated with these changes. More specifically, the paper lays out a conceptual framework for open science. This framework incorporates access to data and information, as well as civil society engagement, in the different stages of the scientific research process. It is not meant to be prescriptive but should help different communities to decide on their own priorities within the open science space and to better visualise how these priorities link to different stage of the scientific process and to different actors. Such a framework can be useful also in considering how best to incentivise and measure different aspects of open science.
Creation-Date: 2018-03-30
Number: 2018/07
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2018/07-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Steffi Friedrichs
Title: Trend-analysis of science, technology and innovation policies for BNCTs
Abstract: This “Trend-Analysis of Science, Technology and Innovation Policies for BNCTs” aims to analyse policies pertaining to nanotechnology and biotechnology over the past years with regard to their directionality and technology-specificity.The analysis provides some evidence that technology-push policies are favoured for young technology fields, while application-pull policies tend to be applied to more mature fields. In technology-specific policies, the percentage of pure application-pull policies is much lower than that observed for general STI policies. Most individual STI policies are technology-specific in their title or description. Most general STI policies also mention a specific technology and are thus applicable to both the field of general STI and the field of the respective technology. In the case of biotechnology, nanotechnology and ICT, by contrast, at least one third of the policies are unique to the respective field, and only up to a quarter are shared with any other technology field.
Creation-Date: 2018-04-16
Number: 2018/08
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2018/08-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Robert Grundke
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Luca Marcolin
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: The Linh Bao Nguyen
Author-Workplace-Name: Bocconi University
Author-Name: Mariagrazia Squicciarini
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Which skills for the digital era?: Returns to skills analysis
Abstract: This paper sheds light on the extent to which different types of skills are rewarded as industries go digital. It relies on information from the OECD Survey of Adult Skills on labour market participation and workers’ skills for 31 countries as well as on a novel OECD index on the digital penetration of industries. It investigates how cognitive and non-cognitive skills are rewarded in digital vs. less digital intensive industries and assesses the extent to which skills bundles matter. The results indicate that digital intensive industries especially reward workers having relatively higher levels of self-organisation and advanced numeracy skills. Moreover, for workers in digital intensive industries, bundles of skills are particularly important: workers endowed with a high level of numeracy skills receive an additional wage premium, if they also show high levels of self-organisation or managing and communication skills.
Creation-Date: 2018-04-23
Number: 2018/09
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2018/09-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Sara Calligaris
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Chiara Criscuolo
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Luca Marcolin
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Mark-ups in the digital era
Abstract: This paper examines the evolution of firm mark-ups across 26 countries for the period 2001-14. It also discusses and investigates empirically how this can be related to the degree of digital transformation in sectors. Four main facts emerge: i) mark-ups are increasing over the period, on average across country; ii) this result is driven by firms at the top of the mark-up distribution, while the bottom half of the distribution exhibits a flat trend over time; (iii) mark-ups are higher in digital-intensive sectors than in less-digitally intensive sectors; (iv) mark-up differentials between digitally-intensive and less-digitally-intensive sectors have increased significantly over time.
Classification-JEL: D2; L1; L2; O33
Keywords: Digitalization, Mark-Ups, Market Power, Technological Change
Creation-Date: 2018-04-25
Number: 2018/10
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2018/10-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Hermann Garden
Author-Name: David Winickoff
Title: Issues in neurotechnology governance
Abstract: Addressing the effects of population ageing, including the increase in mental illnesses and neurological disorders, remains a top priority for many countries and is reflected at the highest levels of international dialogue. Governments, funders, and companies around the world are making unprecedented investments in brain research and the development of neurotechnologies. Advances in brain science and neurotechnology present major opportunities for health innovation and societal benefits, but also raise difficult questions at the intersection of science, society and economy. This report provides a summary of the main discussion points emerging from the Expert Consultation on “Neurotechnology and Society”, held on 14-15 September 2017, in Washington D.C., United States. Meeting participants acknowledged the increasingly international enterprise of neurotechnological innovation. Recommendations for addressing pressing ethical, legal, social, economic and cultural challenges may be beneficial to ensure responsible advancement of emerging neurotechnologies. Consideration of these issues should span laboratory, clinical, and industry settings.
Creation-Date: 2018-05-24
Number: 2018/11
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2018/11-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Hermann Garden
Author-Name: David Winickoff
Title: Gene editing for advanced therapies: Governance, policy and society
Abstract: Gene editing aims to modify the genetic sequence at a precise genomic location. Recent breakthroughs in gene editing techniques such as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system have ushered in a new era for gene editing and health innovation. The purpose of the Expert Meeting (6-7 July 2017, Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Berlin, Germany) was to explore the core scientific, legal, regulatory and societal challenges facing the responsible development and use of gene editing in somatic cells for advanced therapies. Experts noted that the trajectory of gene editing in research and development and the uptake of future therapies in the clinical setting remain unclear due to uncertainties in the scientific, regulatory, and economic landscapes. Many policy issues are also raised in the context of other emerging technologies. Governance must cope with a moving technical frontier and some level of uncertainty around risks and benefits.
Creation-Date: 2018-05-24
Number: 2018/12
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2018/12-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Giuseppe Berlingieri
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Sara Calligaris
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Chiara Criscuolo
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: The productivity-wage premium: Does size still matter in a service economy?
Abstract: The literature has established two robust stylised facts: (i) the existence of a firm size-wage premium; and (ii) a positive relationship between firm size and productivity. However, the existing evidence is mainly based on manufacturing data only. With manufacturing nowadays accounting for a small share of the economy, whether productivity, size, and wages are closely linked, and how tight this link is across sectors, is still an open question. Using a unique micro-aggregated dataset covering the whole economy in 17 countries over 1994-2012, this paper compares these relationships across sectors. While the size-wage and size-productivity premia are significantly weaker in market services compared to manufacturing, the link between wages and productivity is stronger. The combination of these results suggests that, in a service economy the “size-wage premium” becomes more a “productivity-wage premium”. These results have first-order policy implications for both workers and firms.
Classification-JEL: D2; E2; J3
Keywords: Productivity, Size-Premium, Wages
Creation-Date: 2018-06-12
Number: 2018/13
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2018/13-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Flavio Calvino
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Chiara Criscuolo
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Luca Marcolin
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Mariagrazia Squicciarini
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: A taxonomy of digital intensive sectors
Abstract: This study proposes a taxonomy of sectors according to the extent to which they have gone digital. The taxonomy accounts for some of the key facets of the digital transformation, and recognises that sectors differ in their development and adoption of the most advanced “digital” technologies, in the human capital needed to embed them in production and in the extent to which digital tools are used to deal with clients and suppliers. The indicators used to classify 36 ISIC revision 4 sectors over the period 2001-15 are: share of ICT tangible and intangible (i.e. software) investment; share of purchases of intermediate ICT goods and services; stock of robots per hundreds of employees; share of ICT specialists in total employment; and the share of turnover from online sales. The study further proposes an overall summary indicator of the digital transformation in sectors which encompasses all the considered dimensions.
Creation-Date: 2018-06-15
Number: 2018/14
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2018/14-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Norihiko Yamano
Author-Name: Joaquim Guilhoto
Author-Name: Ali Alsamawi
Author-Name: Colin Webb
Title: Development of the OECD Inter Country Input-Output Database 2018
Abstract: This document describes the sources and methods used to construct the 2018 edition of OECD’s Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) tables. ICIO tables provide a globally balanced view of the domestic and international flows of goods and services used as intermediate inputs into production and to meet final demand. Development of ICIO tables accelerated in 2010 following the collapse in international trade during the 2008-09 global financial crisis and subsequent calls for a better understanding of the complex economic linkages between countries and regions due to the increasing prevalence of global value chains (GVCs). Demand from trade policy analysts for indicators of Trade in Value Added, as a complement to traditional bilateral trade statistics, was a key impetus for producing ICIO tables. The tables also provide a key tool for addressing other policy issues related to globalisation, such as employment in GVCs (including gender aspects), trade in embodied carbon and the impacts of economic shocks.
Classification-JEL: C82; E01; F14
Keywords: Global Value Chains (GVCs), Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) tables, International trade, Supply and Use Tables (SUTs), Trade in Value Added (TiVA)
Creation-Date: 2018-06-18
Number: 2018/15
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2018/15-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Matej Bajgar
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Sara Calligaris
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Flavio Calvino
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Chiara Criscuolo
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Jonathan Timmis
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Bits and bolts: The digital transformation and manufacturing
Abstract: The digital transformation forces a re-think of government policy as manufacturing business models increasingly transition from “bolts” to “bits”. The road to Industry 4.0 implies important and pervasive changes in business dynamics, firm growth and the nature of competition. This report presents a framework for measuring the digital transformation of manufacturing industries, and maps the impact of digital technologies across these several dimensions: firm productivity growth, business dynamism, industry concentration, firm mark-ups and mergers and acquisition activity. It suggests policies that governments can use to facilitate digital adoption and reap the benefits of the digital revolution in manufacturing.
Creation-Date: 2019-04-05
Number: 2019/01
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2019/01-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Matej Bajgar
Author-Name: Giuseppe Berlingieri
Author-Name: Sara Calligaris
Author-Name: Chiara Criscuolo
Title: Can firm micro data match macro trends?: Comparing MultiProd and STAN
Abstract: Better understanding about the drivers of aggregate productivity and wage inequality requires data that offer a representative picture of the underlying firm-level heterogeneity but are, at the same time, able to reproduce patterns observed in aggregate data. The OECD MultiProd project aims to generate such data by collaborating with a network of national experts who apply a harmonised statistical code to representative business microdata across a large number of countries. This paper compares the project’s output to the OECD STAN database to test to what extent MultiProd data can be taken as reflecting the aggregate economies in question, and if they are able to reproduce patterns observed in aggregate data across years, industries and countries. The results suggest that (1) MultiProd captures a major part of gross output, value added and employment in most of the countries covered; and (2) MultiProd reproduces aggregate patterns relatively well, with median correlations over time, across industries and across countries between 0.75.
Creation-Date: 2019-06-14
Number: 2019/02
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2019/02-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Isabelle Desnoyers-James
Author-Name: Sara Calligaris
Author-Name: Flavio Calvino
Title: DynEmp and MultiProd: Metadata
Abstract: This report presents a new effort to collect comprehensive metadata for DynEmp and MultiProd, two OECD distributed microdata projects that collect information to analyse employment dynamics and productivity in a harmonised way across countries. It gives an overall description of both projects, presents the methodologies used for the data collection, summarises the main features of the data by country and provides further country-specific information.
Creation-Date: 2019-07-18
Number: 2019/03
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2019/03-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Joaquim Guilhoto
Author-Name: Geoffrey Hewings
Author-Name: Nick Johnstone
Author-Name: Colin Webb
Author-Name: Norihiko Yamano
Title: Exploring changes in world production and trade: Insights from the 2018 update of OECD’s ICIO/TIVA database
Abstract: Drawing on the 2018 update of OECD’s Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) database, this paper explores the evolution of trade in value added (TiVA) between 2005 and 2015. Changes in international production systems are examined with particular attention given to four key sectors heavily integrated into global value chains (GVCs): Textiles and Apparel; Chemicals; ICT and Electronics; and, Motor Vehicles. Some insights into the roles played by services sectors and non-residents’ expenditure and, the employment and environmental impacts of GVCs, are also provided.Considerable heterogeneity across countries and regions is revealed, particularly for East and Southeast Asian where China plays a key role. Services are increasingly important for manufactured exporting activities as well as for countries wishing to “upgrade” their activities to higher value added stages of production. Taking a consumption perspective suggests that national efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions could be affected by international outsourcing of production.
Classification-JEL: F14; F15; F16; F18; R15; C67
Keywords: CO2 Emissions Embodied in Trade, Inter-Country Input-Output, International Trade, Trade in Employment, Trade in Value Added
Creation-Date: 2019-08-06
Number: 2019/04
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2019/04-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Hermann Garden
Author-Name: David E. Winickoff
Author-Name: Nina Maria Frahm
Author-Name: Sebastian Pfotenhauer
Title: Responsible innovation in neurotechnology enterprises
Abstract: Novel neurotechnology offers significant potential for the promotion of health and economic growth. Spearheaded by large national and international flagship initiatives in brain science and fuelled by a clear medical need, research both in the public and private sector has made considerable strides towards novel neurotechnology, services and markets. At the same time, neurotechnology raises a range of unique ethical, legal, and policy questions that potential business models will have to address.This document is the result of analytical work on the opportunities and challenges of implementing responsibility frameworks into neurotechnology translation at major brain research initiatives and in the private sector. The report draws on: (1) the discussion at the BNCT workshop “Minding Neurotechnology: delivering responsible innovation for health and well-being”, 2018, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; and (2) commentaries by workshop participants. The Workshop provided a forum for innovators to discuss strategies for delivering responsible innovation in neurotechnology.
Creation-Date: 2019-10-11
Number: 2019/05
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2019/05-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Silvia Appelt
Author-Name: Fernando Galindo-Rueda
Author-Name: Ana Cinta González Cabral
Title: Measuring R&D tax support: Findings from the new OECD R&D Tax Incentives Database
Abstract: Investment in research and experimental development (R&D) is an important driver of innovation and economic growth. Over the past two decades, tax incentives have become a key policy instrument for promoting business R&D. This raises a number of policy questions: How has the role of tax incentives in the R&D support policy mix evolved across OECD countries and other major economies? How generous are tax relief provisions for different types of firms? How effective are they in stimulating business R&D investment? The OECD R&D Tax Incentives Database (http://oe.cd/rdtax) aims to contribute to the data infrastructure available to policy makers and researchers to examine the use and impact of R&D tax incentives across OECD countries and partner economies. This paper provides a practical guide to using this new database, describing the recently released R&D tax incentive data and highlighting their potential for internationally comparative work through descriptive indicators and econometric analysis.
Creation-Date: 2019-10-15
Number: 2019/06
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2019/06-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Timothy DeStefano
Author-Name: Koen De Backer
Author-Name: Jung Ran Suh
Title: Industrial robotics and product(ion) quality
Abstract: The following report examines the importance of industrial robotics as a driver of production and trade quality. In an attempt to peer below the aggregate surface of traditional industrial GVC indicators, the paper relies on 6 digit product level trade data to assess the extent to which industrial robotics influence the quality of exported and imported goods for developed and emerging economies over the last two decades. The results demonstrate that robotics contribute to increasing quality of exports however the effect is somewhat nuanced between high income and emerging economies. For high-income countries the diffusion of robots is linked with an increase in within product quality, however for emerging economies quality gains appear to be somewhat more pronounced between products. At the same time, robotics appear to have little or no effect on import quality or on the concentration of exports and products for either type of economy.
Creation-Date: 2019-11-04
Number: 2019/07
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2019/07-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Karin Gourdon
Author-Name: Christian Steidl
Title: Global value chains and the shipbuilding industry
Abstract: This paper provides an initial assessment of the shipbuilding industry in the context of global value chains by presenting new descriptive evidence on value added generation and sourcing patterns of intermediate inputs for ship construction of major shipbuilding economies. The findings reveal that shipbuilding relies heavily on intermediate inputs as around 70-80% of the final output value of ship production is generated through supplier sectors. Concerning sourcing activity, China appears to be the most self-sufficient among the four jurisdictions studied, followed by Japan and the EU28, while Korea seems to be more globally integrated. The analysis also explores variations among the four economies in the cost structure of shipbuilding inputs, which might partly be explained by differences in the ship types produced.
Classification-JEL: F14; L23; L62
Keywords: global value chains, input output tables, shipbuilding, value added
Creation-Date: 2019-11-14
Number: 2019/08
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2019/08-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Peter Horvát
Author-Name: Colin Webb
Author-Name: Norihiko Yamano
Title: Measuring employment in global value chains
Abstract: Growing economic integration worldwide and the spread of global value chains (GVCs) increases the sensitivity of employment in one country or region to changes in demand in other countries or regions. However, traditional statistics do not reveal the full nature of global interdependencies - notably how consumption in one country may drive production and therefore, sustain employment in other economies or, how employment in an upstream domestic industry may be affected by exporting activities of other domestic industries.This document describes the sources and methods used to produce the indicators in the Trade in employment (TiM) database. These indicators were developed, as a complement to Trade in Value Added (TiVA) indicators, to provide broad insights into the impact of GVCs on labour markets. The indicators are derived by combining the latest set of OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) tables, covering the years 2005 to 2015, with appropriate employment by industry statistics.
Creation-Date: 2020-02-17
Number: 2020/01
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2020/01-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Fernando Galindo-Rueda
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Fabien Verger
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Sylvain Ouellet
Author-Workplace-Name: Statistics Canada
Title: Patterns of innovation, advanced technology use and business practices in Canadian firms
Abstract: This paper uses a distributed microdata analysis approach to map patterns of technology adoption in Canadian firms, exploring the relationship between technology adoption, business practices and innovation. Prepared by the OECD NESTI secretariat in collaboration with Statistics Canada, the paper leverages a unique enterprise database combining information on innovation, technology adoption and the use of selected business practices. This work suggests a number of possible pathways for selecting and defining priority technology and business practices for data collection and reporting, implementing recommendations in the 2018 Oslo Manual on enablers and objectives of business innovation, and identifying potential synergies between business innovation, management and ICT, and other surveys focused on various aspects of technology adoption.
Creation-Date: 2020-03-19
Number: 2020/02
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2020/02-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Michela Bello
Author-Name: Fernando Galindo-Rueda
Title: Charting the digital transformation of science: Findings from the 2018 OECD International Survey of Scientific Authors (ISSA2)
Abstract: This paper presents the results of the 2018 OECD International Survey of Scientific Authors (ISSA2), a global online survey designed and implemented to measure the key features of the digital transformation of science. The paper explores the potential impacts of digitalisation based on a combination of different indicators on research impact and responses from nearly 12 000 authors across the world. The evidence shows that although digital activity is pervasive, the transformation is uneven across fields and sectors, and is influenced by factors such as norms, experience, skills and data availability. Overall, scientists appear to be optimistic about the potential of digitalisation, especially in relation to the efficiency of research and collaboration across national borders. This paper is also the first analysis to leverage a new OECD approach to data collection in priority science policy topics for which evidence might be scarce or insufficiently timely.
Creation-Date: 2020-04-09
Number: 2020/03
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2020/03-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Michela Bello
Author-Name: Fernando Galindo-Rueda
Title: The 2018 OECD International Survey of Scientific Authors
Abstract: This technical paper describes the methodology and main features of the second pilot of the OECD International Survey of Scientific Authors (ISSA2). ISSA2 was carried out in 2018 to provide evidence on the nature and effects of digitalisation in science. This paper describes the key design and implementation feature of the ISSA2 online survey. It also provides an overview of the data collected focusing on the profiles of the survey respondents in relation to the broader population they represent. This aims to guide third-party research use of the data and code made openly available under two different access regimes.
Creation-Date: 2020-04-09
Number: 2020/04
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2020/04-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Stefano Baruffaldi
Author-Workplace-Name: Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition
Author-Name: Brigitte van Beuzekom
Author-Name: Hélène Dernis
Author-Name: Dietmar Harhoff
Author-Workplace-Name: Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition
Author-Name: Nandan Rao
Author-Name: David Rosenfeld
Author-Name: Mariagrazia Squicciarini
Title: Identifying and measuring developments in artificial intelligence: Making the impossible possible
Abstract: This paper identifies and measures developments in science, algorithms and technologies related to artificial intelligence (AI). Using information from scientific publications, open source software (OSS) and patents, it finds a marked increase in AI-related developments over recent years. Since 2015, AI-related publications have increased by 23% per year; from 2014 to 2018, AI-related OSS contributions grew at a rate three times greater than other OSS contributions; and AI-related inventions comprised, on average, more than 2.3% of IP5 patent families in 2017. China’s growing role in the AI space also emerges. The analysis relies on a three-pronged approach based on established bibliometric and patent-based methods, and machine learning (ML) implemented on purposely collected OSS data.
Creation-Date: 2020-05-01
Number: 2020/05
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2020/05-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Matej Bajgar
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Giuseppe Berlingieri
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Sara Calligaris
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Chiara Criscuolo
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Jonathan Timmis
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Coverage and representativeness of Orbis data
Abstract: This paper describes the coverage and representativeness of Orbis, a commercial database of firm-level records across many countries. Such databases can provide key insights into global economic trends and shed light on how policies affect firms within and across countries. As a benchmark, the paper uses industry-level data from the OECD STAN dataset as well as micro-aggregated data from the OECD MultiProd and DynEmp projects, which draw on official microdata representative of the entire firm population. Results indicate that Orbis is more suitable for studies that: i) take a global perspective rather than make comparisons across countries; ii) analyse top performers and multinationals rather than underperforming firms; and iii) focus on mean performance or changes within firms rather than the entire firm distribution or entry and exit.
Classification-JEL: D22; O47; Y1
Keywords: cross-country analysis, distributed microdata analysis, firm-level data
Creation-Date: 2020-05-28
Number: 2020/06
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2020/06-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Raphaela Andres
Author-Workplace-Name: Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung
Author-Name: Timothy DeStefano
Author-Workplace-Name: Harvard Business School
Author-Name: Thomas Niebel
Author-Workplace-Name: Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung
Author-Name: Steffen Viete
Author-Workplace-Name: Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung
Title: Capital incentive policies in the age of cloud computing: An empirical case study
Abstract: This paper assesses whether current policy environments are appropriate for the emergence of cloud computing technology. In particular, this research uses firm level data for Germany and the United Kingdom to examine the impact of capital incentive programmes (a common policy present in most OECD countries) on cloud adoption. The design for many of these policies target investments in physical capital while excluding digital services like the cloud. Firms view digital investments and digital services as substitutes, therefore narrowly defined incentive programmes may actually discourage the use of emerging tools like cloud computing, which are found to enable the growth and performance of young entrants. Overall, the results find that while capital incentive policies encourage firm investments in ICT and other forms of capital, they actually reduce the probability of cloud adoption. Policy makers may therefore need to reconsider the design of capital incentive programmes within their jurisdictions.
Creation-Date: 2020-08-13
Number: 2020/07
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2020/07-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Timothy DeStefano
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Filipe Silva
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Sho Haneda
Author-Workplace-Name: Nihon University
Author-Name: Hyeog Ug Kwon
Author-Workplace-Name: Nihon University
Title: Structural adjustment and changes to employment use in Japan
Abstract: This paper examines the determinants of structural adjustment in Japan and identifies several factors that explain the use of certain employment types. Its findings are based on a novel plant-level dataset that provides considerable detail on the types of employees used by Japanese manufacturers between 2001 and 2014. Analysis of this dataset shows that growth in the diffusion of robotics is linked to fewer non-regular employees, which seems to be partially driven by the positive association between robot adoption and the dismissal of certain types of non-regular workers. It also finds that offshoring from Japan to other countries contributes to the use of both regular and non-regular workers, while higher plant productivity is related to the use of more regular workers. Finally, establishments that experienced job dismissals appear to substitute non-regular workers for regular workers.
Classification-JEL: J21; J23
Keywords: Employment composition, Layoffs, Structural adjustment
Creation-Date: 2020-08-20
Number: 2020/08
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2020/08-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Vincenzo Spiezia
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Jan Tscheke
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: International agreements on cross-border data flows and international trade: A statistical analysis
Abstract: This report uses a state-of-the-art gravity model to analyse the effects of selected international data agreements on bilateral trade flows in goods and services for the years 1995-2012. International data agreements can foster cross-border transactions by enhancing consumer trust and the interoperability of national regulatory frameworks, providing legal clarity for firms operating in distinct jurisdictions. Yet they can also involve compliance costs and restrictions on the free flow of data, potentially creating trade barriers. The report sheds light on these issues by examining how entering an international data agreement (e.g. the EU Data Protection Directive, the EU-US and Switzerland-US Safe Harbor agreements or the Council of Europe Convention 108) affects trade among participating countries relative to trade with or among non-participating countries. The results suggest that entering such agreements has a statistically significant and robust effect on trade, though this effect can vary according to the nature of the agreement.
Creation-Date: 2020-10-12
Number: 2020/09
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2020/09-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Peter Horvát
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Colin Webb
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: The OECD STAN Database for industrial analysis: Sources and methods
Abstract: This paper summarises and describes the variables, industries, methods and sources used in the construction of the STructural ANalysis (STAN) industry database. The STAN database serves as a tool for analysing industrial performance at a relatively detailed level of industrial activity. It includes annual measures of output, value added and its components, as well as labour input, investment and capital stock from 1970 onwards. This allows for a wide range of comparative cross-country analyses focusing on, for example, productivity growth, competitiveness and economic structural change. A standard industry list allows for comparisons across countries and provides sufficient detail to focus on, for example, high R&D-intensive activities, high digital-intensive activities or detailed ICT industries. The industry list is compatible with those used in related OECD industry databases.
Creation-Date: 2020-11-18
Number: 2020/10
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2020/10-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Norihiko Yamano
Author-Name: Joaquim Guilhoto
Title: CO2 emissions embodied in international trade and domestic final demand: Methodology and results using the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output Database
Abstract: This paper describes the sources and methods used to estimate carbon emissions embodied in final demand and international gross trade for 65 economies over the period 2005-2015. Earlier OECD analyses of carbon footprints, accounting for global production networks, helped raise awareness of divergences between territorial and resident principles, and between production-based and consumption-based carbon emissions. Understanding the differences in these measures is important for governments to better understand and address greenhouse gas mitigation options. Thus, a new refined methodology was applied to allocate territorial emissions to production-based emissions (industries and households) using OECD Inter-Country Input-Output tables and International Energy Agency (IEA) CO2 emissions from fuel combustion statistics. In particular, this methodology introduces: 1) explicit distinctions between territorial and resident principles, economic output and final demand-based emissions and emissions embodied in gross imports and exports; 2) estimates by major fuel combustion sources; and 3) fuel purchases by non-resident industries and households.
Keywords: CO2 emissions, Consumption-based accounting, Inter-Country Input-Output, International trade
Creation-Date: 2020-11-23
Number: 2020/11
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2020/11-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Michael McMahon
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Sara Calligaris
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Eleanor Doyle
Author-Workplace-Name: Cork University Business School
Author-Name: Stephen Kinsella
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Limerick
Title: Scale, market power and competition in a digital world: Is bigger better?
Abstract: This report assesses the impact of digitalisation on competition by examining the evolution of mark-ups and multifactor productivity (MFP) across firms of different sizes. It finds that size is positively related to mark-ups and that this relationship has strengthened over time. This trend has been accompanied by an increase in the relative productivity advantage of larger firms and both changes are more pronounced in digital-intensive sectors, suggesting that digitalisation may be an underlying driver. Policy makers may need to consider appropriate responses if digital technologies affect larger and smaller firms in a heterogeneous manner.
Classification-JEL: D2; D24; L1; L2; O33
Keywords: Digitalisation, Intangible Assets, Mark-ups, Market Power, Multifactor Productivity, Scale
Creation-Date: 2021-01-18
Number: 2021/01
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2021/01-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Chiara Criscuolo
Author-Name: Alexander Hijzen
Author-Name: Michael Koelle
Author-Name: Cyrille Schwellnus
Author-Name: Erling Barth
Author-Name: Wen-Hao Chen
Author-Name: Richard Fabling
Author-Name: Priscilla Fialho
Author-Name: Alfred Garloff
Author-Name: Katharzyna Grabska
Author-Name: Ryo Kambayashi
Author-Name: Valerie Lankester
Author-Name: Balázs Muraközy
Author-Name: Oskar Nordström Skans
Author-Name: Satu Nurmi
Author-Name: Balazs Stadler
Author-Name: Richard Upward
Author-Name: Wouter Zwysen
Title: The firm-level link between productivity dispersion and wage inequality: A symptom of low job mobility?
Abstract: Differences in average wages across firms – which account for around one-half of overall wage inequality – are mainly explained by differences in firm wage premia (the part of wages that depends exclusively on characteristics of firms) rather than workforce composition. Using a new cross-country dataset of linked employer-employee data, this paper investigates the role of cross-firm dispersion in productivity in explaining dispersion in firm wage premia, as well as the factors shaping the link between productivity and wages at the firm level. The results suggest that around 15% of cross-firm differences in productivity are passed on to differences in firm wage premia. The degree of pass-through is systematically larger in countries and industries with more limited job mobility, where low-productivity firms can afford to pay lower wage premia relative to high-productivity ones without a substantial fraction of workers quitting their jobs. Stronger product market competition raises pass-through while more centralised bargaining and higher minimum wages constrain firm-level wage setting at any given level of productivity dispersion. From a policy perspective, the results suggest that the key priority should be to promote job mobility, which would reduce wage differences between firms while easing the efficient reallocation of workers across them.
Creation-Date: 2021-03-04
Number: 2021/02
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2021/02-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Mariagrazia Squicciarini
Author-Name: Heike Nachtigall
Title: Demand for AI skills in jobs: Evidence from online job postings
Abstract: This report presents new evidence about occupations requiring artificial intelligence (AI)-related competencies, based on online job posting data and previous work on identifying and measuring developments in AI. It finds that the total number of AI-related jobs increased over time in the four countries considered – Canada, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States – and that a growing number of jobs require multiple AI-related skills. Skills related to communication, problem solving, creativity and teamwork gained relative importance over time, as did complementary software-related and AI-specific competencies. As expected, many AI-related jobs are posted in categories such as “professionals” and “technicians and associated professionals”, though AI-related skills are in demand, to varying degrees, across almost all sectors of the economy. In all countries considered, the sectors “Information and Communication”, “Financial and Insurance Activities” and “Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities” are the most AI job-intensive.
Keywords: Digital, Employment, Science & Technology
Creation-Date: 2021-03-25
Number: 2021/03
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2021/03-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: James Jolliffe
Author-Name: Claire Jolly
Author-Name: Barrie Stevens
Title: Blueprint for improved measurement of the international ocean economy: An exploration of satellite accounting for ocean economic activity
Abstract: Sustainably managing the ocean requires reliable measures of the ocean’s contributions to society and the effects that human activities have on the marine environment. This paper informs current international discussions on the measurement of ocean economic activities. It summarises the extent to which the ocean is crucial to society, outlines national approaches to measuring ocean economies, establishes an OECD definition of ocean economic activities for statistical purposes, and introduces a plan to improve international ocean economy statistics through the pragmatic development of satellite accounts. By measuring the full range of ocean economic activities, this framework will improve evidence on ocean sustainability and lay the foundations for ocean accounts that include economic-environmental linkages.
Creation-Date: 2021-04-02
Number: 2021/04
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2021/04-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Emile Cammeraat
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Mariagrazia Squicciarini
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Burning Glass Technologies’ data use in policy-relevant analysis: An occupation-level assessment
Abstract: This work proposes an analysis of the statistical properties and distributional characteristics of Burning Glass Technologies’ (BGT) data on online job openings from platforms and companies, at the occupation level. BGT data are compared to official data on employment by occupation to assess their occupation-specific representativeness. This work further proposes weighting schemes aimed at making BGT-based analysis fully representative at the occupation and country levels, where appropriate.The analysis encompasses six economies – Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States – for the period 2010-19. Overall, it finds that BGT data exhibit good statistical properties and are a useful source of timely information about labour market demand, especially for high-skill occupations and recruitment processes that are more likely to happen online.
Keywords: Labour Demand, Occupations, Online Job Posting, Representativeness, Statistics
Creation-Date: 2021-04-28
Number: 2021/05
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2021/05-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Shohei Nakazato
Author-Name: Mariagrazia Squicciarini
Title: Artificial intelligence companies, goods and services: A trademark-based analysis
Abstract: This work proposes an experimental methodology to identify and measure artificial intelligence (AI)-related trademarks. It aims to shed light on the extent to which (new) companies and products appearing on the market rely on, exploit or propose AI-related goods and services, and to help identify the companies and organisations that are active in the AI space. The paper finds evidence that AI-related goods and services have expanded in consumer markets in recent years. Companies and other economic agents appear to register AI-related trademarks primarily to protect computer-related products and/or services, especially software, audio-visual devices and for analytical purposes. Important trademark activities related to AI also emerge in the education space, with AI-related keywords being frequently associated with educational services as well as classes, publications, workshops and online material.
Classification-JEL: O31; O34; L25
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, goods and services, markets, trademarks
Creation-Date: 2021-05-04
Number: 2021/06
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2021/06-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Diogo Machado
Title: Quantitative indicators for high-risk/high-reward research
Abstract: This paper describes the key characteristics of high-risk/high-reward research (HRHR), which has gained considerable interest from policy makers as a way to promote the development of new, ‘out-of-the-box’ ideas. It identifies three dimensions that are accentuated in HRHR research: higher levels of basicness, generality and novelty. These knowledge characteristics are commonly associated with market failure and research that requires public investment because it has large spill-overs, long time horizons and high levels of uncertainty. This is illustrated with examples of specific discoveries embedding each knowledge characteristic and the application of appropriate quantitative measures. The paper concludes with the computation and demonstration of an indicator of novelty that may be particularly well suited for the monitoring and evaluation of HRHR research policies.
Creation-Date: 2021-05-20
Number: 2021/07
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2021/07-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Matthias Deschryvere
Author-Workplace-Name: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland
Author-Name: Kai Husso
Author-Workplace-Name: Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment of Finland
Author-Name: Arho Suominen
Author-Workplace-Name: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland
Title: Targeting R&D intensity in Finnish innovation policy
Abstract: Finland has been setting research and development (R&D) intensity targets for almost 50 years. This paper explores the Finnish national policy experience in fostering public and private investments in R&D. Three key insights are the following: a) a systemic and integrated policy approach needs an impactful co-ordination and governance mechanism; b) a balanced innovation system with well-working joint public-private partnership efforts and mechanisms will do better in absorbing shocks; c) a key strategy to absorb shocks to the economy and society is to invest in long-term capabilities. This study also provides an overview of the factors influencing the level of R&D intensity. The current 4% target to be reached by 2030 was set in 2019 but thus far relatively few policy actions have been introduced to operationalise it. With these dynamics and uncertainty, it remains to be seen if the target will be reached by 2030.
Classification-JEL: L52; O30; O38
Keywords: innovation policy, R&D intensity targets, R&D policy, research and development (R&D)
Creation-Date: 2021-06-28
Number: 2021/08
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2021/08-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Izumi Yamashita
Author-Name: Akiyoshi Murakami
Author-Name: Stephanie Cairns
Author-Name: Fernando Galindo-Rueda
Title: Measuring the AI content of government-funded R&D projects: A proof of concept for the OECD Fundstat initiative
Abstract: This report presents the results of a proof of concept for a new analytical infrastructure (“Fundstat”) for analysing government funding of R&D at the project level, exploiting the wealth of text-based information about funded projects. Reflecting the growth in popularity of artificial intelligence (AI) and the OECD Council Recommendation on AI’s emphasis on R&D investment, the report focuses on analysing government investments into AI-related R&D. Using text mining tools, it documents the creation of a list of key terms used to identify AI-related R&D projects contained in 13 funding databases from eight OECD countries and the EU, provides estimates for the total number and volume of government R&D funding, and characterises their AI funding portfolio. The methods and findings developed in this study also serve as a prototype for a new distributed mechanism capable of measuring and analysing government R&D support across key OECD priority areas and topics.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, government funding, research and development
Creation-Date: 2021-06-28
Number: 2021/09
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2021/09-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Carol Corrado
Author-Workplace-Name: The Conference Board
Author-Name: Chiara Criscuolo
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Jonathan Haskel
Author-Workplace-Name: Imperial College
Author-Name: Alexander Himbert
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Cecilia Jona-Lasinio
Author-Workplace-Name: LUISS Guido Carli
Title: New evidence on intangibles, diffusion and productivity
Abstract: This paper presents new evidence on the impact of intangible capital on productivity dispersion within industries. It first shows that rise in productivity dispersion after 2000 is more pronounced in intangible-intensive industries; then analyses the link between intangible capital intensity and productivity dispersion both at the top and at the bottom of the productivity distribution, and in different industries. The findings suggest that industries that have experienced a stronger increase in intangible investment have also seen a steeper rise in productivity dispersion both at the top and at the bottom of the productivity distribution. While the results at the top seem to be associated with the scalability of intangible capital – which is likely to disproportionally benefit high-productivity firms and incumbents – dispersion at the bottom appears to be linked to complementarities between intangible investment and factors like digital intensity, trade openness and venture capital.
Keywords: Innovation, Investment, Science and Technology
Creation-Date: 2021-07-08
Number: 2021/10
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2021/10-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Claire Jolly
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: James Jolliffe
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Clare Postlethwaite
Author-Workplace-Name: National Oceanography Centre
Author-Name: Emma Heslop
Author-Workplace-Name: Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO
Title: Value chains in public marine data: A UK case study
Abstract: Marine data play a crucial role for many scientific disciplines, as well as for very diverse operational services such as fisheries management, environmental planning, marine conservation, weather forecasting, or port management. The information derived from marine data is also increasingly finding its way into a wide and varied range of public policy arenas and private industries. Collecting, distributing and archiving public marine data provide benefits to society at large, however as with all public investments, assessments are needed to provide evidence to decision makers. Based on an original survey of UK marine data users, this paper explores pathways through which marine data are used and transformed into actionable information, creating systematised value chains for the first time. The analysis unveils trends in current marine data uses in the UK and key benefits of data uses. The paper lays the foundations for further OECD work with the marine data community.
Creation-Date: 2021-07-30
Number: 2021/11
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2021/11-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Matej Bajgar
Author-Workplace-Name: Center for Economic Research and Graduate Education - Economics Institute
Author-Name: Chiara Criscuolo
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Jonathan Timmis
Author-Workplace-Name: The World Bank
Title: Intangibles and industry concentration: Supersize me
Abstract: This paper presents new evidence on the growing scale of big businesses in the United States, Japan, and Europe. It finds broad evidence of rising industry concentration across the majority of countries and sectors over the period 2002 to 2014. Rising concentration is strongly associated with intensive investment in intangibles, particularly innovative assets, software, and data. This relationship appears to be stronger in more globalised and digital-intensive industries. The results are consistent with intangibles disproportionately benefiting large firms and enabling them to scale up and increase market shares. We find nuanced implications of these new business models for competition – rising markups and reduced churning amongst the top firms, but falling industry prices.
Classification-JEL: E22; L1; L25
Keywords: Competition, Industry and entrepreneurship, Innovation
Creation-Date: 2021-09-22
Number: 2021/12
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2021/12-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Joaquim Martins Guilhoto
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Nick Johnstone
Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency
Author-Name: Francesco Mattion
Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency
Author-Name: Faidon Papadimoulis
Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency
Author-Name: Roberta Quadrelli
Author-Workplace-Name: International Energy Agency
Author-Name: Colin Webb
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Methodology for estimation of Energy Physical Supply and Use Tables based on IEA's World Energy Balances
Abstract: This paper develops a methodology for the estimation of Energy Physical Supply and Use Tables (E-PSUTs) based on the IEA’s World Energy Balances (WEB). The tables are similar to those proposed by the United Nations System of Environmental Economic Accounting. However, they fully exploit, and are consistent, with the information on fuel transformation processes available in the WEB.The E-PSUTs can be used to derive energy indicators in physical units. Additionally, they can be used in a hybrid methodological approach to link global energy production and consumption in physical units with global production and consumption in monetary units, allowing the development of indicators to better understand the multiple links between energy and the economy, contributing to climate change discussions.Furthermore, complementary analyses can be undertaken by linking the MF-IO model with variables such as industry value added and employment data. And, used to estimate energy-related CO2 emissions indicators.
Keywords: Energy, Physical Supply and Use Tables, World Energy Balances
Creation-Date: 2021-10-08
Number: 2021/13
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2021/13-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Norihiko Yamano
Author-Name: Joaquim Guilhoto
Author-Name: Ali Alsamawi
Author-Name: Colin Webb
Author-Name: Peter Horvát
Author-Name: Agnès Cimper
Author-Name: Carmen Zürcher
Author-Name: Xue Han
Title: Development of the OECD Inter Country Input-Output Database 2021
Abstract: This document describes the sources and methods used to construct the 2021 edition of OECD’s Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) tables. ICIO tables provide a globally balanced view of the domestic and international flows of goods and services used as intermediate inputs into production and to meet final demand. The development of ICIO tables accelerated in 2010, following the collapse in international trade during the 2008-09 global financial crisis, reflecting the need for a deeper understanding of the complex economic linkages between countries and regions, particularly with the rise of global value chains (GVCs). Trade policy analysts’ demand for Trade in Value Added indicators, as a complement to traditional bilateral trade statistics, was a key impetus for producing ICIO tables. These tables are crucial not only for GVCs analysis but also for addressing globalisation-related issues, such as employment and gender in GVCs, trade in embodied carbon and the impacts of economic shocks.
Classification-JEL: C82; E01; F14
Keywords: Global Value Chains (GVCs), Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) tables, International trade, Supply and Use Tables (SUTs), Trade in Value Added (TiVA)
Creation-Date: 2021-10-11
Number: 2021/14
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2021/14-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Laura Victoria García
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: David E. Winickoff
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Brain-computer interfaces and the governance system: Upstream approaches
Abstract: Brain-computer interface (BCI) systems are in a period of rapid development and offer significant potential for the promotion of health and well-being. At the same time, they raise a range of unique ethical, legal, and policy questions, and few BCI-specific rules exist in a fragmented regulatory landscape. This report aims to help develop a responsible and anticipatory governance approach to promote innovation while shaping the trajectory of technology through a set of mechanisms, including (i) soft law, (ii) standardisation and ethics-by-design approaches, (iii) corporate self-governance, and (iv) participatory experiments for upstream governance.
Keywords: anticipatory governance, bioethics, brain-computer interface, neurotechnology, regulation, responsible innovation, standards, technology governance
Creation-Date: 2022-04-12
Number: 2022/01
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2022/01-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Joaquim Martins Guilhoto
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Colin Webb
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Norihiko Yamano
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Title: Guide to OECD TiVA Indicators, 2021 edition
Abstract: The goods and services we buy are composed of inputs from various countries around the world. However, the flows of goods and services within these global production chains are not always reflected in conventional measures of international trade. The Trade in Value-Added (TiVA) indicators address this issue by considering the value added by each country in the production of goods and services that are consumed worldwide.This guide presents the TiVA indicators published by OECD. The latest indicators were generated using the 2021 release of the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) tables which cover the period 1995 to 2018. The indicators are provided for 66 economies and the rest of the world (including all OECD, European Union, ASEAN and G20 countries) and a selection of region aggregates and, for 45 unique industries and related aggregates (such as total manufactures and total services) based on the ISIC Rev. 4 classification.
Classification-JEL: F14; F15; F62; R15
Keywords: Global Value Chains, Input-Output, Trade in Value Added
Creation-Date: 2022-04-28
Number: 2022/02
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2022/02-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Fernando Galindo-Rueda
Author-Name: Vladimir López-Bassols
Title: Implementing the OECD Frascati Manual: Proposed reference items for business R&D surveys
Abstract: This working paper contains guidance, of a voluntary and indicative nature, on the implementation of business R&D surveys, consistent with the standards and proposals contained in the OECD Frascati Manual. The document is oriented towards experts in charge of designing and implementing official R&D surveys, but may be also valuable to academics and researchers with a similar practical orientation. It aims to promote widespread testing and implementation in view of a potential future revision of the Frascati Manual or release of complementary annexes.
Classification-JEL: C83; O3
Keywords: Business, Reference questions, Research and development, Survey design
Creation-Date: 2022-09-07
Number: 2022/03
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2022/03-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Silvia Appelt
Author-Name: Matej Bajgar
Author-Name: Chiara Criscuolo
Author-Name: Fernando Galindo-Rueda
Title: Micro-data based insights on trends in business R&D performance and funding: Findings from the OECD microBeRD+ project
Abstract: This report presents new insights on trends in business R&D performance and funding, drawing on the micro-aggregated R&D and tax relief statistics collected for 21 OECD countries as part of the OECD microBeRD project. Micro-aggregated statistics provide an important input for policy analysis, highlighting important variations in business R&D performance and funding across industries and different types of firms that are hard to uncover based on aggregate R&D and tax relief statistics. They shed light on country and industry specific trends in the concentration of R&D activity, business R&D dynamics, the structure of R&D performance among different types of firms and the way that they fund their R&D activities. Such evidence can be relevant in assessing the contribution of different types of firms (e.g. young firms, foreign-controlled affiliates) and individuals (e.g. female R&D staff, doctorate holders) to research and development in the business sector and designing business R&D support policies.
Classification-JEL: O38; H25; L25
Keywords: additionality, government support, impacts, research and development, tax incentives
Creation-Date: 2022-09-16
Number: 2022/04
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2022/04-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Chiara Criscuolo
Author-Name: Guy Lalanne
Author-Name: Luis Díaz
Title: Quantifying industrial strategies (QuIS): Measuring industrial policy expenditures
Abstract: Industrial policy is sparking renewed interest across OECD member countries and partner economies. However, amidst an increasing number of objectives for industrial policy, and despite the availability of information on countries’ strategies and plans, it remains difficult to properly measure and compare resources spent on industrial policies and identify countries’ strategic priorities. The lack of a cross-country comparable source of information on resources dedicated to industrial policy partly results from the absence of a common methodology to account for industrial policy expenditures. This paper provides a new methodology for reporting industrial policy expenditure in a comparable way across countries. It is the first deliverable of the “Quantifying Industrial Strategies” project, which aims at measuring industrial policy expenditures across OECD countries and will gather harmonised data on industrial policy expenditures, their composition, and their mode of delivery.
Keywords: benchmarking, industrial policy, industrial strategies
Creation-Date: 2022-12-07
Number: 2022/05
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2022/05-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Flavio Calvino
Author-Name: Lea Samek
Author-Name: Mariagrazia Squicciarini
Author-Name: Cody Morris
Title: Identifying and characterising AI adopters: A novel approach based on big data
Abstract: This work employs a novel approach to identify and characterise firms adopting Artificial Intelligence (AI), using different sources of large microdata. Focusing on the United Kingdom, the analysis combines data on Intellectual Property Rights, website information, online job postings, and firm-level financials for the first time. It shows that a significant share of AI adopters is active in Information and Communication Technologies and professional services, and is located in the South of the United Kingdom, particularly around London. Adopters tend to be highly productive and larger than other firms, while young adopters tend to hire AI workers more intensively. Human capital appears to play an important role, not only for AI adoption but also for firms’ productivity returns. Significant differences in the characteristics of AI adopters emerge when distinguishing between firms carrying out AI innovation, those with an AI core business, and those searching for AI talent.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, productivity, technology adoption
Creation-Date: 2022-12-19
Number: 2022/06
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2022/06-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Hélène Dernis
Author-Name: Flavio Calvino
Author-Name: Laurent Moussiegt
Author-Name: Daisuke Nawa
Author-Name: Lea Samek
Author-Name: Mariagrazia Squicciarini
Title: Identifying artificial intelligence actors using online data
Abstract: This paper uses information collected and provided by GlassAI to analyse the characteristics and activities of companies and universities in Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States that mention keywords related to Artificial Intelligence (AI) on their websites. The analysis finds that those companies tend to be young and small, mainly operate in the information and communication sector, have AI at the core of their business, and aim to provide customer solutions. It is noteworthy that the types of AI-related activities reported by them vary across sectors. Additionally, although universities are concentrated in and around large cities, this is not necessarily reflected in the intensity of AI-related activities. Taken together, this novel and timely evidence informs the debate on the most recent stages of digital transformation of the economy.
Creation-Date: 2023-02-03
Number: 2023/01
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2023/01-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Flavio Calvino
Author-Name: Luca Fontanelli
Title: A portrait of AI adopters across countries: Firm characteristics, assets’ complementarities and productivity
Abstract: This report analyses the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in firms across 11 countries. Based on harmonised statistical code (AI diffuse) applied to official firm-level surveys, it finds that the use of AI is prevalent in ICT and Professional Services and more widespread across large – and to some extent across young – firms. AI users tend to be more productive, especially the largest ones. Complementary assets, including ICT skills, high-speed digital infrastructure, and the use of other digital technologies, which are significantly related to the use of AI, appear to play a critical role in the productivity advantages of AI users.
Keywords: AI, artificial intelligence, productivity, technology adoption
Creation-Date: 2023-04-11
Number: 2023/02
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2023/02-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Silvia Appelt
Author-Name: Ana Cinta González Cabral
Author-Name: Tibor Hanappi
Author-Name: Fernando Galindo-Rueda
Author-Name: Pierce O’Reilly
Title: Cost and uptake of income-based tax incentives for R&D and innovation
Abstract: Despite the increasing adoption of income-based tax incentives for R&D and innovation in the OECD area and beyond, evidence on the availability, design, generosity and actual cost of these incentives remains scarce. This report helps fill this gap by documenting government efforts to provide preferential tax treatment of economic outputs of innovation activities. Drawing on the responses of national contact points to the OECD KNOWINTAX surveys carried out in 2020 and 2021, it presents new evidence on the cost (foregone tax revenues) and uptake of income-based-tax incentives by businesses in 2019, and tracks their distribution by firm size and industry and their evolution over the 2000-2019 period.
Classification-JEL: O34; O38; H25
Keywords: innovation, research and development, tax incentives
Creation-Date: 2023-04-20
Number: 2023/03
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2023/03-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Fernando Galindo-Rueda
Author-Name: Brigitte van Beuzekom
Title: The contribution of R&D specialist institutions to R&D performance: Findings from the NESTI 2022 pilot data collection
Abstract: Long-standing policy interest in the role of organisations specialised in research and experimental development (R&D) raises questions about how these organisations are classified under different institutional sectors and contribute to R&D statistics This paper reports on the findings of the pilot data collection conducted in 2022. The results show a diverse range of R&D specialist ecosystems as well as major reporting gaps. The ultimate aim of this exercise and its recommendations is to demonstrate how several OECD countries are able to provide meaningful statistical results using OECD guidance and promote the mainstreaming of reporting into future national and OECD R&D statistics.
Classification-JEL: O30; O32; C80
Creation-Date: 2023-06-13
Number: 2023/04
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2023/04-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Antton Haramboure
Author-Name: Guy Lalanne
Author-Name: Cyrille Schwellnus
Author-Name: Joaquim Guilhoto
Title: Vulnerabilities in the semiconductor supply chain
Abstract: Semiconductors are a critical input into a wide range of downstream industries, including the wider information communications technology industry, electronics and motor vehicles. Semiconductor shortages can have large adverse effects on output in these industries, with ripple effects on the broader economy, as highlighted by recent supply chain disruptions. This paper maps cross-country and cross-sectoral dependencies in the semiconductor value chain based on new OECD Inter-Country Input-Output data that allow to analyse the semiconductor industry separately from the wider computer and electronics value chain. It further discusses policy options to reduce the economic consequences of shocks to the semiconductor value chain while preserving the benefits of global sourcing.
Creation-Date: 2023-06-19
Number: 2023/05
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2023/05-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Leonidas Aristodemou
Author-Name: Fernando Galindo-Rueda
Author-Workplace-Name: OECD
Author-Name: Kuniko Matsumoto
Author-Name: Akiyoshi Murakami
Title: Measuring governments’ R&D funding response to COVID-19: An application of the OECD Fundstat infrastructure to the analysis of R&D directionality
Abstract: This paper presents new evidence on the size and direction of governments’ R&D funding response to the COVID-19 pandemic through the exploration of a novel data infrastructure, the OECD Fundstat initiative for the analysis of government-funded R&D projects. The document reports on the exploratory development and application of automatic classification tools to detect relevant COVID-19 R&D funding, map salient topics and classify and allocate project funding according to priorities in the WHO COVID-19 R&D Blueprint, as well as comparing results with similar analysis of scientific publication output data. The results provide new insights on which areas of enquiry were prioritised by governmental R&D funding bodies.
Classification-JEL: C38; C45; O32; O38
Keywords: classification, COVID-19, directionality, Government funding, large language models, R&D, Research and Development, topic modelling
Creation-Date: 2023-10-16
Number: 2023/06
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2023/06-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Adams†
Author-Name: Adrian Tiplady
Author-Name: Frédéric Sgard
Title: Integration of socio-economic impact into the development of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) in South Africa
Abstract: The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) is one of the largest and most ambitious research infrastructure ever to be built. South Africa will be hosting one of its two main sites. The decision to host such an ambitious project for a middle-income country required careful consideration of the potential benefits and the associated risks for the socio-economic development of the country and the region more broadly. This working paper describes how the potential impact of SKA for South Africa was envisaged from the start of the project, how this was integrated in the project development, what policy initiatives and interventions were taken to maximize impact and the lessons learned, from South Africa’s science policy perspective, during the early phases of the development of the SKA.
Keywords: impact assessment, Research infrastructure
Creation-Date: 2023-11-14
Number: 2023/07
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2023/07-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Norihiko Yamano
Author-Name: Ali Alsamawi
Author-Name: Colin Webb
Author-Name: Agnès Cimper
Author-Name: Carmen Zürcher
Author-Name: Ricardo Chiapin Pechansky
Title: Development of the OECD Inter Country Input-Output Database 2023
Abstract: This document describes the sources and methods used to construct the 2023 edition of OECD’s Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) tables. ICIO tables provide a globally balanced view of the domestic and international flows of goods and services used as intermediate inputs into production and to meet final demand. The development of ICIO tables accelerated in 2010, following the collapse in international trade during the 2008-09 global financial crisis, reflecting the need for a deeper understanding of the complex economic linkages between countries and regions, particularly with the rise of global value chains (GVCs). Trade policy analysts’ demand for Trade in Value Added indicators, as a complement to traditional gross trade statistics, was a key impetus for producing ICIO tables. These tables are crucial not only for GVCs analysis but also for addressing globalisation-related issues, such as employment and gender in GVCs, trade in embodied carbon and the impacts of economic shocks.
Classification-JEL: C82; E01; F14
Keywords: Global Value Chains (GVCs), Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) tables, International Trade, Supply and Use Tables (SUTs), Trade in Value Added (TiVA)
Creation-Date: 2023-11-15
Number: 2023/08
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2023/08-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: James Jolliffe
Author-Name: Claire Jolly
Title: Eight lessons learned from comparing ocean economy measurement strategies across countries
Abstract: Many ocean economic activities are not readily visible in official statistics, hindering policymakers' access to crucial information for decision making. The OECD ocean economy measurement project aims to address this by aligning ocean economy statistics with broader economic data and ensuring international consistency. This paper compares the measurement strategies of eight OECD member countries using principles from the system of national accounts. It also highlights the ocean economy thematic accounts of four countries and summarises their methods. The paper concludes with recommendations for integrating ocean economy measurements with national accounting standards, a vital step for improving the evidence base for ocean policymaking.
Classification-JEL: O1; O44
Keywords: measurement, ocean economy, policymaking, statistics
Creation-Date: 2024-02-02
Number: 2024/1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2024/1-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Antoine Berthou
Author-Name: Antton Haramboure
Author-Name: Lea Samek
Title: Mapping and testing product-level vulnerabilities in granular production networks
Abstract: This paper conducts an in-depth mapping of global value chain (GVC) vulnerabilities, using granular product-level trade data to identify vulnerable products with limited suppliers and substitutability. The study reveals that, in OECD countries, approximately 8% of foreign-sourced intermediate products are vulnerable, with about 50 products identified as highly vulnerable, particularly in the pharmaceutical, mining, and manufacturing sectors. The paper also introduces a quantitative framework for simulating supply shock transmission from upstream suppliers to downstream industries over the short and medium term. This framework leverages unique data that combine Inter-Country Input-Output with detailed product-level trade data from Comtrade. Through simulation exercises, the paper highlights the role of supplier concentration and geography in shock transmissions, as well as the effectiveness of policies in mitigating these impacts. This novel cross-country assessment of GVC disruptions provides new insights on how to manage supply chains in a global economy subject to multiple risks.
Classification-JEL: F14; F68; L52
Keywords: Global Value Chains, International trade, Resilience
Creation-Date: 2024-03-15
Number: 2024/02
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2024/02-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Flavio Calvino
Author-Name: Chiara Criscuolo
Author-Name: Antonio Ughi
Title: Digital adoption during COVID-19: Cross-country evidence from microdata
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic caused an unprecedented global economic downturn, affecting productivity, business dynamics, and digital technology adoption. Using a comprehensive commercial database from Spiceworks Ziff Davis, this study analyses the firm-level drivers of digitalisation during the pandemic across 20 European countries. The findings show that a considerable share of firms introduced new digital technologies during the COVID-19 crisis. Notably, firms that were larger, more digitalised, and more productive before the pandemic were more likely to introduce new digital technologies in 2020 and 2021. Additionally, firms with pre-existing complementary technologies had a higher likelihood of adopting digital applications that gained momentum during the pandemic (such as digital commerce, collaborative software, cloud, and analytics). These patterns may increase polarisation among the best-performing firms and the rest of the business population. Public policy can play a key role in fostering an inclusive digital transformation in the post-pandemic era.
Classification-JEL: O33; D22
Keywords: COVID-19, Digitalisation, Productivity, Technology adoption
Creation-Date: 2024-04-24
Number: 2024/03
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2024/03-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: James Jolliffe
Author-Name: Kamila Aben Athar
Title: Understanding the contribution of Flanders’ public marine data to society
Abstract: Large volumes of marine data – much of it collected through observing systems and research projects and made publicly available for reuse by anybody through specialised repositories – are required for science, ocean economic activity and effective management of marine space. This report summarises the results of an OECD survey of the users of Flanders-based public marine data repositories and details how societal value is generated through their data reuses. Responses to the OECD survey reveal how Flanders’ repositories enable the reuse of marine data across a range of sectors, contribute to improved decision making, and generate benefits for wider society. Stylised value chains of public marine data are constructed and visualised from the responses, revealing information that is otherwise not collected by repositories so that they can keep access to the data as open as possible. This work is part of the OECD Value Chains of Public Marine Data project and relates to broader efforts to improve understanding of the economics of open data.
Classification-JEL: O44; O1
Keywords: measurement, ocean economy, policymaking, statistics
Creation-Date: 2024-05-06
Number: 2024/04
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2024/04-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Sara Calligaris
Author-Name: Chiara Criscuolo
Author-Name: Josh De Lyon
Author-Name: Andrea Greppi
Author-Name: Oliviero Pallanch
Title: Defining the geographical level of competition: A taxonomy of industries
Abstract: This paper develops a taxonomy of 151 industries, mainly defined at the 3-digit level, indicating at which geographical level competition takes place. It classifies 40 industries as competing at the domestic level, 85 at the European level, and 26 at the global level. First, this paper creates a novel dataset that combines production and international trade data for both goods and services industries, defined at a detailed level of industry aggregation for 15 European countries (based on data availability). Then, by comparing domestic sales with international trade flows, and their source/destination, it identifies the geographic level of competition of each industry. The proposed classification can be used in numerous applications, from the design of trade policies to the assessment of competition by antitrust authorities. The paper shows that the taxonomy is broadly consistent with external data sources that provide alternative ways of inferring the degree of internationalisation of each industry.
Classification-JEL: F14; F60; L11
Keywords: Competition, International Trade, Market Boundaries, Trade Costs
Creation-Date: 2024-09-26
Number: 2024/05
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2024/05-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Sara Calligaris
Author-Name: Chiara Criscuolo
Author-Name: Josh De Lyon
Author-Name: Andrea Greppi
Author-Name: Oliviero Pallanch
Author-Name: Miguel Chaves
Title: Industry concentration in Europe: Trends and methodological insights
Abstract: Concentration – the share of an industry’s output accounted for by its largest firms and a frequently used proxy of competition – has increased in European countries. This paper provides evidence about this development by introducing several methodological refinements in the cross-country measurement of concentration: it defines industries at a disaggregated level, mostly 3-digit; it takes into account the geographic level at which competition takes place - domestic, European or global; and it accounts for linkages between firms within the same domestic and multinational business group in the relevant geographic region of competition. It then applies these improvements to representative data for fifteen European countries, showing that average concentration increased by about 5 percentage points over the period 2000-2019, from 26% to more than 31%. Third, the paper investigates how each of the methodological improvements affects the levels and trends of concentration.
Classification-JEL: F14; F60; L11; L22; D22
Keywords: Competition, Concentration, Market power
Creation-Date: 2024-09-26
Number: 2024/06
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2024/06-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Won Hee Cho
Author-Name: Chiara Criscuolo
Author-Name: Isabelle Desnoyers-James
Author-Name: Martin Reinhard
Author-Name: Rudy Verlhac
Title: Diagnosis and policy action for sustainable and inclusive productivity growth
Abstract: The global productivity slowdown, characterised by a widespread deceleration in aggregate productivity growth rates, is a prevailing concern for policy makers and academics. In this context, this report summarises evidence on productivity growth and business dynamics, highlighting long-term trends and their drivers, as well as insights specific to the COVID-19 period, with relevant implications for future productivity and innovation. It underscores the role of productivity for employment and wages, and discusses challenges related to the digitalisation of the economy and the green transition. Additionally, it considers how the resurgence of industrial policies necessitates additional analysis to measure and coordinate government action.
Classification-JEL: J30; L10; O25; O30; O33; L52
Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Business dynamism, COVID-19, Diffusion, Employment, Industrial policy, Innovation, Labour share, Productivity, Technological change
Creation-Date: 2024-10-16
Number: 2024/7
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2024/7-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Ricardo Chiapin Pechansky
Author-Name: Michel Lioussis
Title: Measuring employment in global value chains by workforce characteristics
Abstract: This guide presents the Trade in Employment by workforce characteristics (TiMBC) database developed by the OECD to help inform cross-country, cross-industry discussions of issues such as gender and trade, skills and global value chains (GVCs), and the economic effects of an ageing population. It is an extension of the Trade in Employment (TiM) database, whereby indicators that provide insights into the different relations between GVC integration and employment by industry are further decomposed by workforce characteristics - namely age, gender, occupation, and education. To achieve this, statistics on employment by workforce characteristics, mainly Labour Force Surveys (LFS), are combined with existing TiM indicators. These novel indicators by workforce characteristics cover 43 countries and 12 unique industries, for the period 2008 to 2018. This guide presents the database, the sources and methods used, and a brief analysis showcasing indicators.
Keywords: Employment, Global Value Chains, Workforce
Creation-Date: 2024-10-24
Number: 2024/08
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2024/08-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Philippe Larrue
Author-Name: Piret Tõnurist
Author-Name: David Jonason
Title: Monitoring and evaluation of mission-oriented innovation policies: From theory to practice
Abstract: Missions are nested entities involving multiple interventions at different levels and unclear and evolving boundaries, making traditional evaluation approaches ill-suited to capturing their additionality. This paper proposes mission-evaluation processes and tools that are consistent with their specific features. It notably proposes mission criteria related to their different expected systemic effects; a mission theory of action to support a developmental evaluation that tracks the evolution of the mission design and processes; and a monitoring tool to assess and compare mission-readiness levels across missions and at different stages of the mission life cycle.
Classification-JEL: H43; O22; O32; D78
Keywords: directionality, Government funding, mission-evaluation process, Policy making, Research and Development (R&D)
Creation-Date: 2024-10-28
Number: 2024/09
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2024/09-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Marius Berger
Author-Name: Antoine Dechezleprêtre
Author-Name: Milenko Fadic
Title: What is the role of Government Venture Capital for innovation-driven entrepreneurship?
Abstract: Government Venture Capital (GovVC) has emerged as a policy tool to complement private venture capital (Private VC) by funding innovation-driven firms that might not attract traditional VC investment. This study analyses GovVC's role in OECD Member countries using comprehensive data on entrepreneurial firms, investors, and patents, with GovVC entities identified through surveys of ministry experts. The analysis shows that GovVC-funded firms are typically riskier than Private VC funded ones and generally demonstrate lower performance in securing follow-on funding and innovation output. However, when GovVCs partner with Private VC investors, these performance gaps diminish significantly. In co-investment scenarios, firms show comparable innovation and exit performance to those funded solely by Private VC. The findings indicate that GovVC can effectively direct capital to overlooked firms, particularly when working in partnership with private investors.
Classification-JEL: G24; O38; O31
Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Government Policy, Innovation, Venture Capital
Creation-Date: 2024-11-12
Number: 2024/10
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2024/10-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Antoine Dechezleprêtre
Author-Name: Hélène Dernis
Author-Name: Luis Díaz
Author-Name: Guy Lalanne
Author-Name: Francesco Losma
Author-Name: Sara Romaniega Sancho
Author-Name: Lea Samek
Title: A comprehensive overview of the renewable energy industrial ecosystem
Abstract: While renewable energy adoption has accelerated globally, significant challenges remain in meeting ambitious deployment targets. This paper analyses bottlenecks in the renewable energy ecosystem and explores policy solutions by examining trade, innovation, M&A, jobs, and skills data. The analysis reveals three key findings: first, the renewable energy ecosystem spans multiple sectors beyond electricity production, with machinery, computer and electronics, and scientific and technical activities playing central roles in innovation activity and job creation; second, supply chain concentration is increasing for both capital goods and critical raw materials, creating dependencies on key supplier countries; and third, while innovation offers a pathway to address these dependencies through developing leading-edge manufacturing capabilities and material substitutes, patenting activity in renewable technologies is declining. Additionally, the sector faces potential skills shortages in engineering and technical trades. The findings suggest successful renewable energy deployment requires coordinated policy approaches addressing innovation support, supply chain resilience, and workforce development.
Classification-JEL: L52; L64; O25; O38; Q42
Keywords: Industrial ecosystems, Industrial policy, Net-zero transition, Renewable energy
Creation-Date: 2024-11-18
Number: 2024/11
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2024/11-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Norihiko Yamano
Author-Name: Michel Lioussis
Author-Name: Agnès Cimper
Title: Measuring greenhouse gas footprints in global production networks: New perspectives on emissions embodied in production chains and final demand patterns
Abstract: This study builds on previous comparisons of production- and demand-based carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by introducing new greenhouse gas (GHG) footprints indicators for 76 economies, based on global production networks. The extended indicators include: i) measures that, beyond CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, account for CO2 from industrial processes and other GHGs such as methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases; ii) evaluation of demand-based emissions by category; and iii) combination of direct production-based emissions (System of Environmental-Economic Accounting residence principle) with upstream and downstream indirect emissions to estimate “Scope 3 emissions” by industry. Total GHG footprint indicators, compared to CO2-only footprints, show smaller differences in emissions intensities between OECD and non-OECD economies, due to the inclusion of non-CO2 emissions from Agriculture, Mining and Waste management. These indicators support policy analyses for decarbonising manufacturing, transitioning to renewable energy sources, and adjusting cross-border trade for high-carbon products.
Classification-JEL: C67; F18; F64; Q56
Keywords: Final expenditure categories, Greenhouse gas footprints, Inter-Country Input Output (ICIO) tables, International trade, Production- and Demand- (or Consumption-) based Greenhouse Gas accounting
Creation-Date: 2024-12-16
Number: 2024/12
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2024/12-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Chiara Criscuolo
Author-Name: Antoine Dechezleprêtre
Author-Name: Louise Guillouet
Author-Name: Guy Lalanne
Author-Name: Francesco Manaresi
Title: Estonia’s firm-level production network: Lessons for industrial policy
Abstract: Policymakers are increasingly considering network effects when designing industrial policies, but the evidence is limited by data availability. Thanks to a unique combination of administrative records matched to the Estonian Value Added Tax data, which describe the quasi-universe of buyer-seller transactions in the country, this paper examines the structure of the Estonian firm-level production network. There are three key insights for industrial policy design. First, a few “superstar” firms are very central but also larger, older, more productive, more likely to export and import than most firms, underlying the network’s critical role in explaining aggregate productivity. Second, firm centrality increases with age, even when controlling for size, suggesting that industrial policies could target the network dimension to support firm growth. Third, this paper proposes a novel, data-driven approach for industrial policy, where communities of firms trading with each other would be the relevant unit of intervention instead of sectors.
Classification-JEL: L14; L52; D22
Keywords: firm behaviour, industrial policy, production networks
Creation-Date: 2024-12-20
Number: 2024/13
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2024/13-EN
Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Ali Alsamawi
Author-Name: Norihiko Yamano
Author-Name: Akash Kohli
Title: Estimating the global economic impacts of international tourism
Abstract: This paper provides insights on the economic impacts of international tourism by using measures of expenditure by non-residents estimated within the framework of OECD’s Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) tables. Expenditure by non-residents represent a significant revenue source for tourism-related industries in many countries, with spillover effects into other industries through inter-sectoral linkages. The ICIO framework captures the direct and indirect value added generated from international tourism that are not directly measurable in national statistics. This analysis reveals that while most of the value added is generated by domestic industries directly serving tourists (such as hotels and restaurants), roughly 28% of value added from tourism activities is generated indirectly (upstream) in the domestic economy and around 17% is generated abroad. This analysis demonstrates the importance of domestic and global value chains in the production of goods and services consumed by non-residents.
Classification-JEL: C67; F15; F63; Z32
Keywords: Global Value Chains (GVCs), Inbound tourism, Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) tables, International trade
Creation-Date: 2024-12-20
Number: 2024/14
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2024/14-EN