Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: OECD Declaration on Transborder Data Flows Abstract: Rapid technological developments in the field of information, computers and communications are leading to significant structural changes in the economies of Member countries. Flows of computerised data and information are an important consequence of technological advances and are playing an increasing role in national economies. With the growing economic interdependence of Member countries, these flows acquire an international dimension, known as Transborder Data Flows. It is therefore appropriate for the OECD to pay attention to policy issues connected with these transborder data flows. This Declaration was adopted by the Governments of OECD Member countries on 11th April 1985. Creation-Date: 1985-04-11 Number: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:1-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Déclaration de l'OCDE sur les flux transfrontières de données Abstract: Cette Déclaration de l'OCDE fut adoptée par les gouvernements des pays membres de l'OCDE le 11 avril 1985. Elle porte son attention aux questions de politique liées aux flux transfrontières de données. Les développements technologiques rapides dans le domaine de l'information, de l'informatique et des communications ont entraîné des changements structurels significatifs dans les économies des pays Membres. Les flux de données et d'informations automatisées sont une conséquence importante des progrès technologiques et jouent un rôle accru dans les économies nationales. Du fait de l'interdépendance économique croissante des pays Membres, ces flux, connus sous le vocable de flux transfrontières de données, ont acquis une dimension internationale. Creation-Date: 1985-04-11 Number: 1 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:1-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Trade in Information, Computer and Communication Services, No. 21 Abstract: Negotiations on trade in services are a key issue in the context of the multilateral trade negotiations of the Uruguay Round. Creation-Date: 1990-06-01 Number: 2 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:2-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Telecommunications Equipment: Changing Markets and Trade Structures, No. 24 Abstract: The regulatory and institutional framework of the world's telecommunications markets has changed radically over the past decade. Creation-Date: 1991-06-01 Number: 3 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:3-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Universal Service and Rate Restructuring in Telecommunications, No. 23 Abstract: This report examines two issues at the centre of the debate concerning the restructuring of telecommunications services. Creation-Date: 1991-06-01 Number: 4 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:4-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Telecommunications and Broadcasting: Convergence or Collision? No. 29 Abstract: From a technical perspective, the convergence between telecommunications and broadcasting now appears to be inevitable as both industries move towards digital standards. Creation-Date: 1992-06-01 Number: 5 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:5-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: International Telecommunication Tariffs: Charging Practices and Procedures Abstract: The pricing structure for the provision if international telecommunication services has become a key issue for policy makers in recent years. Creation-Date: 1994-06-01 Number: 6 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:6-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Programmes R-D nationaux concernant les nouveaux réseaux informatiques et de communication et leurs applications Abstract: Dans le cadre du Programme des travaux 1992-1993, le Comité de la politique de l’information, de l’informatique et des communications (PIIC) a conduit une étude sur les tendances des développements de réseaux informatiques et de communication évolués et des applications dans les trois régions faisant partie de l’OCDE : l’Europe, l’Amérique du Nord et le Pacifique. Il traite en particulier des politiques des pouvoirs publics et des initiatives correspondantes dans le domaine des réseaux informatiques et de communication à hautes performances et de leurs applications. Le présent rapport décrit les résultats des visites in situ et passe en revue les grands programmes de R-D nationaux de développement des réseaux informatiques et de communication évolués et de leurs applications. Il présente une analyse comparative de l’état de l’art et des tendances de l’informatique et des communications à hautes performances observées dans les pays concernés reflétant la situation à compter de la fin de l’exercice 1993. En outre, il présente un certain nombre de recommandations ainsi qu’une liste sélective définissant des sujets de recherche afin de permettre un contrôle plus continu des développements de l’informatique et des communications à hautes performances et de ses éléments moteurs. Au cours des réunions, tenus respectivement les 18-19 et 20-22 octobre 1993, le Groupe d’experts sur les implications économiques des technologies de l’information et le Comité de la politique de l’information, de l’informatique et des communications ont discuté ce rapport et recommandé sa mise en diffusion générale. Le Comité considèrera la question de sa mise à jour et de la poursuite des travaux en 1995. Creation-Date: 1994-06-01 Number: 7 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:7-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: IT Policies: Organisation Structure in Member Countries Abstract: Over the past ten years, some general trends have been observed in information technology (IT) policy developments in OECD Member countries. Creation-Date: 1995-01-01 Number: 8 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:8-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: IT Diffusion Policies for SMEs Abstract: This report deals with the role and specific problems of SMEs in implementing information technologies (IT), and the possibilities for public policy to support SMEs in their efforts to modernise and adapt to technical change. Creation-Date: 1995-01-01 Number: 9 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:9-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: International Infrastructure Competition Abstract: In recent years there has been an acceleration in the liberalisation of OECD national telecommunication markets. Creation-Date: 1995-01-01 Number: 10 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:10-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Changing Role for Telecommunications in the Economy: Globalisation and its Impact on National Telecommunication Policy Abstract: Since the end of the 1980s, the increasing globalisation of corporate activities (in both the manufacturing and service sectors) in OECD Member countries has spilled over into the telecommunication sector, thus creating fundamental changes in the paradigm of international telecommunication service provision. Creation-Date: 1995-01-01 Number: 11 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:11-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Economic and Regulatory Aspects of Telecommunication Numbering Abstract: Over the last few years numbering arrangements for telecommunication services have become a key issue for discussion among policy-makers, regulators and telecommunication operators in a number of countries. Historically, the allocation of numbers has been seen primarily as a technical issue. Engineers at the Public Telecommunication Operators (PTOs) have had complete control over number allocation functions. Creation-Date: 1995-01-01 Number: 12 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:12-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Mobile and PSTN Communication Services: Competition or Complementarity? Abstract: Mobile communication services, especially analogue cellular radio, have been one of the success stories of the last decade in the telecommunication industry. Creation-Date: 1995-01-01 Number: 13 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:13-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Price Caps for Telecommunications: Policies and Experiences, No. 37 Abstract: Governments often regulate prices for public utilities. As telecommunication services markets have been opened to competition, new ways had to be found to regulate prices of the former monopoly carriers. Creation-Date: 1995-06-01 Number: 14 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:14-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: International Telecommunication Pricing Practices and Principles: A Progress Review, No. 36 Abstract: Where do OECD countries stand on international telecommunication pricing practices regarding accounting rates and collection charges? Creation-Date: 1995-06-01 Number: 15 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:15-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Restructuring in Public Telecommunications Operator Employment Abstract: At its Twenty-Fifth Session the OECD's Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy agreed to derestrict a statement on the Benefits of Telecommunication Infrastructure Competition. Creation-Date: 1995-08-11 Number: 16 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:16-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Satellite Communication: Structural Change and Competition Abstract: The aim of this report was to analyse the existing regulatory situation and policies regarding the provision of national and international satellite services in the OECD area and provide policy options. Creation-Date: 1995-09-11 Number: 17 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:17-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Global Information Infrastructure and Global Information Society (GII-GIS): Statement of Policy Recommendations Made by the ICCP Committee Abstract: This statement is an initial response to the OECD Council, meeting at Ministerial level, in May 1995 to provide a policy report on the Global Information Infrastructure - Global Information Society (GII-GIS), at its meeting in May 1996. Creation-Date: 1996-01-01 Number: 18 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:18-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Payments for Goods and Services on the Information Superhighway: Reproduction Rights and Remuneration in the Electronic Marketplace Abstract: This document was prepared by Mr Peter Davies, consultant, in collaboration with the Secretariat. The main conclusions are that: Copyright is the right regime for software protection on the information superhighway. Exclusive reproduction rights should remain with the copyright holder. Content owners will place their goods on the superhighway and decide for themselves about price, payment and the risk of piracy. Schemes for electronic payment for the use of services on the superhighway are being tried. For many people, the traditional means of payment will suffice for some time. Creation-Date: 1996-01-01 Number: 19 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:19-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Information Infrastructure Policies Abstract: Modern society relies heavily on information and communications. New advanced information technologies are being developed and exploited on an increasing scale by both the private and public sectors, providing new business opportunities for supplying industries as well as user industries. Governments realise that adequate action is needed to facilitate and accelerate this transition in order to benefit fully from the economic and social opportunities. Their conviction is that information infrastructures are expected to stimulate economic growth, increase productivity, create jobs, and improve the quality of life. Therefore, governments view that the developments in information infrastructures must be encouraged and supported, and existing or foreseen obstacles need to be removed. Governments themselves have an important role in adjusting the legal and regulatory frameworks. These frameworks cover a range of policy areas (employment, culture, legal, etc.), usually addressed by separate ministries and agencies. In addition, as information infrastructures are not limited by national boundaries, governments have begun to co-operate to discuss a set of common rules in order to build a global information society. Such co-operation began at the G-7 Information Society Conference, in Brussels (February 1995), and continued at the Information Society and Development Conference in South Africa (May 1996). This paper aims to provide an outline of positions adopted by, or proposed for adoption by governments on the issues of information infrastructures, as of May 1996. Reports from the following OECD countries have been examined: Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. The EU initiatives are expected to provide an integrated vision for the European Union countries. Creation-Date: 1996-01-01 Number: 20 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:20-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: OECD Reflections on the Benefits of Mobile Cellular Telecommunication Infrastructure Competition Abstract: The primary findings of this report are: markets with infrastructure competition, and in particular where there is competition in both fixed and mobile networks, are delivering best practice performance in terms of market expansion; while there is evidence that monopoly markets are improved by the introduction of a second operator, developments in duopoly markets have been far from optimal, and substantial gains are being lost by delaying further liberalisation; competitive mobile markets are delivering the most employment gains; universal service applications and social gains are being enhanced by the application of competition in mobile telecommunication. Creation-Date: 1996-01-01 Number: 21 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:21-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Role of Information in Telecommunications Regulations Abstract: Information is power. Nowhere is this truer than in regulation; and in telecommunications regulation particularly. For the complexity of the telecommunications systems to be regulated and the rapidly developing technology involved means that, in telecommunications even more than elsewhere, detailed information is the indispensable basis for the knowledge that the regulator needs to perform his role effectively. Creation-Date: 1996-03-29 Number: 22 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:22-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Mobile Cellular Communication: Pricing Strategies and Competition, ICCP No. 39 Abstract: Competition is driving growth of mobile telecommunication into new markets, particularly personal communication markets. Creation-Date: 1996-06-01 Number: 23 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:23-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Alternative Local Loop Technologies: A Review Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the economic and policy implications of various technologies available to provide local telecommunication access. This part of the network is referred to as the "local loop". For the purposes of this document the switching functions in local access networks are assumed to be part of the local loop. Creation-Date: 1996-10-01 Number: 24 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:24-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Global Information Infrastructure -- Global Information Society (GII-GIS): Policy Requirements Abstract: Industrial economies are at the threshold of potentially radical structural changes in their economic structures. Communication networks and interactive multimedia applications are providing the foundation for the transformation of existing social and economic relationships into an "information society". Creation-Date: 1997-01-01 Number: 25 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:25-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Access to and Use of Information Technologies at Home Abstract: Chapter 5 of the 1997 Information Technology Outlook. Creation-Date: 1997-01-01 Number: 26 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:26-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Measuring Electronic Commerce Abstract: The purpose of this report is to begin to outline the issues associated with measuring electronic commerce, propose an initial framework and begin to compare some of the disparate data on the subject so as to form a mosaic which gives a clearer quantitative picture of the current status and future direction of electronic commerce. From this position a better sense of the relative importance of the various policy issues can be obtained. Creation-Date: 1997-01-01 Number: 27 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:27-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: New Technologies and their Impact on the Accounting Rate System Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine and highlight policy implications of developments taking place in new technologies which are impacting on international telecommunication prices and the accounting rate and settlements system, used by telecommunication operators to compensate each other for terminating international telecommunications traffic. Creation-Date: 1997-01-01 Number: 28 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:28-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Sacher Report Abstract: A group of high-level private-sector experts on electronic commerce, (senior executives of major enterprises that use electronic commerce), chaired by John Sacher, Executive Director of UK retailer Marks and Spencer, prepared a report on the framework conditions necessary for the favourable development of global electronic commerce and the action required by governments at national and international level. Creation-Date: 1997-06-12 Number: 29 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:29-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Internet Domain Names: Allocation Policies Abstract: The Domain Name System (DNS) maps Internet addresses and is a necessary element enabling communication routing to function. Creation-Date: 1997-11-01 Number: 30 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:30-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Webcasting and Convergence: Policy Implications Abstract: Convergence between different telecommunication and broadcasting infrastructures and services is increasingly raising challenges for regulatory frameworks and may require adjustment in view of emerging services. Creation-Date: 1997-11-01 Number: 31 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:31-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Electronic Commerce: Prices and Consumer Issues for Three Products: Books, Compact Discs and Software Abstract: Rapid technological advances in information and communication technologies and their widespread diffusion have led some to speculate about "frictionless" economies where transaction costs are nearly zero, barriers to entry and contestability disappear and markets clear instantly. Creation-Date: 1998-01-01 Number: 32 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:32-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Le secteur du logiciel : un profil statistique pour certains pays de l'OCDE Abstract: Ce document construit un profil statistique d’un des secteur des technologies de l’information et des communications (TIC) à la croissance la plus rapide, celui des logiciels, et examine quelques aspects importants inhérents à l’économie de l’information. On peut penser que c’est ce secteur des TIC qui est le plus important économiquement, et qu’il est à l’économie fondée sur le savoir ce que les secteurs de l’acier et de l’automobile étaient à l’économie industrielle. D’un point de vue statistique, ce document soulève également des questions qui sont au coeur des changements qui apparaissent alors que se développe l’économie de l’information. De par sa nature intangible, le logiciel est difficile à mesurer et plus facilement sujet à duplication ou piratage. Creation-Date: 1998-01-27 Number: 33 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:33-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Internet Traffic Exchange: Developments and Policy Abstract: Discussion of Internet traffic exchange is important because some parts of the communication industry are asking governments to address an increasing number of regulatory issues. Creation-Date: 1998-04-01 Number: 34 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:34-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Internet Voice Telephony Developments Abstract: Internet telephony is a voice service over the Internet. It is different from the present telephony service which is transported over the circuit switched public telephone network because Internet telephony is transported using Internet protocols over packet switched networks. Internet telephony calls can be set up between personal computers and also from a computer to a normal telephone. Creation-Date: 1998-04-07 Number: 35 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:35-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Measuring Electronic Commerce: International Trade in Software Abstract: Electronic commerce is creating a new mode of delivering new types of products in a global market in which geographical boundaries and location lose their meaning. Creation-Date: 1998-04-30 Number: 36 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:36-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Content as a New Growth Industry Abstract: This paper provides an initial analysis of the main issues in network-based production and delivery of music and audio-visual services content. It is intended to provide a basis for a more comprehensive comparative analysis of the international development of new network-based services by the main content-producing information and entertainment industries (printed, music and motion picture, radio and TV broadcasting). Creation-Date: 1998-05-22 Number: 37 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:37-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Dismantling the Barriers to Global Electronic Commerce, Turku (Finland): 19-21 November 1997 - Conference Report Abstract: The Conference addressed broad areas through a format that permitted business representatives to identify problems, governments to discuss how they hope to deal with the problem and international organisations to suggest how they can help to implement the solution internationally. Creation-Date: 1998-07-06 Number: 38 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:38-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Mesurer le commerce électronique Abstract: Le présent rapport a pour objet d’entreprendre de cerner les questions que pose la mesure du commerce électronique, de proposer un cadre initial et d’amorcer la comparaison de certaines des données disparates existant à ce sujet, de manière à former une mosaïque susceptible d’apporter une image quantitative plus claire de l’état actuel et de l’orientation future du commerce électronique. Ce faisant, il est possible de se faire une meilleure idée de l’importance relative des divers domaines d’action des pouvoirs publics. Creation-Date: 1998-11-03 Number: 39 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:39-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Measuring Electronic Commerce Abstract: Electronic commerce is creating a new mode of delivering new types of products in a global market in which geographical boundaries and location lose their meaning. This paper outlines some of the issues associated with measuring electronic commerce. Creation-Date: 1998-11-03 Number: 39 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:39-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Economic and Social Impact of E-commerce: Preliminary Findings and Research Agenda Abstract: This book represents one of the first analyses of the role of e-commerce in the broader economy, and addresses such issues as the impact of e-commerce on employment and on society as a whole, as well as its contribution to economic growth and efficiency. Creation-Date: 1999-01-01 Number: 40 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:40-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Building Infrastructure Capacity for Electronic Commerce: Leased line developments and pricing Abstract: This paper focuses on the capacity requirements and price development for telecommunication infrastructure for business-to-business electronic commerce. Creation-Date: 1999-06-14 Number: 41 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:41-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Conditional Access Systems: Implications for Access Abstract: Digital television, whether delivered via terrestrial transmissions, via satellite transmissions, via cable, or via some other medium, will be an important component in the audio-visual market. Creation-Date: 1999-06-28 Number: 42 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:42-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: A Review of Market Openness and Trade in Telecommunications Abstract: The aim of this paper is twofold. First, to begin a policy and regulatory evaluation of developments in telecommunication market openness following the liberalisation in 1998 in the context of the WTO agreement and the liberalisation in the European Union. Second, it is aimed at stimulating reflection on the issues that may need to be examined to enhance market liberalisation and market openness. Although a full assessment of recent market opening may be too premature, there are nevertheless indications of areas where further consideration and action may be required. In addition market developments are raising a number of issues which are likely to become relevant in the event that there are further discussions on market opening in the context of any future WTO service negotiations. As a paper aimed at beginning discussion and reflection, a number of questions are raised which could be used by delegations to provide their own assessment of issues and future problem areas which need consideration. Creation-Date: 1999-09-20 Number: 43 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:43-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: A Global Action Plan for Electronic Commerce: Prepared by Business with Recommendations for Governments Abstract: This second edition of the Global Action Plan for Electronic Commerce published by the Alliance for Global Business (AGB) reflects a number of developments in the global discussions about electronic commerce since the first Global Action Plan was submitted on behalf of business to the OECD Ministerial in Ottawa, Canada, in October 1998. Creation-Date: 1999-10-01 Number: 44 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:44-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Electronic Commerce: Initial Survey of Unilateral Liberalisation and Facilitation Measures Abstract: This paper reports initial results from a Secretariat survey of recent unilateral liberalisation and facilitation measures relevant to the growth of Internet-based electronic commerce that have been undertaken by Governments in both OECD and non-OECD member economies. Creation-Date: 1999-10-01 Number: 45 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:45-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: La publicité et le marketing en ligne visant les enfants Abstract: Le Comité de la politique à l’égard des consommateurs de l’OCDE a tenu une Session Forum sur “Le marketing et la publicité en ligne destinés aux enfants”. Cette session se composait de brèves présentations par les Délégués du Royaume-Uni, des Etats-Unis, de la Suède et de la Belgique, destinées à fournir des informations sur la façon dont différents pays Membres de l’OCDE abordent les questions concernant les enfants et l’Internet. Creation-Date: 1999-11-30 Number: 46 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:46-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Online Advertising and Marketing Directed Toward Children Abstract: OECD Committee on Consumer Policy Forum Session on Online Advertising and Marketing Directed toward Children, intended to provide information on how OECD Member countries are dealing with issues related to children and the Internet. Creation-Date: 1999-11-30 Number: 46 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:46-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Cellular Mobile Pricing Structures and Trends Abstract: Mobile communications is one of the tremendous success stories of the telecommunications industry. By June 1999 there were 293 million mobile subscribers in the OECD area, or around one mobile phone for every four inhabitants. Creation-Date: 2000-05-19 Number: 47 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:47-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Telecommunications Regulations: Institutional structures and responsibilities Abstract: The liberalisation of telecommunication markets has required a new set of regulatory principles that can ensure fair competition in the marketplace. Creation-Date: 2000-05-25 Number: 48 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:48-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Understanding the Digital Divide Abstract: The term "digital divide" refers to the gap between individuals, households, businesses and geographic areas at different socio-economic levels with regard to their opportunities to access information and communication technologies (ICTs). Creation-Date: 2001-01-01 Number: 49 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:49-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: ICT Standardisation in the New Global Context Abstract: The new global information infrastructure will prove effective only if it can guarantee high-speed transmission throughout the network of all kinds of data -- text, images, sound or video -- in a secure manner while preserving its integrity. Creation-Date: 2001-01-01 Number: 50 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:50-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Les rôles des infrastructures de télécommunication et d'information dans le développement du commerce électronique Abstract: Les gouvernements et le secteur privé ont assigné un haut degré de priorité au développement du commerce électronique et à la mise en place de cadres appropriés pour faciliter le développement et la diffusion des nouvelles applications de commerce électronique. Creation-Date: 2001-01-01 Number: 51 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:51-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: B2B E-Commerce in Publishing, Retail Distribution and Pharmaceuticals Distribution in France Abstract: In early 1999, the OECD launched an internationally comparable study of the diffusion and economic and competitive impacts of business-to-business electronic commerce over the Internet. A first set of case studies was conducted in France between February 1999 and September 1999. Three sectors were chosen for their different characteristics: book publishing, mass retail distribution (clothing, textiles, food and drink, furnishings, etc.) and pharmaceuticals distribution. The differences across sectors are substantial and relate to the nature of the product (whether it can be digitised, is costly or is perishable), the nature of transactions between suppliers and purchasers, the market structure and regulation. This report gives a first set of results concerning sectoral differences in the spread of business-to-business electronic commerce and related organisational and economic effects. Creation-Date: 2001-01-01 Number: 52 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:52-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Interconnection and Local Competition Abstract: Significant changes in the structure of the telecommunication market have occurred since the introduction of competition in the sector. Now, companies are competing in all market segments and more importantly, competition is developing between companies, which use different network platforms such as fixed telecommunications networks, cable television networks and mobile networks. In terms of regulatory models, the development of inter-modal competition in the telecommunications sector requires the regulator to move forward to technology neutral regulation that is essential to maximise the welfare of consumers through innovative competition between different technology platforms. Creation-Date: 2001-02-07 Number: 53 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:53-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Inventaire des lois, politiques et pratiques régissant la protection des consommateurs dans le contexte du commerce électronique Abstract: Les lois, politiques et pratiques existantes contribuent à instaurer la confiance des consommateurs en les protégeant des manoeuvres ou des pratiques déloyales et en contribuant à établir des relations plus équilibrées entre les vendeurs et les consommateurs dans les transactions commerciales. Les marchés intérieurs de la revente au détail offrent aux consommateurs l’assurance que leurs contacts avec les entreprises et leurs achats sont couverts par des mesures de protection juridiques du gouvernement et du secteur privé. Du fait de l’augmentation des transactions transfrontières et de la diminution ou disparition des contacts personnels entre les entreprises et les consommateurs consécutives à la croissance du commerce électronique, un marché mondial prévisible et loyal est plus que jamais nécessaire Creation-Date: 2001-09-14 Number: 54 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:54-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Inventory of Consumer Protection Laws, Policies and Practices Applied to Electronic Commerce Abstract: Consumer laws, policies and practices exist to help build consumers’ trust and confidence by protecting them from unfair or deceptive acts or practices and helping to establish a more balanced relationship between sellers and consumers in commercial transactions. Domestic retail markets offer consumers assurances that their interactions and purchases are covered by national legal and private sector consumer protections. The increase in cross-border transactions and the limited or non-existent face-to-face contact between businesses and consumers brought on by the growth of electronic commerce reinforce the need for a predictable and trustworthy global marketplace. Creation-Date: 2001-02-28 Number: 54 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:54-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Cross-border Co-operation in Combatting Cross-border Fraud: The US/Canadian Experience Abstract: On 22 March 2000 the CCP held a half-day Forum Session intended to explore the challenges and possibilities associated with international co-operation. Using the experience of the United States and Canada as a practical example, the session provided an overview of ongoing efforts to combat the growing problem of cross-border fraudulent, misleading and unfair commercial conduct. The delegations of Canada and the United States took the leading role in preparing for the session, giving the Committee a first-hand look at their experiences working together to facilitate communication, information sharing, and bilateral co-operation in certain cross-border enforcement actions. The following is a summary record of the Forum Session and the presentations given by representatives from the Competition Bureau of Industry Canada and the United States Federal Trade Commission. Copyright Creation-Date: 2001-02-06 Number: 55 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:55-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Coopération bilatérale pour combattre la fraude transfontière: l'expérience des Etats-Unis et du Canada Abstract: Le 22 mars 2000, le CPC a tenu une session en forum d'une demi-journée afin d'étudier les problèmes et possibilités associés à la coopération internationale. A partir de l'expérience des Etats-Unis et du Canada comme exemple pratique, la session a donné un aperçu des efforts actuellement déployés pour lutter contre le problème de plus en plus aigu que posent les pratiques commerciales transfrontières frauduleuses, trompeuses ou déloyales. Les délégations du Canada et des Etats-Unis ont joué un rôle majeur dans la préparation de cette session, au cours de laquelle elles ont communiqué au Comité des renseignements de première main sur les moyens mis en oeuvre par les deux pays pour faciliter la communication, l'échange d'informations et la coopération bilatérale en ce qui concerne certaines mesures transnationales de lutte contre la fraude. On trouvera ci-joint un compte rendu succinct de la session en forum ainsi que des exposés donnés par les représentants du Bureau de la concurrence (Industrie Canada) ainsi que de la Federal Trade Commission (Etats-Unis). Creation-Date: 2001-03-02 Number: 55 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:55-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Development of Broadband Access in the OECD Countries Abstract: The development of broadband access to the Internet is gaining increasing prominence. This is occurring in fields that go well beyond communications policy. One reason for this is the role advanced communication capabilities may have played in generating higher growth in productivity rates, as well as new networkbased economic activities, in some countries over recent years. If, as many believe, new communication tools such as the Internet and wireless networks boosted growth in the latter half of the 1990s, and softened the current cyclical downturn, then the next steps toward broadband access are of critical importance that go beyond the communications sector. The current bottleneck to growth in the communications sector, and beyond for areas such as electronic commerce, is the limitations of local access networks. These limitations are not just technological. The inheritance of many decades of monopoly provision of access networks is that there is usually only one, or at best two, networks passing most homes and businesses in OECD countries. In some cases the same company still owns both these networks. Creation-Date: 2001-10-29 Number: 56 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:56-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Internet and Business Performance Abstract: The Internet is providing firms with new ways to conduct business and exchange and communicate information and ideas. In doing so, it is enabling companies to improve efficiency and develop novel ways to co-ordinate activities. Internal firm organisation and relations with employees and shareholders, for example, are being affected, as are the external relationships that firms have with suppliers, customers, competitors and other parties. Some of the changes that are occurring were explored in the report to OECD Ministers on The New Economy: Beyond the Hype (OECD, 2001a). The report concludes that the Internet and related advances in information and communication technology (ICT) are transforming economic activity, much as the steam engine, railways and electricity did in the past. They have done so by providing a catalyst for change in business – helping to spur improvements in work organisation through reductions in routine transaction costs and rationalisation of supply chains, while spawning value-generating networks. Creation-Date: 2001-12-21 Number: 57 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:57-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Internet Traffic Exchange and the Development of end-to-end International Telecommunication Competition Abstract: The avoidance of monopoly rents and the need to ensure the continuity and quality of supply have, historically, been among the key drivers for the creation of new trade routes. In the field of telecommunications, for much of the past century, there has been little scope for achieving either of these goals. The avoidance of monopoly rents was unrealisable because most countries had legally mandated monopolies over the provision of telecommunication infrastructure. Even in those exceptional cases, where a country had opened its market to competition, monopolies continued to reign in corresponding countries. At the same time, monopolies made it difficult for one entity to guarantee service levels provided to its customers. This was because a single entity could not construct and manage their own end-to-end infrastructure across national borders. Creation-Date: 2002-03-13 Number: 58 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:58-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Cybersquatting: The OECD's Experience and the Problems it Illustrates with Registrar Practices and the 'Whois' System Abstract: This report summarises the problem recently met by the OECD with regard to the cybersquatting of the ocde.org domain name, and identifies the general policy issues arising from this experience. Creation-Date: 2002-03-14 Number: 59 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:59-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Trends in IP Technology: Their Impact on the Traditional Telephony Carrier Abstract: The impact of the Internet Protocol (IP) on telephony is anticipated to replace traditional voice services with integrated voice and IP-based applications. The traditional telephony networks, though technically and economically unsuited to supporting the integrated applications including messaging and e-commerce, will nonetheless be leveraged by the ability to be interconnected and interoperate with IP networks. The potential for leveraging IP-based applications together with the traditional telephony infrastructure will likely create new markets for traditional telephony carriers, opening the opportunity for new alliances and partnerships with content providers, broadcast networks and integrated network service providers to enterprises. These new alliances will generate both opportunities for economic growth of a re-shaped telecommunications industry as well as challenges to the traditional approaches to its governance and regulation. Specifically, there will be an increased need to harmonize the progression of international technical standards for IP and the traditional telephony spheres as well as assessment of the implications of regulation presently applied to telephony as voice and video services become increasingly integrated within new IP-based applications delivered across a broad based communications infrastructure. Creation-Date: 2002-03-20 Number: 60 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:60-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Exemples de bonnes pratiques relatives aux lignes directrices de l'OCDE régissant la protection des consommateurs dans le contexte du commerce électronique Abstract: Les Lignes directrices régissant la protection des consommateurs dans le contexte du commerce électronique de l’OCDE (ci-après, les Lignes directrices) présentent des principes de base à l’usage des consommateurs qui veulent savoir quelles pratiques commerciales loyales ils peuvent attendre dans l’environnement en ligne, à l’usage du secteur privé pour l’élaboration de cadres d’autorégulation, et à l’usage des gouvernements pour la formulation et la mise en oeuvre de mesures de protection des consommateurs dans le commerce électronique. Ces Lignes directrices, approuvées et adoptées le 9 décembre 1999 par l’OCDE, représentent près de deux ans de rédaction et de consultation par les représentants compétents en matière de protection des consommateurs des gouvernements Membres, des organisations professionnelles et des organisations de consommateurs. Creation-Date: 2002-05-17 Number: 61 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:61-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Best Practice Examples under the OECD Guidelines on Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce Abstract: This set of best practice examples provides additional practical guidance to governments, businesses and consumers on several aspects of the 1999 Guidelines. Creation-Date: 2002-05-17 Number: 61 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:61-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: L'échange de trafic Internet et le développement de la concurrence dans les télécommunications internationales de bout en bout Abstract: S’agissant de l’échange de trafic Internet, le présent rapport conclut que les accords en vigueur créent les incitations propices au développement des marchés haut débit. L’analyse indique que l’échange de trafic Internet donne lieu à la mise en place de différents modèles de gestion. Ainsi, certains opérateurs historiques établissent de nombreuses relations directes d’échange de trafic avec d’autres opérateurs, tandis que d’autres ont adopté comme stratégie de ne traiter qu’avec un petit nombre d’autres réseaux dorsaux. Les négociations commerciales offrent la flexibilité voulue pour que ces pratiques se poursuivent et que le marché décide des modalités les plus efficaces. En imposant des contraintes extérieures, on risquerait de modifier fondamentalement les incitations à adopter les mesures et les solutions commerciales aux problèmes qui pourraient survenir, et d’accentuer en plus les distorsions actuelles là où s’exerce un pouvoir de monopole. La valeur que confèrent différents réseaux à l’échange de trafic Internet doit être dûment prise en compte dans les négociations commerciales. La meilleure garantie à cet égard est de veiller à ce qu’existe une concurrence suffisante sur les marchés haut débit. Creation-Date: 2002-05-30 Number: 62 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:62-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Résolution en ligne des litiges liés au commerce électronique : règlement alternatif des litiges (RAL) - Les questions à se poser Abstract: Pourquoi achète-t-on en ligne ? Pour une multitude de raisons : opportunités, commodité, choix, prix compétitifs, information. Mais savez-vous ce qui se passerait en cas de problème ? Imaginez que vous ne recevez pas les biens commandés, ou qu'ils vous arrivent endommagés : quels seraient vos recours ? Bien souvent, lorsque vous êtes en ligne, les moyens prévus par le vendeur pour résoudre d'éventuels problèmes sont tout simplement indiqués le site web. Certaines entreprises publient leur politique en matière de règlement des litiges. En tant que consommateur, il vous appartient de vérifier l'existence d'un service de réclamation, ou d'une garantie de remboursement. Il existe souvent une option pour résoudre votre litige : le recours à un tiers neutre. Cette procédure, de plus en plus usitée par les consommateurs et les commerçants en ligne, s'appelle le Règlement alternatif des litiges (RAL). Creation-Date: 2002-05-14 Number: 63 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:63-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Resolving E-commerce Disputes Online: Asking the Right Questions about ADR Abstract: Shopping online opens up a world of opportunity, convenience, choice, competitive prices and information. What will happen if something goes wrong with your purchase? What if you don't get the products you ordered? What can you do? Creation-Date: 2002-06-04 Number: 63 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:63-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Report on Consumer Protections for Payment Cardholders Abstract: This document reports on a CCP survey of legal and other consumer protections for payment cardholders in OECD Member countries. It also incorporates information gained during the CCP Roundtable on Consumer Protection for Payment Cardholders held in March 2001 in Berlin, Germany. The Roundtable brought together experts from academia, business, consumer groups and governments to discuss the issue of payment protections and what the OECD should be doing in this policy area. The report begins with an overview of past OECD work in the field of consumer protection for payment cardholders. It then discusses the current state of affairs with regard to cross-border e-commerce, payment security and consumer confidence, and reviews the consumer protection issues arising from the use of payment cards. A synopsis of the consumer protection regimes currently in place for payment cardholders in OECD Member countries is presented in the second half of the report. The concluding section focuses on the importance of cardholder education. As a step towards addressing the educational issue, the Committee developed a consumer education piece, “Using Payment Cards Online: Frequently Asked Questions”, which is attached as an annex. Creation-Date: 2002-06-14 Number: 64 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:64-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Dispositions juridiques liées au règlement alternatif des litiges entre entreprises et consommateurs relatifs à la vie privée et à la protection des consommateurs Abstract: L’objet de ce document est d’examiner l’incidence des dispositions juridiques nationales actuelles sur le recours au règlement alternatif des litiges (RAL) dans le cadre du commerce électronique. Il y est présenté une synthèse des réponses des pays membres au Questionnaire sur les dispositions juridiques liées au règlement alternatif des litiges (RAL) entre entreprises et consommateurs relatifs à la vie privée et à la protection des consommateurs. Creation-Date: 2003-01-22 Number: 65 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:65-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Legal Provisions Related to Business-to-Consumer Alternative Dispute Resolution in Relation to Privacy and Consumer Protection Abstract: This document addresses the extent to which existing legal provisions in OECD countries impact recourse to alternative dispute resolution (ADR) in relation to disputes arising out of business-to-consumer electronic commerce. Creation-Date: 2002-07-17 Number: 65 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:65-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Rapport sur les contrats régissant les flux transfrontières de données dans le cadre plus général des mécanismes de protection de la vie privée sur les réseaux mondiaux Abstract: Le présent Rapport sur la place des contrats régissant les flux transfrontières de données dans le cadre plus général des mécanismes de protection de la vie privée sur les réseaux mondiaux a été rédigé sous la supervision du Secrétariat. Il se fonde sur l'engagement pris par les gouvernements des pays Membres de l'OCDE, lors de la Conférence d'Ottawa de 1998, "Un monde sans frontières : concrétiser le potentiel du commerce électronique mondial", d’encourager l'utilisation et le développement de solutions contractuelles types pour les flux transfrontières de données en ligne, et de veiller à ce que soient disponibles des mécanismes efficaces d’exécution permettant, d’une part, de résoudre les problèmes de non respect des principes et des politiques de protection de la vie privée et, d’autre part, de garantir l’accès à des moyens de réparation. Creation-Date: 2001-11-02 Number: 66 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:66-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Transborder Data Flow Contracts in the Wider Framework of Mechanisms for Privacy Protection on Global Networks Abstract: This 1999 report aims at helping to develop a common understanding of the use of contractual solutions in the context of B2B and B2C transborder data flows. Creation-Date: 2000-09-21 Number: 66 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:66-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Access for Business Abstract: With over 50 million subscribers in the OECD, broadband access is key for economic growth and development. This report examines broadband access development for businesses. It focuses on short distance leased lines and new forms of broadband acces. Creation-Date: 2002-12-04 Number: 67 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:67-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Universal Service Obligations and Broadband Abstract: This paper examines the question of whether the scope of universal service should be widened to include broadband. A common concern in OECD countries is that some groups without access to highspeed broadband networks, such as those residing in rural and sparsely populated remote areas, will be unable to access the benefits expected of broadband access, from on-line services including education, health and government services. This problem is expected to grow in significance as broadband service becomes increasingly important and pervasive. Creation-Date: 2003-01-22 Number: 68 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:68-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Review of the Development and Reform of the Telecommunications Sector in China Abstract: The Chinese telecommunications market has experienced double-digit growth in recent years and continues to expand rapidly as demand surges. Creation-Date: 2003-03-13 Number: 69 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:69-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Comparing Domain Name Administration in OECD Countries Abstract: The aim of this paper is to provide comparative information on the administration of domain names across the OECD area. Creation-Date: 2003-04-08 Number: 70 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:70-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Development of Wireless Local Area Networks in OECD Countries Abstract: Wireless technology provides business executives, office workers, small businesses and residential users with expanded opportunities to connect to the Internet outside the limited area dictated by fixed networks. Creation-Date: 2003-04-16 Number: 71 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:71-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Mettre les TIC à profit dans une économie numérique Abstract: Ce rapport réexamine la contribution des TIC aux performances économiques à la lumière de données nouvelles et plus récentes, de manière à évaluer à quel point les conclusions qui paraissaient valides fin 2000 le demeurent aujourd'hui. Il examine également la nécessité d'adapter au contexte économique actuel les recommandations d'action publique formulées dans les travaux antérieurs de l'OCDE, ainsi que les mesures que devraient prendre les pays de l'OCDE pour mettre les TIC à profit. Les conclusions et les répercussions sur l'action publique de ces nouvelles réflexions réaffirment et enrichissent celles de l'étude de l'OCDE sur la croissance. Creation-Date: 2003-04-17 Number: 72 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:72-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Seizing the Benefits of ICT in a Digital Economy Abstract: Seizing the Benefits of ICT in a Digital Economy revisits ICT's contribution to economic performance using new and more recent data to assess the degree to which the findings that appeared valid at the end of 2000 remain intact. This new report also examines whether the policy conclusions from the previous OECD work require adjustment in the current economic environment, and what measures OECD governments should take to seize the benefits of ICT. The findings and policy implications of the work are summarised in this report; they reaffirm and elaborate those of the OECD Growth Study. Creation-Date: 2003-04-17 Number: 72 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:72-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Consumer Policy Considerations on the Importance of Accurate and Available WHOIS Data Abstract: Drawing on the 1999 OECD Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce, this document explains how accurate and available Whois data can contribute to building consumer trust in the online marketplace. Creation-Date: 2003-06-02 Number: 73 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:73-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Considérations du point de vue de la politique à l'égard des consommateurs sur l'importance d'avoir des données Whois exactes et disponibles Abstract: Ce document explique combien des données Whois exactes et disponibles peuvent contribuer à donner confiance au consommateur sur le marché en ligne, en s’appuyant sur plusieurs dispositions des Lignes directrices de l’OCDE. Il identifie ensuite brièvement les préoccupations actuelles concernant le fonctionnement de Whois et décrit les efforts déployés récemment pour assurer l’exactitude et la disponibilité des informations concernant l’enregistrement des noms de domaine. La conclusion suggère un certain nombre de mesures permettant de réaliser des améliorations dans ce secteur. Creation-Date: 2003-06-02 Number: 73 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:73-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Developments in Local Loop Unbundling Abstract: This paper focuses on the development of local loop unbundling in the OECD. It examines policies for unbundling, progress in achieving unbundling, and collocation and pricing policies for unbundling. Creation-Date: 2003-06-02 Number: 74 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:74-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Broadband Driving Growth: Policy Responses Abstract: The OECD's policy response to the challenge of maximising the benefits of broadband Internet services for economic and social development. Creation-Date: 2003-10-09 Number: 75 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:75-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Benefits and Costs of Structural Separation of the Local Loop Abstract: This paper is aimed at responding to arguments that have been made about the necessity and benefits of structural separation of the telecommunications local loop. Creation-Date: 2003-11-03 Number: 76 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:76-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Broadband and Telephony Services Over Cable Television Networks Abstract: Broadband Internet access is one of the first services where there has been a convergence between communications platforms built for different purposes. Creation-Date: 2003-11-07 Number: 77 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:77-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Note de synthèse pour l'atelier de l'OCDE sur le spam Abstract: Ce document a été rédigé pour fournir des informations de référence aux participants à l’atelier de l’OCDE sur le spam qui se tiendra à Bruxelles les 2 et 3 février 2004. Il contient une étude liminaire des problèmes provoqués par le spam ou qui lui sont associés. Il cherche à définir ses caractéristiques, les raisons pour lesquelles il est en expansion et plusieurs des problèmes qu’il soulève, à savoir : les coûts qu’il induit, son impact sur les infrastructures et marchés de communication, les atteintes à la vie privée et le vol d’informations commerciales, son contenu, et les questions de sécurité du réseau et de protection du consommateur. Le document a aussi pour objectif de présenter un panorama des mesures prises par les pays Membres dans ce domaine afin de faciliter l’échange d’informations quant à l’effet des différentes solutions mises en oeuvre. Enfin, il a pour ambition de servir de base à d’autres débats et échanges de renseignements entre les pays Membres afin de lutter contre le spam au niveau national et international. Creation-Date: 2004-02-09 Number: 78 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:78-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Background Paper for the OECD Workshop on Spam Abstract: This background paper has been prepared to provide a broad overview of the issues associated with spam as information for participants at the OECD Workshop on Spam, to be held at the European Commission on 2-3 February 2004. Creation-Date: 2004-01-22 Number: 78 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:78-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Digital Delivery of Business Services Abstract: The business services examined in this study include software and information services, R&D and technical services, advertising and marketing, business consulting, recruitment and human resource development services. Digital delivery includes contracted out electronically mediated services supply (outsourcing) and digitally facilitated distributed work within firms, in which business services inputs are supplied electronically to support the business activities of firms. Digital delivery allows business services suppliers to combine richness and reach (i.e. to combine greater market reach with the ability to engage in richer interactions with clients). Business services activities are a significant and growing part of all OECD economies. Services are often dominated by small firms, although there are large players in most market segments. Demand for business services is strongly pro-cyclical. Innovation and high levels of competition counter market dynamics leading to concentration. Hence, new players emerge and there is considerable churn among market leaders. Creation-Date: 2004-04-22 Number: 79 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:79-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Development of Broadband Access in Rural and Remote Areas Abstract: As the development of broadband access builds momentum, policy makers are increasingly turning their attention to the availability of these services in rural and remote areas. Creation-Date: 2004-05-10 Number: 80 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:80-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Report on non-OECD Countries' Spam Legislation Abstract: This report on anti-spam legislation in OECD non-member countries was originally prepared for the Brussels OECD Workshop on Spam and was updated following the workshop to include more non-member country information in April 2004. Creation-Date: 2004-04-30 Number: 81 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:81-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Peer to Peer Networks in OECD Countries Abstract: The number of people logged on simultaneously to popular file sharing networks approached close to 10 million in April 2004, a rise of 30% from the same period a year earlier, according to this new OECD report. Creation-Date: 2004-07-12 Number: 82 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:82-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Implications of Convergence for Regulation of Electronic Communications Abstract: Digital technologies and the diffusion of new transmission technologies have increased the number of platforms capable of providing video transmission, and have also altered the traditional characteristics of broadcasting. Creation-Date: 2004-07-12 Number: 83 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:83-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Generic Top Level Domain Names: Market Development and Allocation Issues Abstract: The Domain Name System’s need to have unique identifiers, and a consequent need for there to be a single registry for each name, means that any registry can exercise a degree of monopoly power over the domain for which it has responsibility. Creation-Date: 2004-07-13 Number: 84 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:84-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Development of Third-Generation Mobile Services in the OECD Abstract: This paper analyses the development of third-generation mobile services (3G) in OECD countries. A brief description of the definition of 3G and its migration path is followed by an analysis of the benefits and shortcomings of 3G services. The paper further examines regulatory issues raised by 3G development and recent market developments including pricing issues. Finally, the paper undertakes a comparative analysis of 3G with wireless LANs and other alternative wireless technologies. Creation-Date: 2004-09-14 Number: 85 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:85-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Les TIC, le commerce électronique et les PME Abstract: Les moyens de connexion (PC et Internet) aux technologies de l’information et des communications (TIC) sont très largement répandus dans les entreprises de toutes tailles. Comme c’est le cas pour toutes les technologies, les petites entreprises adoptent les nouvelles TIC moins rapidement que les grandes. Les considérations commerciales et les résultats attendus sont les principaux facteurs qui déterminent l’adoption et l’utilisation profitable des TIC par les petites entreprises. Les principales raisons pour ne pas franchir le pas sont l’absence de possibilités d’exploitation et le peu de motivation à changer de mode de fonctionnement lorsque les avantages escomptés ne sont pas évidents. Creation-Date: 2004-06-05 Number: 86 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:86-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: ICT, E-Business and Small and Medium Enterprises Abstract: Information and communication technology (ICT) connectivity (PCs and Internet) is very widespread in businesses of all sizes. As is the case with all technologies, small businesses are slower than large ones to adopt new ICTs. Commercial considerations and potential returns are the principal drivers of small business adoption and profitable use. Principal reasons for non-adoption are lack of applicability and little incentive to change business models when returns are unclear. SMEs also face generic barriers to adoption including trust and transaction security and IPR concerns, and challenges in areas of management skills, technological capabilities, productivity and competitiveness. Creation-Date: 2004-06-03 Number: 86 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:86-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Compétences et emploi dans le domaine des TIC Abstract: Ce rapport fait partie intégrante des Perspectives des technologies de l’information de l’OCDE 2004. Il inaugure une prochaine série de rapports qui examineront la distribution de l’emploi qualifié en TIC dans l’économie et étudieront le rôle de l’emploi qualifié dans le domaine des TIC dans les échanges, dans les services aux entreprises reposant sur l’utilisation des TIC et dans l’approvisionnement international en services, ou délocalisation. L’essor actuel des produits et des services liés aux TIC et l’intégration de plus en plus poussée des TIC dans les processus commerciaux, conjugués à l’existence d’une réserve de main d’œuvre qualifiée en TIC, aura une incidence croissante sur la répartition géographique des activités économiques. Creation-Date: 2005-05-04 Number: 87 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:87-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: ICT Skills and Employment Abstract: This report, part of the 2004 OECD IT Outlook, is the first in a series looking at the distribution of ICT skilled employment in the economy, various ways in which ICT skills needs can be satisfied, and the role of ICT-skilled employment in international services sourcing, or offshoring. Creation-Date: 2005-01-03 Number: 87 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:87-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: ICT, E-Business and SMEs Abstract: The main policy directions derived from the analysis are to foster appropriate business environments for e-business and ICT uptake, and target programmes to overcome market failures to the extent that they are needed in particular areas. Creation-Date: 2005-05-04 Number: 88 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:88-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Next Generation Network Development in OECD Countries Abstract: Over the last several years, a number of the major network operators have put in place network upgrade plans to implement next generation networks (NGN). Creation-Date: 2005-01-18 Number: 89 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:89-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Regulatory Reform as a Tool for Bridging the Digital Divide Abstract: The digital divide touches all regions and economies of the world and threatens to slow progress towards the goal of an all-inclusive information society. Policy makers are faced with the divide’s daunting complexity but have a range of policy tools that have proven effective in expanding access throughout the world. Of these tools, regulatory reform has had perhaps the largest impact in both developed and developing economies alike. Creation-Date: 2005-02-23 Number: 90 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:90-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Potential Offshoring of ICT-intensive Using Occupations Abstract: Services are increasingly tradable, mainly as a result of rapid technological advances, in particular in information and communication technologies, and continuing liberalisation of trade in services. This has led to the relatively new phenomenon of global services sourcing or offshoring. This report analyses evidence from both trade and employment data. Creation-Date: 2005-04-05 Number: 91 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:91-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: OECD Workshop on Consumer Dispute Resolution and Redress in the Global Marketplace: Background Report Abstract: This report presents an overview of OECD member country frameworks for consumer dispute resolution and redress. Part I focuses on the different mechanisms that have been put in place to respond to the varying nature and characteristics of consumer disputes including: internal complaints handling processes; payment cardholder protections; alternative dispute resolution; small claims courts; private collective action lawsuits; legal actions by consumer associations; and government obtained redress. Part II examines the impediments to ensuring that monetary judgments for consumers in cross-border cases ultimately result in compensation to consumers. The report aims to identify the elements of effective domestic frameworks for consumer dispute resolution and redress, examine how these frameworks can better address cross-border cases, and consider how increased international cooperation could improve the effectiveness of judicial remedies across-borders. Creation-Date: 2005-04-19 Number: 92 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:92-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Development of Voice over WiFi by Integrating Mobile Networks Abstract: Rapid technological changes are facilitating the convergence between WiFi (short for “Wireless Fidelity”) and mobile networks, in particular with 3G networks and resulting in the development of Voice over WiFi (VoWiFi) services. Creation-Date: 2005-04-14 Number: 93 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:93-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Growth in Services - Fostering Employment, Productivity and Innovation Abstract: The services sector now accounts for over 70% of total employment and value added in OECD economies. It also accounts for almost all employment growth in the OECD area. But despite its growing weight, productivity growth in services has been slow in many OECD countries and the share of the working-age population employed in services remains low in many countries. Creation-Date: 2005-04-20 Number: 94 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:94-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Secondary Markets for Spectrum: Policy Issues Abstract: Many countries are grappling with spectrum reform in a climate of rapid technological change, convergence and relentlessly growing spectrum demand. Creation-Date: 2005-04-20 Number: 95 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:95-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: New Perspectives on ICT Skills and Employment Abstract: This report provides an overview of ICT skills and employment across OECD economies and analyses some of the impacts on economic performance. It presents a new approach to capturing the diffusion of ICTs in the economy. Creation-Date: 2005-04-22 Number: 96 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:96-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Digital Broadband Content: Mobile Content Abstract: Mobile content is increasingly available over mobile platforms and mobile networks. Most common applications are music and games. This study analyses development of mobile digital content value chains and business models, drivers of mobile content dissemination and identifies policy issues. Creation-Date: 2005-05-03 Number: 97 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:97-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Online Computer and Video Games Abstract: The computer and video game industry study analyses changing value chains and business models, prospects and challenges for off-line consoles and PCs and online and wireless games. Creation-Date: 2005-05-12 Number: 98 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:98-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Spam Issues in Developing Countries Abstract: After an overview of general issues relating to spam, this report suggests possible technical and legislative solutions adapted to developing countries, focusing on the fundamental role of Internet Service Providers. Creation-Date: 2005-05-26 Number: 99 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:99-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: OECD Report on Digital Music: Opportunities and Challenges Abstract: Unauthorised sharing of copyrighted works and new commercial digital delivery possibilities have thus far been a disruptive technology for the music industry. Still, the outlook for the music market in 2005 is positive due to rapidly increasing sales of (mobile) digital music services. Creation-Date: 2005-12-13 Number: 100 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:100-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Technologies fondées sur la biométrie Abstract: Ce rapport livre un premier aperçu des avantages et des faiblesses des technologies fondées sur la biométrie. Il comprend également des informations sur les méthodologies existantes dans le domaine de la protection de la vie privée et la sécurité pour évaluer la biométrie. Creation-Date: 2005-06-10 Number: 101 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:101-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Biometric-based Technologies Abstract: This report is intended to provide an understanding of the benefits and limitations of biometric-based technologies. It also includes information on existing privacy and security methodologies for assessing biometrics. Creation-Date: 2004-06-30 Number: 101 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:101-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Promotion of a Culture of Security for Information Systems and Networks in OECD Countries Abstract: This report is a major information resource on governments’ effective efforts to date to foster a shift in culture as called for in the OECD Guidelines for the Security of Information Systems and Networks: Towards a Culture of Security. Creation-Date: 2005-02-16 Number: 102 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:102-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Examining Consumer Policy: A Report on Consumer Information Campaigns Concerning Scams Abstract: This report on consumer information campaigns concerning scams, makes recommendations for five areas in which practice can be improved to ensure that scams are more effectively understood and that campaigning against them is more integrated. Creation-Date: 2005-12-20 Number: 103 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:103-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Examen des politiques à l'égard des consommateurs : Rapport sur les campagnes d'information sur les consommateurs relatives aux escroqueries ('scams') Abstract: La mission assignée au projet était d’étudier les escroqueries (« scams ») en tant que thème à part entière abordé dans le cadre de la politique à l’égard des consommateurs de l’OCDE ; d’inventorier les domaines de pratiques optimales à partir des campagnes ayant réussi à modifier le comportement des consommateurs ; et de donner des conseils concrets sur la mise en oeuvre de campagnes de lutte contre ces escroqueries. La préparation de ce rapport et les recherches correspondantes ont été menées par le Central Office of Information (COI) du Royaume Uni avec l'apport du Comité de la Politique à l'Egard des Consommateurs.
La mission assignée au projet était d’étudier les escroqueries (« scams ») en tant que thème à part entière abordé dans le cadre de la politique à l’égard des consommateurs de l’OCDE ; d’inventorier les domaines de pratiques optimales à partir des campagnes ayant réussi à modifier le comportement des consommateurs ; et de donner des conseils concrets sur la mise en oeuvre de campagnes de lutte contre ces escroqueries. La préparation de ce rapport et les recherches correspondantes ont été menées par le Central Office of Information (COI) du Royaume Uni avec l'apport du Comité de la Politique à l'Egard des Consommateurs. Creation-Date: 2006-01-03 Number: 103 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:103-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: VoIP: Developments in the Market Abstract: The development of broadband Internet access, has triggered a shift in voice traffic from traditional public switched telephone networks (PSTN) to alternative Internet Protocol (IP) networks. Creation-Date: 2006-01-10 Number: 104 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:104-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Telecommunication Regulatory Institutional Structures and Responsibilities Abstract: The jurisdiction of regulators has changed in many countries as responsibilities, formerly with ministries, was transferred to regulators. Creation-Date: 2006-01-11 Number: 105 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:105-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Policy Implications of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) Abstract: VoIP traffic is growing rapidly in conjunction with the growth in broadband connections, in particular digital subscriber lines (DSL) and cable modems. According to a recent survey, VoIP is growing at twice the rate of traditional switched voice. Creation-Date: 2006-02-13 Number: 106 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:106-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Share of Employment Potentially Affected by Offshoring: An Empirical Investigation Abstract: This report examines the statistical relationship between the share of employment potentially affected by ICT-enabled offshoring of services and other economic and structural developments, using some simple descriptive regressions on a panel of OECD economies between 1996 and 2003. Creation-Date: 2006-02-23 Number: 107 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:107-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Implications of WiMAX for Competition and Regulation Abstract: The new WiMAX equipment could play a key role in helping bridge the digital divide as long-distance wireless  links  could  help  deliver  higher-speed  access  to  areas  traditionally  out  of  reach  of  fixed-line networks. Creation-Date: 2006-03-02 Number: 108 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:108-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Policy Considerations of VoIP Abstract: VoIP  applications  have  the  potential  to  reduce  prices  for  voice  communications  and  enhance competition in voice markets by lowering entry barriers to these markets. Creation-Date: 2006-03-20 Number: 109 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:109-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID): Drivers, Challenges and Public Policy Considerations Abstract: RFID touches on several regulatory and/or policy issues with potentially wide-ranging social, economic, as well as national security implications, including international trade, intellectual property rights, standards, spectrum, security, and privacy. Creation-Date: 2006-02-27 Number: 110 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:110-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Secondary Market for Domain Names Abstract: The paper provides an overview of recent developments in Internet domain name markets, and more specifically, in the market for secondary domain names that is largely driven by Internet advertising on search engines. Creation-Date: 2006-04-12 Number: 111 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:111-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Digital Broadband Content: Public Sector Information Abstract: Public Sector Information (PSI) is the raw material for applications across a wide range of industries. This study gives an overview of the main areas of PSI and their commercial applications, and addresses issues related to improving access to public sector content. Creation-Date: 2006-03-30 Number: 112 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:112-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Rethinking Universal Service for a Next Generation Network Environment Abstract: In many OECD countries, a primary longer term issue is how to provide universal service in the new competitive environment where voice is ubiquitous and  cheap, voice  revenues low and where  voice has become just one of many applications provided on networks. Creation-Date: 2006-04-18 Number: 113 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:113-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Report of the OECD Task Force on Spam: Anti-Spam Toolkit of Recommended Policies and Measures Abstract: The OECD has launched an Anti-Spam Toolkit to help governments and industry work together to combat spam. The Anti-Spam Toolkit, its annexes and background papers are available at www.oecd-antispam.org Creation-Date: 2006-04-19 Number: 114 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:114-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Report on Disclosure Issues Related to the Use of Copy Control and Digital Rights Management Technologies Abstract: This report analyses the disclosure issues raised by technically-imposed restrictions on the use of digital content. Creation-Date: 2006-04-18 Number: 115 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:115-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Report on a Roundtable on Demand-side Economics for Consumer Policy Abstract: This report summarises the discussions held at a roundtable hosted by the OECD Committee on Consumer Policy (CCP) in October 2005. Creation-Date: 2006-04-20 Number: 116 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:116-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Online Payment Systems for E-commerce Abstract: This report analyses development and use of online payment systems, covering credit cards, debit cards, online banking, mediating services, mobile telephone payments and electronic money, and industry characteristics and network effects. It analyses drivers and impediments and policy issues. Creation-Date: 2006-04-18 Number: 117 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:117-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Future Digital Economy: Digital Content Creation, Distribution and Access - Conference Conclusions Abstract: This report summarises the OECD conference jointly organised with the Italian government which improved the understanding of the implications of the changing distribution of digital content and the Internet. Creation-Date: 2006-05-22 Number: 118 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:118-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Digital Broadband Content: Digital Content Strategies and Policies Abstract: The development of digital content raises new issues as rapid technological developments challenge existing business models and government policies. Creation-Date: 2006-05-19 Number: 119 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:119-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Simplifier les notices d'information sur la protection de la vie privée: Rapport et recommandations de l'OCDE Abstract: Ce rapport recommande que les notices d'information sur la vie privée soient brèves, simples et faciles d'utilisation afin que les informations qu'elles contiennent puissent être comprises par les utilisateurs qui peuvent ainsi comparer les pratiques en matière de protection de la vie privée des organisations qui traitent leurs données personnelles. Creation-Date: 2006-07-24 Number: 120 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:120-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Making Privacy Notices Simple: An OECD Report and Recommendations Abstract: This report recommends that privacy notices be short, simple and usable to make it easier for individuals to assimilate the information they contain and to compare the privacy practices of the organisations processing their personal data. Creation-Date: 2006-07-24 Number: 120 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:120-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Report on the Cross-Border Enforcement of Privacy Law Abstract: This report describes the current attempts to address cross-border enforcement challenges in the area of privacy. It highlights the need for a more global and systematic approach to cross-border privacy law enforcement co-operation. Creation-Date: 2006-06-18 Number: 121 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:121-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Potential Impacts of International Sourcing on Different Occupation Abstract: This paper uses trade and employment data to examine the relationship between the share of employment potentially affected by offshoring and economic and structural factors, including trade in business services and foreign direct investment, using simple descriptive regressions for a panel of OECD economies between 1996 and 2003. Creation-Date: 2006-10-19 Number: 122 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:122-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Policy Considerations for Audio-visual Content Distribution in a Multiplatform Environment Abstract: Convergence is at present a key factor in developments underlying the electronic communications sector.1 The public can see, speak and listen using various media operating over all kinds of networks. Creation-Date: 2007-01-12 Number: 123 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:123-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Mobile Commerce Abstract: Mobile commerce is a promising market both for consumers and businesses. However, consumer troubles and complaints are increasing and can sometimes become serious, including issues for minors. Creation-Date: 2007-01-16 Number: 124 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:124-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Spectrum Dividend: Spectrum Management Issues Abstract: After analogue TV signals are switched off with the shift to digital transmission (analogue switchoff), a significant amount of spectrum bandwidth is expected to be freed-up, potentially making it available for other applications rather than replicating the similar quality analogue TV programmes (spectrum dividend). This paper discusses spectrum management issues in relation to digitalisation of terrestrial television broadcasting (digital switchover). Creation-Date: 2007-01-22 Number: 125 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:125-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Mobile Multiple Play: New Service Pricing and Policy Implications Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the evolution in mobile multiple play services (voice, data and video). Creation-Date: 2007-01-15 Number: 126 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:126-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Fixed-Mobile Convergence: Market Developments and Policy Issues Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the evolution towards fixed-mobile convergence (FMC) and of some related regulatory and policy issues such as numbering and interconnection. Creation-Date: 2007-03-23 Number: 127 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:127-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Is China the New Centre for Offshoring of IT and ICT-Enabled Services? Abstract: This paper analyses developments in IT and ICT-enabled services offshoring to China and the potential for further growth. Creation-Date: 2007-03-29 Number: 128 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:128-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: ICTs and Gender Abstract: This paper shows ICT and ICT-related employment, ICT-related education and training, and ICT access and use by gender. Creation-Date: 2007-03-29 Number: 129 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:129-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: L'élaboration de politiques de protection des infrastructures d'information critiques Abstract: Ce rapport sur le développement de politiques pour la protection des infrastructures d'information critiques au Canada, en Corée, au Royaume-Uni et aux États-Unis a été préparé sous la supervision du Secrétariat par Nick Mansfield, consultant à l'OCDE, basé sur des données communiquées par les pays volontaires. Creation-Date: 2007-02-08 Number: 130 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:130-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Development of Policies for Protection of Critical Information Infrastructures Abstract: The 2006 OECD study offers an analysis of the CII security policies in four countries: Canada, Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States - with a focus on the drivers for and challenges to their development. Creation-Date: 2007-02-08 Number: 130 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:130-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Report on OECD Member Countries' Approaches to Consumer Contracts Abstract: This report covers the four issues most often raised by consumer contracts: misrepresentation; the seller's duty to supply information to the consumer; suitability, or "know your customer" rules; and protection against unsolicited offers and pressure sales tactics. Creation-Date: 2007-07-06 Number: 131 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:131-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Report on Second Roundtable on Economics for Consumer Policy Abstract: Report on the 2nd Roundtable on Economics for Consumer Policy, held in October 2006, to consider the economic theories of information disclosure with a focus on two major industry sectors – telecommunications and financial services. Creation-Date: 2007-07-26 Number: 132 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:132-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Catching up in Broadband - What Will it Take? Abstract: Can governments elevate their broadband performance rankings? This paper aims to identify the factors that are significant in driving broadband penetration. Creation-Date: 2007-07-25 Number: 133 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:133-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Implementation in Germany: Challenges and Benefits Abstract: RFID technology is increasingly used in a wide range of tracking and tracing applications. This study compares the implementation of RFID across a broad range of sectors, drawing on interviews with early adopters of RFID technology in Germany. Creation-Date: 2007-10-27 Number: 134 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:134-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Broadband and ICT Access and Use by Households and Individuals Abstract: This study analyses the use of Internet and broadband in detail, showing that people’s socio-economic standing have a direct bearing on how they are used. Creation-Date: 2007-12-21 Number: 135 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:135-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Measuring the Impacts of ICT Using Official Statistics Abstract: Policy makers everywhere want to know about the social and economic impacts of ICT. The aim of this paper is to examine statistical issues associated with their measurement and to suggest areas for future work. Creation-Date: 2008-01-04 Number: 136 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:136-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: IPTV: Market Developments and Regulatory Treatment Abstract: This paper examines current market trends and regulation for IPTV and also provides information on developments in the provision of IPTV service in a number of OECD countries. Creation-Date: 2007-12-19 Number: 137 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:137-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: L'idenfication par radiofréquence (RFID) : Sécurité de l'information et protection de la vie privée Abstract: Le présent rapport constitue la première étape d'une série de travaux de l'OCDE consacrés aux environnements à base de capteurs. Dans un second temps, ces travaux s'intéresseront également aux questions de sécurité et de vie privée soulevées par un certain nombre de tendances susceptibles d'apparaître à plus long terme, comme par exemple la généralisation du marquage des objets (RFID ubiquitaire), les applications de RFID en boucle ouverte, ainsi que la mise en œuvre d'autres capteurs et réseaux de capteurs permettant d'exercer un contrôle sur l'environnement. Creation-Date: 2008-04-29 Number: 138 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:138-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID): A Focus on Information Security and Privacy Abstract: The deployment of RFID brings significant economic promise. But is RFID sufficiently secure and privacy-friendly ? This paper clarifies the capabilities and limitations of RFID, identifies the associated security and privacy challenges, and suggests measures that can be implemented to address them. Creation-Date: 2008-01-14 Number: 138 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:138-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Measuring User-Created Content: Implications for the ICT Access and Use by Households and Individuals Surveys Abstract: This paper reviews recent measurement work on User-Created Content (UCC) undertaken in OECD countries. Creation-Date: 2008-01-30 Number: 139 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:139-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Measuring Security and Trust in the Online Environment: A View Using Official Data Abstract: This paper reviews available official statistics on trust and security in the online environment. It discusses whether security concerns are an obstacle to Internet use and examines how people and companies protect their equipment and networks. Creation-Date: 2008-01-29 Number: 140 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:140-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Global Opportunities for Internet Access Developments Abstract: The Internet has been remarkably successful in developing greater communication access for the first billion users. This report seeks to address the question of where new Internet users will come from and to examine the large shifts in communications policy. Creation-Date: 2008-02-04 Number: 141 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:141-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Évolution des technologies de la fibre et de l'investissement en ce domaine Abstract: Le présent document propose un aperçu général des développements des technologies de la fibre optique pour les réseaux dits du dernier kilomètre, c’est-à-dire reliant les locaux des abonnés aux commutateurs de télécommunications, et pour les réseaux de raccordement, c’est-à-dire reliant les commutateurs au coeur du réseau. Ce document aborde également les questions du déploiement et du coût des réseaux du dernier kilomètre et évoque les problèmes connexes en matière de réglementation. L’échelle de temps considérée dans ce document est la période comprise entre 2010 et 2020, c’est-à-dire la décennie au cours de laquelle la nouvelle génération de réseaux hybrides ou tout en fibre arrivera à maturité et sera déployée à grande échelle. Creation-Date: 2008-07-15 Number: 142 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:142-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Developments in Fibre Technologies and Investment Abstract: This paper provides an overview of developments in optical fibre communication technology and investment. It finds that the costs of deploying these networks are significant and that the monthly prices subscribers will pay will be highly dependent on take-up rates. Creation-Date: 2008-04-03 Number: 142 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:142-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Public Rights of Way for Fibre Deployment to the Home Abstract: This paper examines the policies to obtain public rights-of-way permits in a number of OECD countries and access to ducts, which may act to slow down the pace of fibre roll-out in local access market, and suggests the policy options available. Creation-Date: 2008-07-15 Number: 143 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:143-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Droits de passage sur le domaine public pour le déploiement de la fibre jusqu'au domicile Abstract: Le présent document ne porte que sur les droits de passage sur le domaine public, l’accès aux fourreaux et aux pylônes en ce qui concerne la boucle locale filaire, ainsi que sur les entreprises de communications, qui comprennent les câblo-opérateurs, les fournisseurs de services Internet ainsi que les opérateurs de télécommunications au niveau des installations. Creation-Date: 2008-07-15 Number: 143 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:143-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: RFID Applications, Impacts and Country Initiatives Abstract: Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a promising new technology with a rapidly growing range of applications, many integrating technologies such as sensors. In this report, eight major fields of application are analysed, impacts are discussed and country initiatives described. Creation-Date: 2008-04-18 Number: 144 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:144-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Internet Address Space: Economic Considerations in the Management of IPv4 Abstract: This new report focuses on possible scenarios and on the need to deploy the newer version of the Internet Protocol, IP version 6 (IPv6). Creation-Date: 2008-06-18 Number: 145 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:145-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Broadband and the Economy Abstract: Broadband and networked ICTs are important in meeting health, demographic and environmental challenges, and policy plays an important role in expanding their use and enhancing their impact. Creation-Date: 2008-06-18 Number: 146 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:146-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Seoul Declaration for the Future of the Internet Economy Abstract: This declaration was adopted at the conclusion of the June 2008 Ministerial meeting on the Future of the Internet Economy, held in Seoul. It contains recommendations on how to further the development of the “Internet economy” through multi-stakeholder co-operation. Creation-Date: 2008-06-18 Number: 147 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:147-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Shaping Policies for the Future of the Internet Economy Abstract: This report has been developed to support the objectives of the OECD Ministerial Meeting on the Future of the Internet Economy  (Seoul, 17-18 June 2008). Creation-Date: 2008-06-18 Number: 148 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:148-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: OECD Policy Guidance for Addressing Emerging Consumer Protection and Empowerment Issues in Mobile Commerce Abstract: The policy guidance lays out the policy responses that need to be in place to ensure that consumers engaging in mobile commerce transactions are adequately informed, and are protected against security or privacy risks. Creation-Date: 2008-06-18 Number: 149 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:149-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: RFID Guidance and Reports Abstract: This report contains policy and practical guidance principles to enhance business and consumer benefits from the use of RFID while proactively taking into account information security and privacy issues. Creation-Date: 2008-06-18 Number: 150 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:150-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Yoshikazu Okamoto Title: The Influence of Market Developments and Policies on Telecommunication Investment Abstract: This paper assembles some evidence on developments in investment by incumbent and alternative telecommunications operators during the period 2000-2005. The quality of data on investment is not in general sufficient to clearly differentiate between investment by new entrants and investment by incumbents. Definitional problems also exist in that the players in communication markets are no longer the traditional alternative operators providing voice services, but a range of service providers including Internet Service Providers and cable television service providers who, through cable modems, provide VoIP services and broadband access. As such it is much harder to make judgements about how policy impacts on investment. Although the period 2000-2005 coincides with the development of broadband in most OECD countries and the implementation of LLU, the paper does not try to show a correlation between investment and unbundling policies. Creation-Date: 2009-01-12 Number: 151 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:151-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Network Externality Premiums and International Telecommunication Traffic Exchange Abstract: The aim of this paper is to examine the economic impact of proposals to add a non-cost “premium” to international telecommunication charges. This work follows up on earlier OECD work which examined international traffic exchange. The paper concludes that attempts to use non-market methods, and distort prices, is likely to have negative implications for the provision of international telecommunication services and that competition is acting to more efficiently meet policy goals. Creation-Date: 2009-04-15 Number: 152 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:152-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Taylor Reynolds Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: The Role of Communication Infrastructure Investment in Economic Recovery Abstract: Broadband networks are increasingly recognised as fundamental for economic and social development. They serve as a communication and transaction platform for the entire economy and can improve productivity across all sectors. Advanced communication networks are a key component of innovative ecosystems and support economic growth. Broadband networks also increase the impact and efficiency of public and private investments which depend on high-speed communications. Broadband is needed as a complementary investment to other infrastructure such as buildings, roads, transportation systems, health and electricity grids, allowing them to be “smart” and save energy, assist the aging, improve safety and adapt to new ideas. Creation-Date: 2009-05-19 Number: 154 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:154-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christian Reimsbach-Kounatze Title: Towards Green ICT Strategies: Assessing Policies and Programmes on ICT and the Environment Abstract: This survey analyses 92 government programmes and business initiatives across 22 OECD countries plus the European Commission. Fifty of these have been introduced by governments and the remaining 42 have been developed by business associations, mostly international. Over two-thirds of these focus on improving performance in the ICT industry. Only one third focus on using ICTs across the economy and society in areas where there is major potential to dramatically improve performance, for example in “smart” urban, transport and power distribution systems, despite the fact that this is where ICT have the greatest potential to improve environmental performance. Creation-Date: 2009-05-22 Number: 155 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:155-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas de Haan Title: ENUM: Converging Telephone Numbers and Addresses in Next Generation Networks Abstract: The OECD Document “Convergence and Next Generation Networks” analysed developments in Next Generation Networks (NGN), and the convergence of core and access networks. The aim of that paper was to review areas where policy changes may be required and to put forward recommendations for considerations in areas where change may be necessary to support new developments and to ensure that telecommunication policy goals can be met. The paper depicted areas of regulatory interest, arising from the deployment of NGN. The objective was to identify policy and regulatory issues that government and national regulatory authorities may have to confront in the framework of the development of core next generation networks. It noted that the issue of ‘Numbering, naming and addressing” was a policy area that would need further analysis and that ENUM was one of the potentially significant developments in the converging world of telephone numbering, naming and addressing. Creation-Date: 2009-06-02 Number: 156 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:156-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Byung-Wook Kwon Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Broadband over Power Lines (BPL): Developments and Policy Issues Abstract: The focus of this paper is to provide an overview of developments in broadband power line technologies and related policy issues. The electric power grid is a hostile environment for high-speed data transmission, but after years of development, the technology to deliver high-speed data over the existing electric power delivery network has emerged, somewhat tentatively, in the marketplace. This technology, referred to as Broadband over Power Lines (BPL), uses medium- and low-voltage power lines to provide broadband Internet access to residential users and businesses and is considered by some as a third access technology offering potential competition to xDSL telecommunication lines and cable modems. Recent trends, however, indicate that the focus of BPL technology is shifting from providing broadband connectivity to smart meter usage allowing households to reduce energy costs and allow energy companies to better manage their networks by developing a “smart grid”. Creation-Date: 2009-06-04 Number: 157 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:157-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Information Economy Product Definitions Based on the Central Product Classification (version 2) Abstract: Product classifications are used by statistical offices and others for a number of measurement purposes. These include measurement of product usage, current and capital expenditure on products, domestic production, and trade in goods and services. They are therefore an important element of a set of statistical standards, with Information Economy (IE) standards no exception. This document presents the definition of information economy (IE) products developed by the WPIIS Classifications Expert Group. The product definitions complement the IE sector definitions that were released in early 2007. The latter are based on the 2007 revision of the UNSD’s International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC Rev. 4). The document includes two IE product definitions,3 ICT products and Content and media products. Each definition is a subset of the Central Product Classification (Version 2) developed by the United Nations Statistical Division (UNSD) and both are expressed in terms of 5-digit subclasses of the CPC. The CPC was finalised in December 2008. Creation-Date: 2009-06-10 Number: 158 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:158-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Dominique Guellec Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Sacha Wunsch-Vincent Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Policy Responses to the Economic Crisis: Investing in Innovation for Long-Term Growth Abstract: The OECD is developing a strategic response to the crisis focusing on two priority areas: finance, competition and governance; and restoring long-term growth. As part of this strategic response, the OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry (DSTI) has analysed the likely impact of the downturn on the drivers of long term economic growth and the innovation-related items in policy responses of major countries. Special workshops and sessions on the economic crisis were held by the Committee for Innovation, Industry and Entrepreneurship, the Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy, and the Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy. In January 2009, the OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry circulated a questionnaire to member countries to collect information on specific innovation-related items of their stimulus packages. By May 2009, 27 member countries, all five OECD accession countries (Chile, Estonia, Israel, Russia and Slovenia) and South Africa had answered the questionnaire. In May 2009, the three OECD Committees recommended to make public, under their responsibility, this updated version. This report presents the results of this exercise: the first chapter reports the general analysis of the impact of the crisis and the appropriate policy responses, and the second chapter reviews current national responses. Creation-Date: 2009-06-01 Number: 159 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:159-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Role of Digital Identity Management in the Internet Economy: A Primer for Policy Makers Abstract: This primer aims to provide policy makers a broad-brush understanding of the various dimensions of digital identity management (IdM). Consistent with the Seoul Ministerial Declaration, it also aims to support efforts to address public policy issues for securely managing and protecting digital identities, with a view to strengthening confidence in the online activities crucial to the growth of the Internet Economy. Creation-Date: 2009-06-11 Number: 160 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:160-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Yasuhiro Otsuka Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Mobile Broadband: Pricing and Services Abstract: Although, the number of OECD countries that publish data on the number of mobile broadband subscribers is not large, growth is significant in markets where data are available. This paper provides an overview of prices, speeds and data caps of mobile broadband services. 99 and 58 operators in OECD countries are providing USB modem based and handset based services respectively with WCDMA/ CDMA-2000 technologies, while 4 are providing mobile broadband access with WiMAX technologies. The data show that there is a wide range of subscriptions available but with considerable variation between and within countries. Differences are most pronounced in countries where mobile broadband is in its infancy. The number of new mobile terminals and USB modems on the market is stimulating much wider use of mobile broadband by consumers. Prices, as well as caps, need to be adjusted for the consumer market which is more price-sensitive. Creation-Date: 2009-06-30 Number: 161 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:161-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sheridan Roberts Title: Measuring the Relationship between ICT and the Environment Abstract: While the links between ICT and environmental outcomes are becoming clearer, there is no separate statistical field that links the two. Nevertheless, some data are available from official statistical sources, from analytical work and from product life cycle studies. This paper suggests a conceptual framework for the new statistical field “ICT and the environment” based on an existing OECD framework for information society statistics. Sources of official data to populate the framework are investigated and some relevant work has been identified. Creation-Date: 2009-07-30 Number: 162 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:162-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Arthur Mickoleit Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Christian Reimsbach-Kounatze Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Cristina Serra-Vallejo Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Graham Vickery Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Sacha Wunsch-Vincent Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: The Impact of the Crisis on ICTs and their Role in the Recovery Abstract: The ICT industry had a tough start to 2009, with almost all first quarter indicators declining, often very sharply. There are signs of recovery, with the rate of decline bottoming out and turning up in the most recent cyclical data (May/June 2009), with positive month-on-month growth for most countries, and inventories running down sharply. Performance in the first quarter of 2009 tested 2001-2002 declines in most ICT sectors, but relative year-on-year declines were not a great deal worse than in 2001-2002 and some sectors have performed better than in the earlier period. The ICT industry is also performing considerably better in this crisis than industries such as automobiles... Creation-Date: 2009-08-17 Number: 163 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:163-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: James Enck Author-Name: Taylor Reynolds Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Network Developments in Support of Innovation and User Needs Abstract: This report makes a case for investment in a competitive, open-access national fibre-to-the-home network rollout based on potential spillovers in four key sectors of the economy: electricity, health, transportation and education. This research offers a new approach to evaluating the costs of building the most forward-looking network possible by evaluating what short-term cost savings (benefits) would have to be achieved in other key economic sectors to justify the investment. On average, a cost savings of between 0.5% and 1.5% in each of the four sectors over ten years resulting directly from the new broadband network platform could justify the cost of building a national point-to-point, fibre-to-the-home network. Creation-Date: 2009-12-09 Number: 164 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:164-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Agustín Díaz-Pinés Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Indicators of Broadband Coverage Abstract: The aim of this report is to assist policy makers in providing an overview of how broadband physical coverage and availability can be measured. It first summarises what data are available from official and non-official sources. The approach taken by the report is to consider coverage and availability related to different types of technologies. These include Digital Subscriber Line (DSL or xDSL), cable networks (i.e. cable modem), Fibre to the Premises (i.e. FTTH/B for homes and businesses), 3G (including WCDMA and CDMA-2000), satellite and WiMAX technologies. This is because every technology capable of providing high speed Internet access involves specific issues when measuring coverage and availability. Accordingly, categorisation by technology is the most consistent way to approach this task. For every broadband technology, the available indicators will be presented, and this report discusses to what extent they are comparable. This report does not address metrics on the actual take-up of broadband services or penetration rates which are based on different measures and for which cross-country data are much more consistent. The report is aimed at providing information on the advantages and pitfalls of existing indicators used to measure broadband coverage. There is not necessarily a single indicator which should be used when assessing broadband coverage since this depends on what measures policy makers require: for example measuring the digital divide which may exist in a country, measuring the availability of broadband access for business, measuring broadband availability for residential customers, etc. There is no attempt in the paper to draw a conclusion as to the ideal indicator which should be used. However, it is important that OECD countries try to ensure a better consistency in the use of indicators to measure availability of broadband. The paper, in certain tables, lists all OECD countries even though they may be using different indicators to measure broadband coverage. The purpose in doing so is to show which indicators countries use and not to try and equate indicators that are by nature different. Creation-Date: 2009-12-10 Number: 165 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:165-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: International Mobile Roaming Charging in the OECD Area Abstract: The aim of this report is to provide information and analysis on market developments and pricing in international mobile roaming service (IMRS). While the wireless industry has witnessed spectacular developments in recent years, and is considered competitive in domestic markets, there is a widespread perception among many stakeholders, including some within the industry itself, that IMRS prices are unreasonably and inefficiently high. This report provides comparative information on IMRS retail and, where available, wholesale prices. It also sets out the nature of the perceived problem together with analysis on why IMRS pricing takes the form it does. Creation-Date: 2009-12-21 Number: 166 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:166-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Smart Sensor Networks: Technologies and Applications for Green Growth Abstract: This report gives an overview of sensor technology and fields of application of sensors and sensor networks. It discusses in detail selected fields of application that have high potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reviews studies quantifying the environmental impact. The review of the studies assessing the impact of sensor technology in reducing greenhouse gas emissions reveals that the technology has a high potential to contribute to a reduction of emissions across various fields of application. Whereas studies clearly estimate an overall strong positive effect in smart grids, smart buildings, smart industrial applications as well as precision agriculture and farming, results for the field of smart transportation are mixed due to rebound effects. In particular intelligent transport systems render transport more efficient, faster and cheaper. As a consequence, demand for transportation and thus the consumption of resources both increase which can lead to an overall negative effect. Creation-Date: 2009-12-01 Number: 167 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:167-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: International Mobile Roaming Services: Analysis and Policy Recommendations Abstract: The first report on international mobile roaming services (“International Mobile Roaming Charging in the OECD Area”, DSTI/ICCP/CISP(2009)8/FINAL), provided information on market development and pricing of International Mobile Roaming Services (IMRS) in the OECD area. It found prices to be unreasonably high, considering the underlying costs, and identified some of the causes for high roaming prices. High wholesale charges, the fact that consumers do not seem to take into account roaming services when choosing a bundled mobile offer, lack of contestability and low consumer awareness of roaming prices and of substitutes were found to be among the reasons for this price level. This report is a follow-up that proposes solutions to the described problems, and assesses their viability and possible side effects. Creation-Date: 2010-03-29 Number: 168 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:168-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Wireless Broadband Indicator Methodology Abstract: The wireless broadband methodology is the result of several rounds of contributions from, and indepth discussions among, member countries. The new indicator will assist in informing policy makers and other stakeholders in this increasingly important market segment. The OECD began collecting and reporting broadband data in 2000 as a way to capture and record significant changes in OECD markets for Internet access. The OECD set the minimum threshold for broadband at a download speed of 256 kbit/s at the time, primarily to exclude ISDN technologies at 144 kbit/s and to include the majority of commercial offers then available via other technologies. Creation-Date: 2010-03-18 Number: 169 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:169-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Hyun-Cheol Chung Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Developments in Cable Broadband Networks Abstract: The position of cable operators within the pay TV market has changed drastically in recent years. Although video service remains core to the cable industry’s business model, cable TV’s market share has been dropping significantly with intense competition from direct broadcast satellite services (DBS), Internet protocol Television (IPTV) services, digital terrestrial television services (DTT) and finally from over-the-top (OTT) service providers that supply video over an existing data connection from a third party. Cable still has a strong market position for video, particularly because of its existing relationships with content providers but the market is likely to become more competitive as other substitutable offers become available over a range of media. Creation-Date: 2010-03-23 Number: 170 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:170-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Karine Perset Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: The Economic and Social Role of Internet Intermediaries Abstract: As the Internet has grown to permeate all aspects of the economy and society, so too has the role of Internet intermediaries that give access to, host, transmit and index content originated by third parties or provide Internet-based services to third parties. They enable a host of activities through both wired and increasingly, mobile technologies. Internet access intermediaries and hosting and data processing providers provide the platform for new, faster, and cheaper communication technologies, for innovation and productivity gains, and for the provision of new products and services. As to online e-commerce intermediaries, they have brought unprecedented user and consumer empowerment through greater information, facilitating product and price comparisons and creating downward pressure on prices or, in the case of auction platforms, meeting supply and demand and creating new markets. Search engines, portals and participative networked platforms for their part facilitate access to an unparalleled wealth of information, as well as providing opportunities for new innovative activities and social interactions. Creation-Date: 2010-04-08 Number: 171 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:171-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Karine Perset Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: Internet Addressing: Measuring Deployment of IPV6: Measuring Deployment of IPV6 Abstract: One of the major challenges for the future of the Internet is its ability to scale to connect billions of people and devices. A key part of scalability is the Internet Protocol (IP). The Internet Protocol specifies how communications take place between one device and another through an addressing system. Each device must have an IP address in order to communicate. However, the currently used version of the Internet Protocol, IPv4, is expected to run out of previously unallocated addresses in 2012. IPv4 addresses are nearing full allocation, with just 8% of addresses remaining in March 2010. Creation-Date: 2010-04-09 Number: 172 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:172-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Geographically Segmented Regulation for Telecommunications Abstract: Regulatory authorities in most OECD countries have traditionally adopted a national geographic area focus when framing the geographic scope of telecommunications markets. Arguments stemming from market analysis economics suggest that differential regulation be considered between geographic areas where facility-based competition has developed and where it has not. The aim of this paper is to appraise the case for, and developments in, the use of sub-national geographically segmented regulation for fixed telecommunications networks. Creation-Date: 2010-06-22 Number: 173 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:173-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Information and Communication Technology Sector in India: Performance, Growth and Key Challenges Abstract: apid growth in globally competitive Indian information technology services has helped to transform the Indian economy. Creation-Date: 2010-06-30 Number: 174 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:174-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Broadband Bundling: Trends and Policy Implications Abstract: Bundling can provide both benefits and drawbacks to broadband customers. In general, bundled services are less expensive when purchased together and consumer surplus from one good in the bundle can help “subsidise” another less-valued element. Bundling also allows the integration of products in a way that benefits consumers such as by giving them unified billing, a common helpline number or the integration of voice mail message retrieval via the television set... Creation-Date: 2011-02-21 Number: 175 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:175-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Evolving Privacy Landscape: 30 Years After the OECD Privacy Guidelines Abstract: This report begins by recalling the development and influence of the Guidelines. It then describes a number of current trends in the processing of personal data and the privacy risks in this evolving environment. It identifies some of the challenges that today’s environment brings for protecting privacy under existing approaches, and highlights a number of current initiatives and innovative approaches to privacy. Particular attention is focused on the impact of the Internet and other technologies, consistent with the issues and priorities highlighted in the 2008 Seoul Ministerial on the Future of the Internet Economy. The report aims to take a broad view of the current landscape for privacy, with a primary focus on economic activities. It does not describe in detail the myriad of initiatives to implement the Privacy Guidelines in OECD countries and beyond. Creation-Date: 2011-04-06 Number: 176 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:176-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: National Strategies and Policies for Digital Identity Management in OECD Countries Abstract: This paper analyses and compares national strategies for digital identity management in OECD countries. These strategies aim to drive innovation for e-government and for the broader Internet economy while remaining consistent with current national identity practices. Creation-Date: 2011-03-31 Number: 177 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:177-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Report on the Implementation of the OECD Recommendation on Cross-border Co-operation in the Enforcement of Laws Protecting Privacy Abstract: In 2007, the OECD Council adopted a Recommendation setting forth a framework for co-operation in the enforcement of privacy laws. This report provides information on the progress in implementation measures, which is based in part on a survey of OECD member countries’ experiences. Creation-Date: 2011-04-27 Number: 178 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:178-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Protection of Children Online: Risks Faced by Children Online and Policies to Protect Them Abstract: As increasing numbers of children worldwide enjoy the benefits of the Internet, they also face a spectrum of risks to which they are more vulnerable than adults. This report examines these risks as well as the policy responses of governments and other stakeholders to improve the protection of children online. Creation-Date: 2011-05-02 Number: 179 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:179-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: International Mobile Data Roaming Abstract: Regulators and policy makers should boost competition among mobile telephone operators to cut the high prices being charged for international data roaming. Analysis of pricing plans at 68 operators in the 34 OECD countries points to a strong case for new consumer protection and empowerment measures. Creation-Date: 2011-05-30 Number: 180 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:180-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: National Broadband Plans Abstract: This report surveys national broadband plans (NBP) across the OECD area, providing an overview of common elements and goals in those plans. An annex to this report contains references and links to the plans. Creation-Date: 2011-06-15 Number: 181 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:181-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Fibre Access: Network Developments in the OECD Area Abstract: This report examines recent developments regarding the use of fibre to provide local access networks for the provision of broadband access. Countries across the OECD are adopting different approaches to stimulate investment and to define the terms of competition to end-users in a Fibre to the Home/Building (FTTH/B) world. Creation-Date: 2011-06-16 Number: 182 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:182-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Next Generation Access Networks and Market Structure Abstract: This report focuses on developments in broadband market structures emerging from the deployment of high-speed broadband services and the policy and regulatory implications. Creation-Date: 2011-06-20 Number: 183 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:183-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Virtual Worlds: Immersive Online Platforms for Collaboration, Creativity and Learning Abstract: Virtual worlds are increasingly evolving into Internet-mediated “spaces”, where large groups of people meet and interact in real-time while experiencing a shared sensation of being there together. This enables richer and more dynamic social interaction and collaboration across national and cultural boundaries over the Internet compared to other traditional ICT-based collaboration environments. Creation-Date: 2011-06-17 Number: 184 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:184-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Terms of Reference for the Review of the OECD Guidelines Governing the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Data Flows of Personal Data Abstract: These terms of reference articulate a shared view among OECD members about key aspects of the current context for privacy protection and provide orientation for further work on the review of the OECD Privacy Guidelines in light of changing technologies, markets and user behaviour and the growing importance of digital identities. Creation-Date: 2011-10-31 Number: 185 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:185-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Digital Identity Management for Natural Persons: Enabling Innovation and Trust in the Internet Economy - Guidance for Government Policy Makers Abstract: This report explains why digital identity management is fundamental for the further development of the Internet economy. It also provides guidance for digital identity strategies that support innovation across the public and private sectors while enhancing security, privacy and trust online. Creation-Date: 2011-11-23 Number: 186 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:186-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher Kuner Author-Workplace-Name: University of Tilburg Title: Regulation of Transborder Data Flows under Data Protection and Privacy Law: Past, Present and Future Abstract: Transborder data flows have become increasingly important in economic, political, and social terms over the 30 years since the adoption, in 1980, of the OECD Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data. A fundamental change in the business and technological environment for data processing is also taking place, driven by developments such as the increased globalisation of the world economy; the growing economic importance of data processing; the ubiquity of data transfers over the Internet; greater direct involvement of individuals in transborder data flows; the changing role of geography; and growing risks to the privacy of individuals. Despite these fundamental changes in the data processing landscape, and the growth in the regulation of transborder data flows in numerous countries, there has been little attempt so far to conduct a systematic inventory of such regulation at a global level; to examine the policies underlying it; and to consider whether those policies need to be re-evaluated. This study is designed to describe the present status of transborder data flow regulation, and to provoke reflection about its aims, operation, and effectiveness, now and in the future. Creation-Date: 2011-12-08 Number: 187 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:187-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Chris Bruegge Title: Measuring Digital Local Content Abstract: This paper discusses the ways to quantify the local content that can be delivered through the internet. Several indicators are proposed; for each indicator the paper discusses available data, presents strengths of a given measure and outlines its potential drawbacks. Creation-Date: 2011-12-08 Number: 188 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:188-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Pierre Montagnier Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Albrecht Wirthmann Author-Workplace-Name: Eurostat Title: Digital Divide: From Computer Access to Online Activities – A Micro Data Analysis Abstract: This study addresses issues of digital divide among households and individuals by using micro-data analysis of ICT usage patterns. The analysis includes data from 18 European countries, Korea and Canada. Inequalities in computer and Internet use are analysed in a two-step approach. First, the paper tries to better quantify and understand the factors that separate the ‘haves’ and the ‘have-nots’. Second, it tries to explain observed differences in the frequency and type of Internet use as a result of the socio-economic characteristics of households and individuals. Creation-Date: 2011-12-20 Number: 189 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:189-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: ICT Applications for the Smart Grid: Opportunities and Policy Implications Abstract: The smart grid is revolutionizing electricity production and consumption. However, strategic use of ICTs and the Internet in energy innovation requires clarifying the roles of partners coming from distinct industries. And it begs for greater coordination of government departments and stakeholder communities that so far had unrelated competencies. This report outlines opportunities, challenges and public policy implications from shifts to ICT-enabled, "smart" electricity grids. Creation-Date: 2012-01-10 Number: 190 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:190-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Marta Stryszowska Author-Workplace-Name: Microeconomix Title: Estimation of Loss in Consumer Surplus Resulting from Excessive Pricing of Telecommunication Services in Mexico Abstract: The present study evaluates the loss in consumer surplus caused by the low degree of competition in the Mexican telecommunication sector which results in relatively high prices, and also leads to lower levels of consumption across the range of telecommunication services. Econometric techniques are used in order to estimate the prices for telecommunication services and the corresponding numbers of subscriptions to telecommunication services that would have been observed in Mexico if there had been more competition in the Mexican telecommunication sector. The estimation relies on cross-country panel data from OECD countries. Estimates are undertaken for mobile and fixed telecommunication services and broadband services. The consumer harm in Mexico is estimated at USD 129.2 billion, or an average of USD 25.8 billion per year in terms of purchasing power parity over the period 2005-09. The latter amount is equivalent to 1.8% of Mexican GDP per year.
Cette étude consiste en une évaluation de la perte de surplus du consommateur due à la faible concurrence dans le secteur des télécommunications au Mexique, qui se traduit par des prix relativement élevés, et qui entraine également une baisse des niveaux de consommation de toute la gamme des services de télécommunications. Elle a recours à des techniques économétriques pour estimer les prix des services de télécommunications et le nombre des abonnements à ces services qui auraient été souscrits au Mexique si le secteur national des télécommunications avait été soumis à une concurrence plus rude. Ses estimations ont été établies sur la base de données de panel internationales émanant des pays de l’OCDE, et concernent les services de télécommunications fixes et mobiles, ainsi que les services à haut débit. Les atteintes au consommateur au Mexique sont estimées à 129.2 milliards USD, soit une moyenne de 25.8 milliards USD par an en termes de parités de pouvoir d’achat sur la période allant de 2005 à 2009. Ce deuxième montant équivaut à 1.8 % du PIB du Mexique par an. Creation-Date: 2012-01-27 Number: 191 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:191-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Machine-to-Machine Communications: Connecting Billions of Devices Abstract: This document examines the future of machine-to-machine communication (M2M), with a particular focus on mobile wireless networks. M2M devices are defined, in this paper, as those that are actively communicating using wired and wireless networks, are not computers in the traditional sense and are using the Internet in some form or another. While, at the global level, there are currently around five billion devices connected to mobile networks, this may by some estimates increase to 50 billion by the end of the decade. The report provides examples of some of the uses to which M2M is being put today and its potential to enhance economic and social development. It concludes that to achieve these benefits, however, changes to telecommunication policy and regulatory frameworks may be required. Some of the main areas that will need to be evaluated, and implications of M2M assessed, include: opening access to mobile wholesale markets for firms not providing public telecommunication services; numbering policy; frequency policy; privacy and security; and access to public sector information. Creation-Date: 2012-01-30 Number: 192 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:192-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Developments in Mobile Termination Abstract: Wholesale interconnection rates for mobile telephony service in the OECD area have decreased by 53% from 2006 to 2011. The charges, or mobile termination rates (MTRs), represent the fees that telecommunication network operators (fixed, mobile and VoIP) pay for delivering telephone calls to mobile wireless providers. Lower rates enable competition in the telecommunications market, encourage greater usage of mobile services through flexible unlimited call plans, and increase overall consumer welfare. Furthermore, it is only in countries where rates are lowest or even at zero that new innovative VoIP services like Google Voice are able to flourish. This report is timely because many regulatory bodies, including in the United States and the European Commission, are debating whether to phase out MTRs altogether. Creation-Date: 2012-02-28 Number: 193 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:193-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: William Lehr Author-Workplace-Name: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Title: Measuring the Internet: The Data Challenge Abstract: This working paper reviews a number of the challenges and opportunities confronting analysts interested in measuring the Internet and its economic and social impacts. It identifies several additional challenges to the measurement issue, in addition to all of the normal problems one expects when measuring information and communication technologies (ICTs). These challenges are related to: the rapidly changing nature of the Internet, the need for more granular data in order to understand the complex nature of the Internet, and the phenomenon of big data and the resulting ability to measure almost anything. Creation-Date: 2012-04-13 Number: 194 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:194-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Tobias Kretschmer Author-Workplace-Name: Ludwig Maximilians University Title: Information and Communication Technologies and Productivity Growth: A Survey of the Literature Abstract: This paper presents a review of existing studies on dynamic, macroeconomic effects of the ICT on productivity and growth. Creation-Date: 2012-04-13 Number: 195 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:195-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Russel J. Cooper Author-Workplace-Name: University of New South Wales Title: Measuring the Impact of Innovations in Public IT Infrastructure on the Standard of Living in OECD Economies Abstract: Advances in information technology (IT) in the first decade of the 21st century have highlighted the role of IT as an enabling technology throughout an economy. But although the influence of IT in transforming the way in which business and consumer transactions are done is clear to all participants in the production-consumption process, it is difficult to attribute a specific value to and precisely measure the importance of the role of IT in improving consumer welfare.The measurement of the economic value of public infrastructure has traditionally been problematic because of its ‘public good’ nature, which means that many users can benefit from use of public infrastructure at the very same time. This is especially true of ‘New Economy’ infrastructure such as IT, which links so naturally with developments in telecommunications so that the existence of many users, far from creating congestion in use, actually enhances the value of the infrastructure through network effects.In response to the measurement problem, the approach of the current paper is to utilise an economic model that looks at the end result – observations on changes in the pattern of consumer spending behaviour – and econometrically estimates the extent of the link between these behavioural changes and their drivers: traditional economic stimuli as well as changes in the economic environment due to advances in technology and improved provision of public sector IT infrastructure. Counterfactual simulations with the estimated model provide money-metric measures of the welfare benefits of innovations in Internet-based public sector IT infrastructure in a variety of OECD economies. Creation-Date: 2012-04-17 Number: 196 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:196-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Shane Greenstein Author-Workplace-Name: Northwestern University Author-Name: Ryan McDevitt Author-Workplace-Name: University of Rochester Title: Measuring the Broadband Bonus in Thirty OECD Countries Abstract: This paper provides estimates of the economic value created by broadband Internet using measures of new gross domestic product and consumer surplus. The study finds that the economic value created in 30 OECD countries correlates roughly with the overall size of their broadband economies. In addition, price and quality data from the United States suggest that widespread adoption of broadband Internet has occurred without a dramatic decline in prices, which reflects an unobserved increase in broadband quality that conventional government statistics do not capture. Creation-Date: 2012-04-19 Number: 197 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:197-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: ICT Skills and Employment: New Competences and Jobs for a Greener and Smarter Economy Abstract: Information and communication technologies (ICTs) and the Internet are increasingly viewed as a vital infrastructure for all sectors of the economy. Already, employment in the ICT industry and employment of ICT specialist skills each accounts for up to 5% of total employment in OECD countries and ICT intensive-users account for more than 20% of all workers. In addition, the emerging "green" economy is a "smarter" economy that has increased demand for ICT-skilled jobs not only in the ICT sector, but more rapidly across the wider non-ICT economy. The further creation of new jobs can only occur, however, if the right mix of skills and competences are available in the labour market. Shortages of required ICT-related skills have been observed in some OECD countries, and this is particularly true for skills related to green ICTs. Creation-Date: 2012-04-19 Number: 198 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:198-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Proactive Policy Measures by Internet Service Providers against Botnets Abstract: Botnets are networks of compromised computers that are remotely controlled by malicious agents. They represent a threat to security and trust in online environments. Internet Service Providers (ISPs), by virtue of their ownership of the physical networks and consumer-facing position, are well placed to respond proactively to botnets. This report analyses initiatives in a number of countries through which end-users are notified by ISPs when their computer is identified as being compromised by malicious software and encouraged to take action to mitigate the problem. It reviews the core dimensions of these initiatives and provides high-level guidance for future policy development. Creation-Date: 2012-05-07 Number: 199 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:199-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Impact of Internet in OECD Countries Abstract: This paper informs policymakers about ways the Internet impacts the economies, and about the levels and areas of impact. It is designed to structure and to assess the economic impacts areas of the Internet at the individual- firm-, and government-levels, as well as at the aggregate, macroeconomic level. Creation-Date: 2012-06-05 Number: 200 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:200-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Laying the Foundation for the Internet Economy: Access to the Internet via a High-Speed Infrastructure Abstract: Since the Seoul Declaration, access to broadband networks and the Internet have constantly increased. In terms of fixed broadband, penetration levels are close to maturity. In addition, further deployments of fibre networks have taken place; however, overall deployment of fibre is still at an early stage. On the mobile broadband side, 3G coverage is high and data traffic is expected to grow significantly. In terms of policies, national broadband plans have contributed to increasing access to the Internet. Some countries have furthermore invested public funds in the deployment of fibre networks. Creation-Date: 2012-03-14 Number: 201 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:201-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Review of the 2006 OECD Recommendation on Cross-Border Co-operation in the Enforcement of Laws Against SPAM Abstract: In 2006 the OECD Council adopted a recommendation setting forth a framework for cross-border co-operation in the enforcement of laws against spam. This report provides information on the progress in implementation measures, mainly based on a questionnaire of OECD member’s experiences. Creation-Date: 2012-03-30 Number: 202 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:202-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Angela Garcia Calvo Author-Workplace-Name: London School of Economics Title: Universal Service Policies in the Context of National Broadband Plans Abstract: This report discusses the main areas in which national strategies to expand broadband networks affect universal service objectives, proposes criteria to rethink the terms of universal service policies, and shares the latest developments across a selected group of OECD countries. Creation-Date: 2012-07-27 Number: 203 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:203-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Rapport sur la protection des consommateurs dans les paiements en ligne et mobiles Abstract: Cet examen de la problématique des paiements s’inscrit dans le cadre de la revue des Lignes directrices de l’OCDE de 1999 sur le commerce électronique. Le rapport examine dans quelle mesure les principes relatifs aux paiements énoncés dans les Lignes directrices ainsi que ceux concernant l’information du consommateur, la loyauté des pratiques commerciales, le règlement des litiges et les recours, apportent une réponse adaptée aux problèmes liés aux mécanismes nouveaux et émergents des paiements en ligne et mobiles. Le rapport examine les éléments qu’il conviendrait de développer davantage, ou de modifier, pour améliorer la confiance des consommateurs dans ce domaine. Creation-Date: 2012-06-26 Number: 204 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:204-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Report on Consumer Protection in Online and Mobile Payments Abstract: An examination of payments issues is taking place in the context of the review of the OECD’s 1999 guidelines on e-commerce. This report looks at what might need to be amplified or revised to enhance consumer trust and adoption of new and emerging online and mobile payment mechanisms. It reflects contributions made by national delegations, business and civil society. Creation-Date: 2012-08-17 Number: 204 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:204-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Méthodologie de construction des paniers de haut débit sans fil Abstract: L'OCDE a adopté une nouvelle méthodologie pour les paniers de prix des services mobiles haut débit sans fil. Ceci s'ajoute aux paniers déjà existants pour les services vocaux (fixes et mobiles), les lignes louées et les services haut débit fixe, reflétant l'importance grandissante des services haut débit sans fil pour les ordinateurs portables, les tablettes et les smartphones. Creation-Date: 2012-09-14 Number: 205 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:205-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Methodology for Constructing Wireless Broadband Price Baskets Abstract: The OECD has adopted a new basket methodology for benchmarking wireless broadband prices. It adds to the existing baskets for voice, leased lines and fixed broadband services and reflects the increasing importance of wireless broadband for laptops, tablets and smartphones. Creation-Date: 2012-09-04 Number: 205 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:205-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Fixed and Mobile Networks: Substitution, Complementarity and Convergence Abstract: This report examines the convergence of fixed and mobile (wireless) networks and services. It considers these developments against a long standing question of whether they are complementary or competitive. The report concludes that they are both. Mobile providers have garnered a very large share of traditional services, such as telephony, over the past decade. Nevertheless, mobile networks are dependent on fixed networks and could not efficiently meet the rapidly expanding demand of users without the contributions made by fixed broadband networks. Managing the differences between networks, and their respective strengths and limitations, is one reason there is still tremendous differences in the pricing of some communication services on these networks. Creation-Date: 2012-10-08 Number: 206 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:206-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Dennis Weller Author-Workplace-Name: Navigant Economics Author-Name: Bill Woodcock Author-Workplace-Name: Packet Clearing House Title: Internet Traffic Exchange: Market Developments and Policy Challenges Abstract: This report finds that the Internet has developed an efficient market for connectivity based on voluntary contractual agreements. Operating in a highly competitive environment, largely without regulation or central organisation, the Internet model of traffic exchange has produced low prices, promoted efficiency and innovation, and attracted the investment necessary to keep pace with demand. Creation-Date: 2013-01-29 Number: 207 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:207-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: E-books: Developments and Policy Considerations Abstract: Books have undergone a massive transformation from a physical object to something entirely different: the electronic book, or “e-book”. This report provides background on e-book markets and examines various policy issues related to e-books. These include differing tax rates in countries between physical books and e-books, consumer lock-in to specific platforms, limitations on how users can read and share their purchased content, and a lack of transparency about how data on their reading habits is being used. Creation-Date: 2012-10-29 Number: 208 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:208-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Role of the 2002 Security Guidelines: Towards Cybersecurity for an Open and Interconnected Economy Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the history of the OECD Guidelines for the Security of Information Systems and Networks: Towards a Culture of Security (“Security Guidelines”) since the adoption of their first version in 1992. It explains that the 2002 revision of the Guidelines introduced a fundamental paradigm shift in the way IT security was previously addressed, in order to take into account the emergence of the open Internet and the generalisation of interconnectivity. Creation-Date: 2012-11-16 Number: 209 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:209-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Terms of Reference for the Review of the OECD Guidelines for the Security of Information Systems and Networks Abstract: These Terms of Reference set the context, objectives, scope and modalities for the second review of the 2002 Guidelines for the Security of Information Systems and Networks: Towards a Culture of Security. Creation-Date: 2012-11-16 Number: 210 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:210-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Cybersecurity Policy Making at a Turning Point: Analysing a New Generation of National Cybersecurity Strategies for the Internet Economy Abstract: This report analyses the latest generation of “national cybersecurity strategies” in ten OECD countries and identifies commonalities and differences. The analysis reveals that cybersecurity policy making has become a national policy priority and relies on holistic strategies supported by stronger leadership which aims to drive economic and social prosperity and protect cyberspace-reliant societies against cyber-threats. Creation-Date: 2012-11-16 Number: 211 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:211-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Non-governmental Perspectives on a New Generation of National Cybersecurity Strategies Abstract: This document brings together views from business, civil society and the Internet technical community on the emergence of a new generation of national cybersecurity strategies. This input was used in developing the report on “Cybersecurity Policy Making at a Turning Point: Analysing a New Generation of National Cybersecurity Strategies for the Internet Economy” (OECD Digital Economy Paper 211). Creation-Date: 2012-11-16 Number: 212 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:212-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Development and Diffusion of Digital Content Abstract: Viewers are watching a growing share of video via Internet-based distribution systems. New digital content distribution services are having appreciable impacts on established media industries and network service providers in many OECD countries. The competitive landscape in media, already complex, will become even more multifaceted. Public policy frameworks in the media and telecommunications sector must be reviewed in light of these developments. This paper argues that convergence should be taken as the rule, rather than the exception. Careful application of best practices can address most policy concerns. Creation-Date: 2012-12-18 Number: 213 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:213-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Improving the Evidence Base for Information Security and Privacy Policies: Understanding the Opportunities and Challenges related to Measuring Information Security, Privacy and the Protection of Children Online Abstract: This report provides an overview of existing data and statistics in the fields of information security, privacy and the protection of children online. It highlights the potential for the development of better indicators in these respective fields showing in particular that there is an underexploited wealth of empirical data that, if mined and made comparable, will enrich the current evidence base for policy making. Such indicators would help identify areas where policy interventions are most clearly warranted, and can provide guidance on designing policy interventions and determining their effectiveness. Creation-Date: 2012-12-20 Number: 214 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:214-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Building Blocks for Smart Networks Abstract: This report examines the development of smart networks and services with particular attention to the implications for communication policy and regulation. The word “smart” has become a term that is frequently affixed to an area where the introduction of networked information and communication technologies (ICTs) is expected to have significant implications for economic and social development. In this document it is defined as: an application or service that is able to learn from previous situations and to communicate the results of these situations to other devices and users. Collection of data will be enabled by the expansion of Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications. Large scale processing will be delivered by “cloud computing” services. Analysis of these data will be undertaken around a process frequently called “big data”. These phenomenona together form the “building blocks of smart networks”. Each distinguishes itself from previous similar developments because the size of numbers of devices, data and elements is orders of magnitude larger than that of previous periods. Creation-Date: 2013-01-17 Number: 215 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:215-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Empowering and Protecting Consumers in the Internet Economy Abstract: This report is part of a series of papers in the follow-up work to the 2008 Seoul Ministerial Declaration for the Future of the Internet Economy. It shows that over the past five years, despite the financial crisis, business-to-consumer e-commerce has grown steadily across the OECD and beyond, spurred by increased Internet and broadband penetration, competition and innovation, which have in turn led to consumer access to a wider range of products at lower prices. The spread of mobile devices, easy-to-use payment mechanisms, as well as participative web tools such as price and product comparisons and consumer ratings and reviews has further provided consumers with a more convenient e-commerce experience. Trust in e-commerce, however, remains challenged by a number of problems requiring further attention. These include complex information disclosures, legislative gaps, fraudulent and misleading practices and privacy threats as well as inadequate redress mechanisms. Creation-Date: 2013-02-05 Number: 216 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:216-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Author-Name: ISOC Author-Name: UNESCO Title: The Relationship between Local Content, Internet Development and Access Prices Abstract: This research study is the result of a collaboration between the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Internet Society (ISOC) and UNESCO. The study was initially presented at the sixth annual meeting of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) on 27 September 2011 in Nairobi (Kenya). The study confirms that local content, Internet infrastructure and access prices are three inter-related elements. In particular: (i) better connectivity is significantly related to higher levels of local digital content creation; (ii) countries with more Internet infrastructure (at all income levels) are also countries which produce more local digital content as measured by Wikipedia entries and by web pages under a given country-code, top-level domain; (iii) countries with more international connectivity have lower domestic broadband prices, and countries with better domestic infrastructure have lower international bandwidth prices. The study concludes that three key lines of policy considerations evolve out of this research: (i) fostering content development, (ii) expanding connectivity, and (iii) promoting Internet access competition. Creation-Date: 2013-02-18 Number: 217 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:217-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Broadband Networks and Open Access Abstract: This report examines “open access” policies and approaches in various contexts, including fixed and mobile access networks, backhaul and backbone networks, undersea cables and Internet exchange points (IXPs). It finds that open access arrangements share some common elements: they refer to wholesale access to network infrastructure or services that is provided effectively on fair and reasonable terms, for which there is some degree of transparency and non-discrimination. Creation-Date: 2013-03-04 Number: 218 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:218-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Protecting and Empowering Consumers in the Purchase of Digital Content Products Abstract: The spread of broadband, mobile devices and online and mobile payments usage are driving the expansion in digital content products. These can be downloaded, streamed or accessed through Internet Protocol (IP) TV on a range of channels including online retail platforms and social media. While consumer demand for these products has increased rapidly in recent years, a number of challenges undermine confidence in the market. Issues requiring policy attention include: inadequate disclosures about product usage or interoperability limitations; product access and quality problems; unclear rules on the collection, usage and sharing of data provided by consumers as a condition for purchasing products; and inadequate dispute resolution and redress mechanisms. Creation-Date: 2013-03-19 Number: 219 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:219-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Exploring the Economics of Personal Data: A Survey of Methodologies for Measuring Monetary Value Abstract: This report takes an initial look at methodologies to measure and estimate the monetary value of personal data. Personal data is creating economic and social value at an increasing pace, but measuring and estimating the value being generated is difficult. This is because not only a huge amount of data is being generated, but personal data is used in many different situations for numerous purposes. Studying the value of personal data begins with comparing methodologies for assigning the monetary values attached to it. Creation-Date: 2013-04-02 Number: 220 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:220-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: OECD Consumer Policy Toolkit Workshop on Communication Services: Summary of Proceedings Abstract: In 2010, the OECD published its Consumer Policy Toolkit, which provides insights into ways that government agencies responsible for safeguarding consumer interests could improve their policy approaches to ensure that any interventions they make are well-justified, timely and effective. To follow up, the OECD Committee on Consumer Policy is conducting a series of multi-stakeholder workshops to see how policies in key markets could be strengthened, using the framework and approaches developed in the Toolkit. Communication services were the topic of the first workshop, held in October 2011. This paper provides a summary of the proceedings, which focused on marketing practices, contract terms, and billing issues. Creation-Date: 2013-04-17 Number: 221 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:221-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Exploring Data-Driven Innovation as a New Source of Growth: Mapping the Policy Issues Raised by "Big Data" Abstract: This report explores the potential role of data and data analytics for the creation of significant competitive advantage and for the formation of knowledge-based capital. Five sectors are discussed in this report as areas in which the use of data can stimulate innovation and productivity growth. They include online advertisement, health care, utilities, logistics and transport, and public administration. The report then maps the areas where coherent public policies and practices are needed to unlock the potential of big data for promoting growth and well-being. Creation-Date: 2013-06-18 Number: 222 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:222-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: International Mobile Roaming Agreements Abstract: This report explores principles that could form the basis for good practices in the establishment of international mobile roaming (IMR) agreements between two or more countries. Given the cross country nature of IMR services and, especially, the fact that wholesale prices are determined by foreign operators outside the jurisdiction of domestic regulators, international co-operation is vital to address the challenges in roaming markets. There is a growing number of IMR agreements, usually reflecting the most travelled international routes, such as in the European Union, the Gulf Cooperation Council in the Persian Gulf Region, Russia with Poland and with Finland, and the countries of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). In addition, there are ongoing discussions between Australia and New Zealand and in the South African and South American regions. Creation-Date: 2013-06-03 Number: 223 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:223-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Mobile Handset Acquisition Models Abstract: This report examines the relationship between the prices for mobile communication services and some of the most popular handsets used to access these services, focusing on smartphones. The objective is to better understand different business models and how they may affect comparisons of prices. It looks at the question of how the different models for handset acquisition in different countries, and across different operators in these countries, may affect comparisons of service prices. As benchmarking of mobile communication prices provides an important indicator that is used to inform policy makers, regulators, industry and consumers, this paper examines the challenges for such price comparisons associated with handset discounts bundled with mobile communication plans. Creation-Date: 2013-07-02 Number: 224 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:224-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Review of the Seoul Declaration for the Future of the Internet Economy: Synthesis Report Abstract: This paper provides a synthesis of the review of the recommendations set out in the Seoul Declaration of 2008, and their implementation at the national and international levels. It focuses on seven main themes: access to the Internet via a high-speed infrastructure; review of the areas of digital content and green ICTs in the context of innovation and sustainable growth; understanding the data-driven Internet economy and the development of smarter applications; cybersecurity and privacy; empowering and protecting consumers; ensuring an open Internet economy; and ensuring global participation in the Internet economy for development. Creation-Date: 2013-07-08 Number: 225 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:225-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Measuring the Internet Economy: A Contribution to the Research Agenda Abstract: The Internet began as a communication tool but has transformed into a universal technology supporting virtually all sectors across the economy, much in the same way as electricity and water networks. Given the importance of the Internet, there is a high level of interest in being able to measure the Internet economy as a way to understand the effects of various investment strategies, regulatory rulings and policy decisions. This report examines and categorises various approaches for measuring the Internet economy. It also introduces a methodology for measuring value added from Internet-related activities, and finds that at least 3.2% and up to 13.8% of business sector value added in the United States in 2011 could be attributed to Internet-related activities, depending on the scope of the definition. Data from 2010 and 2011 show that these percentages are growing over time, highlighting the increasing importance of the Internet in the overall economy. Creation-Date: 2013-07-12 Number: 226 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:226-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Ensuring the Global Participation in the Internet Economy for Development Abstract: The OECD Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy (ICCP) has reviewed progress made in the implementation of the 2008 Seoul Declaration for the Future of the Internet Economy as part of its 2011-12 programme of work. The review points policy makers to new issue areas that have arisen since the Seoul Ministerial and to issues for possible future work. This report addresses the theme “Ensuring the global participation in the Internet Economy for development”. It aims at analysing key parts of the Internet economy and how these contribute to an inclusive development in emerging and developing countries. It focuses on the following four areas: (i) increasing access to the Internet economy; (ii) promoting applications such as health, education and mobile banking applications and their use; (iii) developing skills for the Internet economy; and (iv) the role of innovation and new business models such as cloud computing for developing and emerging countries. Creation-Date: 2013-07-31 Number: 227 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:227-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Electronic and Mobile Commerce Abstract: Commerce is a fundamental mechanism supporting economic activity. Technological improvements that facilitate commerce can reduce transaction costs, provide more information to participants, boost access to a wider array of products, lead to efficiency gains, as well as result in welfare improvements for the entire economy. This research presents the current state of development of e-commerce and aims to inform policy makers about the need to continue to reduce barriers to e-commerce and highlights emerging market solutions to long-standing barriers.. Creation-Date: 2013-07-26 Number: 228 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:228-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Privacy Expert Group Report on the Review of the 1980 OECD Privacy Guidelines Abstract: The work of the expert group played an essential role in a process which concluded in July 2013 with the adoption by the OECD Council of the first revisions to the OECD Privacy Guidelines since their original release in 1980. This document identifies a number of issues that were raised but not fully addressed as part of the review process and which could be considered as candidates for possible future study. Creation-Date: 2013-10-11 Number: 229 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:229-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The App Economy Abstract: Mobile applications, also known as “apps”, are a highly innovative and are an expanding sector of the economy, so policy makers are keen to maximise their innovative potential. Mobile platform markets are fiercely competitive, as highlighted by the recent rise and decline of platforms such as Blackberry, and governments are rightfully allowing market mechanisms to play out with minimal government intervention. However, as the app economy matures, there are increasing calls for transparency on how data is collected and used by apps. Leading mobile platform providers have recently taken steps to improve transparency on how apps access personal data but more can be done to inform users and give them the ability to limit access. This paper provides an overview of the app economy and identifies emerging policy issues related to competition, consumer protection and skills development. Creation-Date: 2013-12-16 Number: 230 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:230-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Connected Televisions: Convergence and Emerging Business Models Abstract: Connected televisions are defined for the purposes of this report as devices that have the capability to interact with the Internet to display audio-visual content. Connected television is an important development because it permits the provision of certain new and valuable services to end-users. These services will also have implications for the activities of all of the players in the content distribution ecosystem. In addition to identifying the new services that connected television enables, the report analyses in some detail their effects on networks (i.e. the physical communication links that carry content to end-users). The impact on content producers themselves, on content distributors (such as traditional pay television companies), on hardware vendors, and on providers of support services such as advertising and programme guides is considered much more briefly. More detailed examination of these matters could be the subject of future work. The report also includes a discussion of policy implications raised by connected televisions for the actual connected television devices and for network infrastructure. Creation-Date: 2014-02-04 Number: 231 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:231-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: International Cables, Gateways, Backhaul and International Exchange Points Abstract: This report focuses on the development of backhaul and cross-border networks, which enable local networks to connect to the wider Internet. These local networks may cover a city, a region or even a country. To connect their networks to other networks around the world, operators need access to regional and international high-speed networks. The level of investment required in these networks varies and can be very different from region to region. In some parts of the world, the investment made around the turn of the century was characterised by a “boom and bust”, which fuelled an expansion in backhaul links and data centres. Since that time, investment has taken place at a more measured pace, reflecting growing demand from liberalised markets and leading to further expansion in areas such as mobile and broadband Internet access. Creation-Date: 2014-02-18 Number: 232 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:232-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Unleashing the Power of Big Data for Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia Research: Main Points of the OECD Expert Consultation on Unlocking Global Collaboration to Accelerate Innovation for Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia Abstract: More than 35 million people worldwide had dementia in 2010, when annual costs were estimated at USD 604 billion; the number of people with dementia is expected to exceed 115 million by 2050. Alzheimer’s disease is today considered the prototype problem for the Grand Global Challenge in healthcare. Despite decades of intensive research, the causal chain of mechanisms behind Alzheimer’s has remained elusive as reflected in recent failures of well-designed clinical trials on promising investigational new drugs. The multi-factorial nature of the disease requires the collection, storage and processing of increasingly large and very heterogeneous datasets (behavioural, genetic, environmental, epigenetic, clinical data, brain imaging, etc.). No one nation has all the assets to pursue this type of research independently. In an effort to tackle this huge challenge, the OECD held a consultation on "Unlocking Global Collaboration to Accelerate Innovation for Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia" which looked at ways to harness developments in life sciences and information technologies to accelerate innovation in the prevention and treatment of the disease. This paper reports on the opportunities offered by the informatics revolution and big data. Creating and using big data to change the future of Alzheimer’s and dementia requires careful planning and multi-stakeholder collaboration. Numerous technical, administrative, regulatory, infrastructure and financial obstacles emerge and will need to be hurdled to make this vision a reality. Creation-Date: 2014-03-17 Number: 233 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:233-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Internet in Transition: The State of the Transition to IPv6 in Today's Internet and Measures to Support the Continued Use of IPv4 Abstract: This report considers the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 alongside the use of network technologies to prolong IPv4 use in the face of depletion of further IPv4 protocol addresses, but it does not aim to address all issues surrounding the transition to IPv6 or to detail the economic incentives faced by various Internet actors. It first provides a status update of address management issues and the run-out of IPv4. It then describes the advantages and limitations of increased use of network address translation as one response to sustain the use of IPv4 in the face of IPv4 address exhaustion. It provides an overview of the IPv6 protocol; the advantages of IPv6 deployment as a response to IPv4 address exhaustion and the IPv6 transition plan compared to actual deployment to date. Finally, the report examines the choices facing individual actors, their potential consequences, and the policy implications on openness and innovation for the future of the Internet. Creation-Date: 2014-04-03 Number: 234 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:234-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: New Approaches to Spectrum Management Abstract: Today more than ever, spectrum is identified by policy makers as a key asset to support growth in the digital economy. This report provides information and analysis on new approaches to radiofrequency spectrum management in OECD countries. The emergence of new technologies such as cognitive radio and geo-location databases enables licensed or unlicensed shared use of spectrum. These approaches aim at maximising spectrum efficiency by allowing a third party to use underutilised spectrum resources. An example of the success of unlicensed spectrum is that of Wi-Fi networks. The report also covers incentive auctions, an innovative approach to transfer spectrum resources from less to more valuable uses through market mechanisms. Creation-Date: 2014-05-14 Number: 235 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:235-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Consumer Policy Guidance on Mobile and Online Payments Abstract: The OECD Committee on Consumer Policy has issued this policy guidance to boost consumer protection when using mobile and on-line payment systems and to identify ways in which policy makers and businesses can work together to strengthen consumer protection while spurring innovation in the marketplace. The guidance addresses a number of key issues in the emerging mobile and online payment area, including the need to establish minimum levels of consumer protection across payment mechanisms, enhanced privacy and child protection, and standards for transparent and accessible information disclosures Creation-Date: 2014-05-16 Number: 236 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:236-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Access Network Speed Tests Abstract: This report examines the approaches being taken to measure broadband performance by reviewing information on official speed tests to date as well as their strengths and drawbacks in methodologies, emerging good practices and the challenges in undertaking a harmonised approach across OECD countries. Measurement projects for Internet connection performance face greater potential hurdles than for traditional telecommunication networks, while at the same time, new opportunities are emerging in terms of “crowd-sourced” data collected through applications installed by users. The report provides classification of those measurement approaches with suggestions on how they can be selected and implemented depending on different policy goals. Creation-Date: 2014-06-13 Number: 237 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:237-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: International Traffic Termination Abstract: This report examines measures taken in countries that have restricted the ability for markets to set termination charges for incoming international telecommunication traffic by mandating rates below which no market player can diverge. The report explores empirically the effects of the introduction of such policies and finds that an increase of these termination charges reduces traffic (measured by minutes or calls) in such a way that the expected increase in revenue, given the rise of the termination charge, may be countervailed. Thus, the report concludes that these practices are not in the best interest of the countries where they have been introduced or of countries paying the higher termination rates. Creation-Date: 2014-06-13 Number: 238 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:238-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Development of Fixed Broadband Networks Abstract: This report examines the development of fixed networks and their ability to support the Internet economy. Enhancements to fixed broadband networks remain critical despite the growth in the use of wireless services. In fact, growth in the use of data over wireless networks actually increases demands on fixed networks. Upgrading fixed networks to ultra-fast speeds has the potential to generate significant spillovers; however, the evidence so far is mixed as to whether different types of public intervention are necessary to spur fibre deployment. The report provides an overview of the barriers to upgrading networks as well as the regulatory challenges encountered in spurring the deployment of fixed networks. Creation-Date: 2014-06-13 Number: 239 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:239-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Cloud Computing: The Concept, Impacts and the Role of Government Policy Abstract: Cloud computing is changing the way computing is undertaken. It provides the ability to access IT resources on demand without the need for significant capital expenditure, thereby lowering the entry barriers for new entrants in multiple sectors. Cloud computing has thus become a platform for innovation. This report presents the concept of cloud computing, the services it provides and deployment models, and thus give a clear overview of what it is and what it is not. It provides an overview of how cloud computing changes the way computing is carried out, and evaluates the impacts of cloud computing (including its benefits and challenges as well as its economic and environmental impacts). Finally, the report discusses the policy issues raised by cloud computing and the role of governments and other stakeholders in addressing these issues. Creation-Date: 2014-08-19 Number: 240 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:240-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Orientations pour les politiques à l'égard des consommateurs concernant les produits de contenu numérique intangibles Abstract: En 2009, le Comité de la politique à l’égard des consommateurs de l’OCDE a entrepris la révision des Lignes directrices de 1999 régissant la protection des consommateurs dans le contexte du commerce électronique. Dans le cadre de cet examen, il a exploré, dans un rapport analytique, les avantages et les difficultés, pour les consommateurs, d’acquérir des produits de contenu numérique intangibles. À la lumière de l’analyse réalisée, le Comité a mis au point les présentes orientations, qu’il a adoptées le 15 septembre 2014 et qu’il a recommandé de porter à la connaissance du public. Creation-Date: 2015-01-15 Number: 241 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:241-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Consumer Policy Guidance on Intangible Digital Content Products Abstract: Digital content, such as e-books and apps that are available through streaming, downloads or cloud computing platforms, has become the fastest growing e-commerce product category. To support further growth, it is important that consumers, including children, understand what their rights and obligations are when acquiring and using such products. In particular, consumers need to know about the conditions under which they may copy and share products, and on which devices the products may be used. They also need to be informed about how their personal data may be collected and used, with whom it may be shared and why, and the type of redress that may be obtained when problems arise. Creation-Date: 2014-10-24 Number: 241 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:241-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Skills and Jobs in the Internet Economy Abstract: Both generic and specialised ICT skills are becoming an important requirement for employment across the economy as the Internet becomes more engrained in work processes, but a significant part of the population lacks the basic skills necessary to function in this new environment. This paper examines the impact of the Internet on the labour market in this context. For example, between 7% and 27% of adults have no experience in using computers or lack the most elementary computer skills, such as the ability to use a mouse. In addition, the groups with the least ICT skills tend to be among the demographic groups at the most risk of losing jobs. Data also highlight a potential skills mismatch among those with the strongest ICT skills (youth) and those who actually use them at work (prime age and older adults). Creation-Date: 2014-10-24 Number: 242 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:242-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Wireless Market Structures and Network Sharing Abstract: A key issue for policy makers and regulators across the OECD area is the market structures that will best deliver efficient and inclusive mobile communication services. This has led to two issues addressed in this report, namely: the recent experience in selected countries, which have changed or held constant the number of facilities based operators; and the initial experience and key questions that have arisen with wireless network sharing. These questions are related because they converge around the issue of how many facilities-based networks are optimal in providing competitive services in the same geographical location. In all OECD countries there are at least three mobile network operators (MNOs), which broadly compete on a national basis, with some countries having four or five facilities-based networks operating nationally or in the same region. Historically, the coverage and capabilities of these networks have been important factors used by operators to differentiate their offers and attract customers. Nonetheless, sharing the expense of network facilities between multiple MNOs can significantly reduce costs, especially at a time when there are demands on operators to roll out new networks or extend coverage. Creation-Date: 2014-11-06 Number: 243 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:243-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Economics of Transition to Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) Abstract: This report makes the case that IPv6 represents an example of a platform; within the context of IPv6, the sides of the platform are Internet service providers, backbone providers, device manufacturers, content providers, and so forth. The net benefits to adopting the new platform are not distributed equally across sides. For some participants, such as backbone and transit providers and manufacturers of devices such as routers, the transition to IPv6 has been relatively swift. For these participants the benefits of adoption were clear, and adoption demonstrated the technical ability of the company and fitness of its network. For others, such as many content providers for the Web, enterprises contemplating deployment of IPv6 within internal firm networks, and providers of consumer electronics equipment such as DVD or Blu-Ray players or televisions, the transition has been slower. For them the benefits have not been as clear, and many legacy devices, networks, customers and suppliers have not transitioned. Creation-Date: 2014-11-06 Number: 244 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:244-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christian Reimsbach-Kounatze Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Title: The Proliferation of “Big Data” and Implications for Official Statistics and Statistical Agencies: A Preliminary Analysis Abstract: This working paper describes the potential of the proliferation of new sources of large volumes of data, sometimes also referred to as “big data”, for informing policy making in several areas. It also outlines the challenges that the proliferation of data raises for the production of official statistics and for statistical policies. Creation-Date: 2015-01-12 Number: 245 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:245-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ulrike Deetjen Author-Workplace-Name: University of Oxford Author-Name: Eric T. Meyer Author-Workplace-Name: University of Oxford Author-Name: Ralph Schroeder Author-Workplace-Name: University of Oxford Title: Big Data for Advancing Dementia Research: An Evaluation of Data Sharing Practices in Research on Age-related Neurodegenerative Diseases Abstract: Dementia is increasing in prevalence, and to date has no cure or treatment. One element in improving this situation is using and sharing data more widely to increase the power of research. Further, moving beyond established medical data into big data offers the potential to tap into routinely collected data from both within and outside the health system. In this report, we examine four exemplar data sharing initiatives to better understand data sharing practices in dementia research and recommend the next steps required to move forward, which will require addressing structural issues including aligning incentives and mindsets toward data sharing. Creation-Date: 2015-03-12 Number: 246 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:246-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Industry Self Regulation: Role and Use in Supporting Consumer Interests Abstract: In 2010, the OECD’s Committee on Consumer Policy published a Consumer Policy Toolkit, which provides a framework for developing and implementing effective consumer policies (OECD, 2010). The report notes that industry self-regulation (ISR) can play an important role in addressing consumer issues, particularly when business codes of conduct and standards are involved.[1] This report examines the roles that ISR can play in these and other areas more closely, examining conditions and situations where there are likely to be benefits, and the steps that need to be taken to help ensure that such initiatives succeed. The report draws on 23 case studies where consumer issues are addressed. The case studies are based on material provided by governments, businesses, civil society and other experts; for the most part the case studies have not been independently evaluated. They cover a range of sectors and activities, including advertising, financial services, telecommunications, video games and software applications (apps), toys, and direct selling. The case studies are illustrative of the ways that ISR has been used to address consumer issues; they do not cover areas where ISR has not been effective. Creation-Date: 2015-03-01 Number: 247 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:247-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Assessing government initiatives on public sector information: A review of the OECD Council Recommendation Abstract: Better access to and use of public sector information (PSI), including open government data, are inter-related parts of the shift towards knowledge-based economies, and drivers of innovation, growth and employment. PSI can be used directly to generate products and services, and it contributes in a wide variety of ways to improving efficiency and productivity across the economy (including within the public sector). Aggregate OECD economic impacts of PSI-related applications and use were estimated to be around USD 500 billion and there could be close to USD 200 billion of additional gains if barriers to use were removed, skills enhanced and the data infrastructure improved. Exploiting the potential PSI market thus requires lower pricing and less restrictive licensing agreements. There is also evidence that increasing access and lowering prices have large positive impacts on the number of users and new uses without significantly increasing costs. This report presents the results of the review of the OECD Council Recommendation for Enhanced Access and More effective Use of PSI. The review is based on the analyses of the information gathered through a survey of PSI strategies in 20 countries as well as the European Commission. The review also benefited from a complementary online survey on Open Government Data (OGD) initiatives undertaken by the Directorate for Public Governance and Territorial Development (GOV) in coordination with the Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation (STI). In doing so, the reports illustrates different strategic approaches to PSI policies. Creation-Date: 2015-06-18 Number: 248 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:248-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Frédéric Bourassa Author-Workplace-Name: OCDE Author-Name: Sam Paltridge Author-Workplace-Name: OCDE Author-Name: Verena Weber Author-Workplace-Name: OCDE Author-Name: Yuki Yokomori Author-Workplace-Name: OCDE Author-Name: Dimitri Ypsilanti Title: Évolution de l'itinérance mobile internationale Abstract: Le Conseil a adopté le 16 février 2012 la Recommandation du Conseil sur les services d’itinérance mobile internationale qui met en avant une série de mesures pour assurer une concurrence efficace, sensibiliser et protéger les consommateurs et instaurer un juste niveau de prix sur les marchés des services d’itinérance mobile internationale. Le présent rapport vise à donner une vue d’ensemble des progrès réalisés par les Membres et Partenaires dans la mise en œuvre de la Recommandation et à déterminer si des actions nouvelles sont nécessaires en ce domaine. Creation-Date: 2016-04-28 Number: 249 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:249-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Frédéric Bourassa Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Sam Paltridge Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Verena Weber Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Yuki Yokomori Author-Workplace-Name: OECD Author-Name: Dimitri Ypsilanti Title: Developments in International Mobile Roaming Abstract: The Council adopted on 16 February 2012 the Recommendation of the Council on International Mobile Roaming which provides a set of policy principles to ensure effective competition, consumer awareness and protection, and a fair price level in international mobile roaming services. The objective of this report is to provide an overview of progress made in the implementation of the Recommendation to determine whether any further action is necessary in this area. Creation-Date: 2016-04-28 Number: 249 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:249-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Skills for a Digital World: 2016 Ministerial Meeting on the Digital Economy Background Report Abstract: This report provides new evidence on the effects of digital technologies on the demand for skills and discusses key policies for skills development adapted to the digital economy. Workers across an increasing range of occupations need generic and/or advanced ICT skills to use such technologies effectively. More fundamentally, the diffusion of digital technologies is changing how work is done, raising demand for complementary skills such as information processing, self-direction, problem solving and communication. This report discusses measures that can help to ensure that the diffusion of digital technologies is accompanied by the development of the skills needed for their effective use, an increase in the responsiveness of national skills development systems to changes in skills demand and of new learning opportunities created by digital technologies. Creation-Date: 2016-06-02 Number: 250 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:250-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Digital Convergence and Beyond: Innovation, Investment and Competition in Communication Policy and Regulation for the 21st Century Abstract: The digital convergence anticipated during the 2008 Seoul Ministerial has become a reality. Historically, communication services were delivered via single-purpose dedicated networks (e.g. telephone, television). Many OECD countries now function with converged networks, facilitated by the Internet Protocol (IP) in which “bits” are the building blocks for transmission of all content and service – all “applications.” This process of convergence is steadily deepening as technology evolves and more and more activity shifts online. In particular, technological, service and business innovations both at the core and at the edge of the network are significantly affecting competitors, investors and consumers. This report identifies trends in convergence, the opportunities and challenges arising from these changes and suggests policies to meet them. Creation-Date: 2016-06-07 Number: 251 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:251-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The Internet of Things: Seizing the Benefits and Addressing the Challenges Abstract: The Internet of Things represents the next step in convergence between ICTs and the economy on an unprecedented scale, with estimates indicating that 25 billion devices will be connected by 2020. Network connectivity, widespread sensor placement and sophisticated data analytics enable applications to aggregate and act on large amounts of data generated by devices in homes, work places and the natural world. This aggregated data can drive innovation, research and marketing, holding the promise to substantially contribute to further economic growth and social prosperity. However, the degree of adoption and ability to reap its benefits will largely depend on the capacity of governments to create adequate policy and regulatory frameworks in key areas including telecommunications, security, privacy and consumer policy. This report provides information on the opportunities and challenges around the Internet of Things and identifies areas for engagement and ease of deployment by all stakeholders. Creation-Date: 2016-06-07 Number: 252 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:252-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Protecting Consumers In Peer Platform Markets: Exploring The Issues Abstract: Peer-to-peer transactions have long played a role in commerce, but today's online platforms enable them on a much greater scale. Early examples include platforms for the sale of goods (e.g. online auction sites). Newer models include the rental of short-term accommodation and transport or mobility services. Sometimes described as the "sharing" economy or "collaborative consumption," this report refers to these innovative businesses as "peer platform markets." In addition to bringing benefits, peer platform markets raise new policy challenges, including consumer protection issues. As a general principle, consumer laws should be considered to apply to the basic offer of services to peers by peer platforms. It can be difficult, however, to apply existing laws to business models that blur the boundaries between consumers and businesses. What is the best approach to provide effective consumer protection while encouraging innovation? This report provides context for considering this and related questions. Creation-Date: 2016-06-07 Number: 253 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:253-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Managing Digital Security and Privacy Risk Abstract: This report discusses how increased connectivity and data-driven innovation have brought about significant economic and social opportunities while changing the scale and scope of digital security and privacy challenges. These developments highlight the need for an evolution in policies and practices to build and maintain trust in the digital economy in order to fully realise its economic and social potentials. Building on key messages of the OECD Digital Security Risk Recommendation and the OECD Privacy Guidelines, the report articulates why an approach grounded in risk management is essential to ensure that measures are appropriate to and commensurate with the risk, and focus on the economic and social objectives of public and private organisations. The report examines what further work is needed to understand how public policy can work jointly with private sector to overcome barriers and address the special challenges faced by small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Creation-Date: 2016-06-10 Number: 254 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:254-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: New Markets and New Jobs Abstract: This report provides new evidence on the effects of digital technologies on labour demand and discusses key policies to foster employment in the digital economy. The digital economy has the potential to enhance productivity, income and social well-being. It is creating job opportunities in new markets and increasing employment in some existing occupations. As digital technologies enable the production of more goods and services with less labour, they also expose some workers to the risk of unemployment or lower wages. They also enable changes in the organisation of work, with implications for the capability of existing policies and programmes to ensure labour market inclusion, job quality and skills development. The report discusses policies to foster growth and employment in new economic activities enabled by digital technologies, to accompany workers along the transition to new jobs, and to help ensure job quality in the digital economy. Creation-Date: 2016-06-10 Number: 255 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:255-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Stimulating digital innovation for growth and inclusiveness: The role of policies for the successful diffusion of ICT Abstract: This report analyses the importance of the adoption and the effective use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) for enabling digital innovation for growth and inclusiveness, and discusses the role of public policies in stimulating such adoption and use. Given the emergence of a new digital divide caused by a possible breakdown of the “diffusion machine”, and given the strong interest of governments in furthering ICT adoption and use in particular by SMEs and disfavoured social groups, emphasis is put on policies stimulating ICT diffusion across society, i.e. ICT demand side policies. Creation-Date: 2016-06-16 Number: 256 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:256-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Economic and Social Benefits of Internet Openness Abstract: This report presents a framework for analysing Internet openness, the factors that influence it, and its effects. It also presents initial qualitative and quantitative evidence on the effects of Internet openness. Among the key findings are that Internet openness consists of many technical, economic and social elements and that overall openness is vital for reaping the Internet’s potential benefits. Those benefits include positive effects on trade, innovation and entrepreneurship, macroeconomic performance, and social wellbeing. However, openness also presents challenges, as bad actors sometimes take advantage of it when conducting malicious activities. While the global, decentralised and interconnected nature of the Internet prevents individual countries from determining openness unilaterally, governments nevertheless take policy actions that can affect openness. Policymakers should bear in mind that even though there are legitimate reasons for setting certain boundaries, drifting away from a general preference for Internet openness is economically and socially costly. Creation-Date: 2016-06-17 Number: 257 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:257-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: New Skills for the Digital Economy: Measuring the demand and supply of ICT skills at work Abstract: This report presents new evidence on how Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are changing the demand for skills at work. While the use of ICT at work increased in a large majority of countries between 2011 and 2014, a significant number of workers do not seem to have sufficient skills to use these technologies effectively. The diffusion of ICTs is also changing the way work is carried out, increasing the raising the demand for “soft skills” such as communication, self-direction and problem solving. While these findings offer some new and interesting insights, the report discusses various avenues for further analysis. Creation-Date: 2016-06-21 Number: 258 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:258-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: ICTs and Jobs: Complements or Substitutes? Abstract: This report examines the effects of investments in Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) on i) total labour demand; ii) labour demand by skill level; and iii) labour demand by industry in selected OECD countries over the period 1990-2012. ICT investments are estimated to have raised total labour demand in most countries over the period 1990-2007 but to have reduced it after 2007. In the latter period, the decrease in total labour demand has been accompanied by polarisation in favour of high and low skills and against medium skills. Yet, the effects on both total labour demand and polarisation are estimated to disappear in the long run. These changes have occurred through a process of labour reallocation across industries, away from manufacturing and towards some services, including care, culture and recreation. Creation-Date: 2016-06-21 Number: 259 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:259-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: New Forms of Work in the Digital Economy Abstract: This paper provides new evidence on the development of online platforms and explores the emergence of new forms of work in the digital economy. Following the rise of platforms that match demand and supply of goods (e-commerce) and information (search, social networks), platform markets for services traded over the Internet (the "x"-economy) have grown exponentially in recent years. The paper analyses how online platforms affect the organisation of markets and work; discusses related opportunities and challenges for individuals participating in such markets; presents analysis of trends and effects of non-standard work in OECD countries; and identifies policy issues related to new forms of work. It finds that the transformative effects of online platforms may challenge existing institutions and might necessitate reviews of policy and regulatory frameworks in many areas. To further analyse such digital transformation, better data is needed on the effects of online platforms in all of these areas. Creation-Date: 2016-06-21 Number: 260 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:260-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Online Product Safety: Trends and Challenges Abstract: This report explores the scope and magnitude of selected product safety challenges faced by consumers when purchasing tangible goods via e-commerce. It provides an overview of the government and business initiatives that have been carried out to protect consumers from three categories of unsafe products that are available for sale online in a number of jurisdictions. Such products include those: i) which have been banned or recalled; ii) with inadequate labelling and safety warnings; and iii) which do not meet voluntary and mandatory safety standards. The report is informed by the results of an OECD online product safety sweep carried out in April 2015, in which 25 jurisdictions participated and inspected a total of 1 709 selected products available for sale online. Creation-Date: 2016-11-03 Number: 261 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:261-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Sécurité des produits vendus en ligne : Tendances et défis Abstract: Le présent rapport examine un certain nombre de problèmes de sécurité des produits rencontrés par les consommateurs lorsqu’ils achètent des biens matériels par voie électronique. Après avoir étudié l’ampleur et la portée des problèmes de sécurité des produits vendus en ligne, le document donne un aperçu des initiatives publiques et privées mises en œuvre par les pays pour protéger les consommateurs contre les produits dangereux commercialisés sur le web. Le rapport rend également compte des résultats de l’investigation surprise sur la sécurité des produits vendus en ligne menée en avril 2015 par l’OCDE pour le compte du Groupe de travail sur la sécurité des produits de consommation, et coordonnée par l’Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC). Au total, 25 pays ont participé à cette investigation, au cours de laquelle 1 709 produits vendus en ligne ont été inspectés. Les résultats de cette investigation sont décrits plus en détail dans le rapport y afférent élaboré par l’ACCC. Creation-Date: 2017-05-03 Number: 261 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:261-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Online Product Safety Sweep Results: Australian Competition and Consumer Commission Abstract: In April 2015, 25 jurisdictions participated in an OECD product safety sweep to determine the extent to which a selected number of products identified as: i) banned or recalled from the market; ii) presenting inadequate product labelling and safety warnings; or iii) not meeting voluntary and mandatory safety standards, were available for sale via e-commerce. This report provides a summary of the results of the sweep, which shows that a large proportion of the 1 709 inspected products were available for sale to consumers at domestic and cross-border levels. The results have been used to inform the OECD 2016 report “Online product safety: Trends and challenges”. Creation-Date: 2016-11-03 Number: 262 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:262-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Résultats de l’investigation surprise de l’OCDE sur la sécurité des produits vendus en ligne : Commission australienne de la concurrence et de la consommation Abstract: En 2013, le Groupe de travail sur la sécurité des produits de consommation (le «Groupe de travail») a décidé d’engager de nouveaux travaux sur la sécurité des produits vendus en ligne, en centrant son attention sur les problèmes de sécurité rencontrés par les consommateurs lorsqu’ils achètent des biens matériels par voie électronique. Dans le cadre de ce projet, l’Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) a coordonné une investigation surprise sur la sécurité des produits vendus en ligne («l’investigation surprise»), menée du 27 au 30 avril 2015 par l’OCDE pour le compte du Groupe de travail. Cette initiative, à laquelle ont participé 25 pays, a permis d’inspecter 1 709 produits vendus en ligne. Creation-Date: 2017-05-03 Number: 262 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:262-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Trust in peer platform markets: Consumer survey findings Abstract: Trust is a key component in peer platform markets (PPMs). In 2016, the OECD’s Committee on Consumer Policy (CCP) produced a report on Protecting consumers in peer platform markets: Exploring the issues. The 2016 report examined a number of the mechanisms that peer platforms have themselves developed to help engender trust in and use of their services (e.g. initiatives such as ratings and reviews) and raised a set of questions for further research and reflection. In order to understand better the role and drivers of consumer trust in PPMs, the CCP conducted an online survey of 10 000 consumers across ten OECD member countries. This report discusses the findings of that survey. Creation-Date: 2017-11-07 Number: 263 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:263-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The evolving role of satellite networks in rural and remote broadband access Abstract: Satellites serve as an important option to deliver broadband services to residences and businesses in rural and remote regions throughout the world. In OECD countries, the majority of people live in urban areas or at locations that are closely settled enough to use other broadband access technologies on a cost effective basis. Satellite technology, however, is deploying several significant innovations that result in improved services and may radically change the costs of providing satellite broadband. The purpose of this report is to describe these key recent developments based upon new and anticipated satellite broadband deployments, and discuss their implications for the future use of satellites to deliver broadband services to residential and business users. The report investigates how innovation is changing the role of satellites in extending broadband services to underserved areas in relation to other broadband options and important policy challenges to be considered in light of such innovation. Creation-Date: 2017-12-04 Number: 264 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:264-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Bridging the rural digital divide Abstract: This document examines recent policy and technology approaches to bridging the digital divide in rural and remote areas in OECD countries. First, it discusses issues related to assessing broadband gaps, defining speeds and establishing national targets. Second, it describes policies being implemented to improve both access and uptake, such as fostering competition, promoting national, rural and community-led broadband initiatives, supporting open access policies and reducing deployment costs. Finally, it briefly reviews technological developments that are likely to influence the provision of services in underserved areas. Experience in OECD countries with fibre optics, coaxial cable, copper, fixed and mobile wireless, satellites and hybrid approaches, as well as with emerging technologies, are used to illustrate some of the technological trends discussed. This document also includes a summary of common challenges and good practices to bring improved communication services to individuals and communities in rural and remote areas. Creation-Date: 2018-02-23 Number: 265 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:265-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Consumer protection enforcement in a global digital marketplace Abstract: This report examines information on consumer protection enforcement authorities of OECD member and non-member countries, especially on the ability of these authorities to co-operate across borders. It is based on questionnaire responses from 31 countries, supplemented by additional research. It has been prepared to support a review of the 2003 OECD Recommendation of the Council concerning Guidelines for Protecting Consumers from Fraudulent and Deceptive Commercial Practices across Borders. It will also inform work to implement the 2016 OECD Recommendation of the Council on Consumer Protection in E-Commerce, which contains updated provisions on enforcement co-operation. Creation-Date: 2018-03-28 Number: 266 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:266-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Consumer product safety in the Internet of Things Abstract: In addition to offering greater product choice and convenience to consumers, the IoT is expected to revolutionise the way product design, manufacturing, and product delivery processes are monitored, analysed and improved, including remotely. This report describes current and emerging IoT developments that may have implications for consumer product safety policy design and enforcement. It describes the opportunities afforded by the IoT to enhance the quality of products, help prevent consumer product safety hazards or damage, and to create better ways to manage safety in the supply chain and the marketplace. The report also draws attention to the potential for the IoT to give rise to new safety risks, and questions about whether existing liability and product safety regulatory regimes are adequate. Creation-Date: 2018-03-29 Number: 267 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:267-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Consumer policy and the smart home Abstract: The “smart home” looks set to be the arena in which many people will utilise consumer-facing Internet of Things (IoT) technologies for the first time. A new generation of familiar household devices and appliances (e.g. washing machines) are becoming “smart” through the addition of sensors, software and Internet connections. They are entering the home alongside innovative IoT era devices (e.g. smart speakers) – often integrating with them to form smart residential systems (e.g. relating to energy, entertainment and home security).This report outlines the key consumer benefits and risks associated with Internet of Things (IoT) devices in the “smart home”. The benefits include convenience, customisation and control. However, there are potential risks for smart home residents such as data privacy and cybersecurity threats, limitations on interoperability, the need for lifetime product support, complex supply chains and liability regimes, and product safety. Creation-Date: 2018-04-05 Number: 268 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:268-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Improving online disclosures with behavioural insights Abstract: This report looks at how behavioural insights can be used to improve online information disclosures for consumers. The report is the latest contribution to work by the OECD’s Committee on Consumer Policy on improving consumer policy with behavioural insights. Behavioural insights incorporate findings from economics, psychology, neuroscience and marketing to better understand how individuals and businesses actually behave in the marketplace. While the role of information disclosure policies is clear in empowering consumers to make informed decisions when shopping online, findings from behavioural insights raise questions about the usefulness of certain forms of information disclosure. This report looks at these concerns and the subsequent policy implications. Creation-Date: 2018-04-12 Number: 269 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:269-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: AI: Intelligent machines, smart policies: Conference summary Abstract: This report reflects discussions at the OECD conference “AI: Intelligent Machines, Smart Policies” held in Paris on 26-27 October, 2017. After discussing the state of Artificial intelligence (AI) research – in particular ‘machine learning’ –, speakers illustrated the opportunities that AI provides to improve economies and societies, in areas ranging from scientific discovery and satellite data analysis to music creation. There was broad agreement that the rapid development of AI calls for national and international policy frameworks that engage all stakeholders. Discussions focused on the need for policy to facilitate the adoption of AI systems to promote innovation and growth, help address global challenges, and boost jobs and skills development, while at the same time establishing appropriate safeguards to ensure that AI systems are human-centric and benefit people broadly. Transparency and oversight, algorithmic discrimination and privacy abuses were key concerns, as were new liability, responsibility, security and safety questions. Creation-Date: 2018-08-02 Number: 270 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:270-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: IoT measurement and applications Abstract: The Cancun Ministerial mandate on the Digital Economy (2016) highlighted the importance of developing Internet of Things (IoT) metrics to assess the effects of the IoT in different policy areas. Accordingly, this report reviews different definitions of IoT in view of establishing an operational definition for the CDEP work, and proposes a taxonomy for IoT measurement. The report also explores potential challenges for communication infrastructures due to the exponential growth of IoT devices through the application of connected and automated vehicles. This IoT application was chosen as the data transmission requirements of fully automated vehicles may have substantial implications for network infrastructure, and therefore may require prioritisation in terms of measurement. Creation-Date: 2018-10-23 Number: 271 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:271-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Online advertising: Trends, benefits and risks for consumers Abstract: Online advertising is now the dominant form of advertising in many OECD countries, and offers businesses the ability to reach consumers in ways that could only have been imagined previously. Online advertising has the potential to benefit consumers through more relevant and timely advertising, and by funding a host of “free” online services. However, it also raises some new and complex challenges for consumers and consumer protection authorities. This report by the OECD’s Committee on Consumer Policy provides an introduction to the complex landscape that is online advertising. It outlines the potential benefits and risks for consumers, drawing on the behavioural insights literature where relevant. Creation-Date: 2019-01-14 Number: 272 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:272-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Vectors of digital transformation Abstract: This report examines key properties – or “vectors” – of the digital transformation that fundamentally affect the economy and society and accordingly the design and efficacy of public policies. It explores three main areas where digital transformation affects the ways the economy and society are operating, i.e.: a) scale, scope and speed; b) ownership, assets and economic value; and c) relationships, markets and ecosystems. Exposing the underlying nature of change, the seven vectors provide insights on how the transformation challenges policies that are frequently predicated on an analogue world of tangible products and assets, fixed geographic boundaries and physical locations, on transaction costs that limit the scale and scope of interactions and offerings, and on supply and demand conditions that reflect scarcity. The objective of this report is to support the review of existing and the design of new policies to ensure that they are well‑suited to the digital era. Creation-Date: 2019-01-22 Number: 273 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:273-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Using digital technologies to improve the design and enforcement of public policies Abstract: Digitalisation is having a profound impact on social and economic activity. While often benefiting from a very long history of public investment in R&D, digitalisation has been largely driven by the private sector. However, the combined adoption of new digital technologies, increased reliance upon new data sources, and use of advanced analytic methods hold significant potential to: i) improve the effectiveness and enforcement of public policies; ii) enable innovative policy design and impact evaluation, and; iii) expand citizen and stakeholder engagement in policy making and implementation. These benefits are likely to be greatest in policy domains where outcomes are only observable at significant cost and/or where there is significant heteroregeneity in responses across different agents. In this paper we provide a review of initiatives across a number of fields including: competition, education, environment, innovation, and taxation. Creation-Date: 2019-02-15 Number: 274 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:274-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Policies for the protection of critical information infrastructure: Ten years later Abstract: This report analyses responses to a questionnaire circulated to OECD delegations for the review of the 2008 OECD Recommendation on the Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure (CIIP). It includes suggestions to guide the updating of the Recommendation. The update comes against a backdrop of fast digital transformation and increased digital reliance of businesses and governments; increased frequency and severity of cybersecurity attacks on critical information infrastructure; the rise of state-sponsored attacks including digital sabotage and espionage; and increased capacity of attackers. The update of the Recommendation serves as an opportunity to make changes to its purpose and scope; to insert key messages based on overarching themes from the responses; and to adjust the Recommendation in line with current and anticipated evolutions in contexts, risks and policies. Creation-Date: 2019-02-15 Number: 275 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:275-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Measuring indirect investments in ICT Abstract: This report investigates the hypothesis that the real contribution of ICT investment may be masked in official statistics because intermediate ICT expenditures embodied in non-ICT capital assets are not treated as ICT investment. Based on detailed SUTs collected in 12 OECD countries, the report presents estimates of indirect ICT investment, i.e. the value of ICT inputs embodied in non-ICT capital assets.ICT investment appears significantly higher when considering its indirect component, the average increase being about 35%. In addition, the inclusion of indirect ICT investment changes significantly the relative position of countries with respect to the ICT intensity of their investments. Creation-Date: 2019-02-19 Number: 276 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:276-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Determinants and impact of automation: An analysis of robots' adoption in OECD countries Abstract: This report analyses automation trends and its effect on employment in OECD countries. On average, robots are found to be associated with a reduction in employment in elementary occupations – those requiring the lowest levels of skills – and an increase in employment in high-skill occupation such as professionals and technicians. For occupations in the middle of the skills distribution the correlation is strong and negative. In general, therefore, these estimates do not support the hypothesis of labour market polarisation, i.e.: an increase in both high-skill and low-skill employment. However, in a few countries - notably the United States - this report finds evidence of labour market polarisation. Creation-Date: 2019-02-22 Number: 277 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:277-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: BBVA big data on online credit card transactions: The patterns of domestic and cross-border e-commerce Abstract: This report uses a standard gravity setup to analyse the determinants of e-commerce, using data on online credit card payments by private Spanish customers of the multinational bank BBVA. The results show that the gravity model applies well to credit card payments, explaining up to 95% of the variation in the data. The analysis finds potentially large border effects for trade between any two regions or countries, implying that individuals tend to purchase more from their home region or domestically than from other places. The estimates also suggest that the effect of distance might be slightly less important for e-commerce transactions than for offline trade, although the death of distance hypothesis is clearly rejected by the data. Creation-Date: 2019-03-08 Number: 278 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:278-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Good practice guide on online advertising: Protecting consumers in e-commerce Abstract: This paper aims to complement the OECD Recommendation of the Council on Consumer Protection in E-Commerce by elaborating on its key principles in the context of online advertising and offering practical guidance on how to apply these principles. For these purposes, the guide provides a number of good practice examples from policy makers, consumer enforcement agencies, and stakeholders that are relevant to the key principles. Building on those examples, the guide also offers tips for businesses in four areas of online advertising: (i) misleading marketing practices; (ii) ad identification; (iii) endorsements; and (iv) protection of children or vulnerable consumers. Creation-Date: 2019-03-28 Number: 279 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:279-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: ICT investments in OECD countries and partner economies: Trends, policies and evaluation Abstract: Policies to support ICT investment are a strategic tool to spur the digital transformation and enhance productivity and growth. However, while most countries do carry out some forms of ICT investment policy, very little is known on the effects of these policies. In order to start filling this gap, this report presents an overview of recent trends in ICT investment in OECD countries; makes an inventory of ICT investment policies in OECD and selected Partner economies; and reviews the evaluation of selected investment programmes in some OECD countries. Creation-Date: 2019-04-19 Number: 280 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:280-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Digital security and resilience in critical infrastructure and essential services Abstract: On 15-16 February 2018 the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) hosted a Workshop on Digital Security and Resilience in Critical Infrastructure and Essential Services. The workshop brought together over 120 participants to discuss the effects of growing digital transformation on the resilience of critical infrastructures and essential services which rely increasingly on cross-border digital infrastructure. Over 25 experts discussed digital security in the financial, energy and transport sectors, in relation to the delivery of public sector services, and from the digital security public policy making perspective. Issues faced by SMEs were also addressed throughout the event. This report provides key cross-cutting high-level policy messages from the workshop, an issues paper developed to prepare the event, as well as a detailed account of discussions in each session. Creation-Date: 2019-04-19 Number: 281 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:281-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Measuring platform mediated workers Abstract: In recent years there has been a large number of attempts to estimate the number of platform workers. Lacking a common definition of platform workers, however, these estimates are not comparable across countries and over time. This paper starts to address these issues, by explaining the concept of platform work, reviewing previous attempts to measure platform workers by private agencies and official statistical agencies and examining how different survey questions can affect the understanding of the respondents. The paper also highlights innovative uses of data that provide greater insights into platform workers and concluded with recommendations on how to measure platform workers in the future. Creation-Date: 2019-04-23 Number: 282 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:282-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Measuring digital security risk management practices in businesses Abstract: This report synthesises an OECD project to develop a framework and a set of statistical indicators that can be used to assess the digital security (cybersecurity) risk management practices of businesses. A survey instrument aligned with the framework was developed and piloted. After a general introduction, the report starts with a brief overview of the state of affairs in the measurement of digital security risk and its management prior to the OECD project. It provides an in-depth explanation of the measurement framework for the assessment of digital security risk management practices in businesses and an analysis of the outcomes of a pilot survey instrument based on the measurement framework, tested with members of the Federation of European Risk Management Associations (FERMA) in 2018. The conclusion of the report provides recommendations for future efforts that build on this project. Creation-Date: 2019-06-21 Number: 283 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:283-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The road to 5G networks: Experience to date and future developments Abstract: The fifth generation of wireless networks, 5G, represents an evolutionary process of previous generations of wireless networks (i.e. 2G, 3G, and 4G). This next generation of wireless technology is intended to provide 20 Gbps download speeds and latency of one millisecond (i.e. download speeds 200 times faster and one-tenth the latency of current 4G networks). This report examines what the future of 5G could mean for communication markets in terms of investment, good practices in spectrum management, competition, coverage and meeting the increasing requirements of the digital transformation. Case studies from OECD countries are the focus of the report, approaching the issue from a two-fold perspective: 5G national strategies, and technological trials. The report also explores how 5G may represent a paradigm shift, as it is the first standard conceived with the Internet of Things (IoT) world in mind, where different connected devices have diverse network requirements. Creation-Date: 2019-07-11 Number: 284 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:284-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The effects of zero rating Abstract: This report analyses the effects of zero rating, i.e. when a predetermined type of traffic received by consumers is not counted against the download allowance of the Internet access service. The report looks at the economics of zero rating and issues such as the effects of zero rating on competition and innovation. It also compares regulatory approaches across several countries. In terms of economics, the welfare effects of zero rating on consumers can be favourable or unfavourable. While case by case analyses are almost indispensable, the different approaches which regulators and policy makers around the world are taking to zero rating exhibits substantial variation. Nevertheless, it is desirable that regulators and policy makers are alive to both the benefits and the risks associated with zero rating practices, and that in deciding their approach they have regard to the level of competition in both content and ISP markets. Creation-Date: 2019-07-15 Number: 285 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:285-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Roles and responsibilities of actors for digital security Abstract: This report provides a summary of the Inaugural Event of the OECD Global Forum on Digital Security for Prosperity (“Global Forum”) held on 13-14 December 2018 in Paris, France. The event gathered 240 experts and 50 speakers from governments, businesses, civil society, the technical community and academia of 40 countries. They examined the roles and responsibilities of actors for cybersecurity, with a focus on good practice for the governance of digital security risk in organisations, and how to improve digital security of technologies throughout their lifecycle. They discussed issues such as whether organisations can “hack back” in response to an attack, how to encourage “digital security by design” in products’ development, the role of certification, as well as how to foster the responsible disclosure of vulnerabilities by security researchers. Creation-Date: 2019-07-18 Number: 286 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:286-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The operators and their future: The state of play and emerging business models Abstract: This report analyses different models for how operators may provide access to communication services over the next five to ten years. To that end, it analyses leading-edge demand and examines the type of companies that serve this demand. It then clusters and compares different categories of operators. These include traditional (vertically integrated) mobile and fixed broadband providers; (vertically integrated) cable operators; wholesale-only operators (utility); wireline wholesale-only providers; wireless wholesale-only providers; and (terminal) equipment and online service providers. The report outlines the most important developments in these categories before signalling emerging technologies that may influence operators in the future. It concludes by comparing different types of operators against policy objectives. Creation-Date: 2019-09-05 Number: 287 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:287-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Good practice guide on online consumer ratings and reviews Abstract: Building on the OECD Recommendation of the Council on Consumer Protection in E-Commerce, this paper aims to provide practical guidance to businesses on online consumer ratings and reviews. The document focuses on four issue areas: (i) fake ratings and reviews; (ii) incentivised ratings and reviews; (iii) negative ratings and reviews; and (iv) misleading moderation practices. Creation-Date: 2019-09-06 Number: 288 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:288-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Understanding online consumer ratings and reviews Abstract: This paper takes stock of recent developments related to online consumer ratings and reviews and their effects on consumer behaviour. It provides an overview of key consumer benefits and risks associated with user-generated feedback, and identifies consumer policy challenges, including misleading and deceptive practices, a lack of accuracy, and consumer biases. It also points to issues for further consideration by consumer policy makers and enforcement authorities, as well as businesses and consumer organisations. Creation-Date: 2019-09-06 Number: 289 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:289-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Good practice guide on consumer data Abstract: This paper aims to complement the OECD Recommendation of on Consumer Protection in E-Commerce and discuss consumer policy issues associated with consumer data practices, offering greater insights into how consumer protection authorities can and have applied the principles in the Recommendation to address those issues. The guide focuses on selected consumer data practices, including: i) deceptive representations about consumer data practices; ii) misrepresentations by omission; and iii) unfair consumer data practices. It then provides key business tips to comply with consumer protection principles under the E-commerce Recommendation. Creation-Date: 2019-09-23 Number: 290 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:290-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Scoping the OECD AI principles: Deliberations of the Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence at the OECD (AIGO) Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping economies, promising to generate productivity gains, improve efficiency and lower costs. At the same time, AI is also fuelling anxieties and ethical concerns. As AI’s impacts permeate our societies, its transformational power must be put at the service of people and the planet. This document presents the work conducted by the Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence at the OECD (AIGO) to scope principles to foster trust in and adoption of AI. In particular, this paper presents a common understanding of what is an AI system as well as a framework that details the stages of the AI system lifecycle. This work informed the draft Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence. On 22 May 2019, the OECD Council adopted the Recommendation – also referred to as the OECD AI Principles – at the Ministerial level. Creation-Date: 2019-11-15 Number: 291 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:291-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Going Digital integrated policy framework Abstract: Digital transformation has widespread and complex effects across the economy and society. It impacts many policy domains and makes trade-offs between public policy objectives more difficult to navigate. The Going Digital Integrated Policy Framework helps governments and stakeholders to develop an integrated approach to policy making in the digital age and to shape policies for an inclusive digital future. This report outlines the framework’s seven interrelated policy dimensions: 1) access to communications infrastructures, services and data; 2) effective use of digital technologies and data; 3) digital and data-driven innovation; 4) good jobs for all; 5) social prosperity and inclusion; 6) trust in the digital age; and 7) market openness in digital business environments. The report also highlights transversal policy issues (e.g. skills, digital government, SMEs and data) that cut across several policy dimensions. Finally, this report provides guidance on putting the framework into practice. Creation-Date: 2020-02-14 Number: 292 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:292-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Measuring consumer detriment and the impact of consumer policy: Feasibility study Abstract: This paper examines possible methodologies for estimating consumer detriment, as well as the impacts of consumer agency actions and consumer policy more broadly. It also provides practical guidance for developing and strengthening the effectiveness of consumer policymaking frameworks. The report was prepared to inform a project by the OECD Committee on Consumer Policy (CCP) to explore ways to ensure that consumer policymaking is based on the best available data on likely costs and benefits. Creation-Date: 2020-04-09 Number: 293 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:293-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: OECD GlobalRecalls portal: 2015-2019 enhancements Abstract: The OECD GlobalRecalls portal was launched in 2012 as a single window for governments to share information about product recalls worldwide. It has since developed into a significant resource, with over 24 000 product recall notices and 47 participating countries, and these figures continue to grow. This report discusses the implementation of a series of enhancements to the OECD GlobalRecalls portal between 2015 and 2019, as well as support provided to jurisdictions by the OECD Secretariat between November 2018 and September 2019 to use the portal’s new API functionality. The report will inform ongoing OECD work to maintain the Portal and any future work regarding possible further enhancements. Creation-Date: 2020-05-07 Number: 294 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:294-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Protecting children online: An overview of recent developments in legal frameworks and policies Abstract: The digital environment presents a wide range of benefits to children, whilst also exposing them to various risks, including cyberbullying, harmful content and inappropriate contact with strangers. This report provides an overview of the legal and policy actions that governments, international organisations and other stakeholders have taken to ensure a safe and beneficial digital environment for children. It considers actions taken to keep pace with technological developments, to ensure children can realise the benefits of the digital environment, and to respond to the changing digital risk landscape. The report also informed the revision of the 2012 OECD Recommendation of the Council on the Protection of Children Online, which aims to bring it into line with current and anticipated future needs of children in the digital environment. Creation-Date: 2020-06-02 Number: 295 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:295-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Current approaches to terrorist and violent extremist content among the global top 50 online content-sharing services Abstract: This report provides an overview of the policies and procedures for addressing terrorist and violent extremist content (TVEC) across the global top 50 online content sharing services, with a focus on transparency. It finds that only five of the 50 services issue transparency reports specifically about TVEC, and these five services take different approaches in their reports. These services use different definitions of terrorism and violent extremism, report different types of information, use different measurement and estimation methods, and issue reports with varying frequency and on different timetables. The low number of reporting companies and the variation in what, when and how they report make it impossible to get a clear and complete cross-industry perspective on the efficacy of companies’ measures to combat TVEC online and how they may affect human rights. This situation could be improved if more companies issued TVEC transparency reports and included more comparable information. Creation-Date: 2020-08-14 Number: 296 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:296-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Approches actuelles des 50 principaux services mondiaux de partage de contenus en ligne face aux contenus terroristes et extrémistes violents Abstract: Ce rapport dresse un état des lieux des règles et des procédures mises en œuvre par les 50 principaux services mondiaux de partage de contenus en ligne pour lutter contre les contenus terroristes et extrémistes violents, l’accent étant mis sur la transparence. Il en ressort que seuls cinq des 50 services étudiés publient des rapports de transparence dédiés à ce type de contenus, et qu’ils suivent ce faisant des approches diverses. Ils se fondent sur des définitions différentes du terrorisme et de l’extrémisme violent, ne signalent pas les mêmes types d’informations, s’appuient sur des mesures et des méthodes d’estimation disparates et publient leurs rapports à des fréquences et selon des calendriers distincts. Compte tenu du nombre peu élevé d’entreprises publiant des rapports et de l’hétérogénéité de la teneur, des calendriers et des modalités y afférents, il est impossible d’avoir une vision intersectorielle claire et exhaustive de l’efficacité des mesures prises par les entreprises pour lutter contre les contenus terroristes et extrémistes violents diffusés en ligne, ou des conséquences que ces mesures pourraient avoir sur le respect des droits humains. Cette situation pourrait s’améliorer si les entreprises étaient plus nombreuses à publier des rapports de transparence et y faisaient figurer des informations plus aisément comparables. Creation-Date: 2021-12-02 Number: 296 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:296-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: David Nguyen Author-Workplace-Name: Economic Statistics Centre of Excellence Author-Name: Marta Paczos Author-Workplace-Name: Economic Statistics Centre of Excellence Title: Measuring the economic value of data and cross-border data flows: A business perspective Abstract: The amount and variety of data that companies collect, aggregate and analyse has increased dramatically in recent years. This paper investigates how the economic value of data can be conceptualised and measured from a business perspective. It discusses data monetisation as a strategy for developing new business models or enhancing traditional ones, and proposes a new taxonomy for data that focuses on measuring its business value. The paper also discusses how different data characteristics and types affect economic value, before examining the role of cross-border data flows as a key enabler of our global economy. As part of this discussion, the concept of a "global data value chain" is presented, based on the idea that digitalisation enables the physical detachment of data collection, analysis, storage and monetisation. The paper concludes with a summary and discussion of the most promising avenues for measuring the economic value of data. Keywords: digital, science and technology Creation-Date: 2020-08-26 Number: 297 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:297-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Encouraging digital security innovation: Global Forum on Digital Security for Prosperity Abstract: This document summarises discussions held at the second annual event of the OECD Global Forum on Digital Security for Prosperity. The event, held on 14-15 November 2019 in London, brought together 160 experts and 30 speakers from government, business, civil society, the technical community and academia to discuss how to encourage digital security innovation. Participants explored the roles that different stakeholders can play in stimulating digital security innovation, including how governments can support it for example by implementing tax incentives, acting as an early customer for innovative products, and enacting flexible and outcome-based regulation. A digital security innovation ecosystem is the most important component of a strategic approach, as it brings together different stakeholder groups in a dedicated location. Participants discussed how different ecosystems can learn from one another through international co-operation and considered how governments can encourage digital security by design in innovation more generally. Creation-Date: 2020-11-20 Number: 298 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:298-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Ker Author-Name: Emanuele Mazzini Title: Perspectives on the value of data and data flows Abstract: Data and databases are increasingly central to business activities today , with even relatively small data flows having the potential to create considerable economic value. Despite this, attempts to conceptualise and measure the value of data remain underdeveloped. This paper explores four different perspectives from which the value of data, databases, and data flows can be conceptualised and measured: i) how much businesses spend on storing data; ii) how much money businesses make from selling data-based products; iii) how the market valuation of "data-driven firms" compares to that of other firms; and iv) the value of trade flows in digitally deliverable products. Creation-Date: 2020-12-15 Number: 299 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:299-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: OECD bundled communication price baskets Abstract: Providing internationally comparable measures on prices of communication services has been a core task of the OECD through its Working Party on Communication Infrastructures and Services Policy (WPCISP) for decades. Currently, the majority of broadband services in OECD countries are based on bundled offers. This report develops OECD price baskets for bundled communication services to complement existing fixed and mobile price baskets. The baskets for bundled communication services range from dual play to quadruple play baskets, which include different combinations of fixed broadband, fixed voice, mobile voice and data, and pay-TV services. The report proposes 30 bundled baskets, accounting for different usage patterns and service elements. With increased convergence and the prevalence of communication bundles in the majority of OECD countries, this methodology sets a reference point for discussions on price baskets for bundled communication services in international fora. Creation-Date: 2020-12-15 Number: 300 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:300-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Dan Svantesson Title: Data localisation trends and challenges: Considerations for the review of the Privacy Guidelines Abstract: This report highlights a complex situation in which some forms of data localisation are seen as useful and largely uncontroversial, while others as a significant barrier to the digital economy. Contributing to the review of the implementation of the OECD Privacy Guidelines, the report emphasises the need to recognise the effect that data localisation can have on transborder data flows, but suggests that the conditions that data privacy laws traditionally impose do not necessarily amount to data localisation measures. Focusing on data localisation in the context of data privacy and the governance of globalised data flows, the report proposes a definition for data localisation, outlines a roadmap to ensure that data localisation does not impede transborder data flows, and makes recommendations to support such work. In particular, it emphasises the relevance of the accountability principle and the proportionality test articulated in the OECD Privacy Guidelines in evaluating data localisation measures. Creation-Date: 2020-12-22 Number: 301 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:301-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Children in the digital environment: Revised typology of risks Abstract: The digital environment has become an integral part of children’s everyday lives and interactions. The benefits can be tremendous, but there also risks. In 2011, the OECD adopted a Typology of Risks in an effort to broadly categorise those risks. Since then the digital environment has changed significantly, as risks have evolved in nature and new ones have emerged.This report informs the OECD’s broader work on children in the digital environment by examining these trends and presenting an updated Typology of Risks. The Typology provides a high-level overview of the risk landscape, and outlines four risk categories and their manifestations. The Typology also identifies and analyses risks that cut across these four risk categories, and that can therefore have wide-ranging effects on children’s lives. Creation-Date: 2021-01-08 Number: 302 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:302-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The effects of online disclosure about personalised pricing on consumers: Results from a lab experiment in Ireland and Chile Abstract: Online personalised pricing is a form of price discrimination that involves charging different prices to different consumers, often based on a consumer’s personal data. Policymakers are currently discussing ways to protect consumers from potential adverse effects of personalised pricing. One option involves displaying disclosures on the websites of retailers that use personalised pricing, in order for consumers to make informed purchase decisions. This paper summarizes findings from a laboratory experiment on the effects that online disclosures about personalised pricing have on consumers. Results from the experiment suggest that online disclosures have only limited effects on consumers’ ability to identify and comprehend online personalised pricing, and cannot confirm a significant effect on participants’ purchasing behaviour. Results from a questionnaire distributed to participants reveal that on average personalised pricing is considered an unfair practice that should be prohibited. Creation-Date: 2021-01-18 Number: 303 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:303-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Ker Title: Measuring cloud services use by businesses Abstract: Cloud computing infrastructures underpin an ever-increasing range of business tools, yet measures of cloud service adoption based on business ICT usage surveys give only a partial view of their diffusion. They do not reveal the intensity or volume of use by businesses, or the amount spent on cloud services. This paper assesses the extent to which insights on the use of commercial cloud services (i.e. services purchased from external providers) can be gleaned from economic and business statistics – in particular, from supply-use tables and the underlying business surveys. The paper examines the defining features of cloud services and their treatment in various statistical product classifications, before deriving estimates on the use of specific “cloud-containing product classes” across businesses. A key finding is that efforts are needed to improve the availability of data that can be used to gain robust insights on business use of cloud services. Creation-Date: 2021-01-27 Number: 304 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:304-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Understanding the digital security of products: An in-depth analysis Abstract: Economies and societies are increasingly reliant upon “smart products” that contain code and can connect to one another, e.g. through the Internet. Recent cyber-attacks such as Mirai, WannaCry, NotPetya and SolarWinds have underlined that the exploitation of vulnerabilities in smart products can have severe economic and social consequences. Such attacks increasingly threaten users’ safety and well-being, as well. This report shows that economic factors play an important role in the relative “insecurity” of smart products. It develops an analytical framework based on the value chain and lifecycle of smart products, and applies the framework to three case studies: computers and smartphones, consumer Internet of Things (IoT) devices and cloud services. It demonstrates that complex and opaque value chains lead to a misallocation of responsibility for digital security risk management, while significant information asymmetries and externalities often limit stakeholders’ ability to behave optimally. Creation-Date: 2021-02-09 Number: 305 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:305-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Enhancing the digital security of products: A policy discussion Abstract: From “traditional” software to cloud services and Internet of Things (IoT) devices, our economies and societies are increasingly reliant upon “smart products” that contain code and can connect to each other, e.g. through the Internet. Such products are vulnerable to cyber security risk, and economic factors often play a major role in their relative ‘insecurity’. This report discusses how policy makers can address key challenges that prevent smart products from reaching an optimal level of digital security. Increasing transparency and information sharing, promoting co-operation (including at the international level), and ensuring the duty of care of supply-side actors (e.g. through the principles of security-by-design, security-by-default and responsible end-of-life) are important avenues for policy action. Policy makers can leverage many tools to achieve these objectives, from public procurement, certification and multi-stakeholder partnerships, to labels and ex ante legal requirements. Creation-Date: 2021-02-09 Number: 306 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:306-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Encouraging vulnerability treatment: Overview for policy makers Abstract: Most digital security incidents are caused by malicious actors (e.g. cybercriminals and state-sponsored groups) exploiting vulnerabilities in organisations’ digital ecosystems. Addressing vulnerabilities before attackers take advantage of them is an effective means of reducing the probability of cybersecurity incidents. This paper discusses vulnerabilities in products’ code such as software and firmware, and in how products are implemented in information systems. It shows that the technical community has progressed in developing good practice for treating vulnerabilities, including through co-ordinated vulnerability disclosure (CVD). However, significant economic and social challenges prevent stakeholders from adopting good practice, such as legal frameworks that do not sufficiently protect “ethical hackers” from legal proceedings. The paper stresses that public policies aimed at removing obstacles and encouraging vulnerability treatment could significantly reduce digital security risk for all. The findings from this paper will inform the development of a new OECD Recommendation in this area. Creation-Date: 2021-02-11 Number: 307 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:307-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Pierre Montagnier Author-Name: Irene Ek Title: AI measurement in ICT usage surveys: A review Abstract: This paper takes stock of official statistics on AI use in firms collected through ICT usage surveys. Its aim is to highlight statistically sound data that can be used to guide policymakers and other stakeholders in the complex field of AI. It provides a cross-country comparison of official AI measures in selected OECD countries and international organisations by reviewing the statistical AI definitions developed explicitly for measurement purposes as well as the AI questions in official ICT use surveys. Based on the results of these surveys, the paper provides an international comparison of AI uptake among firms. It also includes a brief overview of smaller-scale non-official measures of AI, which can complement official statistics. In its final part, it makes an initial attempt to match AI policy with the AI measures previously analysed, and highlights possible next steps. This paper is also a contribution to the OECD AI Policy Observatory. Creation-Date: 2021-03-01 Number: 308 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:308-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: José Tomás Llanos Title: Transparency reporting: Considerations for the review of the privacy guidelines Abstract: This report presents evidence on efforts taken by companies to ensure trust in the digital economy through transparency reporting. Focussing on the world’s most widely used social media platforms, online communication services, file-sharing platforms and other online services (many of which are based in the United States), the report identifies both good practices and challenges in transparency reporting. Challenges include limited informative value and comparability, as well as an inability to provide reliable information on the extent to which governments gain access to personal data held by the private sector. A range of actions are proposed to address these challenges, recognising the need to develop a more robust evidence base by expanding the number of countries and companies analysed. This report informed the review of the OECD Privacy Guidelines. Creation-Date: 2021-04-23 Number: 309 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:309-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Implementation toolkit on legislative actions for consumer protection enforcement co-operation Abstract: Countries have made significant efforts in recent years to develop domestic, regional and international frameworks for consumer protection enforcement co-operation across borders. However, recent work by the OECD Committee on Consumer Policy has shown that challenges remain in many countries, in particular a lack of legal authority to fully engage in enforcement co-operation.This toolkit acts a practical resource for consumer protection enforcement agencies that do not currently have the domestic legal authority needed for enforcement co-operation to make the case for obtaining relevant legislative tools. It also provides guidance to ensure related legislative reforms are fit for purpose.The toolkit sets out a range of legislative actions countries may take to improve cross-border enforcement co-operation, covering investigatory powers, enforcement outcomes and co-operation practices. Its annex addresses operational and legal issues, and provides concrete examples of cases and legislation from a broad range of both OECD countries and partner economies. Creation-Date: 2021-06-17 Number: 310 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:310-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: State of implementation of the OECD AI Principles: Insights from national AI policies Abstract: This is the first report on the state of implementation of the policy recommendations to governments contained in the OECD Principles on Artificial Intelligence adopted in May 2019. This report presents a conceptual framework, provides findings, identifies good practices, and examines emerging trends in AI policy, particularly on how countries are implementing the five recommendations to policy makers contained in the OECD AI Principles. The report builds both on the expert input provided at meetings of the OECD.AI Network of Experts working group on national AI policies that took place online from February 2020 to April 2021 and on the EC-OECD database of national AI strategies and policies. As policy makers and AI actors around the world move from principles to implementation, this report aims to inform the implementation of the OECD AI Principles. This report is also a contribution to the OECD AI Policy Observatory. Keywords: AI, artificial intelligence Creation-Date: 2021-06-18 Number: 311 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:311-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Tools for trustworthy AI: A framework to compare implementation tools for trustworthy AI systems Abstract: As artificial intelligence (AI) advances across economies and societies, stakeholder communities are actively exploring how best to encourage the design, development, deployment and use of AI that is human-centred and trustworthy. This report presents a framework for comparing tools and practices to implement trustworthy AI systems as set out in the OECD AI Principles. The framework aims to help collect, structure and share information, knowledge and lessons learned to date on tools, practices and approaches for implementing trustworthy AI. As such, it provides a way to compare tools in different use contexts. The framework will serve as the basis for the development of an interactive, publicly available database on the OECD.AI Policy Observatory. This report informs ongoing OECD work towards helping policy makers and other stakeholders implement the OECD AI Principles in practice. Creation-Date: 2021-06-28 Number: 312 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:312-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Transparency reporting on terrorist and violent extremist content online: An update on the global top 50 content sharing services Abstract: This benchmarking report explores the degree to which the world’s top 50 online content-sharing services’ approaches to terrorist and violent extremist content (TVEC) online have evolved since a first report in 2020. This new edition finds there has been tangible progress: 11 services have issued TVEC-specific transparency reports over the past year (6 more than in 2020); and the 5 services that already issued such reports now provide additional information. However, transparency reports expressly addressing TVEC remain uncommon and services continue to use different metrics, definitions and reporting frequencies. It remains difficult to gain an industry-wide perspective on the efficacy of companies’ measures to combat TVEC online and how they may affect human rights. Meanwhile, there is a growing risk of regulatory fragmentation due to unco-ordinated transparency requirements across jurisdictions. There is an urgent need for increased, and more comparable, TVEC reporting. Creation-Date: 2021-07-15 Number: 313 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:313-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: L’établissement de rapports de transparence sur les contenus terroristes et extrémistes violents en ligne : Une mise à jour sur les 50 principaux services de partage de contenus Abstract: Ce rapport examine l’évolution des approches des 50 principaux services mondiaux de partage de contenus en ligne face aux contenus terroristes et extrémistes violents depuis la publication du premier rapport en 2020. Des progrès tangibles sont à noter : 11 services publient des rapports de transparence spécifiquement dédiés à ce type de contenus (soit 6 de plus qu’en 2020) ; et les 5 services qui en publiaient déjà fournissent désormais des informations supplémentaires. Pourtant, les rapports de transparence traitant expressément des contenus terroristes et extrémistes violents sont encore rares et les services restent hétérogènes dans leurs indicateurs, définitions et fréquences de publication. Il n’est pas encore possible de dégager une perspective claire, à l’échelle sectorielle, sur l’efficacité des mesures prises par les entreprises pour lutter contre ces contenus et leur impact sur les droits humains. Le manque de coordination dans les exigences de transparence entre juridictions pose un risque grandissant de divergence des normes et met en lumière le besoin urgent de publier des rapports de transparence plus complets et comparables. Creation-Date: 2022-07-29 Number: 313 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:313-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Ker Author-Name: Pierre Montagnier Author-Name: Vincenzo Spiezia Title: Measuring telework in the COVID-19 pandemic Abstract: The COVID-19 crisis created a sudden need for businesses and their employees to take up or increase working from home. By facilitating teleworking, digital technologies have been crucial in allowing economic activities to endure and in enabling a significant portion of individuals to continue earning income. This paper brings together information on how teleworking has evolved during the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, it looks at which businesses and individuals have been able to leverage it to keep working. It also presents the definitions and survey vehicles underlying the statistics presented. Creation-Date: 2021-07-21 Number: 314 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:314-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Bridging connectivity divides Abstract: As countries weather the COVID-19 health emergency, high-quality connectivity, more than ever, is essential to ensure that economic activities can continue in a remote manner. However, important disparities in terms of connectivity persist, aggravating the consequences of the health emergency. Therefore, policies aiming to reduce connectivity divides are of paramount importance. This report explores policies and regulations in OECD countries that have proven successful to work towards closing connectivity divides. It offers a roadmap to policy makers on the overarching policies and regulatory measures to expand connectivity, as well as the tailored approaches to extend broadband networks in rural and remote areas. Creation-Date: 2021-07-20 Number: 315 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:315-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Emerging trends in communication market competition Abstract: Communication market structures and their effect on delivering efficient and inclusive connectivity is of key interest to policy makers and regulators. This report discusses emerging competition trends in OECD broadband markets that are shaping market structures, covering both fixed and mobile networks. The increasing complementarity of fixed and wireless networks and the convergence of previously separate markets have led to new forms of communication market competition. While convergence has been acting as a driver for market consolidation, there is also increased scrutiny in merger review. Some OECD countries are discussing options to keep mobile communication markets open to new entrants in the context of merger reviews, while others have experienced a recent wave of entry. The report explores the role of horizontal and vertical mergers in communication markets, presents examples of entry in mobile communication markets, and discusses some of effects of entry and consolidation in OECD markets. Creation-Date: 2021-09-24 Number: 316 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:316-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Broadband policy and technology developments Abstract: The promotion of widespread, affordable, and high-quality broadband is a prerequisite for the digital transformation of economies and societies. Foreseeing the role of broadband as an accelerator of economic, social and cultural development, the OECD adopted the Council Recommendation on Broadband Development in 2004. Since then, important developments have taken place in broadband technologies and markets. As part of the review of the 2004 Recommendation undertaken from 2018 to 2020 and resulting in the adoption of the revised 2021 OECD Council Recommendation on Broadband Connectivity, this report examines the evolution of broadband technologies, policies and regulation to foster broadband developments since 2004 as well as the benefits of, and challenges to, accelerating these developments to further enable digital transformation and inclusive growth. Creation-Date: 2021-09-24 Number: 317 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:317-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Implementation and usage of the OECD Recommendation on Broadband Development Abstract: Without connectivity, there can be no digital transformation of economies and societies. With this in mind, the OECD Recommendation of the Council on Broadband Development was adopted in 2004. Since then, broadband markets, underlying technologies, and the policies in place to spur the development of broadband networks have undergone significant changes. This document summarises the outcome of an extensive questionnaire sent to delegates of OECD countries and stakeholder groups. The questionnaire aimed to gather information on the experience of OECD countries concerning broadband development in general, and more particularly their experience in implementing the 2004 Recommendation. The responses to the questionnaire were used to inform the review and revision of the 2004 Recommendation, which resulted in the adoption of the 2021 OECD Council Recommendation on Broadband Connectivity. Creation-Date: 2021-09-24 Number: 318 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:318-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Roland Tricot Title: Venture capital investments in artificial intelligence: Analysing trends in VC in AI companies from 2012 through 2020 Abstract: New analysis of global investments by venture capitalists (VC) in private companies focused on artificial intelligence (AI) found VC investments in AI to be growing at a dramatic pace. The United States and the People’s Republic of China are leading this wave of investments that tend to concentrate on a few key industries. The data showed that the European Union, United Kingdom and Japan increased investments, but lag behind the two dominant players. The study analysed venture capital investments in 8 300 AI firms worldwide, covering 20 549 transactions between 2012 and 2020, based on data provided by Preqin, a private capital-markets analysis firm in London. The data did not capture every deal and required some extrapolation, yet the timeliness of the findings provides a valuable source of information as national governments, international organisations, public and private sectors develop policies and strategies to capture the benefits of AI for all. Creation-Date: 2021-09-30 Number: 319 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:319-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: David Gierten Author-Name: Steffen Viete Author-Name: Raphaela Andres Author-Name: Thomas Niebel Title: Firms going digital: Tapping into the potential of data for innovation Abstract: This paper aims to help policy makers understand and improve the conditions for firms to thrive in an increasingly digital economy where data has become an important resource for innovation. The paper: 1) analyses trends in the adoption of information and communication technologies and activities that enable firms to collect, store and use data, including big data analysis (BDA); 2) provides new evidence from micro-econometric analysis of firms’ BDA and innovation in products, processes, marketing and organisation, considering different types of data used for BDA; 3) examines business models of firms that successfully innovate with data; and 4) discusses policies that can help improve the conditions for all firms to go digital and tap into the potential of data for innovation. Creation-Date: 2021-12-20 Number: 320 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:320-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Mapping data portability initiatives, opportunities and challenges Abstract: Data portability has become an essential tool for enhancing access to and sharing of data across digital services and platforms. This report explores to what extent data portability can empower users (natural and legal persons) to play a more active role in the re-use of their data across digital services and platforms. It also examines how data portability can help increase interoperability and data flows and thus enhance competition and innovation by reducing switching costs and lock-in effects. Creation-Date: 2021-12-20 Number: 321 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:321-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Suguru Iwaya Author-Name: Elif Koksal-Oudot Author-Name: Elettra Ronchi Title: Promoting comparability in personal data breach notification reporting Abstract: This report provides the key findings of an OECD survey on comparability in personal data breach notification (PDBN) reporting that was implemented from June 2019 to February 2020. The main findings show a general trend towards mandatory PDBN regulation and identify internationally comparable data metrics used by privacy enforcement authorities (PEAs). The metrics include the number of reported PDBNs, data on the nature of causes, specific causes, and the types of data breached. In addition, the survey identified the types of questions suitable for internationally comparable data collections by PEAs. These include questions on sectoral application of mandatory PDBN, thresholds and timeframes for notifications to the designated authorities and data subjects, and the use of collected data for enforcement collaboration. The survey also sheds light on some of the possible challenges in improving international comparability such as lack of common standards in the industrial classifications used by PEAs. Creation-Date: 2021-12-21 Number: 322 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:322-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: OECD Framework for the Classification of AI systems Abstract: As artificial intelligence (AI) integrates all sectors at a rapid pace, different AI systems bring different benefits and risks. In comparing virtual assistants, self-driving vehicles and video recommendations for children, it is easy to see that the benefits and risks of each are very different. Their specificities will require different approaches to policy making and governance. To help policy makers, regulators, legislators and others characterise AI systems deployed in specific contexts, the OECD has developed a user-friendly tool to evaluate AI systems from a policy perspective. It can be applied to the widest range of AI systems across the following dimensions: People & Planet; Economic Context; Data & Input; AI model; and Task & Output. Each of the framework's dimensions has a subset of properties and attributes to define and assess policy implications and to guide an innovative and trustworthy approach to AI as outlined in the OECD AI Principles. Creation-Date: 2022-02-22 Number: 323 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:323-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: David Gierten Author-Name: Molly Lesher Title: Assessing national digital strategies and their governance Abstract: The form, content and governance of national digital strategies varies significantly across countries, and questions have arisen as to what a national digital strategy should cover and how to govern it. This paper analyses national digital strategies and their governance across countries. It proposes a novel methodology to assess the comprehensiveness of national digital strategies using newly collected policy information and applying the OECD Going Digital Integrated Policy Framework as a benchmark. The resulting indicator – the NDSC – measures national digital strategy comprehensiveness, providing insights into the potential of a country’s national digital strategy to co-ordinate the policies needed to make digital transformation work for growth and well-being. The NDSC is available interactively on the OECD Going Digital Toolkit. Creation-Date: 2022-05-20 Number: 324 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:324-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Policy guidance on consumer product safety pledges Abstract: In recent years, a number of consumer product safety authorities have established product safety pledges with online marketplaces as a new way to better protect consumers from the risk of purchasing unsafe products that may be available on those platforms. Product safety pledges involve online marketplaces committing to actions to better protect consumers that go beyond their existing legal obligations (e.g. removing unsafe product listings within a specified timeframe upon notification).This policy guidance builds on a 2021 Communiqué from the OECD Working Party on Consumer Product Safety calling for the development of further such pledges globally and outlining key commitments for greater consistency. It provides practical examples on how each of the Communiqué’s four key commitments can be implemented and highlights strategies to ensure that pledges are successful in both the short and long term. Creation-Date: 2022-07-07 Number: 325 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:325-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Measuring financial consumer detriment in e-commerce Abstract: Problems in e-commerce can lead to significant consumer harm (detriment), for example, when consumers have to pay more for a product than they reasonably expected (e.g. due to hidden costs); suffer from unfair contract terms; or receive products that do not conform to their reasonable expectations regarding quality or performance. In 2021, the OECD’s Committee on Consumer Policy implemented an online consumer survey in 13 countries to assess the magnitude of financial consumer harm arising from consumers’ most serious e-commerce problems. This paper summarises the survey results, highlighting, for example, that 50% of online consumers faced at least one problem in e-commerce in the year preceding the survey rollout and that the resulting harm is significant, reaching (after redress) up to 3.1% of the total e-commerce market size in some countries. The paper aims to enhance the evidence base for consumer policy and to help policy makers prioritise enforcement activities. Creation-Date: 2022-07-13 Number: 326 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:326-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Broadband networks of the future Abstract: The future is digital and enabled by globally interconnected and high-quality broadband networks. However, high-quality networks across the OECD are far from universal and applications across all sectors of the economy, from smart factories and hospitals to automated vehicles, are increasing the overall demand on networks and requiring them to evolve. Furthermore, to ensure everyone can participate in in this digital future, their expansion at affordable prices to un- and under-served areas needs to continue at pace. This report explores how surging demand is shaping future networks and identifies the four main technological trends that are driving this evolution. It then takes a closer look at measuring the quality of communication services delivered through those networks to inform policy making. Finally, it provides an overview of how policies and regulations are adapting to support the upgrade and expansion of high-quality broadband networks across the OECD. Creation-Date: 2022-07-20 Number: 327 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:327-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The OECD Going Digital Measurement Roadmap Abstract: The OECD Going Digital Measurement Roadmap is an important tool to align countries’ priority areas for measuring digital transformation using common methodologies and approaches. It was developed in partnership with all relevant OECD statistical bodies in 2019 and amended in 2022. The Roadmap identifies ten actions to enhance the capacity of countries to monitor digital transformation and its impacts. The Roadmap reflects a recognition that national statistical systems need to adapt and expand to adequately reflect the digitalisation of our economies and societies, including from a gender perspective. It also highlights the need for new, complementary data infrastructures capable of monitoring digital activities and data flows on a timely basis wherever they happen. Creation-Date: 2022-07-21 Number: 328 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:328-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The role of online marketplaces in protecting and empowering consumers: Country and business survey findings Abstract: Online marketplaces matching third-party sellers with consumers are now key e-commerce channels globally. Despite their popularity and the benefits they bring to consumers, they do present a number of risks, for example when their third-party sellers engage in misleading marketing and fraud, or supply unsafe products. This report summarises results from a 2021 OECD survey of 28 countries and 15 platform businesses examining the role of online marketplaces in enhancing consumer protection. The report highlights a range of encouraging initiatives by many participating countries and online marketplaces to better protect consumers, often taken in co-operation with one another, but also identifies several key areas where more action is needed. Creation-Date: 2022-07-22 Number: 329 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:329-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Routing security: BGP incidents, mitigation techniques and policy actions Abstract: The routing system plays a fundamental role in the operation of the Internet and its security is of critical importance to the digital security of communication networks. However, there are many examples of accidental and intentional routing disruptions and security breaches that disrupt the Internet and impact networks’ digital security. This report analyses available data to quantify the scope and scale of routing incidents occurring on the global Internet, presents some of the available security techniques to limit these incidents and considers their effectiveness. While the routing system transcends national borders, the report offers policy makers a series of concrete actions to improve routing security. Creation-Date: 2022-10-12 Number: 330 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:330-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Security of the Domain Name System (DNS): An introduction for policy makers Abstract: The Domain Name System (DNS) underpins the very functioning of the Internet and today’s global economy. As a result, the impact of unintentional incidents as well as cyberattacks on the DNS can be significant. This report focuses on DNS security, i.e. the area of cybersecurity that covers incidents disrupting the availability, integrity and confidentiality of parts of the DNS ecosystem. It analyses the roles and vulnerabilities of actors in the DNS ecosystem, highlights common misconceptions, and discusses the role of governments in enhancing DNS security. The report notably underlines that there is no panacea for DNS security and that promising technical solutions often come with trade-offs. Creation-Date: 2022-10-12 Number: 331 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:331-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Developments in spectrum management for communication services Abstract: Spectrum is a limited national resource that enables our digital world. Mobile broadband services rely on these invisible airwaves to function, making spectrum indispensable to bridge connectivity divides. It also supports the provision of wireless services across the economy, from education to healthcare to industry, and enables applications such as satellites, GPS and the Internet of Things. Spectrum must be efficiently managed to achieve broader social and economic goals. As such, the stakes of spectrum management decisions are high and the challenges complex. This report discusses the effective stewardship of this essential asset in the context of wireless communication services, presents trends in policy, and discusses future considerations for management. It finds that well-designed and transparent licensing regimes, including auctions, foster investment and innovation, and that flexible frameworks (e.g. sharing or unlicensed spectrum) can promote efficient use. Creation-Date: 2022-10-20 Number: 332 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:332-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Communication regulators of the future Abstract: The communication sector is undergoing high-paced developments driven by the digital transformation of our economies and societies. Technological convergence has led to an evolving competitive landscape and new challenges arise around privacy and security concerns. Communication regulators are increasingly acknowledging the positive and negative effects of communication infrastructures and services on the environment. Moreover, there is a growing need to ensure the resilience of networks, stemming partially from the effects of climate change. In consequence, the key question for OECD policymakers is no longer whether regulatory structures need to change, but rather how. This report explores the critical role communication regulators play in an increasingly connected society. It identifies the challenges stemming from the digital transformation of our societies, the main policy objectives pursued by communication regulators, measures to address current and future challenges, as well as the importance of strengthening the capabilities of communication regulators of the future. Creation-Date: 2022-10-24 Number: 333 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:333-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Transparency reporting on terrorist and violent extremist content online 2022 Abstract: This is the third benchmarking report tracking the evolution of online content-sharing services’ policies and procedures for terrorist and violent extremist content (TVEC). Fifteen of the top 50 most popular services now issue TVEC-specific transparency reports, increasing from five in 2020 and eleven in 2021. This edition also examines the 50 services that disseminate the most TVEC (“Intensive Services”). Only eleven services appear in both groups, reflecting that bad actors are shifting to smaller services as the larger ones strengthen TVEC moderation. Only eight Intensive Services currently issue TVEC-specific transparency reports, thirteen have no prohibition on TVEC and seventeen provide no information at all. The findings also suggest that services size and encryption are not insurmountable barriers to transparency reporting. It remains difficult to obtain an industry-wide perspective on the impact of companies’ measures against TVEC. Finally, regulatory fragmentation is worsening as more jurisdictions are implementing disparate transparency requirements. Previous benchmarking reports: “Transparency reporting on terrorist and violent extremist content online: An update on the global top 50 content sharing” (2021); “Current approaches to terrorist and violent extremist content among the global top 50 online content-sharing services” (2020). Creation-Date: 2022-10-25 Number: 334 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:334-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: L’établissement de rapports de transparence sur les contenus terroristes et extrémistes violents en ligne 2022 Abstract: Cette troisième édition suit l’évolution des politiques et pratiques des services de partage de contenu en ligne en matière de contenus terroristes et extrémistes violents (CTEV). Quinze des 50 services populaires publient des rapports de transparence sur les CTEV, contre 5 en 2020 et 11 en 2021. Cette édition examine aussi les 50 services comptant le plus de CTEV. Seuls 11 services sont communs aux deux groupes, ce qui montre que les acteurs terroristes utilisent davantage les petites plateformes. Seuls 8 services parmi ceux comptant le plus de CTEV publient des rapports de transparence, 13 ne les interdisent pas et 17 ne donnent aucune information. Les résultats montrent que la taille des services et la cryptographie ne sont pas des obstacles insurmontables à la publication de rapports de transparence. Enfin, la fragmentation réglementaire s’intensifie à mesure que de nouvelles juridictions imposent des règles en matière de transparence. Keywords: contenus terroristes et extrémistes violents Creation-Date: 2024-09-09 Number: 334 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:334-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Enhancing online disclosure effectiveness Abstract: Online disclosures can play a key role in informing consumer decisions. However, cognitive limitations such as information overload, as well as technical ones such as small screen sizes on mobile devices, may limit their effectiveness. Additionally, businesses may sometimes focus on technical compliance with disclosure requirements rather than maximising their effectiveness in informing consumer decisions. This report supports consumer authorities in enhancing disclosure effectiveness by providing i) a systematic overview of key disclosure characteristics; ii) guidance on the effective design of disclosures based on a review of the empirical literature; iii) an overview of overarching challenges to disclosure effectiveness and iv) an overview of possible ways to address them, including possible policy alternatives when disclosures may not be sufficient on their own. Creation-Date: 2022-10-25 Number: 335 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:335-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Dark commercial patterns Abstract: There is mounting concern that dark commercial patterns may cause substantial consumer detriment. These practices are commonly found in online user interfaces and steer, deceive, coerce, or manipulate consumers into making choices that often are not in their best interests. This report proposes a working definition of dark commercial patterns, sets out evidence of their prevalence, effectiveness and harms, and identifies possible policy and enforcement responses to assist consumer policy makers and authorities in addressing them. It also documents possible approaches that consumers and businesses may take to mitigate dark commercial patterns. Creation-Date: 2022-10-26 Number: 336 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:336-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Les leviers numériques de l’économie mondiale : Document de référence destiné à la Réunion ministérielle du CPEN Abstract: Les technologies numériques ont transformé l’économie globale. Le présent document étudie trois leviers numériques qui sous-tendent l’économie ainsi que les défis et les possibilités qu’ils induisent pour les responsables de l’action publique : (1) les plateformes en ligne, qui abritent les interactions et les transactions mais suscitent également des inquiétudes en termes de concurrence et de protection des consommateurs ; (2) les flux transfrontières de données, qui facilitent les échange internationaux mais sont aussi synonymes de préoccupations accrues pour les pouvoirs publics, les poussant à prendre des mesures politiques pour les conditionner; et (3) la sécurité numérique, qui devrait être prioritisée pour intégrer la confiance dans l’économie numérique, mais qui est souvent au second plan en raison de l’asymétrie d’information sur le marché. Ces défis ont une portée internationale et nécessitent donc une réponse politique à l’échelle mondiale. L’OCDE est bien placée pour favoriser la coopération internationale pour ces leviers numériques et aider les pays à assouvir leur ambition pour des cadres d’action mondiaux en matière de numérique. Creation-Date: 2022-12-02 Number: 337 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:337-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Digital enablers of the global economy: Background paper for the CDEP Ministerial meeting Abstract: Digital technologies have transformed the global economy. This paper discusses three underlying digital enablers of the economy and the challenges they pose for policy makers: (1) Online platforms, which support global transactions and interactions but are also disrupting existing consumer and competition policy frameworks; (2) Cross-border data flows, which facilitate global trade and co-operation but also amplify policy concerns that have motivated countries to place conditions on these data flows; and (3) Digital security, which should be prioritised to embed trust into the digital economy, but has often remained an afterthought owing to knowledge asymmetries across the market. Given that these challenges are all international in nature, a global response is needed to address them. The OECD is well-suited to foster international co-operation on these digital enablers and support countries’ ambitions for global digital policy frameworks. Creation-Date: 2022-11-15 Number: 337 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:337-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Building better societies through digital policy: Background paper for the CDEP Ministerial meeting Abstract: Building more equitable, connected, cohesive and sustainable societies is at the top of policy agendas, but several challenges stand in the way of achieving this goal. The report focuses on three key challenges policy makers face in the pursuit of better societies: bridging digital divides, combatting harmful content online, and effectively harnessing digital technologies to fight climate change and other environmental problems. This report provides insights into key trends across OECD countries and partner economies, and offers policy actions that can help decision makers tackle these three critical challenges, together with better measurement. The report builds on previous work on the topic and seeks to inform further debate and discussion on how to ensure that today’s divides, biases and inequalities are not perpetuated into the future. Creation-Date: 2022-11-15 Number: 338 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:338-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Bâtir des sociétés meilleures grâce aux politiques du numérique : Document de référence destiné à la Réunion ministérielle du CPEN Abstract: Construire des sociétés plus équitables, connectées, cohésives et durables figure en tête des priorités politiques, mais plusieurs défis se dressent sur la voie de la réalisation de cet objectif. Le rapport se concentre sur trois défis clés auxquels les décideurs sont confrontés dans la quête de sociétés meilleures : combler les fractures numériques, lutter contre les contenus préjudiciables diffusés en ligne et utiliser efficacement les technologies numériques pour lutter contre le changement climatique et d'autres problèmes environnementaux. Ce rapport donne un aperçu des tendances clés dans les pays de l'OCDE et les économies partenaires, et propose des actions politiques qui peuvent aider les décideurs à aborder ces trois défis critiques, ainsi qu'une meilleure mesure. Le rapport s'appuie sur des travaux antérieurs sur le sujet et vise à éclairer le débat et la discussion sur la manière de garantir que les fractures, biais et inégalités d'aujourd'hui ne se perpétueront pas à l'avenir. Creation-Date: 2022-12-08 Number: 338 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:338-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Putting people first in digital transformation: Background paper for the CDEP Ministerial meeting Abstract: Digital transformation affects every aspect of our lives, providing new spaces and tools for us to connect, work, consume, and enjoy our rights. It offers a multitude of social and economic opportunities, but also brings new and complex risks. An empowering and safe digital environment that puts people first is therefore a core policy goal of the digital age. Through the lens of a fictional family navigating these opportunities and risks, this paper looks at how digital transformation impacts us as individuals, be it as citizens, consumers, or workers. It outlines the policy landscape, and describes the international, multi-stakeholder, and nuanced efforts needed to strike a balance between different rights, interests, and values. A background paper for the 2022 Digital Economy Ministerial meeting, this paper supports senior policy makers in designing and achieving a human-centric digital transformation. Creation-Date: 2022-11-15 Number: 339 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:339-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Placer l’humain au cœur de la transformation numérique : Document de référence destiné à la Réunion ministérielle du CPEN Abstract: La transformation numérique touche tous les aspects de notre vie, mettant à notre disposition de nouveaux espaces et de nouveaux outils pour communiquer, travailler, consommer et jouir de nos droits. Elle offre une multitude de possibilités, dans le champ économique et social, mais comporte également des risques nouveaux et complexes. Par conséquent, un environnement numérique émancipateur et sûr qui place l’humain au cœur de la transformation numérique est un objectif d’action crucial à l’ère actuelle. À travers une famille fictive qui se fraie un chemin entre ces opportunités et ces risques, ce document donne à voir comment la transformation numérique nous touche individuellement, que ce soit en tant que citoyens, consommateurs ou travailleurs. Nous y trouverons une présentation générale de l’environnement réglementaire ainsi qu’une description des efforts internationaux, multipartites et nuancés nécessaires pour parvenir à concilier des droits, intérêts et valeurs différents. Comme référence pour la Réunion ministérielle du Comité de la politique de l’économie numérique de 2022, ce document apporte des éléments d’information utiles pour aider les responsables politiques dans la conception et l’accomplissement d’une transformation numérique centrée sur l’humain. Creation-Date: 2022-12-08 Number: 339 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:339-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OCDE Title: Exploiter la puissance de l’IA et des technologies émergentes : Document de référence destiné à la Réunion ministérielle du CPEN Abstract: L’IA et les technologies émergentes sont formidablement porteuses de bien-être, de productivité, de croissance et de solutions aux impératifs sociétaux. Elles n’en soulèvent pas moins des risques pour les droits humains, l'équité et l'agentivité humaine, entre autres exemples. Nombre de pays admettent la nécessité de se doter de politiques tournées vers l’avenir et d'adapter les cadres de gouvernance de façon à ne pas être à la traîne et à profiter des avantages technologiques pour un risque minimum. Le présent rapport s’inscrit dans le prolongement des vastes travaux que l’OCDE consacre aux questions de l’IA, de la gouvernance des données et de la connectivité afin d’accompagner au mieux les responsables de l’élaboration des politiques. Soulignant l’importance de coopérer à l’échelle internationale pour garantir la fiabilité des technologies émergentes, ses auteurs prônent l’établissement d'une conception commune de l’intelligence artificielle et des technologies émergentes, la mutualisation des bonnes pratiques et la création d'un socle factuel afin que les politiques soient conçues, mises en œuvre et évaluées sur la base d’informations précises. Creation-Date: 2022-12-06 Number: 340 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:340-FR Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Harnessing the power of AI and emerging technologies: Background paper for the CDEP Ministerial meeting Abstract: AI and emerging technologies offer tremendous opportunities for well-being, productivity, growth and solving pressing societal challenges. However, they also pose risks to human rights, fairness and human agency, among others. Many countries recognise the need to develop forward-looking policies and adapt governance frameworks to keep pace with these developments and to leverage technological benefits while mitigating risks. This paper builds on the OECD’s extensive work on AI, data governance and connectivity to support policy makers in this process. It highlights the importance of co-operating internationally to ensure that emerging technologies are trustworthy and calls for building a common understanding of AI and emerging technologies, sharing good practices and creating the evidence base to inform policy design, implementation and evaluation. Creation-Date: 2022-11-15 Number: 340 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:340-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Measuring the environmental impacts of artificial intelligence compute and applications: The AI footprint Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) systems can use massive computational resources, raising sustainability concerns. This report aims to improve understanding of the environmental impacts of AI, and help measure and decrease AI’s negative effects while enabling it to accelerate action for the good of the planet. It distinguishes between the direct environmental impacts of developing, using and disposing of AI systems and related equipment, and the indirect costs and benefits of using AI applications. It recommends the establishment of measurement standards, expanding data collection, identifying AI-specific impacts, looking beyond operational energy use and emissions, and improving transparency and equity to help policy makers make AI part of the solution to sustainability challenges. Creation-Date: 2022-11-15 Number: 341 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:341-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Responding to societal challenges with data: Access, sharing, stewardship and control Abstract: Data access, sharing and re-use (“data openness”) can generate significant social and economic benefits, including addressing public health emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. However, data openness also comes with risks to individuals and organisations – notably risks to privacy and data protection, intellectual property rights, digital and national security. It also raises ethical concerns where data access, sharing and re-use undermine ethical values and norms. This report demonstrates how approaches to data stewardship and control that are more balanced and differentiated can maximise the benefits of data, while protecting individuals’ and organisations’ rights and taking into account other legitimate interests and public policy objectives. It presents the mix of technical, organisational and legal approaches that characterises these more balanced and differentiated approaches, and how governments have implemented them. Creation-Date: 2022-12-14 Number: 342 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:342-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Fostering cross-border data flows with trust Abstract: Data flows are critical for our global economic and social interactions, but trust is necessary to facilitate data sharing, especially across borders. The challenge is to foster a global digital environment that enables the movement of data across international borders while ensuring that, upon crossing a border, data are granted the desired oversight and protection – a concept known as ‘data free flow with trust’ (DFFT). This report summarises how different countries and stakeholders are pursuing cross-border data flows with trust through direct and indirect approaches, across different levels, fora and policy communities. It then looks at related issues to promoting DFFT namely: interoperability of privacy and data protection frameworks; government access to personal data held by the private sector; and data localisation measures. The report shows that, although differences remain, there are commonalities, complementarities and elements of convergence that can help to build trust, foster future interoperability, and advance DFFT. Creation-Date: 2022-12-14 Number: 343 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:343-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Data shaping firms and markets Abstract: Firms are at the forefront of digital transformation and drive production, innovation and the greater deployment of digital technologies into economies and societies. As digital transformation progresses, how firms use data, and how that use affects markets and influences competitive dynamics, has risen to the top of policy agendas. This report highlights that too few firms use data, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises, despite data’s potential to boost productivity, foster innovation and new business models. This report analyses how this uneven use of data affects productivity dispersion, industry concentration and shape competitive dynamics in markets. Finally, the report outlines key policy lessons to increase the ability of the full business population to thrive in the data-driven age and enhance long-term prosperity and welfare. Creation-Date: 2022-12-14 Number: 344 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:344-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Measuring the value of data and data flows Abstract: Data have become a key input into the production of many goods and services. But just how important? What is the value of data – their contribution to economic growth and well-being? This report discusses different approaches to data valuation, their advantages and shortcomings and their applicability in different contexts. It argues that the value of data depends to a large extent on the data governance framework determining how they can be created, shared and used. In addition, the report provides estimates of the value of data and data flows. Its focus is on the monetary valuation of data produced by private economic actors and their recording in economic statistics. Finally, the report puts forward a draft measurement agenda for the future. Creation-Date: 2022-12-14 Number: 345 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:345-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Data in an evolving technological landscape: The case of connected and automated vehicles Abstract: Digital technologies underpin the creation, generation, collection, transfer and use of data, and digital technological development and deployment shape data governance policy debates. This report analyses how technological development can raise different issues for data governance through the example of connected and automated vehicles, which collect large volumes of data that are likely to be personal. Through the example of these vehicles, this report explores data governance in an evolving technological landscape, and offers recommendations to ensure policies remain resilient to technological change over time. Creation-Date: 2022-12-14 Number: 346 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:346-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Rights in the digital age: Challenges and ways forward Abstract: As our online and offline lives become increasingly interwoven, policy makers have to consider how to protect individual interests and rights. This paper considers the impact of digital transformation on internationally recognised human rights, legal and constitutional rights, and domestically protected interests. It sets out three case studies, freedom of expression, privacy and Internet access, and provides a brief overview of current international and domestic initiatives to protect "rights in the digital age". The paper sets the scene for further discussion on the issue and supports policy makers in designing and achieving a rights-oriented and human-centric digital transformation. Creation-Date: 2022-12-14 Number: 347 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:347-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Data portability in open banking: Privacy and other cross-cutting issues Abstract: Open banking allows users to access financial information and services through consent-based data portability. This paper brings together the views of private and public experts from a wide variety of countries to explore opportunities and challenges of open banking for financial regulation, privacy protection, and competition. It discusses the different approaches taken by jurisdictions across the globe, and the importance of regulation and standards. While open banking empowers users in sharing and re-using their data across digital services, online platforms, sectors and borders, uncertainty in the interactions with data protection and privacy regimes remains challenging. This paper informs OECD work to consider how cross-sectoral cooperation between financial, competition and data protection authorities could help further open banking. Creation-Date: 2023-02-16 Number: 348 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:348-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Advancing accountability in AI: Governing and managing risks throughout the lifecycle for trustworthy AI Abstract: This report presents research and findings on accountability and risk in AI systems by providing an overview of how risk-management frameworks and the AI system lifecycle can be integrated to promote trustworthy AI. It also explores processes and technical attributes that can facilitate the implementation of values-based principles for trustworthy AI and identifies tools and mechanisms to define, assess, treat, and govern risks at each stage of the AI system lifecycle.This report leverages OECD frameworks – including the OECD AI Principles, the AI system lifecycle, and the OECD framework for classifying AI systems – and recognised risk-management and due-diligence frameworks like the ISO 31000 risk-management framework, the OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Business Conduct, and the US National Institute of Standards and Technology’s AI risk-management framework. Creation-Date: 2023-02-23 Number: 349 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:349-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: A blueprint for building national compute capacity for artificial intelligence Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming economies and promising new opportunities for productivity, growth, and resilience. Countries are responding with national AI strategies to capitalise on these transformations. However, no country today has data on, or a targeted plan for, national AI compute capacity. This policy blind-spot may jeopardise domestic economic goals. This report provides the first blueprint for policy makers to help assess and plan for the national AI compute capacity needed to enable productivity gains and capture AI’s full economic potential. It provides guidance for policy makers on how to develop a national AI compute plan along three dimensions: capacity (availability and use), effectiveness (people, policy, innovation, access), and resilience (security, sovereignty, sustainability). The report also defines AI compute, takes stock of indicators, datasets, and proxies for measuring national AI compute capacity, and identifies obstacles to measuring and benchmarking national AI compute capacity across countries. Creation-Date: 2023-02-28 Number: 350 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:350-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Emerging privacy-enhancing technologies: Current regulatory and policy approaches Abstract: This report examines privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs), which are digital solutions that allow information to be collected, processed, analysed, and shared while protecting data confidentiality and privacy. The report reviews recent technological advancements and evaluates the effectiveness of different types of PETs, as well as the challenges and opportunities they present. It also outlines current regulatory and policy approaches to PETs to help privacy enforcement authorities and policy makers better understand how they can be used to enhance privacy and data protection, and to improve overall data governance. Creation-Date: 2023-03-08 Number: 351 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:351-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: AI language models: Technological, socio-economic and policy considerations Abstract: AI language models are a key component of natural language processing (NLP), a field of artificial intelligence (AI) focused on enabling computers to understand and generate human language. Language models and other NLP approaches involve developing algorithms and models that can process, analyse and generate natural language text or speech trained on vast amounts of data using techniques ranging from rule-based approaches to statistical models and deep learning. The application of language models is diverse and includes text completion, language translation, chatbots, virtual assistants and speech recognition. This report offers an overview of the AI language model and NLP landscape with current and emerging policy responses from around the world. It explores the basic building blocks of language models from a technical perspective using the OECD Framework for the Classification of AI Systems. The report also presents policy considerations through the lens of the OECD AI Principles. Creation-Date: 2023-04-13 Number: 352 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:352-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Moving forward on data free flow with trust: New evidence and analysis of business experiences Abstract: This report uses business consultations to investigate private-sector views on privacy and data protection rules for cross-border data flows. It aims to inform a more comprehensive understanding of challenges and ways forward for the policy agenda of ‘data free flow with trust’. While frameworks aimed at generating trust and facilitating data flows build on commonalities and elements of convergence, businesses identify challenges to fully operationalise them at the global level. In particular, businesses indicate the need for coherent principles and rules that are transparent and predictable, provide a practical balance between certainty and flexibility, and offer solutions that match business realities. Finally, the report highlights the need for greater international regulatory co-operation and leveraging the full range of options to uphold trust around privacy and data protection globally. Creation-Date: 2023-04-27 Number: 353 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:353-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Online product safety sweep report Abstract: In October 2021, twenty-one OECD countries and partner economies participated in an online product safety sweep to identify the degree to which products were available for sale online despite (i) being banned or recalled, (ii) having inadequate labelling or (iii) not meeting voluntary or mandatory product safety standards. Results reveal that large volumes of unsafe products are readily traded across borders and a 79% average rate of non-compliance (or potential non-compliance) with product safety standards and laws. More needs to be done by online marketplaces and other retailers to identify and remove unsafe product listings and by consumer authorities to deter non-compliance. Creation-Date: 2023-06-26 Number: 354 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:354-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Consumer vulnerability in the digital age Abstract: Protecting consumers when they are most vulnerable has long been a core focus of consumer policy. This report first discusses the nature and scale of consumer vulnerability in the digital age, including its evolving conceptualisation, the role of emerging digital trends, and implications for consumer policy. It finds that in the digital age, vulnerability may be experienced not only by some consumers, but increasingly by most, if not all, consumers. Accordingly, it sets out several measures to address the vulnerability of specific consumer groups and all consumers, and concludes with avenues for more research on the topic. Creation-Date: 2023-06-26 Number: 355 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:355-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Regulatory sandboxes in artificial intelligence Abstract: This report focuses on regulatory sandboxes in artificial intelligence (AI), where authorities engage firms to test innovative products or services that challenge existing legal frameworks. Participating firms obtain a waiver from specific legal provisions or compliance processes to innovate. It highlights positive impacts like increased venture capital investment in fintech start-ups. It points out challenges, risks, and policy considerations for AI sandboxes, emphasizing interdisciplinary cooperation, building AI expertise, regulatory interoperability, and trade policy. It also addresses the importance of comprehensive criteria for eligibility and assessing trials, as well as the impact on innovation and competition. Creation-Date: 2023-07-13 Number: 356 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:356-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Transparency reporting on child sexual exploitation and abuse online Abstract: This report provides an overview of the policies and procedures for addressing child sexual exploitation and abuse (CSEA) material across the global top-50 online content-sharing services. It finds that only 10 of the 50 services define CSEA with sufficient detail to understand what is prohibited on their services, and only 20 of the services issue a transparency report on CSEA. Even among those services, there are significant variations in what behaviour is captured in their definitions, and the metrics, methodology and frequency of transparency reports differ across platforms. While good practices exist, the report reveals a fragmented response to this complex and evolving problem, which limits comparability and makes it challenging to conduct a thorough assessment of the overall impact of platforms’ efforts to combat CSEA. Creation-Date: 2023-09-05 Number: 357 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:357-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Enhancing the security of communication infrastructure Abstract: The digital security of communication networks is crucial to the functioning of our societies. Four trends are shaping networks, raising digital security implications: i) the increasing criticality of communication networks, ii) increased virtualisation of networks and use of cloud services, iii) a shift towards more openness in networks and iv) the role of artificial intelligence in networks. These trends bring benefits and challenges to digital security. While digital security ultimately depends on the decisions made by private actors (e.g. network operators and their suppliers), the report underlines the role governments can play to enhance the digital security of communication networks. It outlines key policy objectives and actions governments can take to incentivise the adoption of best practices and support stakeholders to reach an optimal level of digital security, ranging from light-touch to more interventionist approaches. Creation-Date: 2023-09-13 Number: 358 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:358-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Review of the OECD Recommendation on Cross-Border Co-operation in the Enforcement of Laws Protecting Privacy Abstract: This report assesses the continued relevance of the OECD Recommendation on Cross-Border Co-operation in the Enforcement of Laws Protecting Privacy, originally adopted in 2007. It examines whether the Recommendation has kept pace with the evolving needs of Privacy Enforcement Authorities (PEAs) in light of significant technological and legal changes over the past 15 years. While the principles underlying the Recommendation are seen to remain solid, the report highlights several gaps and challenges for cross-border enforcement co-operation. It concludes that the OECD could either provide additional guidance to support the implementation of the Recommendation or consider revising it to better address current challenges. Creation-Date: 2023-09-22 Number: 359 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:359-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Explanatory memoranda of the OECD Privacy Guidelines Abstract: The OECD Privacy Guidelines are the first internationally agreed-upon set of privacy principles and are recognized as the global minimum standard for privacy and data protection. They are a solid foundation for building effective protection and trust for individuals, and also for developing common international approaches to transborder data flows. Since their adoption, they have influenced legislation and policy in OECD countries and beyond. This document reproduces the two existing explanatory memoranda that accompany the OECD Privacy Guidelines. The first, published in 1980, was developed alongside the original version of the OECD Privacy Guidelines to help in their interpretation and application. The supplementary Explanatory Memorandum was developed to provide context and rationale for the revisions to the OECD Privacy Guidelines made in 2013. Keywords: Data protection, OECD Privacy Guidelines, privacy, Transborder data flows Creation-Date: 2023-10-27 Number: 360 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:360-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Report on the implementation of the OECD Privacy Guidelines Abstract: First adopted in 1980, the OECD Privacy Guidelines are the first internationally agreed-upon set of privacy principles. They are framed in concise, technology-neutral language and have significantly influenced legislation and policy in OECD member countries and beyond. In 2018, the OECD initiated a comprehensive review of the Privacy Guidelines, which included a survey of Adherents, an ad hoc group of experts, and several workshops to explore the main challenges for privacy and personal data protection in an ever-evolving digital environment. This report presents the review's findings, confirming the continued importance and relevance of the Privacy Guidelines. However, it also highlights persistent and emerging implementation challenges and provides recommendations for addressing them. Keywords: data governance, data privacy, OECD Privacy Guidelines, personal data, privacy, transborder flows Creation-Date: 2023-11-09 Number: 361 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:361-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Camilo Umana Dajud Title: Nowcasting the growth rate of the ICT sector Abstract: This paper details the methodology used to nowcast the growth rate of the information and communication technology (ICT) sector in the "The growth outlook of the ICT sector" chapter of the OECD Digital Economy Outlook 2024, Volume 1. In an era of rapid digital transformation, innovative data sources for economic measurement are crucial. Internet search data have gained prominence for tracking real-time economic activity. This paper details a nowcasting model that leverages Google Trends data to provide policymakers with timely, up-to-date and comparable data on the economic growth of the ICT sector. Having timely data on ICT sector performance is essential to evaluating the effectiveness of sector-related policies. By addressing data challenges and employing a data-driven approach, this paper advances economic measurement of the digitalisation of the economy and provides insights into ICT sector growth dynamics. Keywords: digital economy outlook, ICT sector, information and communication technology, nowcast, nowcasting Creation-Date: 2024-05-14 Number: 362 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:362-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Towards digital safety by design for children Abstract: Child rights advocates, parents, governments, and children themselves are increasingly calling for digital safety by design, so that children can be protected online, and also benefit from positive digital experiences. However, the exact meaning of digital safety by design can be unclear. This report explores the concept, considering how it is addressed at international and national levels. Internationally, there are common calls for the proactive integration of safety measures into digital products and services, as well as for transparent, accountable and child-friendly service delivery. National laws prescribe practical tools and measures such as age assurance and accessible complaint mechanisms. Focusing on actions for digital service providers, the report suggests eight key components for digital safety by design for children, including practical tools, measures to foster a culture of safety, and harm mitigation strategies. These components are illustrated through case studies, highlighting a need for diverse and tailored approaches. Keywords: children safety online, digital safety Creation-Date: 2024-06-19 Number: 363 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:363-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Key concepts and current technical trends in cryptography for policy makers Abstract: This report introduces cryptography to policy makers and includes key concepts such as symmetric and asymmetric cryptography, public key infrastructure, and end-to-end encryption. It discusses advancements in homomorphic encryption, which allows computations to be performed on encrypted data without decrypting it first and accessing the secret key. Often described as “the holy grail of cryptography”, homomorphic encryption remains a promising area of research rather than a fully developed technology. The report also addresses quantum technologies, which could pose a threat to the foundations of public key cryptography, potentially undermining trust in the digital ecosystem. While current quantum computers are far from causing such disruptions, a transition to quantum-resistant (or post-quantum) cryptography is essential today to address their future impact. Additionally, quantum cryptography shows significant promise for secure communications but is not yet suitable for sensitive applications. Keywords: cryptography, encryption, homomorphic encryption Creation-Date: 2024-06-20 Number: 364 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:364-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Financing broadband networks of the future Abstract: Ubiquitous access to high-quality broadband connectivity is crucial for digital transformation, economic growth, and productivity. The challenge lies in ensuring sustained long-term investments in broadband infrastructure. This report examines the diversity of actors in the financial landscape of connectivity infrastructure, highlighting trends in broadband network financing and future implications. It focuses on five important groups that invest in and provide funding for broadband infrastructure: communication operators, tower companies, big technology companies, financial asset managers, and the public sector. Communication operators saw revenue growth from 2008 to 2022, but their investment decisions going forward will depend on future returns and interest rates. Meanwhile, tower companies, big technology companies, and financial asset managers are reshaping the connectivity landscape. Finally, the report looks at the public sector, which plays an important role in enabling investments in communication infrastructure. Keywords: broadband connectivity, broadband infrastructure financing Creation-Date: 2024-06-20 Number: 365 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:365-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: New perspectives on measuring cybersecurity Abstract: Measuring the various aspects of cybersecurity across countries is challenging, in part because the actors in the cybersecurity ecosystem often do not have the incentives to share key data. At the same time, people, firms and governments need to feel secure to communicate online and use Internet-based services. This statistical report provides an overview of how cybersecurity is being measured across a variety of data sources and using different methodological approaches. Beginning with a checklist of measurement considerations, the report then discusses existing data from official and non-official sources, identifying when each data source is most useful. The report then provides two proofs of concepts for measuring uncertainty related to cyber risks, or “cybersecurity uncertainty”. Measuring such uncertainty can complement existing statistics and help anticipate emerging cybersecurity trends, develop more targeted cybersecurity awareness programmes, and promote a more secure and resilient digital ecosystem. Keywords: cybersecurity, digital security Creation-Date: 2024-06-20 Number: 366 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:366-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Transparency reporting on terrorist and violent extremist content online: Fourth edition Abstract: This fourth benchmarking report tracks the evolution of policies and actions on terrorist and violent extremist content (TVEC) implemented by the world’s top 50 most popular online content-sharing services ("popular services") and the top 50 most used services to spread TVEC ("intensive services"). In 2023, 17 popular services issued transparency reports with TVEC-specific information, compared to 15 in 2022, marking the slowest year-to-year growth rate since the benchmarking series began in 2020. Only six intensive services issued transparency reports, down from eight in 2022. The fact that only ten services are both popular and intensive highlights the need to examine beyond the largest platforms. Additionally, as more jurisdictions enact online safety laws, the risk of regulatory fragmentation is increasing. This report underscores the necessity for greater transparency and consistency in the approaches of both services and countries. Keywords: content moderation, extremist content, online safety, terrorist content Creation-Date: 2024-06-24 Number: 367 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:367-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Shaping a rights-oriented digital transformation Abstract: Digital transformation shapes how individuals interact with each other and the world, offering opportunities to enhance people’s enjoyment of human rights while also creating new risks and exacerbating existing ones. This report explores how human rights are exercised, protected and promoted in the digital age. By examining this topic from three perspectives – rights, technological developments, and policy developments – the paper supports policy makers in shaping digital transformation so that it puts people at the centre. Creation-Date: 2024-06-28 Number: 368 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:368-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: The OECD Truth Quest Survey: Methodology and findings Abstract: False and misleading content online poses significant risks to the well-being of people and society, but a lack of cross-country comparable evidence persists. This paper contributes to the literature by presenting the OECD Truth Quest Survey methodology and key findings. This survey assesses whether some types of content are more easily distinguishable as false and misleading than others and whether the theme plays any role in its detection. It provides evidence about whether AI-generated content is easier to identify than human-generated content as well as insights into the effects of AI labelling. It further presents information on people’s behaviour as they interact with false and misleading content and their perceptions about their ability to detect it. The cross-country comparable data from the survey will help policy makers better design media literacy strategies, programmes and related policies to address the negative effects of such content. Keywords: disinformation, false and misleading content, misinformation Creation-Date: 2024-06-28 Number: 369 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:369-EN Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: OECD Title: Review of relevance of the OECD Recommendation on ICTs and the Environment Abstract: The OECD Recommendation on Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and the Environment was adopted in 2010 and recognised the link between digital technologies and environmental sustainability. Today, advances in digital technologies underscore their growing role in achieving climate resilience. At the same time, digital technologies and their underlying infrastructure have an environmental footprint that must be managed. This report takes stock of technology and policy developments since the adoption of the Recommendation and provides a gap analysis and assessment of its relevance, concluding that the Recommendation remains relevant and identifying areas for revision. Keywords: environment, information and communication technologies, Recommendation of the Council on Information and Communication Technologies and the Environment Creation-Date: 2024-11-21 Number: 370 Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaab:370-EN