Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Marguerita Lane
Title: Regulating platform work in the digital age
Abstract: Evolving use of digital technologies and new business models, among other drivers, have given rise to online platforms that facilitate the emergence of platformmediated work, such as “crowd work”, “gig work”, and other forms of often on demand labour. Workers in platform markets often benefit from low entry barriers and flexibility, which can facilitate the labour market integration of under represented groups. However, policymakers have raised concerns about working conditions in platform work, in particular how to ensure job and income security, access to social protection, overall career development, and rights to collective bargaining. This Going Digital Toolkit note describes the policy issues related to platform work and identifies innovative policy initiatives to improve the quality of these jobs and enable workers to take advantage of new opportunities in the changing world of work.
Creation-Date: 2020-06-09
Number: 1
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaad:1-EN

Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Angela Attrey
Author-Name: Molly Lesher
Author-Name: Christopher Lomax
Title: The role of sandboxes in promoting flexibility and innovation in the digital age
Abstract: Digital technologies and data have unlocked new potential and disrupted entire industries. However, digitally enabled and innovative products and business models often differ significantly to those in traditional markets, and in some cases, they do not fit well with existing regulatory frameworks. In response, policy makers are increasingly experimenting. One approach to developing mechanisms that promote the flexible application or enforcement of policies is the use of regulatory “sandboxes”, which may be particularly useful for certain kinds of digitally-enabled innovation. This Going Digital Toolkit note discusses the emergence of regulatory sandboxes, analyses common characteristics, identifies potential benefits and challenges, and considers examples in several regulated industries across the OECD and beyond.
Creation-Date: 2020-06-12
Number: 2
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaad:2-EN

Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: James Mancini
Title: Making online markets more competitive: The benefits and challenges of conglomerate merger review
Abstract: Digital technologies are transforming the environment in which firms compete online. While this change has delivered wide-reaching benefits for consumers, it has also given rise to potential competition concerns. One such area of concern relates to conglomerate mergers, which occur between firms that are neither product market competitors nor in a supply relationship. This Going Digital Toolkit note describes how merger control, and in particular the review of conglomerate mergers, can be an effective tool for making online markets more competitive.
Creation-Date: 2021-03-01
Number: 3
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaad:3-EN

Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Rex Deighton-Smith
Title: Regulating app-based mobility services
Abstract: App-based mobility services have brought large consumer benefits by expanding choice and improving service quality, as well as driving down consumer prices and creating new jobs. At the same time, the rapid growth of these new services has given rise to concerns about a range of actual or potential negative impacts, and poses new challenges for policy makers and regulators. This Going Digital Toolkit note identifies key issues and principles that policy makers should consider when regulating app-based mobility services. It also discusses the key regulatory dynamics affecting the markets for ridesourcing, e-scooters and shared bicycles. The Annex provides case studies of the regulation of these services and identifies key lessons from this experience.
Creation-Date: 2021-03-03
Number: 4
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaad:4-EN

Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Anna Barker
Title: Consumer data and competition: A new balancing act for online markets?
Abstract: The impact of consumer data on competition in online markets is gaining attention from competition agencies across the globe. Effective competition should theoretically drive better outcomes for consumers in terms of higher levels of privacy and control of personal data, but this is not always the case in practice, especially when consumers do not or cannot actively manage their privacy options. There are questions about whether the possession of consumer data raises barriers to entry and what remedies could best address such concerns, among others. This Going Digital Toolkit note discusses competition issues and identifies innovative ways that competition agencies are addressing related challenges. It also assesses some of the ways in which jurisdictions are improving co-operation between agencies with responsibilities across competition, privacy and data protection, and consumer policy and enforcement.
Creation-Date: 2021-03-08
Number: 5
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaad:5-EN

Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Louise Hatem
Author-Name: Daniel Ker
Title: Measuring well-being in the digital age
Abstract: Digital transformation permeates virtually every aspect of people’s lives and affects their well-being in ways that are neither strictly positive nor negative. Better measuring the impacts of digital technologies and data on well-being is essential to ensuring a positive and inclusive digital economy and society. This Going Digital Toolkit note identifies the dimensions of different well-being frameworks, including from a digital perspective. The note compares available options for measuring well-being in the digital age before setting out the need to move on from varied and piecemeal national efforts to develop measures that can be used to gain comparisons and insights across countries. In particular, this note calls for a co-ordinated approach to better understanding the linkages between digital technologies and well-being through a standardised module in ICT usage surveys. Examples of survey questions used by various countries are showcased.
Creation-Date: 2021-03-12
Number: 6
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaad:6-EN

Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Thyme Burdon
Title: The role of online marketplaces in enhancing consumer protection
Abstract: This Goung Digital Toolkit note identifies market trends and potential consumer benefits and discusses the key challenges for consumer protection on online marketplaces, including examples of how government authorities and online marketplaces are seeking to address them. It also explores growing challenges associated with dark commercial patterns on online marketplaces, and the continued expansion of the service marketplace. The Annex provides a selection of government initiatives to enhance consumer protection on online marketplaces.
Creation-Date: 2021-04-13
Number: 7
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaad:7-EN

Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: John Mitchell
Title: Digital supply-use tables: Making digital transformation more visible in economic statistics
Abstract: Digital transformation of the economy has increased so quickly that some say economic statistics have failed to keep up. While on balance the current statistical standard used by countries to compile gross domestic product – the 2008 System of National Accounts – can reflect the changing nature of the digital age, some have questioned whether this is enough. Digital supply-use tables (digital SUTs) may provide, at least partly, a solution to this challenge. By disaggregating established indicators in the national accounts, information is generated for research and policy purposes that provides better insights on how digital transformation affects the economy, while still remaining consistent with SNA principles. This Going Digital Toolkit note identifies the measurement difficulties brought about by the digitalisation of the economy, and explains how digital SUTs are designed to help address them. Examples of relevant work that has been undertaken by OECD member countries and could contribute to the compilation of the digital SUTs are showcased.
Creation-Date: 2021-05-25
Number: 8
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaad:8-EN

Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Emeline Denis
Author-Name: Daniel Blume
Title: Using digital technologies to strengthen shareholder participation
Abstract: The right for shareholders to vote and participate in corporate decisions is one of the fundamental building blocks of a well-functioning corporate governance framework. Digital technologies offer important opportunities to strengthen corporate governance by facilitating greater shareholder participation. This Going Digital Toolkit note takes stock of recent developments and lessons learned from efforts to allow shareholders to participate in corporate decision making via virtual meetings, including in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. The note also highlights the use of distributed ledger technology (DLT) and its potential to address the main challenges raised by the current corporate voting processes, in particular by facilitating the identification of shareholders by issuers and end-to-end confirmation of their votes. Despite these benefits, however, challenges remain that might discourage or slow down the pace of DLT adoption.
Creation-Date: 2021-05-31
Number: 9
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaad:9-EN

Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Emeline Denis
Title: The promises and pitfalls of SupTech for corporate governance-related enforcement
Abstract: Digital technologies and data hold the potential to automate and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of regulatory and supervisory processes, which have become increasingly complex given the substantial increase of complex regulatory data in recent years. Securities and financial regulators have turned to supervisory technology (SupTech) tools and solutions as a means to improve their oversight, surveillance and analytical capabilities, which can in turn have important benefits for financial stability and market integrity. This Going Digital Toolkit note takes stock of the most common uses of SupTech by securities regulators to date; identifies its associated benefits, risks and challenges; and outlines considerations for devising adequate SupTech strategies, with a particular focus on corporate governance-related enforcement.
Creation-Date: 2021-06-02
Number: 10
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaad:10-EN

Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Javier López González
Title: Trade and cross-border data flows
Abstract: In today’s digitalised and globally interconnected world, data – and its flow across borders – has become the lifeblood of our economic and social interactions. However, as more data crosses borders, concerns about its use and misuse have emerged. These concerns have led to a growing number of data regulations conditioning the movement of data across borders, affecting trade in the process. This Going Digital Toolkit note provides an overview of the emerging policy landscape related to cross-border data flows with a view to enabling more informed discussions on solutions that can enable the traderelated opportunities of digital transformation while tackling some of the new challenges it raises.
Creation-Date: 2021-06-17
Number: 11
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaad:11-EN

Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Alistair Nolan
Title: Artificial intelligence, its diffusion and uses in manufacturing
Abstract: Using artificial intelligence (AI) and other digital technologies in manufacturing, and other areas of production, is essential for raising labour productivity growth in OECD countries. AI can increase productivity in manufacturing in many ways, from reducing machine downtime to managing supply-chains. However, even in the most advanced economies, the use of AI in manufacturing is limited. This Going Digital Toolkit note discusses the challenges faced by manufacturers in adopting AI and what these imply for the design of policies, including for: skills; institutions for technology diffusion; connectivity; research and manufacturing linkages; computing infrastructure; and, programme evaluation. The Annex provides examples of policy initiatives in a variety of countries.
Creation-Date: 2021-07-02
Number: 12
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaad:12-EN

Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Alan Paic
Title: Open science - Enabling discovery in the digital age
Abstract: Data-driven innovation and data-intensive science hold immense promise to address grand societal challenges. Open science initiatives, which facilitate open access to publications, data, algorithms, software and workflows, play an essential role in accelerating needed scientific research and the innovation process itself. This Going Digital Toolkit note provides an overview of the open science movement, highlights achievements of open science including that in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, identifies challenges to achieving all of the benefits that open science has to offer, and sheds light on the evolution of open science policies in a range of economies. The note also advocates a way forward that involves the seven pillars of the revised OECD Recommendation of the Council concerning Access to Research Data from Public Funding: (1) Data governance for trust; (2) Technical standards and practices; (3) Incentives and rewards; (4) Responsibility, ownership and stewardship; (5) Sustainable infrastructures; (6) Human capital; and (7) International co-operation for access to research data.
Creation-Date: 2021-07-20
Number: 13
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaad:13-EN

Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Laura Galindo
Author-Name: Karine Perset
Author-Name: Francesca Sheeka
Title: An overview of national AI strategies and policies
Abstract: As artificial intelligence (AI) advances across economies and societies, policy makers and AI actors around the world seek to move from principles to practice. To harness the benefits of AI while mitigating the risks, governments are investing in AI R&D; leveraging AI in specific industries such as transportation and healthcare; building human capacity on AI; ensuring a fair labour market transformation; reviewing and adapting relevant policy and regulatory frameworks and developing standards; and co-operating internationally. This Going Digital Toolkit note provides an overview of the various AI policy initiatives undertaken by governments and analyses these initiatives throughout the AI policy cycle: 1) policy design; 2) policy implementation; 3) policy intelligence; and 4) approaches for international and multi-stakeholder co-operation on AI policy.
Creation-Date: 2021-08-03
Number: 14
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaad:14-EN

Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Sandrine Kergroach
Title: SMEs Going Digital: Policy challenges and recommendations
Abstract: Despite potential benefits, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) lag behind larger firms in their adoption of digital technologies. Moreover, digital adoption by SMEs is to a large extent still confined to basic services, and adoption gaps increase as technologies become more sophisticated. The COVID-19 crisis has accelerated SME digitalisation, but barriers to adoption persist. The stakes are high, not only because SMEs make up most of the business and industrial fabric in most countries and regions, but also because they are strategic actors in large firms’ supply chains and play a key role in building inclusive and resilient societies. This Going Digital Toolkit note identifies the challenges that governments face in enabling SMEs to benefit from digital transformation and outlines key policy recommendations, including: 1) encouraging digital uptake by SMEs, 2) supporting SME training and upskilling, 3) strengthening management skills in SMEs, and 4) leveraging financial technology (Fintech) and alternative sources of finance for SMEs.
Creation-Date: 2021-08-04
Number: 15
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaad:15-EN

Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Alexia Gonzalez-Fanfalone
Author-Name: Maximilian Reisch
Author-Name: Miki Naito
Author-Name: Jaeho Lee
Author-Name: Verena Weber
Title: Bridging connectivity divides
Abstract: Reliable and high-quality connectivity is fundamental for the digital transformation. Now more than ever, access to high-quality broadband services at affordable prices is essential to ensure that economic and social activities can continue in an increasingly remote manner. However, important disparities in terms of connectivity persist, aggravating the consequences of digital divides. As such, expanding connectivity to achieve an inclusive society is at the heart of policy agendas in OECD countries. However, more concretely, what are the innovative policies and regulatory measures that have proven to work best to ensure connectivity for all? This Going Digital Toolkit note provides a “roadmap” to policymakers by identifying policies and regulation to effectively reduce connectivity divides. Such policies include promoting competition, fostering investment, and removing barriers to broadband deployment, as well as a set of tailored approaches that are particularly relevant to extending connectivity in rural and remote areas. The Annex of this note provides examples of related policy and regulatory approaches implemented by different OECD countries.
Creation-Date: 2021-09-14
Number: 16
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaad:16-EN

Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Laurent Bernat
Title: Enhancing the digital security of critical activities
Abstract: The digital transformation of critical activities such as the delivery of water, energy, healthcare, telecommunications, and banking services increasingly exposes them to cybersecurity threats, which can affect the health, safety, and security of citizens, the functioning of essential services, or economic and social prosperity more broadly. This Going Digital Toolkit note introduces key concepts, such as critical activities, critical information infrastructure (CII), cybersecurity and digital security risk management, and helps policymakers identify what needs to be protected and what types of measures operators of critical activities should take. It further discusses the institutional framework to develop and supervise policies to enhance the digital security of critical activities, including trust-based partnerships, and provides a selection of policy approaches from a range of jurisdictions in the Annex.
Creation-Date: 2021-10-13
Number: 17
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaad:17-EN

Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Annabelle Mourougane
Title: Measuring digital trade
Abstract: Digital transformation has become a prevalent part of our lives, changing the way we consume, produce and trade, and this trend has only accelerated since the COVID-19 crisis. Still, digital transformation remains largely hidden in official trade statistics. From a statistical perspective, a fundamental rethink is required in the way that core national accounts are constructed if meaningful measures of digital trade are to be developed. This Going Digital Toolkit note highlights the main features of the OECD-IMF-WTO conceptual framework defining digital trade, as well as practical guidance to overcome some of the measurement challenges. It also catalogues various country initiatives to estimate digital trade.
Creation-Date: 2021-10-28
Number: 18
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaad:18-EN

Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Iota Kaousar Nassr
Title: Understanding the tokenisation of assets in financial markets
Abstract: Asset tokenisation can generally be described as the digital representation of physical assets on distributed ledgers (also referred to as digital twins) or the issuance of native tokens on the blockchain. Although initially associated with mostly non-compliant initial coin offerings over the period 2017-18, currently tokenisation represents one of the most prominent cases of distributed ledger technologies in financial markets. This Going Digital Toolkit note identifies the different approaches that policy makers have adopted around tokenised assets and the markets for such instruments, and provides examples of these approaches. These approaches are not mutually exclusive and policy makers may differ in the way they address asset tokenisation, participants of tokenised markets, and risks arising in these markets. This Toolkit note does not classify approaches into categories, but rather describes elements and characteristics of different jurisdictional approaches to asset tokenisation, some of which can co-exist.
Creation-Date: 2021-11-03
Number: 19
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaad:19-EN

Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: John Mitchell
Author-Name: Daniel Ker
Author-Name: Molly Lesher
Title: Measuring the economic value of data
Abstract: As data have become a social and economic resource, including for value creation, decision-making, innovation and production, policy makers are facing a number of challenges. Among the most important issues – but also one that is particularly complex – is how to measure the economic value of data to provide a solid evidence base for policymaking. This Going Digital Toolkit note brings clarity about what is meant by the term “data” in the context of efforts to conceptualise and measure the value of data from a statistical perspective. The note also highlights why estimating the value of data is increasingly important, identifies the conceptual and practical measurement challenges faced, and catalogues various innovative initiatives underway across countries in the context of the forthcoming revision of the System of National Accounts and beyond.
Creation-Date: 2021-12-21
Number: 20
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaad:20-EN

Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Lisa Robinson
Author-Name: Kosuke Kizawa
Author-Name: Elettra Ronchi
Title: Interoperability of privacy and data protection frameworks
Abstract: The significant increase in flows of personal data has spurred policy makers to try to develop a coherent approach to privacy governance both domestically and across borders. In this context, the need for the interoperability of privacy and data protection frameworks (“privacy interoperability”) has taken on greater importance. While there is broad agreement on the importance of privacy interoperability, how to achieve this in practice is less well understood. This Going Digital Toolkit note describes the issues around ensuring the interoperability of privacy and data protection frameworks, and it highlights promising initiatives by governments and privacy enforcement authorities at the national and international levels. This note seeks to contribute to a shared understanding of privacy interoperability in the context of the governance of privacy and data protection and transborder flows of personal data.
Creation-Date: 2021-12-23
Number: 21
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaad:21-EN

Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Benjamin Welby
Author-Name: Ethel Hui Yan Tan
Title: Designing and delivering public services in the digital age
Abstract: Providing public services that deliver on the potential of digital technology and data presents a challenge for many governments. Yet, “being digital” is not optional, but a core condition, for governments seeking to provide services that are user-driven, inclusive, resilient, innovative and trustworthy. Achieving digital government maturity requires holistic, comprehensive transformation from within and throughout the machinery of government. It involves reshaping organisations’ culture, capability (including talent, skills and resources), and governance to support user-centred approaches, agility, integration and cohesion to design and deliver quality public services that meet the needs of citizens and businesses. This Going Digital Toolkit note presents action-oriented principles to guide policy makers and public servants when designing and delivering public services fit for the digital age. The Annex contains a selection of practices by a variety of countries for each principle.
Creation-Date: 2022-03-24
Number: 22
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaad:22-EN

Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Molly Lesher
Author-Name: Hanna Pawelec
Author-Name: Arpitha Desai
Title: Disentangling untruths online: Creators, spreaders and how to stop them
Abstract: While false rumours, inaccurate reporting, and conspiracy theories have existed for as long as there were people to create and spread them, the Internet has reshaped and amplified the ability to produce and perpetuate false and misleading content. Stopping the creators and spreaders of untruths online is essential to reducing political polarisation, building public trust in democratic institutions, improving public health, and more generally improving the wellbeing of people and society. This Going Digital Toolkit note discusses the importance of access to accurate information online and presents a novel typology of the different types of untruths that circulate on the Internet. It considers how untruths are spread online as well as the consequences, and it surveys the evidence base of false and misleading information online. The note concludes by identifying approaches to fighting untruths online and mitigating their negative effects.
Creation-Date: 2022-03-29
Number: 23
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaad:23-EN

Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Brendan Reidenbach
Author-Name: Vida Rozite
Author-Name: Brian Motherway
Author-Name: Pauline Henriot
Author-Name: Julia Guyon
Title: Towards net-zero: Interoperability of technologies to transform the energy system
Abstract: To achieve net-zero emissions by the middle of the century, fossil fuels must be replaced as the main source of energy with more sustainable alternatives such as wind or solar power. To do so, high levels of interoperability, or the ability for technologies to seamlessly integrate, effectively communicate, and undertake tasks to achieve desired outcomes, are required. However, there is no universal approach, and interoperability in the energy system must be determined in specific use cases. This Toolkit note discusses why interoperability is necessary in the energy system, the benefits and challenges to realising interoperability in the energy sector, and the role of policy in fostering interoperability to achieve net-zero emissions in the medium-term. The note argues for greater use of open data to maximise electricity system efficiency, an increase in the use of low-carbon energy, and the minimisation of the long-term costs of increased electricity demand.
Creation-Date: 2022-07-04
Number: 24
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaad:24-EN

Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Christian Reimsbach-Kounatze
Author-Name: Andras Molnar
Title: The impact of data portability on user empowerment, innovation, and competition
Abstract: Data portability enhances access to and sharing of data across digital services and platforms. It can empower users to play a more active role in the re-use of their data and can help stimulate competition and innovation by fostering interoperability while reducing switching costs and lock-in effects. However, the effectiveness of data portability in enhancing competition depends on the terms and conditions of data transfer and the extent to which competitors can make use of the data effectively. Additionally, there are potential downsides: data portability measures may unintentionally stifle competition in fast-evolving markets where interoperability requirements may disproportionately burden SMEs and start-ups. Data portability can also increase digital security and privacy risks by enabling data transfers to multiple destinations. This note presents the following five dimensions essential for designing and implementing data portability frameworks: sectoral scope; beneficiaries; type of data; legal obligations; and operational modality.
Keywords: data portability
Creation-Date: 2024-06-29
Number: 25
Handle: RePEc:oec:stiaad:25-EN